HS-HSDPA Analysis ALU Univercity

9300 W-CDMA
UA07 HSxPA Radio Principles

TMO18247 D0 SG DEN I1.0
STUDENT GUIDE
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Course Outline
1. HSDPA
Description
About
This Course
4. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
Course outline
1. HSDPA Introduction
Technical
2.support
HSDPA Key Concepts
Course objectives
3. HSDPA Channels
4. H-ARQ
for Fast Retransmission
1. Topic/Section
is Positioned
Here
Xxx
Xxx
Xxx
5. HSDPA Scheduling Mechanism

6. Adaptative Modulation and Coding 7.
with
16-QAM /64-QAM
Topic/Section
is Positioned Here
7. HSDPA protocols
8. HSDPA Scenarios
9. HSDPA A-L implementation
2. HSUPA Description

1. HSUPA Fundamentals
2. HSUPA Channels
3. HSUPA Scheduling
4. HSUPA HARQ
5. HSUPA Protocols
6. HSUPA Scenarios
7. HSUPA A-L implementation
5
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Course Outline [cont.]

6
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Course Objectives
Welcome to UA07 HSxPA Radio Principles
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
describe the evolution of 3G system with HSDPA / HSUPA

describe UTRAN functions and state protocols related to HSUPA/HSDPA
9300 W-CDMA

Course Objectives [cont.]

8
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9300 W-CDMA
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About this Student Guide [cont.]

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11
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 1
HSDPA Introduction
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3JK10659AAAAWBZZA Edition 2
Section 1 Module 1 Page 1
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HSDPA Description HSDPA Introduction

9300 W-CDMA UA07 HSxPA Radio Principles
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
Last name, first name
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
This section will enable you to
Describe HSDPA introduction technological context
List HSDPA main concepts and benefits
List HSDPA target applications and services
Compare HSDPA approach with existing technologies
Describe HSDPA future evolutions
113


Objectives [cont.]
114

Table of Contents
What is HSDPA?
HSDPA
Key Points
1What
is HSDPA?
1.1
HSDPA
Key PointsAllocation
Radio Resource
1.2
What
HSDPA
has been
designed for?
User Throughput
Management
1.3 A new shared channel: HS-DSCH
HSDPA
Main Main
Concepts
2HSDPA
Solution
Facts & Benefits
2.1 Theoretical Peak User Data Rates
2.2 HSDPA
Market Applications
HSDPA
Solution
Main Facts
2.3 Typical Data Rates
2.4
Theoretical
Peak
User Data Rates
Factors of HSDPA Performances
2.5
HSDPA
HSDPAMarket
Solution Applications
Key Values
3HSDPA
deployment
HSDPA
Solutionand
Keyevolution
Values
3.1 Deployment and evolution of HSDPA
3.2 Configurations of Deployment inside UMTS
3.3 Evolutions of HSDPA
Summary
Self-Assessment on the Objectives
End of Module
115


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Table of Contents [cont.]

116

1 What is HSDPA?
117


1 What is HSDPA?
1.1 HSDPA Key Points
Radio Access
Technology
Downlink
Only
High
Throughputs
Low
Latency
Shared
Channels
118
PS
Dedicated

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is a UMTS packet air interface (add-on solution on top of
3GPP R4 architecture) that allows higher downlink peak data rates than UMTS.
In addition, HSDPA provides lower latency with reduced Round Trip Delays enabling great interactive
applications like multi-user gaming.
HSDPA introduces a new common high speed downlink channel shared by several users. It also introduces
enablers for the high speed transmission at the physical layer (see next slide).
The various system evolutions triggered by HSDPA implementation are restricted to the access network
and there is no modification to the core network and traffic classes.

1 What is HSDPA?
1.2 What HSDPA has been designed for?

HSDPA standardized by 3GPP R5 to:

increase the Downlink data throughput

manage Non-Real Time applications (interactive and background class)
provide instantaneous high data rates in the PS domain
(e.g. Internet browsing, video on demand)
HSDPA could be deployed in both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (TDD) modes (both high and low chip rates)
DL
UL
In the following material we will only refer to HSDPA in FDD mode

119

HSDPA is based on techniques such as Adaptive Modulation and Hybrid ARQ to achieve high data
throughput, high peak rates and reduce delay.
It relies on a new type of transport channel, the HS-DSCH, which is terminated in the Node B.
HS-DSCH is applicable only on PS domain RABs. [refer to 3GPP TS 25.308]
It can significantly increase user data rates but only for best effort services such as Internet access or
file download.
In a first step, HSDPA is not intended as a solution for real-time services that require guaranteed QoS and
also places heavy demands on terminals initial deployments are expected to be confined to 3G data
cards on laptops.

1 What is HSDPA?
1.3 A new shared channel: HS-DSCH
with DCH
with HS-DSCH
A shared channel is much more efficient than a dedicated channel to

carry bursty packet traffic
1 1 10

Why is a shared channel more efficient to carry packet bursty traffic than a dedicated channel?
With a bursty traffic, the demand for high data rate is sporadic. Indeed once the UE will demand for a
high data rate to download a file for example, and between 2 such a demands, it wont need it
anymore.
So with the use of a dedicated channel, the channel with its resources are dedicated to this UE.
Consequently between 2 demands like web browsing, the resources are lost.
On the contrary, a shared channel is able to allocate most of its resources to one UE when it asks for,
and the rest of the time, shares those resources with other UE in order to maximize the use of the
channel.
To summarize: dedicated channels are more adapted to symmetrical and constant traffic because they
are able to ensure a certain level of Quality of Service (QoS), they are NOT efficient at all for PS nonreal time traffic.
HSDPA is then based on the use of a shared channel: the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
The High Speed Downlink Shared Channel is a downlink transport channel shared by several UE. In the
Evolium solution the HS-DSCH is associated with a Dedicated Channel DCH for the RRC and NAS
signalling.To know more about those channels refer to the section HSDPA Channel in the chapter
key concepts for HSDPA.
The HS-DSCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only part of the cell using beam-forming antennas
(i.e. smart antennas). [refer to 3GPP TS 25.211]
Note: No Soft Handover/ No fast Closed Loop Power Control as the link adaptation is now performed by
the adaptation of the Modulation with the Coding Rate.
What are the disadvantages of a shared channel?
Not adapted to real-time application (such as a voice call, video games) as it is should be much more
complex to ensure a certain QoS
2 HSDPA Solution Main Facts
1 1 11


2.1 Theoretical Peak User Data Rates

21.6M
3.6M
1 1 12
UE Category 14
HSDPA
HSDPA
UE Category 10
HSDPA
UE Category 6
W-CDMA
0.38 M
EGPRS
1xRTT
0.31 M
3.1M
1xEV-DV
2M
2.4M
1xEV-DO
14.4M

HSDPA provides impressive enhancements over W-CDMA R4 for the downlink. It offers peak data rates of
up to 10 Mbps, resulting in a better end-user experience for downlink data applications.
The HSDPA-capable UE are classified in categories depending on their receiving capabilities (processing,
modulation, number of codes,...). A single user can receive up to 15 multi-codes, the maximum
specified peak data rate with HSDPA is 21.6 Mbps (Layer1 throughput) when higher order modulation is
used with no coding (effective code rate of one) and with 15 multi-codes.
Achieving this rate in a real system remains very unlikely as it would require an unloaded system serving
a single user extremely close to the NodeB.
Nevertheless, the ability to offer higher peak rates for an increasingly performance-demanding end user
at a substantially lower cost will create a significant competitive advantage for HSDPA operators.
Supporting rich multimedia applications and content and more compelling devices at lower user costs
will enable early adopters to differentiate themselves with advanced services, resulting in higher
traffic per user and increased subscriber growth

2.2 HSDPA Market Applications

Business Market
Consumer Market
Virtual Office
Multiplayer Gaming
Corporate VPN
Video Streaming & TV
Remote Applications / Tools
Advertising / News Broadcast
Web Browsing
Music & Video Downloads
Massive Downloads
Web Surfing
...
...
Working Anywhere!
Having Fun!
1 1 13

HSDPA will change wireless communications by delivering broadband in wireless access. This is the next
big technological advancement needed to increase usage. It will boost usage in business sectors by
providing a virtual office environment anywhere and it will also trigger usage by the consumer market
by leveraging the end-user experience of fixed broadband.
The first trend will be for the business market by extending Wireless LAN applications to everywhere
providing a virtual office to sales force, and all nomadic jobs. Indeed, HSDPA allows for broadband to
be truly ubiquitous for the very first time without the inconvenience of looking for hotspots or wireless
access points.
One of the most dramatic changes the telecom sector has faced in recent years has been the diminishing
time lag between the corporate sector and the consumer market in their uptake for new technology.
As far as the consumer market is concerned, HSDPA will blend the boundary between their fixed
broadband access and their mobile services: HSDPA will provide the seamless access to all applications
already used at home for entertainment like music and video downloads, multiplayer gaming, and TV.
HSDPA has a great opportunity to enter the triple play market by addressing residential access with a
bundle offer for TV, Internet Access, and Voice and Mobile services.

2.3 Typical Data Rates
Peak user bit rate with first handsets

1.8 Mbps for Line of Sight (LoS)
(Categories 11&12: QPSK only, 5 codes max.)
Example of user bit rate performance (UA06) with different

mobility scenarios with the best UE categories.
10.8 Mbps
for LoS
1 1 14
7 Mbps
Pedestrian
at 3km/h
3 Mbps
at 30km/h


2.4 Factors of HSDPA Performances
Infrastructure
Performances
User
Equipment
Capabilities
HSDPA
Throughput
Radio
Conditions
1 1 15
Traffic Load
in the cell

The theoretical 21.6 Mbps of cell Throughput shared among users can be achieved only under several
criteria:
The UE must be capable to support highest modulation and coding schemes.
The UE must experience optimum channel conditions (e.g. very high SINR)
The load of the cell should allow the Node-B to provide all resources to HSDPA users.
The radio Resource Management or the type of scheduling algorithm of the infrastructures can also
impact the performances for a sake of fairness or of priority among users.

2.5 HSDPA Solution Key Values
Software Upgrade Only

PA
HSD DY
REA
45W/60W MCPA
Ready for HSDPA Applications
Strong partnership with leading device manufacturers

Major contribution to 3GPP HSDPA working group
1 1 16

A key attribute of Alcatel-lucents W-CDMA infrastructure is its flexibility for future upgrades. New
features, some of which were in the earliest stages of standardization at the time of the system
specification, have been taken into account in the Radio Access Network architecture and system
design. This proactive approach enables Alcatel-Lucent to implement HSDPA with simple upgrades to
its current RAN platforms.
Being able to integrate HSDPA and R4 traffic into the same carrier is essential. With Alcatel-Lucents
solution this is achieved without changing the base station RF elements. High power MCPA is already
sized for indoor and outdoor HSDPA high demanding power applications. Consequently HSDPA can boost
user and system performance using the initial 5 MHz frequency layer. This does not prevent from
choosing to allocate HSDPA services on a dedicated carrier, this option being also completely supported
by the current base station RF elements.
The HSDPA Solution is also fully backwards compatible with 3GPP R4, allowing HSDPA to be introduced
into networks gradually. Both R4 and HSDPA capable terminals can share the same radio carriers.

3 HSDPA deployment and evolution
1 1 17


3.1 Deployment and evolution of HSDPA

HSDPA should cover Dense Urban and Indoor environments
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Urban
Indoor
MSS
EDGE
UTRA/FDD
1 1 18
HSDPA

HSDPA is particularly efficient in Line of Sight environment such as Micro-cells. In those

environments, HSDPA have more possibilities to use high combination with 16-QAM/64-QAM which
results in very high throughput.
* source:
DoCoMo
Engineering
Indoor
Users 70%
Outdoor
Users
30%
Studies show that Broadband Mobile users are generally connecting inside buildings as shown on the
figure above. Then we can expect an efficient usage of HSDPA for those users.
Indoor coverage + HSDPA

= a Winning combination

3.2 Configurations of Deployment inside UMTS
Dedicated Configuration
HSDPA on dedicated carrier
R99 only cell

HSDPA cell
R99/HSDPA cell
HSDPA on shared carrier
Mixed Configuration
HSDPA on two carriers
1 1 19

Support of HSDPA on dedicated cells

Several carrier configurations exist for the support of HSDPA. Operators are given the possibility to
dedicate cells to HSDPA. This will for example lead to the configuration illustrated in the following
figure, with 2 cells per sector, one supporting DCH traffic and the other supporting HSDPA traffic.
The carrier dedicated to HSDPA will support:
In Downlink, the HS-DSCH channels as well as the associated DCH and the common channels
In Uplink, the DCH and signalling HS-DPCCH channels
Operators can thus benefit from an early HSDPA deployment configuration offering:
Full HSDPA capacity (full carrier power and set of codes) and high throughputs, in order to have
appealing services for the capture of new subscribers
A secured transition to HSDPA with a stepwise approach, limiting the impact of this new technology
introduction on the existing DCH services and QoS.
This corresponds to the Alcatel-Lucent recommended configuration for the launch of HSDPA services. It is
also very well suited for Laptop applications (data cards).
Support of mixed DCH bearers and HSDPA bearers in the same cell
Another HSDPA carrier configuration available with EVOLIUM Release R5 provides the ability to mix DCH
and HSDPA traffic in the same cell. In this case, DCH and HSDPA traffic will share the cells resources in
terms of power and codes.
Alcatel-Lucent recommends going for this configuration as soon as the optimization of HSDPA has been
performed successfully on the dedicated carrier, not to harm the current QoS of DCH services. Then,
this mixed configuration will enable operators to take full benefit of HSDPA handsets capable of multicall support. Indeed, the mixed carrier configuration offers the ability to have a voice call on DCH
simultaneously with a Packet call on HSDPA.
There is a third configuration with 2 layers: one freq. dedicated to DCH/another one mixed: HSDPA and
DCH, that also enables multi-calls.
3.3 Evolutions of HSDPA
3G Long Term Evolutions

( 3GPP R7 / R8)
- OFDM: Up to 100 Mbps
- MIMO
HSDPA Enhancements (3GPP R6)

- HSUPA (E-DCH): Up to 2 Mbps (UL)
- Smart Antennas: Up to 20 Mbps (DL)
- Higher Cell capacity
- Enhanced QoS
HSDPA (3GPP R5)

- Up to 14.4 Mbps (DL)
2005
2006
1 1 20
2007
Beyond

HSDPA (3GPP R7/R8):
HSDPA (3GPP R5):

(Frozen in June 2002)
New multiplexing technique : Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
AMC (QPSK/16-QAM)
Higher frequency bandwidth
H-ARQ
Higher carrier frequency
MAC-hs
Extended modulation technique: 64-QAM
Spatial Multiplexing using Multiple Input

Multiple Output (MIMO) systems
HS-DSCH
HSDPA (3GPP R6):

(Frozen in March 2005)
CQI enhancement for FDD mode
Fractional dedicated physical channel
HSUPA (with Enhanced-DCH in UL)
Smart antennas
refer to [3GPP TR 25.899] for more information

about those improvement
Some key aspects of the E-DCH are:

Dedicated channel operating in the cell_DCH

state
Fast node B based scheduling
Capable of operating with/without HSDPA in DL
Significant latency reduction enhancement due

to fast Node B scheduling, fast HARQ and
shorter TTI.

Please be reminded to fill in the form

for this module
The form can be found in the first part
of this course documentation
1 1 21


End of Module
HSDPA Introduction
1 1 22


12
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 2
HSDPA Key Concepts
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
122
HSDPA Description HSDPA Key Concepts
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
2007-06-26
Schweikart, HansJrgen
Conversion to ALU template standards
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
After this section, you will be able to
List HSDPA key features
123


Objectives [cont.]
124


Table of Contents
Page

1 HSDPA Key Features
1.1 HSDPA Main Concepts & Benefits
1.2 Radio Resource Allocation
1.3 User Throughput Management
2 HSDPA Technical Overview
2.1 Code and Time Multiplexing
2.2 Scheduling Principle
2.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
2.4 Fast Retransmission Combining: Hybrid-ARQ
2.5 NodeB Role
Summary
End of Module
125


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126

127


1.1 HSDPA Main Concepts & Benefits

HSDPA
No Fast Power Control (100% of available power used)
No Variable Spreading (SF = 16)
No Soft Handover (for DL user data channel)
Time & Code Multiplexing of User Data (Shared Channel)

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (Rate Adaptation)
Fast Retransmission / Scheduling Layer in NodeB
Short Radio Framing (2ms)
Higher User
Data Rates
Lower Service
Response Time
Higher Packet
Data Capacity
Better Services
Availability
- resource allocation
- fast retransmission
H SD
PA
Better EndEnd-User Perceived Quality

128

HSDPA introduces a completely new strategy to handle downlink high data rate packet services and two
of the most fundamental features of W-CDMA (fast power control and spreading factor variability) are
disabled. In addition, the new downlink channel used to carry the PS data does not support Soft
Handover.
Basically, HSDPA introduces a new common High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) shared by
several users. In addition, it introduces enablers for the high speed transmission at the physical layer
like the use of a shorter TTI (2 ms), the use of Adaptive Modulation and Coding, and the use of fast
retransmission based on hybrid ARQ (HARQ) techniques. These key mechanisms are located within the
UMTS BTS.
HSDPA considerably improves the 3G end-user data experience by enhancing downlink performance.
HSDPA significantly reduces the time it takes a mobile user to retrieve broadband content from the
network. A reduced delay is important for many applications such as interactive gaming. HSDPA notably
allows a more efficient implementation of interactive and background traffic classes as standardized
by 3GPP. HSDPA high data rates also improve the use of streaming applications, while lower roundtrip
delays will benefit Web browsing applications. In addition, HSDPA improved capacity opens the door
for new and data-intensive applications that cannot be fully supported with R4 because of bandwidth
limitations.


TS
UM
9
R9
Dedicated Channel
Dedicated Channel
Dedicated Channel
D
HS
PA
Shared Channel
129

The WCDMA system normally carries user data over dedicated transport channels, or DCHs, which brings
maximum system performance with continuous user data. The DCHs are code multiplexed onto one RF
carrier. In the future, user applications are likely to involve the transport of large volumes of data that
will be bursty in nature and require high bit rates.
HSDPA introduces a new transport channel type, High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) that
makes efficient use of valuable radio frequency resources and takes into account packet data services
burstiness.
This new transport channel shares multiple access codes, transmission power and use of infrastructure
hardware between several users. The radio network resources can be used efficiently to serve a large
number of users who are accessing bursty data. To illustrate this, when one user has sent a data packet
over the network, another user gets access to the resources and so forth. In other words, several users
can be time multiplexed so that during silent periods, the resources are available to other users.

1.3 User Throughput Management

TS
UM
9
R9
Same Throughput
Unused
Power
Control
Unused Power
Data
Data Power
D
HS
PA
Rate
Adaptation
1 2 10
100%
100% Power

There is no more fast Power Control with HSDPA and the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel is
transmitted at a constant power while the modulation, the coding and the number of codes are
changed to adapt to the variations of radio conditions.
Where R4 dedicated downlink PS data channels offer a constant data rate using power adaptability,
HSDPA shared channel opposes PS data rate variability.

1 2 11


2.1 Code and Time Multiplexing
Codes
SF .
e
bl ux
a
i
M
r
Va ime
T
o
n
Code #4
Code #3
Code #2
Code #1
Codes
16 s
=
SF 2m .
d
x
e
I=
Fix d TT e Mu
e Cod
x
i
F
&
e
Tim
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
UE 4
UMTS/FDD (R99)
Time
2ms
Code #5
Code #4
Code #3
Code #2
Code #1
1 2 12
HSDPA (R5)
Time

How are UE multiplexed in HSDPA?

Time multiplexing between UE
Code multiplexing between UE, and one or several codes per UE.
What is a radio resource in HSDPA?

An HSDPA radio resource is defined for one UE:
over a shared channel (HS-DSCH)
during a TTI fixed to 2ms
by a certain number of Codes (up to 15 channelization codes with a fixed Spreading factor SF=16)
by a certain amount of transmitted power

2.2 Scheduling Principle
Different algorithms to perform the

resource allocation based on:
Codes
2ms
Quality measurement reports

Priorities between UEs
Time since last transmission
Code #5
Code #4
Code #3
Code #2
Time
Code #1
HS-DSCH/HS-PDSCHs
RNC
Node B
1 2 13

What happen if we dont use scheduling?

Without Scheduling, if radio resources are equally shared between UE in order not to waste them, it may
happen that one UE is allocated some resources when it experiences bad radio conditions. We know
that in that case, the data will be corrupted at reception or even lost.
It will be required to retransmit the same data once again. Then it results in a loss of resources (as the
same resources could have been allocated to other UE in better radio conditions) and in loss of time (as
other UE are still waiting for resources and for this one the network will have to retransmit the same
radio frame).

2.2 Scheduling Principle [cont.]

The UE are scheduled according to specific
criteria such as radio conditions
Fading
(Channel variation)
UE1
UE2
UE3
Time
UE 1
2ms
UE 2
UE 1
UE 3
2ms
2ms
2ms
Fast Scheduling: granularity of 2ms (HS-DSCH TTI)

1 2 14

TTI= Transmission Time Interval

How to schedule the UE?
Based on Channel Quality Measurements (CQI) performed by the UE and some other parameters (like
priorities between users, duration since the last transmission), the scheduler (based in the Node-B)
decides which TTI, which data rate with which codes and which power to allocate to each UE.
To perform this scheduling at the speed of the channel variation, it has been shown that the channel is
sufficiently constant for a bit rate lower than 5ms, which is why 3GPP decided to fix the scheduling
resolution (TTI) to 2ms.
Why UE 3 is scheduled on the last TTI?
It may have not been scheduled since a long time and this scheduler has implemented some fairness in
time between users.

2.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Radio
Link
Quality
Quality Feedback
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
4 states
2 bits per symbol
Ok, for this UE:

at the next TTI,
I choose the 16-QAM modulation
and a coding rate of 3/4
64-QAM
16-QAM
16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
16 states
4 bits per symbol
UA07
64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

6 bits per symbol
The user rate is adapted to the quality

of the radio link at each TTI by the selection of
a modulation and a coding rate
1 2 15

R99 versus R5 regarding modulation and coding rate

Adapting the coding rate is already performed in R99.
In R5, coding rate is adapted much faster, every TTI (=2ms) and 3GPP offers also the possibility to
change the modulation to 16-QAM when achieving very good channel conditions.
Link adaptation in R99 different than the one in R5

Traditionally, WCDMA has used fast power control as link adaptation, but HSDPA holds the transmission
power constant over the TTI and uses Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) as an alternative link
adaptation method to power control and variable SF in order to improve the spectral efficiency.
HSDPA provides a higher dynamic Link Adaptation by adapting the data rate and the power depending
on the radio conditions faster than with WCDMA in R99. A good Link Adaptation allows to work under
good conditions everywhere: at cell edge (with low data rate and/or high power) and at cell center
(with high data rates and/or low power).

2.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding [cont.]
Throughput
[Kbps]
2500
16-QAM + coding rate 3/4
2000
1500
1000
500
0
QPSK + coding rate 1/2

Bad el
nn
cha itions
d
n
co
od
Go nel
n
a
ch itions
d
n
o
c
Radio link quality

(SNR) [dB]
64QAM : Higher peak throughputs in very good radio conditions

16-QAM: High throughput in good channel conditions
QPSK: Robustness in case of bad radio conditions
1 2 16

SNR= Signal to Noise Ratio

CR = Coding Rate
How the AMC maximizes the spectral efficiency over scheduling resource allocation?
The Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) optimizes the spectral efficiency by maximising the user bit
rate during its transmission time: indeed it changes the modulation and the coding rate to increase the
bit rate in the limit of a certain quality of the link (BLER threshold).
How AMC is working?
The AMC enables to select the most suitable combination of parameters (modulation/Nb. codes/coding
rate).
For example, it selects 16-QAM, CR=3/4 over 10 codes when SNR>y dB, and QPSK, CR=1/2 over 5 codes
when SNR<y dB.

2.4 Fast Retransmission Combining: Hybrid-ARQ

Hybrid-Automatic Repeat reQuest (H-ARQ) reduces the delay and increases
the efficiency of retransmission data.
Packet transmission
On a DCH channel
RLC NACK
RLC Re-Transm
ission
Serving
RNC
Node-B
UE
RLC ACK
R & NT
E
T
IE
FAS FFIC
E
RE
O
M RLC ACK
Packet transmission
Serving
RNC
H-ARQ NACK
H-ARQ Re-Tx
On the
HS-DSCH channel
H-ARQ ACK
Node-B
1 2 17
Combining
Rx packets
UE

What is the goal of H-ARQ?

The H-ARQ mechanism has been introduced to reduce the delay and increase the efficiency of
retransmitting data by allowing lower layer retransmission (at MAC layer).

2.5 NodeB Role

RNC
Capacity Request
Control FP
Capacity Allocation
Control FP
Data FP
Flow Control
Dynamically fills the Queues of each UE
Queue IDs
Scheduler
Fills the TTIs with one or more users based on their
priority and feedback information
HARQ Processes
Retransmissions handling, TFRC selection, AMC
Feedback Reception
1 2 18
Radio Transmission

The main architectural shift with respect to R4 is the introduction of MAC entity, the Mac-hs layer,
located in the NodeB, near the physical channel, which allows s high reactivity in the resource
allocation according to the RF conditions changes. This Mac-hs layer manages the scheduling of users
and the retransmissions of packets.
This architectural evolution gives a new importance to the role of the NodeB in the UTRAN. It then
necessarily goes together with the introduction of some new functions managed by the NodeB among
which:
Flow Control: new control frames are exchanged in the user plane between NodeB and RNC to
manage the data frames sent by the RNC;
Scheduler: it determines for each TTI which users are going to be served and how many data bits
they are going to receive;
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Query: This ARQ schema is for error recovery at the physical layer (which
exists independently of the ARQ scheme at the RLC layer). This fast retransmission scheme is of
paramount importance for TCP as generally TCP has not performed well in a wireless environment;
Adaptive Modulation and Coding: new channel coding stages and radio modulations schemes are
introduced to provide data throughput flexibility;
Feedback demodulation and decoding in UL.



for this module
1 2 19


End of Module
HSDPA Key Concepts
1 2 20


13
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 3
HSDPA Channels
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
132
HSDPA Description HSDPA Channels
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives
Describe HSDPA channel operation
133


Objectives [cont.]
134

Table of Contents
Page

1 HSDPA New Channel Structure
1.1 HSDPA Channels
1.2 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
1.3 Channel mapping in 3GPP/HSDPA (Downlink)
1.4 Channel mapping in 3GPP/HSDPA (Uplink)
1.5 Structure of HS-DSCH-associated Channels
2 Channel Features
2.1 HS-DSCH specific Characteristics
2.2 OVSF Code Tree Reservation
3 Power Management
3.1 Power Management Principles (first Tx)
Summary
End of Module
135


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15
16
17
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20

136

137


1.1 HSDPA Channels

What are the channels related to HSDPA?
Control in DL (HS-SCCH)
Resource allocation
information (TTI, codes,)
Data in DL
(HS-DSCH maps onto 1 up to
15 HS-PDSCHs)
Useful Data only
138
Data in UL/DL (DTCH/DCH)

DL in option
UE Signaling (DCCH/DCH)
RRC/RLC Signaling
Channel quality feedback (HS-DPCCH) [UL]

Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) -HS-DPCCH
ACK/NACK - HS-DPCCH

[3GPP TS 25.211]
The HS-SCCH (High Speed-Shared Control CHannel) is a fixed rate (SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission (e.g. Transport Block size,
Modulation, number of codes).
All relevant Layer 1 information is transmitted in the associated HS-SCCH i.e. the HS-PDSCH does not
carry any Layer 1 information.
If the UE did detect consistent control information intended for this UE in the immediately preceding
subframe, it is sufficient to only monitor the same HS-SCCH used in the immediately preceding
subframe. [3GPP TS 25.214]
If the UE did not detect consistent control information intended for this UE on any of the HS-SCCHs in
the HS-SCCH set in the immediately preceding subframe, the UE shall monitor all HS-SCCHs in the HSSCCH set. The maximum size of the HS-SCCH set is 4.
[3GPP TS 25.321]
The Transport Block size [bits] for HS-DSCH (High Speed-Donwlink Shared CHannel) is derived from
the TFRI (Transport Format Resource Indicator) value signalled on the HS-SCCH and from the
modulation and the number of codes also signalled on the HS-SCCH. (See table of mapping in TS
25.321)
[see next slide for information about HS-DPCCH, HS-PDSCH, associated DCH]

1.2 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
(DL) HS-PDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared CHannel)
Data information with fixed SF=16 (up to 15 per UE)

Supports QPSK modulation and 16-QAM in option
(DL) HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control CHannel)
Control information for only one UE with fixed SF=128

(allocated channelization codes, UE identity, Transport Block size, H-ARQ process )
3GPP specifies a max. of 4 HS-SCCH/cell, then up to 4 UEs/TTI
(UL) HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control CH.)
Control information (ACK/NACK and CQI) with fixed SF=256
(UL/DL) Associated DPDCH/DPCCH (associated DCH)
Control information (RRC/RLC level)

Data information (in UL at least)
139

The UE shall transmit the ACK/NACK information received from MAC-hs in the corresponding HS-DPCCH
(High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control CHannel) sub-frame.[3GPP TS 25.211]
The HS-DPCCH (SF=256) carries uplink feedback signalling related to downlink HS-DSCH transmission.
The HS-DSCH-related feedback signalling consists of Hybrid-ARQ Acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) and
Channel-Quality Indication (CQI).
There is at most one HS-DPCCH on each radio link. The HS-DPCCH can only exist together with an
uplink DPCCH.
[3GPP TS 25.211]
The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS- PDSCH) is used to carry the High Speed
Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
A HS-PDSCH corresponds to one channelization code of fixed spreading factor SF=16 from the set of
channelization codes reserved for HS-DSCH transmission. Multi-code transmission is allowed, which
translates to UE being assigned multiple channelisation codes in the same HS-PDSCH subframe,
depending on its UE capability.
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK or 16QAM modulation symbols.
An associated uplink DCH mapped on a DPCH is necessary to carry data of the UE as HS-PDSCH is just
carrying data in DL.
[see previous slide for information about HS-SCCH, HS-DSCH]

1.3 Channel mapping in 3GPP/HSDPA (Downlink)
Logical Channels
DTCH
CTCH
DCH
HS-DSCH
DCCH
CCCH
PCCH
BCCH
FACH
PCH
BCH
Transport Channels
A
DP
HS
Physical Channels
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
DPDCH and DPCCH

multiplexed by
time
HS-PDSCHs
+
HS-SCCHs
S-CCPCH
A
DP
HS
Not associated
with transport channels
1 3 10
P-CCPCH
AICH
PICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH

HS-DSCH definition: refer to [3GPP TS 25.301]

The HS-DSCH is a resource that exists in downlink only. It has only impact on the physical and transport
channel levels, so there is no definition of shared channel in the logical channels provided by MAC.
The HS-DSCH is a transport channel for which a common pool of radio resources is shared dynamically
between several UEs. The HS-DSCH is mapped to one or several physical channels such that a specified
part of the downlink resources is employed. For the HS-DSCH no macrodiversity is applied, i.e. a
specific HS-DSCH is transmitted in a single cell only.The HS-DSCH is defined as an extension to DCH
transmission. Physical channel signalling is used for indicating to a UE when it has been scheduled and
then the necessary signalling information for the UE to decode the HS-PDSCH.
In every HS-DSCH TTI, one or several HS-PDSCHs can be used in the downlink. Therefore, the HS-DSCH
supports code multiplexing. MAC multiplexing of different UEs shall not be applied within an HS-DSCH
TTI, i.e. within one HS-DSCH TTI an HS-PDSCH is assigned to a single UE. However, MAC multiplexing is
allowed on a TTI by TTI basis, i.e. one HS-PDSCH may be allocated to different UEs at each TTI.
Resource allocation and UE identification on HS-DSCH:
For each HS-DSCH TTI, each HS-SCCH carries HS-DSCH related downlink signalling for one UE, along with a
UE identity (via a UE specific CRC) that identifies the UE for which this information is necessary in
order to decode the scheduled HS-PDSCH.
Note: In Evolium R5, DCCH is not mapped on HS-DSCH

1.4 Channel mapping in 3GPP/HSDPA (Uplink)
Logical Channels
DTCH
Transport Channels
DCH1
DCCH
DCH2
CCCH
RACH
CCTrCH
Physical Channels
DPDCH and DPCCH

multiplexed by modulation
DPDCH
+
DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
PRACH
A
DP
HS
Note: In Evolium R5, DCCH is not mapped on HS-DSCH
1 3 11


1.5 Structure of HS-DSCH-associated Channels

Tslot=2560 chips, Mx10x2k bits (k=4)
M=2 for QPSK
M=4 for 16-QAM
Data (N bits)
HS-PDSCH Structure
(Downlink Data Channel)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
One HS-PDSCH subframe

(TTI=2ms =3 time slots)
Transport block size
Hybrid-ARQ process number

H-ARQ related info. Redundancy version
New-data indicator
TTI=2ms
Part-1
Part-2
HS-SCCH Structure
CRC
(Downlink Control Channel)

Channelization codes to despread
Modulation scheme (QPSK or 16-QAM)
UE Identity via UE
specific CRC
HS-DPCCH Structure
ACK/NACK
Downlink CQI
(Uplink Control Channel)

Subframe #0
Subframe #i
Subframe #4
One radio frame (10 ms)

1 3 12

Frame structure for HS-PDSCH (SF=16, turbo coding)

A HS-PDSCH corresponds to one channelization code of fixed spreading factor SF=16 from the set of
channelization codes reserved for HS-DSCH transmission. Multi-code transmission is allowed, which
translates to UE being assigned multiple channelization codes in the same HS-PDSCH sub-frame,
depending on its UE capability.
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK or 16QAM modulation symbols, but n HS-PDSCH codes transmitted in parallel
for a UE shall use the same modulation.
M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK and M=4 for 16QAM.
For FDD, following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (SF=128, convolution coding r=1/2), refer to
[3GPP TS 25.858]
Transport-format and Resource related Information (TFRI): Channelization-code set: 7 bits,
Modulation scheme: 1 bit, Transport-block size: 6 bits
Hybrid-ARQ-related Information (HARQ information): Hybrid-ARQ process number: 3 bits (thus
corresponding to a maximum of 8 HARQ processes at UE), Redundancy version: 3 bits, New-data
indicator: 1 bit (0 for the first MAC-hs PDU transmitted by a HARQ process), UE ID: 10 bits implicitly
encoded in the CRC
Frame structure for Uplink HS-DPCCH (SF=256, 15 kbps channel bit rate), refer to [3GPP TS 25.211]
The HS-DPCCH carries uplink feedback signalling related to downlink HS-DSCH transmission.
The HS-DSCH-related feedback signalling consists of Hybrid-ARQ Acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) and
Channel-Quality Indication (CQI). Each sub frame of length 2 ms (3*2560 chips) consists of 3 slots, each
of length 2560 chips.
The HARQ-ACK (positive or negative) is carried in the first slot of the HS-DPCCH sub-frame. The CQI is
carried in the second and third slot of a HS-DPCCH sub-frame. There is at most one HS-DPCCH on each
radio link. The HS-DPCCH can only exist together with an uplink DPCCH.
2 Channel Features
1 3 13


2 Channel Features
2.1 HS-DSCH specific Characteristics

Fixed TTI, 2 Modulations, lower Coding Rates, Multi-Code
Transmission, Code Multiplexing
Ex.: QPSK
Coding rate=1/4
Ex.:16-QAM
Coding rate=3/4
Codes
User 5
User 3
User 5
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
UE 4
UE 5
15 codes
(SF=16)
User 1
User 4
User 2
HS-PSDCH #5
User 4
User 1
User 2
User 1
User 3
User 3
Time
TTI=2ms
1 3 14

The HS-DSCH has specific characteristics in many ways compared with existing Release99 channels:
The Transmission Time Interval (TTI) or interleaving period has been defined to be 2 ms (3 slots) to
achieve short round-trip delay for the operation between the terminal and Node B for retransmissions.
The HS-DSCH 2-ms TTI is short compared to the 10-, 20-, 40- or 80-ms TTI sizes supported in
Release99.
Adding higher order modulation scheme, 16 QAM, as well as lower encoding redundancy has increased
the instantaneous peak data rate.
In the code domain perspective, the SF is fixed; it is always 16, and multi-code transmission (up to 15
codes/UE) as well as parallel transmission (up to 4 UE/TTI) of different users can take place. The
maximum number of codes that can be allocated is 15, but depending on the terminal (UE) capability,
individual terminals may receive a maximum of 5, 10 or 15 codes.
Channel Coding
[25.858] HS-DSCH channel coding uses the existing rate 1/3 Turbo code and the existing Turbo code
internal interleaver, as outlined in 3G TS 25.212. Other code rates are generated from the basic rate
1/3 Turbo code by applying rate matching by means of puncturing or repetition.
[Holma] turbo coding is the only coding scheme used. However, by varying the transport block size, the
modulation scheme and the number of multi-codes and turbo code rates other than 1/3 become
available. In this manner, the effective code rate can vary from to ; i.e. the number of bits per
code can vary by changing the coding gain.

2 Channel Features
2.2 OVSF Code Tree Reservation

SF4
SF8
SF16
SF32
HS-PDSCH
SF64
HS-SCCH
HSDPA
SF128
SF4
SF8
SF16
SF32
HS-PDSCH
SF64
SF128
SF256
1 3 15
cmCH
HSDPA + DCH
HS-SCCH

The configuration of the OVSF code tree can provide up to 15 SF16 codes allocated to HS-PDSCH and up
to 4 SF128 codes for HS-SCCH.
All R99 common channels (P-CPICH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH) are allocated at the top of the tree, with a
minimal equivalent occupancy of SF32.
Immediately below the HS-SCCH SF128 codes are allocated. These codes are allocated at cell setup and
cannot be used or preempted for other services.
The HS-PDSCH SF16 codes are allocated and reserved by the RNC at the bottom of the tree.
All the remaining codes are therefore contiguous and left for further DCH allocations. This includes
associated DCH as well as any other calls mapped on DCH (e.g. speech calls, streaming, etc).
Note that the maximum configuration (15 HS-PDSCH codes and 4 HS-SCCH codes) leaves no room in the
OVSF tree for DCH (due to common channels occupancy) so it is not even possible to allocate
associated SRB for HSDPA calls.

3 Power Management
1 3 16


3 Power Management
3.1 Power Management Principles (first Tx)
Cell
Power
PMAX
HS-DSCH
PHSDPA
HS-SCCH
DCH margin
DCH
CmCH
1 3 17

HSDPA power management is based on the principle that HSDPA channels can use all the remaining
power left by dedicated and common channels. In order to compensate the DCH power fluctuation
mainly due to power control, a margin is considered.
The total available power for HSDPA corresponds to the difference between the maximum available
power in the cell and the power for R99 channels plus margin.
UE is scheduled only if there remains enough power to transmit at least the HS-SCCH. Otherwise the
NodeB try to schedule another UE in the TTI. If all UEs require power for HS-SSCCH higher than what is
available at NodeB level, none of them is scheduled.

Summary
1 3 18




for this module
1 3 19


End of Module
HSDPA Channels
1 3 20


14
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 4
H-ARQ for Fast Retransmission
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
142
HSDPA Description H-ARQ for Fast Retransmission
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives
Describe H-ARQ process
143


Objectives [cont.]
144

Table of Contents
Page

1 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Query Principles
1.1 Fast Retransmission with Hybrid-ARQ
1.2 H-ARQ in HSDPA: How it works?
2 HARQ Processes
2.1 Multiple HARQ Processes
2.2 Parallel H-ARQ Processes
2.3 Stop And Wait Principles
3 Redundancy Version
3.1 HARQ Types
3.2 Two H-ARQ Combining Techniques
3.3 Answer the Questions
3.4 H-ARQ Combining Performances
3.5 Redundancy Version Parameters
3.6 Dynamic RV Table Selection
Summary
End of Module
145


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146

1 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Query

Principles
147


1.1 Fast Retransmission with Hybrid-ARQ
Packet transmission
R4/R5 on a
DCH channel
RLC NACK
RLC Re-Transm
ission
Serving
RNC
UE
RLC ACK
Packet transmission
H-ARQ NACK
Combining
Rx packets
H-ARQ Re-Tx
H-ARQ ACK
RLC ACK
Serving
RNC
Node-B
148
UE
The erroneous
block
is deleted!
R5 on the
HS-DSCH
channel
The erroneous block
is stored for
recombination!

What is the goal of H-ARQ?

The H-ARQ mechanism has been introduced to reduce the delay and increase the efficiency of
retransmitting data.
What are the advantages of H-ARQ implemented in R5 vs. R99?
In previous releases of UMTS (R99), with H-ARQ type I, when the UE received a false block, it threw it
away and waited for a retransmission of the block from the RNC hoping it could decode this one.
Hybrid ARQ Type II/III is added in R5, whose aim is to recombine a retransmission with previous
transmissions in order to increase the probability to decode it. Time diversity is added: because of the
fast fading effect, transmitting twice a block at 2 distinct times with a power P and add the received
soft bits is much better than transmitting it only once with a power 2*P since the probability not to be
in a fading hole at least is increased.
What are the drawbacks of H-ARQ?
The disadvantage of H-ARQ is that the UE needs to store the false blocks and add the new soft bits
received to the previous ones he couldnt decode correctly, which requires additional memory and
processing.
How it works?
1.
The Node B transmits one packet in 1 HS-DSCH TTI.
2.
The UE sends a ACK/NACK indicating if the packet was correctly received or not. In case of NACK, the
UE stores the received data in a buffer.
3.
If the Node B has received a NACK, it will retransmit the same transport block (at the earliest 12 ms
after the previous transmission) and the UE will combine the packet with the previous transmission(s)
(which increases the probability to decode correctly the transport block).
4.
If the Node B has received a ACK, it will transmit a new block.

1.2 H-ARQ in HSDPA: How it works?
1st H-ARQ Process

at T0
HS-DSCH
block #1
NACK / CQI
HS-DPCCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
HS-DSCH
block #1
HS-PDSCHs
FIRST
TRANSMISSION
block #1
Soft buffer
149


1.2 H-ARQ in HSDPA: How it works? [cont.]
2nd H-ARQ Process

at T0 + 2ms
HS-DSCH
block #2
ACK / CQI
HS-DPCCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
HS-DSCH
block #2
HS-PDSCHs
1 4 10
FIRST
TRANSMISSION


block #1
block #2
Soft buffer
Re-Ordering
3rd H-ARQ Process

at T0 + 4ms
HS-DSCH
block #3
ACK / CQI
HS-DPCCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
HS-DSCH
block #3
HS-PDSCHs
FIRST
TRANSMISSION
block #3
1 4 11


block #1
block #2
Soft buffer
Re-Ordering
1st H-ARQ Process

at T0 + 12ms
ACK / CQI
HS-DPCCH
HS-DSCH
block #1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
FIRST
Re-TRANSMISSION
HS-DSCH
block #1
2nd decode
attempt success
after combining
HS-PDSCHs
block #3
1 4 12
block #1
#3
block #2
block #1
#2
block #1
Soft buffer
Re-Ordering

H-ARQ Combination mechanism may require new Mobile equipment with a larger memory to store MAC-hs
PDU until a decoding success.

2 HARQ Processes
1 4 13


2 HARQ Processes
2.1 Multiple HARQ Processes

CK
/ NA
AC K
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
Soft Bits
Combining
HSDSCH
ACK/NACK
HARQ
HARQ
Retransmission
Management
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
ACK
Soft Bits
Combining
/ NA
CK
HARQ
HARQ
Soft Bits
Combining
HARQ
HARQ
HARQ
1 4 14
UE
Category
HARQ
Processes
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
Category 6
Category 7
Category 8
Category 9
Category 10
Category 11
Category 12

The retransmission mechanism selected for HSDPA is Hybrid Automatic Repeat Query (HARQ) with Stop
and Wait protocol (SAW). HARQ allows the UE to rapidly request retransmission of erroneous transport
blocks until they are successfully received. HARQ functionality is implemented at the MAC-hs layer,
which is terminated at the NodeB, as opposed to the RLC (Radio Link Control), which is terminated at
the S-RNC. Therefore the retransmission delay of HSDPA is much lower than for R4, significantly
reducing the delay jittering for TCP/IP and delay sensitive applications.
The HARQ consists in:
Re-transmitting by the NodeB the Data Blocks not received or received with error by the UE.
Combining by the UE the transmission and the re-transmission in order to increase the probability to
decode correctly the information. This is a form of soft combining.

There is a HARQ process assigned per transport block for all the retransmissions.
In order to better use the waiting time between acknowledgments, multiple processes can run for the
same UE using separate TTIs. This is referred to as Multiple Stop And Wait mechanism. While one
channel is waiting an acknowledgment, the remaining channels continue to transmit.
The number of processes per UE is limited and depends on UE category. The number of processes per UE
category is defined by 3GPP specifications. Once this number is reached, the UE is not be eligible by
the scheduler for new transmissions unless one of them is reset (ACK reception, max number of
retransmissions reached).

2 HARQ Processes
2.2 Parallel H-ARQ Processes

Example: 2 UEs, several process each, different Inter-TTI intervals
HS-DPCCH UE1
(Uplink Control)
(
2.5 TTI) between the
reception of the packet and
when the node B receives
the ACK/NACK
HS-PDSCH UE1 UE1 packet1

(Downlink Data)
UE1 packet2
UE1 packet3
UE1 packet4
UE1 packet5
UE1 packet6
UE1 packet1
UE1 packet2
UE1 packet7
UE1 packet8
UE1 packet9
2 ms
Minimum of 12 ms before the same process can be used for

the transmission of a packet with new data or the
retransmission of this packet
HS-PDSCH UE2
(Downlink Data)
Inter-TTI interval
UE2 packet1
= 1 for UE1
= 3 for UE2
UE2 packet2
HS-DPCCH UE2
(Uplink Control)
UE2 packet1
N
UE #1
process #1
UE #1
process #2
UE #2
process #1
UE #2
process #2
1 4 15
UE #1
process #3
UE #1
process #4
A
UE #1
process #5
UE #1
process #6

ACK/NACK delay and data processing (UE, Node B) allow to work with several H-ARQ processes during
unused TTI.
Up to a maximum of 8 simultaneous H-ARQ processes can be supported by the UE.
Time between 2 different H-ARQ processes (inter-TTI interval) depends on the UE category.

2 HARQ Processes
2.3 Stop And Wait Principles

Wait for Transmission
HARQ
UE is Scheduled
Update RV Parameters
TB
HARQ
TB
HARQ
Transmit Data
HSDSCH
Wait for ACK/NACK Reception
ACK
ACK/NACK/DTX?
DTX
Insert DTX
Indication
NACK
Reset & Free

HARQ Process
ACK/NACK
Nret = Nret + 1
YES
1 4 16
Nret > Nret_max
NO

Once a UE is scheduled, a HARQ process is assigned that may correspond to either a new Transport Block
transmission or a TB retransmission. The RV parameters are computed accordingly and data is
transmitted.
The HARQ process is then waiting for feedback information (ACK/NACK/DTX):
In case of ACK reception, the HARQ process is reset and corresponding MAC-d PDUs are removed
from memory. This HARQ process can now be used for a new transmission.
In case of NACK reception, the number of retransmissions must be incremented. If the maximum
number of retransmissions is not reached, the HARQ process is inserted in the NACK list of HARQ
processes asking for retransmission.
In case of DTX indication, the same actions as for NACK reception are performed, except that a
parameter must be updated to notify DTX detection (this changes the RV parameter update).
After a NACK reception or a DTX indication, the HARQ processes are just waiting for being re-scheduled
for a new retransmission.
Note:
DTX indication is used when there is no ACK/NACK reception.

1 4 17


3.1 HARQ Types

HARQ Blocks Decoding
New Block
Combine
Deliver to Upper Layer
YES
Update RV Database
Error?
RVBlocks
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
Chase
Combining
DATA
NO
Incremental
Redundancy
Combining
NACK
DATA
NACK
DATA1
NACK
1 4 18
NACK
DATA2
NACK
DATA3
NACK
NACK
ACK
DATA4
NACK
ACK

Different HARQ types are supported:

Chase Combining is the basic combining scheme. It consists in the NodeB simply retransmitting the
exact same set of coded symbols of the original packet.

Partial Incremental Redundancy: different redundancy information can be sent during re-
transmissions. For all redundancy versions the systematic bit must be transmitted (only RV parameters
with s=1 are taken in account)
Full Incremental Redundancy corresponds to sequences where both systematic and non-systematic bits
can be punctured.

3.2 Two H-ARQ Combining Techniques
Chase Combining
Incremental Redundancy
Original useful data bits
Turbo coding
Rate 1/3
Turbo coding
Rate 1/3
1st rate
matching
1st rate
matching
Node B side
2nd rate
matching
UE buffer size
UE buffer size
2nd rate
matching
RV=6
1st transmission
RV=0
RV=6
2nd transmission
RV=2
RV=6
3rd transmission
RV=5
RV=6
UE side
Eff. coding rate (RCC) = # data bits / (#data bits + # parity bits)
RIR < RCC
Better protection of the data bits
higher probability to decode correctly
1 4 19
Parity bits
(protection)

HOW are those data blocks combined to be able to recover a correct blocks from several corrupted
copies?
1st step Rate Matching:
3GPP TS 25.212] The first rate matching stage matches the number of input bits to the virtual buffer.
Note that, if the number of input bits does not exceed the virtual buffering capability, the first ratematching stage is transparent. The 1st rate matching performs segmentation at the maximum UE buffer
size when required.
The second rate matching stage matches the number of bits after first rate matching stage to the
number of physical channel bits available in the HS-PDSCH set in the TTI. The 2nd rate matching follows
transport format indications to achieve the effective coding rate expected during the TTI.
2nd step retransmission according to combining methods:

Chase Combining (CC)

Retransmit the same block with exactly the same bits at each retransmission
The UE buffer size is fixed for each transport block retransmission
Incremental Redundancy (IR)

Retransmit the same block with different redundancy information at each retransmission,
thanks to different rate matching version.
The use of different Redundancy Versions (RV) increases the performances of the channel
since the total effective coding rate is decreased (more protection bits) at each
retransmission
The UE buffer size increases for each transport block retransmission. IR requires a larger
memory and processing in the UE than the Chase Combining case.
The ARQ combining scheme is based on Incremental redundancy. Chase Combining is
considered to be a particular case of Incremental Redundancy.

3.3 Answer the Questions
According to the previous slide:

What is the coding rate (Rbuffer) after the 1st rate matching for both combining
mechanisms?
What is the coding rate (RCC(#k)) of each block applying the Chase Combining
mechanism?
What is the coding rate (RIR(#k)) of each block applying the Incremental
Redundancy combining mechanism?
Compare the effective coding rates (RIR(UE) and RCC(UE)) at UE side
between CC and IR techniques after retransmissions.
1 4 20


3.4 H-ARQ Combining Performances
coding rate 3/4, Pedestrian A, 3 km/h, H-ARQ = ON, N_max = 5
High error
rate
0.1
2dB gain
(N=3)
BLER
10% BLER
Re
0.001
Bad link
quality
-10
ns
g
din al
o
c
t
de men
r
cy
tte re
Be h Inc ndan
t
wi Redu
Good link
~2dB gain
quality
(N=3)
0.01
Low error
rate
m
ns
a
-tr
io
iss
N = 1, CC
N = 2, CC
N = 3, CC
N = 1, IR
N = 2, IR
N = 3, IR
-5
10
Ior/Ioc [dB]
1 4 21

What does this figure represent?

Error rate is function of the quality of the radio link
BLER= Block Error Rate
Ior/Ioc is representative of the radio conditions of the cell, in dB:
N represents the index of transmission

N=1 first transmission; N=2 second transmission (=first re-transmission)
IR = Incremental Redundancy is an H-ARQ combining technique
CC = Chase Combining is another H-ARQ combining technique
What happen without H-ARQ?

Without H-ARQ, to reach an error rate of 5%, an Ior/Ioc of 8 dB is required, meaning a good link
quality.
If the channel quality induces a BLER=0.1=10%, it means 10% chance to receive an erroneous block
(at N=1). If this block is effectively in error,
at the first retransmission (N=2), the chance to get the same block in error is now at the power of
2, i.e. BLER=10%x10%=0.01=1%,
for the second retransmission (N=3), the block has been received in error for the second time, your
chance to receive again the block in error for the third time is BLER=0.1%.
What are the advantages of H-ARQ?

You can notice that for the same number of re-transmission, both H-ARQ combining techniques achieve
better performances than without (much less errors for the same quality of the link).
What are the performances of the H-ARQ combining techniques?
We can notice that for a single retransmission (N=2), there is not much differences between Chase
Combining and Incremental Redundancy.
For the second re-transmission (N=3), IR achieves better performances than CC with a gain of 2dB.
3.5 Redundancy Version Parameters

RV Coding
16QAM XRV
QPSK XRV
HARQ Types
Chase Combining
Partial Incremental Redundancy
Full Incremental Redundancy
RV Update
New Tx?
QPSK XRV
16QAM XRV
TRV[k]
1 4 22
XRV=TRV[0]
k=0
NO
Kmax
MIR RV Update Table
YES
DTX?
YES
XRV=XRV
NO
k=k+1
XRV= TRV[k mod Kmax]

The IR and modulation parameters necessary for the channel coding and modulation steps are the r, s
and b values. The r and s parameters (Redundancy Version or RV parameters) are used in the second
rate matching stage, while the b parameter is used in the constellation rearrangement step:
-
s is used to indicate whether the systematic bits (s=1) or the non-systematic bits (s=0) are prioritized
in transmissions.
- r (range 0 to rmax-1) changes the initialization Rate Matching parameter value in order to modify
the puncturing or repetition pattern.
- b can take 4 values (0,...,3) and determines which operations are produced on the 4 bits of each
symbol in 16QAM. This parameter is not used in QPSK and constitutes the 16QAM constellation
rotation.
These three parameters are indicated to the UE by the Xrv value sent on the HS-SCCH. The Xrv update
follows a predefined order stored in a table Trv.
A configurable parameter (CC/PIR/MIR) indicates the possibility to chose between Chase Combining,
Partial Incremental Redundancy or a mix between Partial and Full Incremental redundancy. It implies
that three different tables must be stored. Each HARQ type is characterized by its update table Trv.

3.6 Dynamic RV Table Selection
First RTx?
PIR
QPSK XRV
16QAM
XRV
QPSK XRV
16QAM
XRV
16QAM
XRV
YES
FIR
Dynamic
RV Table
Selection
CC+CoRe
maximum number of bits per HARQ
number of RM2 punctured bits
number of systematic bits
total number of radio bits
1 4 23
CC
QPSK
XRV

The aim this feature is to optimize RV choice by dynamically selecting the most efficient HARQ type (and
its corresponding RV table) according to several parameters: UE category, number of HARQ processes
and applied AMC for first transmission.
In case this mode is activated for different HARQ types (each one being associated to a restricted
redundancy version set) that can be selected are: Chase Combining (CC), CC + Constellation
rearrangement (CC+CoRe), Partial Incremental Redundancy (PIR), and Full Incremental Redundancy
(FIR).
The principle is that Incremental Redundancy is only selected when required, i.e. only when punctured
bits by the second Rate Matching stage and total number of soft bits per HARQ process the UE can
handle are higher than the number of transmitted bits. Otherwise Chase Combining is efficient enough.
In case of IR, it is only necessary to puncture systematic bits (FIR) in case it is not possible to transmit
all parity bits punctured by the second RM stage in the first retransmission.
Note.
As the RV of the 1st transmission is identical whatever the HARQ type is, the HARQ Type only needs to be
determined when 1st retransmission occurs.

Summary
1 4 24




for this module
1 4 25


End of Module
H-ARQ for Fast Retransmission
1 4 26


15
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 5
HSDPA Scheduling Mechanism
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
152
HSDPA Description HSDPA Scheduling Mechanism
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives
Describe NodeB Scheduler structure
153


Objectives [cont.]
154

Table of Contents
Page

1 CQI Measurements
1.1 CQI Reporting
1.2 Channel Quality Feedback
2 Fast Scheduling
2.1 Scheduler Type
2.2 NodeB Scheduler
2.3 UE, QId and SPI
2.4 SPI Management
End of Module
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156

1 CQI Measurements
157


1 CQI Measurements
1.1 CQI Reporting
P-CP
I
PHS-DSCH
=
PP-CPICH + +
158
CH
PCC
H
2ms
HS-D
Cat.6 CQI
Cat.6 D
Target BLER 10%
...
...
22
23
-1
24
-2
25
-3
26
-4
27
-5
28
-6
29
-7
30
-8

The procedure to allocate power to the HSDPA traffic channel described in the standard is mainly based
on terminal measurements and reporting.
In this procedure the UE first estimates the Signal to Interference Ratio, from this SIR estimate it
determines the power of the HS-DSCH and then determines the corresponding CQI.
CQI determination is then performed by the UE with a HS-DSCH BLER target of 10%.
HS-DSCH power estimates are based on the UE measurement of the power of the Primary Common Pilot
CHannel (P-CPICH) (see formula in the above slide). is the Measurement Power Offset, provided by the
RNC to the NodeB via NBAP signaling and to the UE via RRC signaling. This is a fixed offset relatively to
the power of the pilot. is the reference power offset which depends on the CQI processed based on
value reported by the UE and on the category of the UE (CQI mapping tables).
The power HS-DSCH is equally distributed around the physical channels HS-PDSCH.

1 CQI Measurements
1.2 Channel Quality Feedback

The Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) is reported to the Node-B on the
UL control channel (HS-DPCCH)
Reported CQI
(estimated
by the UE)
SCHEDULER
(every TTI)
[TFRC selection]
Transport Block Size

H-ARQ parameters (RV)
Number of channelization codes
Allocated power
HS-PDSCH Modulation Type
Channel Quality
Feedback (CQI)
available codes
available power
UE capabilities
ACK/NACK
CQI ?
CQI 1
CQI 2
User data and

Signalling
159
CQI 30

A CQI mapping table example is shown below for UE category 10.
Modulation
Type
CQI
value
Transport
Block Size
Number of
HS-PDSCH
Modulation
Type
CQI
value
Transport
Block Size
Number of
HS-PDSCH
137
QPSK
16
3565
16-QAM
173
QPSK
17
4189
16-QAM
233
QPSK
18
4664
16-QAM
317
QPSK
19
5287
16-QAM
377
QPSK
20
5887
16-QAM
461
QPSK
21
6554
16-QAM
650
QPSK
22
7168
16-QAM
792
QPSK
23
9719
16-QAM
931
QPSK
24
11418
16-QAM
10
1262
QPSK
25
14411
10
16-QAM
11
1483
QPSK
26
17237
12
16-QAM
12
1742
QPSK
27
21754
15
16-QAM
13
2279
QPSK
28
23370
15
16-QAM
14
2583
QPSK
29
24222
15
16-QAM
15
3319
QPSK
30
25558
15
16-QAM

2 Fast Scheduling
1 5 10


2 Fast Scheduling
2.1 Scheduler Type
UE Capabilities
Available Power & Codes
ACK/NACK/CQI
Previously Transmitted PDUs
Retransmissions First
QId0
QId1
QIdN
New Transmissions
Round Robin
Fair
CQI
UE #0
power
codes
number of bits
Proportional Fair
Alcatel-Lucent
UE #1
power
codes
number of bits
1 5 11
C1
UE #N
power
codes
number of bits

The aim of the scheduler is to dynamically share available DL bandwidth among users in order to optimize
overall throughput and fulfill UTRAN and UE criteria.
The scheduler first receives as input, every TTI, the number of codes available and the remaining power for
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH. The received ACK/NACK and CQI, UE capabilities and configuration parameters
(provided by RNC) then can select the sub-flows of the users to schedule in order to optimally uses
available resources.
The main concepts of the scheduler are:
Retransmissions are of higher priority then the new transmission and should be scheduled first.
The Queue ID (Qid) is chosen according the radio condition (based on CQI) and the Scheduling Priority
Indicator (SPI or CmCH-PI).

The transport blocks should be optimized according to the transmitted CQI and the available resources
(codes, power and CPU)

In UA5.0 the MAC-hs scheduler has been enhanced in order to support of various MAC-hs scheduler type
and manage SPI. Five scheduler types are available:
Alcatel-Lucent scheduler: mobiles are chosen according to the number of transmitted bits and the CQI
reported;
Classical Proportional Fair scheduler: mobiles are chosen according to reported a high CQI versus their
averaged CQI to take benefit from instantaneous good radio conditions vs. average conditions;
Pure Fair scheduler: Throughput provided per UE must be equal;
Max C/I scheduler chooses mobiles with the best CQI;
Round Robin scheduler serves mobiles one after the other one.

2 Fast Scheduling
2.2 NodeB Scheduler

Flow Control
(UEX, SPIY)
QId0
QId1
available codes
available power
UE capabilities
ACK/NACK/CQI
Compressed Mode information
UE HSDPA synchronisation state
QIdK
QIdN
HARQ
COST
COST = f(C1, C2)
C1 = f(Scheduler Type)
C2 = f(SPI, UE Category)
NodeB Scheduler
1 5 12

MAC-hs scheduling consists of choosing the MAC-D flow (QId) to serve.

The selection of a Qid to be scheduled is based on a single cost function which inputs are:
C1 takes into account the Radio criteria (CQI) and the function depends on the scheduler type.
C2 takes in account the priority of the QID and mainly depends on the base credit assigned to this SPI
priority and the average CQI. C2 is only used by Alcatel-Lucent and Classical Proportion Fair
schedulers.
The resulting cost is a function of these two costs, and is different according to the scheduler type.
Indeed, for Nortel Proportional Fair scheduler, the resulting cost should be equal to *C1+*C2, while
for the classical Proportional Fair, the resulting cost is rather equal to *C1*C2 (, , being hard
coded). The QId with the smallest cost is scheduled first. Costs are updated after the QId has been
served.

2 Fast Scheduling
2.3 UE, QId and SPI
SP4
1 5 13
QI0
SP6
QI1
SP4
PDU flow0
CID n
cmCH-PI 4
cmCH-PI 6
PDU flow0
CID m
CID l
PDU flow0
RNC
NodeB
QI0
cmCH-PI 6
UEN
cmCH-PI 4
UE0
QI2
SP6

Each UE can be configured with one or more MAC-d flows according to the number of PS services
established and mapping rules on RNC side. Each MAC-d flow is associated to a CID for data Frame
Protocol.
One MAC-d flow is constituted of one or more logical subflows. If these subflows are assigned the same
priority, they are multiplexed at RNC side and this is transparent to NodeB and they are seen as a
single flow. If these subflows are assigned a different priority, they are discriminated by the
SPI/CmCH-PI parameter and are seen as different flows.
These resulting flows then constitute the priority queues for a UE and are assigned a Queue ID. Up to 8
queues can be defined per UE and are referred in the whole document as the QId.
For one UE, two QIds from the same MAC-d flow then necessarily have two different priorities, while two
QIds of two different MAC-d flows may have the same priority. A QId is then unambiguously defined by
its MAC-d flow CID and its priority (SPI).
In the scheduler the QId of all UEs are classified according to their SPI/CmCH-PI. This enables allocating
some bandwidth according to the priority. Up to 16 SPI can be defined in the scheduler.

2 Fast Scheduling
2.4 SPI Management
CQIAV
TC
C2
SPI
ARP
CQIAV
QIdN
TC
THP
SPI
QIdM
WEIGHT
ARP
THP
TBSAV
TBSAV WEIGHT
THROUGHPUTN
THROUGHPUTM
1 5 14

SPI management only applies to Nortel and Proportional Fair schedulers and is not supported by the other
schedulers.
The second cost function C2 is based on the priority of the QId, and mainly on the based credits
allocated to this SPI priority, and on the average CQI in order to share the HSDPA radio capacity of the
cell between users so that the throughput of each QId is be proportional:
to the weight of the SPI,
to the transport block size of the averaged CQI reported by the UE.
The base credits assigned per SPI priority provide the relative weight given per priority. The absolute
value is not meaningful, only the ratio between priorities is important.
Ratio on throughputs may be subject to a certain tolerance (around 10%) and are not fully respected in
case there is no resource limitation for some UEs (to avoid wasting resources by artificially restraining
some UEs while other UEs suffer very bad radio conditions).
Note:
SPI is determine based on the combination of the UMTS Traffic Class, the Allocation/Retention Priority
and the Traffic Handling Priority.



for this module
1 5 15


End of Module
HSDPA Scheduling Mechanism
1 5 16


16
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 6
Adaptative Modulation and Coding with 16-QAM/64-QAM
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
162
HSDPA Description Adaptative Modulation and Coding with 16-QAM/64-QAM

Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
Describe AMC schemes
163


Objectives [cont.]
164


Table of Contents
Page

1 Adaptative Modulation and Coding
1.1 AMC Principles
1.2 Modulation Schemes
1.3 AMC implementation with 16-QAM
1.4 Support of 16-QAM
1.6 New format for the HS-SCCH-Channel
1.7 Structure of HS-PDSCH Channel
1.8 64 QAM modulation and number of available HS-PDSCH
1.9 Layer 2 Enhancements : flexible RLC and Mac-ehs
1.10 Fixed RLC and Mac-hs Overview
2 UE Categorization
2.1 UE Categories
2.2 New HSDPA UE Categories
2.3 UE Capabilities and Max Bit Rates
2.4 New CQI mapping
2.5 New CQI mapping table F
2.6 New CQI mapping table G
End of Module
165


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166


167


1.1 AMC Principles
UE Category
Reported CQI
AMC Illustration
800
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
700
Throughput (kbps)
2ms
AMC
600
500
400
300
200
100
Coding
Rate
Modulation
Scheme
Number of
OVSF Codes
-20
-15
-10
-5
Ior/Ioc (dB)
Maximum Throughput
168

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) is a fundamental feature of HSDPA. It consists in continuously
optimizing the user data throughput based on the channel quality reported by the UE (CQI feedback.
This optimization is performed using adaptive modification of the coding rate, the modulation scheme,
the number of OVSF codes employed and the transmit power.
Different combinations of modulation and channel coding rate (based on the Transport Format and
Resource Combinations or TFRC) can be used to provide different peak data rates. Essentially, when
targeting a given level of reliability, users experiencing more favorable channel conditions (e.g. closer
to the NodeB) will be allocated higher data rates.
The above figure shows an illustration of the user throughput evolution for one single OVSF code in
function of the channel quality as a result of AMC.

1.2 Modulation Schemes

16QAM
Q
QPSK
1011
1001
0001
0011
Q
10
1010
1000
0000
00
0010
I
I
1110
1100
0100
0110
1111
1101
0101
0111
11
01
2 bits per symbol

480kbps per OVSF
960 bits per TTI
4 bits per symbol

960kbps per OVSF
1920 bits per TTI
169

In order to achieve very high data rates, HSDPA adds a higher order modulation (16QAM) to the existing
QPSK modulation used for R4 channels.
As the 16QAM requires 2 times more bits to define one radio modulation symbol, the resulting number of
bits per TTI is multiplied by a factor 2, same thing for the total maximum throughput at the physical
layer.
QPSK is mandatory for HSDPA capable UE, 16QAM is optional.

1.3 AMC implementation with 16-QAM
The modulation and coding

rate are adapted to the
quality of the link
16-QAM is fully efficient in
Line of Sight environment
User data and

Signalling
CQI ?
Channel Quality
Feedback (CQI)
1 6 10

Why not always use the 16-QAM modulation?

The curve above is deriving the Cell Throughput as a function of channel quality [C/(I+N)] are rather
explicit.
We see that the combination [16-QAM_15codes_21754bits] allows to achieve the highest throughput
(>12Mbps in LoS environment).
However with the same Modulation and Coding Scheme combination, we notice that the performance are
really low when the quality of the link is getting worse. In this situation, it is rather better to use a
lower coding rate and a more robust modulation technique in order to achieve a better throughput at
the end. Then the goal of the AMC is to dynamically adapt this combination (Modulation+Coding
Scheme) to maximize the throughput.


Peak data rate achieved using 16-QAM
with the highest coding rate and 15 codes in parallel
(expecting favourable channels conditions)
QPSK
M=2 for QPSK

M=4 for 16-QAM
16-QAM
Signal Constellations for QPSK and 16-QAM modulations
Throughput PEAK =
NBCODES RateTURBO M W 15 1 4 3.84 10 6

=
= 14.4Mbps
SF
16
1 6 11

M: number of bits per symbol

W: UMTS chip rate (3.84 Mchip/s)
SF: spreading factor

64 -QAM
6 bits per symbol
1 6 12
UA07

With this feature the support of 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) is introduced for HSDPA
in addition to 16-QAM and QPSK for the UE supporting the 64QAM modulation (XCEM only).
The 64-QAM modulation enables thus a higher peak data rate.The number of bits conveyed per modulation
symbol is 6 for 64QAM enabling versus 2 for QPSK, 4 for 16QAM.
64-QAM modulation can be used to obtain a throughput gain versus 16QAM for HSDPA users, provided the
following conditions are met:
An equalizer, and preferably two receive antennas, are used at the mobile (i.e., a type-3 receiver)
A reliable CQI is available so that 64-QAM could be chosen during channel peaks for high geometry
(Ior/Ioc) users. This requires low speeds and accurate CQI estimation at the UE.
The 64QAM usage allows to increase the HSDPA throughput in two cases:
- Case without code limitation: 64QAM allows higher peak throughputs in very good radio conditions (21.6
Mbps on the physical layer in the DL instead of 14.4 Mbps with 16QAM).
- Case with code limitation: 64QAM can also be used in code limited situations to increase the data rate for
users in good radio conditions.
Mobility of a 64QAM capable UE beetween two 64QAM capable serving cell is supported.
64AQAM is not supported over Iur as it requires radio condition close to cell centre and low mobility profile.
However 64QAM for HSDPA can be reconfigured following SRNS relocation.

1.6 New format for the HS-SCCH-Channel

HS-SCCH Structure
(Downlink Control Channel)
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot#1
Slot#0
Slot#2
TTI=2ms
Channelization code set

information
Modulation scheme
(QPSK,16-QAM or 64-QAM )

HARQ process information
Redundancy and costellation
version
New data indicator
Ue identity
1 6 13

The current HS-SCCH format allows only to select 2 types of modulation:QPSK and 16QAM. The HS-SCCH
Format is modified in order to be able to select 3 types of modulation: QPSK,16QAM and 64QAM.
The HS-SCCH subframe containing control information among which:
Channelization code set information ( 7 bits slot # 0 of subframe)
Modulation scheme information (1 bit slot # 0 of subframe) can only tell the UE whether QPSK is used
(value 0) or not (value 1). The choice between 16-QAM and 64-QAM is known from the last bit of
channelization code set information.
A mobile decoding its identity in the slot #0 of an HS-SCCH knows that it has been assigned resources on
the HS-PDSCH channels (as indicated, with modulation, in this slot #0, other information are given in slots
#1 and 2): the mobile receives a transport block on one or several HS-PDSCH.

1.7 Structure of HS-PDSCH Channel

HS-PDSCH Structure
k= 4
Tslot=2560 chips, Mx10x2k bits
M = 2 for QPSK,4 for 16QAM, 6 for 64QAM
Data (N bits)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
One HS-PDSCH subframe

1 6 14

Frame structure for HS-PDSCH (SF=16, turbo coding)

A HS-PDSCH corresponds to one orthogonal code of fixed spreading factor SF=16.
Up to 15 codes can be reserved to HS-PDSCH per cell. One HS-DSCH can be mapped onto one or several
HS-PDSCH (the maximum number of codes is given by UE capabilities).
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK,16QAM or 64QAM modulation symbols, but n HS-PDSCH codes transmitted in
Parallel for a UE shall use the same modulation.
M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK , M=4 for 16QAM and M=6 for 64QAM.
The teoretical peak data rate with 64-QAM is therefore 15 codes x 2880 bits/2ms = 21.6 Mbit/s (physical
channel bit rate), which have to be compared to the 14.4 Mbit/s peak rate with 16QAM.

1.8 64 QAM modulation and number of available HS-PDSCH

SF8
SF16
SF32
SF64
SF128
0
3
4
2
5
6
3
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
SF256
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH + SCH
AICH
PICH
P-CCPCH #1
HS-SCCH #1
HS-SCCH #2
E-HICH + E + E-RGCH
E-AGCH
HS-PDSCH #15
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 6 15
#14
#13
#12
#11
#10
#9
#8
#7
#6
#5
#4
#3
#2
#1

The maximum throughput by using 64QAM modulation is reached when the maximum number of HSPDSCH
codes are available (max throughput obtained with 15 HS-PDSCH).
The maximum number of HS-PDSCH codes can be obtained when the Fair Sharing feature is enabled (up to 15 HSPDSCH) but depends also on the codes configuration (number of S-CCPCH, number of HS-SCCH, number of EHICH/ERGCH, number of E-AGCH).
The configuration allows to have up to 15 HS-PDSCH codes is with Mono-S-CCPCH, 2 HS-SCCH, 1 E-HICH/ERGCH, 1 E-AGCH.
If the number of S-CCPCH or HS-SCCH or E-HICH/E-RGCH or E-AGCH is higher, the maximum number of available
HS-PDSCH codes will be lower than 15 and then the maximum throughput will not be reachable due to code limitation.


UA 0
7
User payload
RLC SDU
RLC PDU
(flexible size)
MAC-d PDU 1
MAC- d PDU
(=MAC-ehs SDU)
MAC-d PDU 2
MAC-d PDU 3
MAC-ehs
header
Reordering SDU2 1
ReorderingSDU
Pad-
Reordering SDU2
MAC-ehs
PDU
Reordering PDU
1 6 16
header
MAC-ehs
header
Reordering PDU

The UA7.0 feature 34388 Layer 2 Enhancements : flexible RLC and Mac-ehs allows to support the high HS-DSCH
data rate offered by Rel7 UEs (category 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18).
It overcomes the RLC window blocking issues (thanks to bigger PDUs ) and the UE processing limits (RLC
reassembly) (less PDU to reassemble).
The protocols involved in this feature are
the Mac-ehs (at Nodeb), the RLC (at RNC and UE sides)
and the IUB Frame Protocol (at RNC and Nodeb).
MAC-ehs: enhanced MAC-hs layer. MAC-ehs brings the possibility to handle MAC-d PDU of variable size,
to multiplex MAC-d PDU from different priority queues in the same MAC-ehs PDU (not used in this release)
and to segment MAC-d PDUs over multiple MAC-ehs PDUs (and hence minimize padding at MAC-ehs level).
A MAC-ehs PDU is composed of one or several reordering PDU, where:
Reordering PDU is a set of reordering SDUs belonging to the same priority queue
Reordering SDU is a complete MAC-d PDU (ie. MAC-ehs SDU) or a segmented MAC-d PDU
In this release, a MAC-ehs PDU is composed of only one reordering PDU.
MAC-ehs supports up to 26 MAC-d PDUs per MAC-ehs frame.
Flexible RLC: instead of using fixed RLC PDU sizes (320 bits or 640 bits), the size of a RLC PDU can vary up to a
maximum size (internal to the RNC) which is determined based on the data rate offered over the radio.
When a call is configured with MAC-ehs, each RLC AM entity may operate in either fixed size mode (pre-Rel7) or
flexible size mode (Rel7).
With RLC flexible mode, the SRNC may determine the size of the RLC PDU independently of the other RLC PDU,
respecting a maximum PDU size (which can be up to 1500 bytes, i.e. a complete SDU. 1500 bytes is the maximum size
of an IP packet, as defined by the IP protocol). It permits to use big PDU sizes, thus avoiding RLC blocking situations. It
also permits to avoid adding padding to the data to fit the PDU size.

1.10 Fixed RLC and Mac-hs Overview
RLC SDU
User payload
RLC PDU (fixed size)
(1)
Pad.
MAC-d PDU
MAC-hs PDU
MAC-hs
header
MAC-hs SDU
Pad.
Transport Block Size (based on TRFC selection)
1 6 17
(2)
(3)

Fixed RLC and Mac-hs has the following :

(1) The RLC SDU segmentation into fixed size RLC PDUs may lead to padding in RLC PDU
(2) The Transport Block Size is the result of the TRFC selection algorithm. A non negligible number of
padding bits may be required to fit the Transport Block Size.
(3) In case of very bad radio condition, the selected Transport Block Size may be too small to contain a
fixed-size MAC-d PDU: the UE is not scheduled


UA 0
7
User payload
RLC SDU
RLC PDU
(flexible size)
MAC-d PDU 1
MAC- d PDU
(=MAC-ehs SDU)
MAC-d PDU 2
MAC-d PDU 3
MAC-ehs
header
ReorderingSDU 1
Pad-
Reordering SDU2
MAC-ehs
PDU
Reordering PDU
1 6 18
header
MAC-ehs
header
Reordering PDU

The benefit of the flexible RLC and MAC-ehs are:

(1) No need for padding as RLC PDU size can be adjusted to fit exactly the size of the RLC SDU
(2) Padding bits are reduced as MAC-ehs can segment a MAC-d PDU in case it cannot fit into the selected
Transport Block
(3) Even if very bad radio conditions when the MAC-ehs transport block cannot fit an RLC PDU, a UE can
be scheduled thanks to segmentation at MAC-ehs level

2 UE Categorization
1 6 19


2 UE Categorization
2.1 UE Categories
HS-DSCH Category
HS-PDSCH Max Number
Inter-TTI Min Interval
Modulation
Max Peak Rate
Category 1
QPSK & 16-QAM
1.2 Mbps
Category 2
QPSK & 16-QAM
1.2 Mbps
Category 3
QPSK & 16-QAM
1.8 Mbps
Category 4
QPSK & 16-QAM
1.8 Mbps
Category 5
QPSK & 16-QAM
3.6 Mbps
Category 6
QPSK & 16-QAM
3.6 Mbps
Category 7
10
QPSK & 16-QAM
7.3 Mbps
Category 8
10
QPSK & 16-QAM
7.3 Mbps
Category 9
15
QPSK & 16-QAM
10.2 Mbps
Category 10
15
QPSK & 16-QAM
14.4 Mbps
Category 11
QPSK only
0.9 Mbps
Category 12
QPSK only
1.8 Mbps
QPSK mandatory for HSDPA capable UE

16-QAM optional
1 6 20

Twelve categories have been specified by Release 5 for HSDPA UEs according to the value of several
parameters among which are the following:

Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes that the UE can simultaneously receive (5, 10 or 15).
Minimum inter-TTI interval, which defines the minimum time between the beginning of two
consecutive transmissions to this UE. If the inter-TTI interval is one, this means that the UE can
receive HS-DSCH packets during consecutive TTIs, i.e. every 2 ms. If the inter-TTI interval is two, the
scheduler needs to skip one TTI between consecutive transmissions to this UE.
Supported modulations (QPSK only or both QPSK and 16QAM),
Maximum peak data rates at the physical layer (number of HS-DSCH codes x number of bits per HSDSCH / Inter-TTI interval).
These twelve categories provide a much more coherent set of capabilities as compared to R99 which
gives UE manufacturers freedom to use completely atypical combinations.

2 UE Categorization
2.2 New HSDPA UE Categories

HS-DSCH Category
HS-PDSCH Max Number
Inter-TTI Min
Interval
Modulation
Max Peak Rate

Air interface
throughput
Category 1
QPSK & 16-QAM
1.2 Mbps
Category 12
QPSK only
1.8 Mbps
Category 13
15
QPSK,16QAM,
64QAM
21.6 Mbps
Category 14
15
QPSK,16QAM,
64QAM
21.6 Mbps
Category 17
15
QPSK,16QAM,
64QAM,MIMO
21.6 Mbps
Category 18
15
QPSK,16QAM,
64QAM,MIMO
21.6 Mbps
Category 19
Category 20
1 6 21

New UE category have been introduced in order to support the 64QAM modulation:
Category UE 13 and 14 are supported (64 QAM capable )
Category 17 and 18 ( 64-QAM and MIMO capable).
Since MIMO is not supported in UA7, UE category 17 and 18 are handled respectively as category 13 and
14. These UE categories are MAC-ehs capable.
The theoretical peak data rate with 64-QAM is therefore 15 codes x 2880 bits / 2 ms = 21,6Mbit/s
(physical channel bit rate), which have to be compared to the 14,4Mbit/s peak rate available with
16-QAM.

2 UE Categorization
2.3 UE Capabilities and Max Bit Rates

Category 6 UE CQI Mapping Table
HS-PDSCH Number
RLC Throughput
Modulation
out of range
0 kbps
QPSK
0 kbps
QPSK
0 kbps
QPSK
0 kbps
QPSK
144 kbps
QPSK
144 kbps
QPSK
144 kbps
QPSK
288 kbps
QPSK
288 kbps
QPSK
10
432 kbps
QPSK
11
576 kbps
QPSK
12
720 kbps
QPSK
13
864 kbps
QPSK
14
1008 kbps
QPSK
15
1296 kbps
QPSK
16
1440 kbps
16-QAM
...
...
...
...
29
3024 kbps
16-QAM
30
3024 kbps
16-QAM
S oft CQI vs C/I - P edes trian_a 1 RX

25
20
s oftCQI
CQI Value
15
10
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
C/I (dB)
10
Target BLER 10%

1 6 22

The maximum achievable data rate depends on the UE category but also on the instantaneous radio
conditions it is exposed to. Each UE category has therefore a reference table specifying the supported
combinations between the reported CQI values, the number of codes and the radio modulation
(QPSK/16-QAM/64-QAM).
Instantaneous radio channel conditions are known at the UTRAN level thanks to the periodical decoding
of the Channel Quality Indicator sent by the UE to the NodeB onto the HS-DPCCH. The UE first
estimates the Carrier over Interference ratio (C/I). From this estimate the UE then determines a CQI
(with a maximum HS-DSCH BLER target of 10%) and then it sends this indication back to the NodeB. The
NodeB takes this input into consideration in order to adapt the throughput to the UE.
Note: a UE reporting a CQI value of 0 is not scheduled by the NodeB.

2 UE Categorization
2.4 New CQI mapping
1 6 23

New 64QAM modulation allows bigger Transport Blocks (TB) than before and hence a new TB size table is
introduced allowing TB size of up to 42192 bits (21.1 Mb/s @ mac-hs).
A new CQI mapping tables F, G, H have been defined for 64-QAM and MIMO. They are used to
translate the CQI value into a reccomended maximum TB size and Modulation scheme.

2 UE Categorization
2.5 New CQI mapping table F
CQI mapping table F.
1 6 24


2 UE Categorization
2.6 New CQI mapping table G
CQI mapping table G
1 6 25




for this module
1 6 26


End of Module
Adaptative Modulation and Coding with 16-QAM/64-QAM
1 6 27


17
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 7
HSDPA protocols
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
172
HSDPA Description HSDPA protocols
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives
Describe new MAC architecture and data flows
List the HSDPA coding chains main steps
173


Objectives [cont.]
174

Table of Contents
Page

1 HSDPA Distributed Architecture
1.1 HSDPA Protocol Stack
1.2 HSDPA Layer2/Layer1 Flows
2 TFRC Selection and channel coding
2.1 MAC-hs Architecture (UTRAN side)
2.2 HS-DSCH Coding Chain
2.3 HS-SCCH Coding Chain
Summary
End of Module
175


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176

177


1.1 HSDPA Protocol Stack

HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
Data Transfer (PS I/B)
Downlink Transfer Information

(UEid, OVSF,...)
Introduction of MAC-hs
RNC
Iub
HS-DPCCH
DPCH
Feedback Information
(CQI, ACK/NACK)
Upper Layer Signaling
New Transport Channel

HS-DSCH
New Frame Protocol

HS-DSCH
RLC
MAC-d
RLC
MAC-d
MAC-hs
PHY
Uu
UE
MAC-hs
HS-DSCH
FP
Flow control
PHY
L2
L1
Iub
NodeB
178
HS-DSCH
FP
L2
L1
C-RNC
Flow control
Iur
HS-DSCH
FP
L2
L1
S-RNC

HSDPA is an increment on UTRAN procedures, and it is fully compatible with R4 layer 1 and layer 2. It is
based on the introduction of a new MAC entity (MAC-hs) in the NodeB, that is in charge of scheduling /
repeating the data on a new physical channel (HS-DSCH) shared between all users.
This has a minor impact on network architecture, there is no impact on RLC protocol and HSDPA is
compatible with all transport options (AAL2 and IP).
On NodeB side, MAC-hs layer provides the following functionalities:
Fast repetition layer handled by HARQ processes.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding.
New transport channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
Flow control procedure to manage NodeB buffering.
Some L1 new functionalities are introduced compared to R4:

3 new physical channels: High Speed Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (HS-PDSCH) to send DL
data, High Speed Shared Control CHannel (HS-SCCH) to send DL control information relative to HSPDSCH, and High Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (HS-DPCCH) to receive UL control
information.
New channel coding chain for High Speed Downlink Shared CHannel (HS-DSCH) transport channel
and HS-SCCH physical channel.

1.2 HSDPA Layer2/Layer1 Flows

RRC
RRC(RNC)
(RNC)
RLC
RLC(RNC)
(RNC)
PCCH BCCH CCCH
MAC Control
CTCH
MAC Control
MAC Control
MAC-hs
MAC-hs
(NodeB)
(NodeB)
DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC-d
(S-RNC)
MAC-c/sh
MAC-c/sh
(C-RNC)
(C-RNC)
Associated
Downlink
Signaling
Associated
Uplink
Signaling
HS-DSCH
R5
R5L1:
L1:HSDPA
HSDPA(NodeB)
(NodeB)
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
179
PCH
FACH
RACH
DCH
DCH
R4
R4L1:
L1:Channel
ChannelCoding
Coding/ /Multiplexing
Multiplexing(NodeB)
(NodeB)
S-CCPCH
S-CCPCH
PRACH
DPCH
DPDCH/DPCCH

In terms of flow multiplexing, the 3GPP specifications allow 3 types of multiplexing:

Multiplexing at the logical channel level, meaning that several logical flows from a given user may
be multiplexed over the same MAC-d entity.
Multiplexing at the MAC-c/sh level, meaning that several MAC-d flows, either from the same or
from different users, may be multiplexed over the same MAC-hs entity.
Multiplexing at the MAC-hs level, which receives all the MAC-d flows and sub-flows.
In UA04.2 only one single DTCH is supported over HSDPA (as the DCCH is supported over the associated
DCH, and this version of HSDPA does not support multiple PS RAB for a single user).

1 7 10


2.1 MAC-hs Architecture (UTRAN side)

to MAC-d
MAC-d flows
Example:
MAC-hs
TFRC Fields
Flow Control
Scheduler
HARQ
Value
2677 bits
# codes
Modulation
QPSK
Min. HARQ buffer size
8103 bits
# MAC-d PDUs
Total Tx Power
21.5 mW
Power per code
5.4 mW
TTI
2 ms
TFRC Selection
Associated
Downlink Signaling
1 7 11
HS-DSCH
Associated
Uplink Signaling

HSDPA induces an improvement of both the global throughput and the peak data rates per user and
reduces the DL packet transmission delay mainly due to the introduction of a fast repetition layer at the
NodeB characterized by:
a new MAC entity (the MAC-hs) located in the NodeB. It manages the scheduling of users and the
retransmissions of packets.
a new transport channel, the HS-DSCH, whose transmission is based on shorter sub-frames: 2ms
(TTI).
a retransmission protocol, the HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Query) that handles fast
repetitions of erroneous blocks (with possibly a change of the rate matching parameters that
increases the global coding rate).
a mechanism that adapts data format to radio conditions, the Adaptive Modulation and Coding
(AMC), with the possibility of choosing between two modulations (QPSK and 16QAM).
Refer to Appendix for more details about MAC-hs PDU construction

2.2 HS-DSCH Coding Chain

CRC attachment
Bit Scrambling
Code Block Segmentation
R99 Functionality
Turbo Coding
R99 Modified Functionality
HARQ Entity
Physical Channel Segmentation
New Functionality
HS-DSCH Interleaving
Constellation Rearrangement (16QAM)
Physical Channel Mapping
1 7 12

Some coding steps are identical to the R4 functionalities applied to DCH:

CRC attachment: 24 bits CRC length,
Code Block segmentation,
Channel coding: Turbo Code 1/3,
Physical channel segmentation,
HS-DSCH interleaving: R99 second interleaving (for 16QAM it is applied twice),
Physical channel mapping.
One step has been strongly modified: the HARQ functionality. It is a two-stage Rate Matching:
The first stage corresponds to the R4 rate matching, except that it matches the input bits to a
virtual buffer size instead of matching them to the number of physical channel bits (thats the
purpose of the second stage).
The second stage keeps the same structure than the R4 rate matching but the computation of the
initial parameters is different and systematic bits may be punctured. The initial parameters are
determined by the RV parameters.
Two brand new functions are introduced:

Bit scrambling
Constellation rearrangement only applied in case of 16QAM.

2.3 HS-SCCH Coding Chain

OVSF Code Set
s, r, b
TBS
Modulation Scheme
HARQ
MUX
RV Coding
NDI
MUX
CRC
CC 1/3
UEId
UE Masking
Rate Matching
CC 1/3
MUX
Puncturing
CC 1/3
UE Masking
Rate Matching
Slot #0: Code Set, Modulation
Slot #1: TBS, HARQ
Slot#2: RV, NDI
TSUBFRAME = 2ms
1 7 13

The HS-SCCH is coded in two parts:

the first part corresponds to the first slot and indicates the Transport Format and Resource
Indicator (TFRI) i.e. the HS-PDSCH codes the UE must demodulate, and the modulation used
(0:QPSK, 1:16QAM)
the second part corresponds to the two last slots and indicates the transport block size (TBS), the
RV parameters, the HARQ process index and the New Data Indicator (value updated for each new
Transport Block transmission).
Input bits of the first part are also injected for CRC computation.
On the two parts, the UEId (H-RNTI provided by the RNC) is applied as a mask. The coding chain is given
in the above figure.

Summary
1 7 14




for this module
1 7 15


End of Module
HSDPA protocols
1 7 16


18
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 8
HSDPA Scenarios
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
182
HSDPA Description HSDPA Scenarios
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
Describe main procedures associated with

HSDPA call establishment and mobility.
183


Objectives [cont.]
184

Table of Contents
Page

1 Call Setup
1.1 Call Establishment
Channel Type Selection
1.2 Initial Connection Establishment
1.3 RAB Assignment Phase
2 Mobility
2.1 Intra-Frequency Mobility
HS-DSCH Primary Cell Change
2.3 Inter-frequency HSDPA HHO with Measurements
3 Iub Flow Control
3.1 Flow Control Principles
3.2 HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation
Summary
End of Module
185


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21

186

1 Call Setup
187


1 Call Setup

How is HSDPA triggered by the network?
3. DCH ? HS-DSCH ?
1. Request for service
(e.g. Web Browsing)
RNC
Node B
UE
Core
Network
2. RAB
Assignment
Request
4. HS-DSCH
Establishment
188



HS-DSCH or
DCH ?
RAB assignment
request from CN
Service = PS?
RAB Traffic Class
Traffic Class =
Streaming/
I/B
189
UE Capabilities
HSDPA UE?
Cell Capability
Primary Cell =
HSDPA Cell?
HS-DSCH
selection

With the introduction of HSDPA in the UTRAN, a new type of transport channel can be allocated to serve
the RAB requested from the CN. Thus, the channel type selection algorithm allows selecting either DCH
or HS-DSCH depending on the RAB characteristics received from the CN.
At reception of a RAB assignment Request, the SRNC selects the transport channel type between DCH
and HS-DSCH according to the following constraints:
RAB traffic class

RAB combinations from UA07

PS Str. + PS I/B over HSUPA/HSDPA

CS speech over DCH + PS Str. + PS I/B over HSUPA/HSDPA
UE capability to support HS-DSCH

PS RABs with traffic class interactive and background are transported on HS-DSCH. In UA06
Alcatel-Lucent supports the Streaming traffic class over HSDPA and from UA07 Alcatel-Lucent
supports the Streaming traffic class over HSUPA.
HS-DSCH can be selected only if UE supports it, as indicated by the UE capability Support of HSPDSCH, and if UE supports the combination of already established DL DCH and HS-DSCH, as
indicated by the UE capability DL capabilities with simultaneous HS-DSCH configuration
Cell capability to support HS-DSCH

HS-DSCH can be selected only if one cell of the active set supports HSDPA or if one collocated cell
(on another carrier) supports HSDPA.
Channel type selection is performed prior to radio admission control. Then depending on the channel
type selection, either DCH RAC or HSDPA RAC is triggered.

1 Call Setup
1.2 Initial Connection Establishment

UE
NodeB
RNC
RRC / RACH / RRC Connection Request
SGSN
Establishment Cause
AS Indicator
NBAP / RL Setup Request

NBAP / RL Setup Response
SRB Definition (DCCH)
U-RNTI
Target RRC State (Cell_DCH)
RRC / FACH / RRC Connection Setup
RRC / RACH / RRC Connection Setup Complete
HSDPA Capability
UE Category
RRC / DCCH / Initial Direct Transfer (Service Request)

RANAP / Service Request
RRC / DCCH / Measurement Control
1 8 10

Most of the steps of this first phase are common to all type of calls. There are few elements specific to
HSDPA.
RRC Connection Request embeds the Establishment Cause and the AS Indicator that may be used for
Traffic Segmentation.
RRC Connection Setup states the properties of the SRB to be used and includes a first Adio NEtwork
Temporary Identifyer.
RRC connection Setup Complete indicates to RNC UE capabilities.

1 Call Setup
1.3 RAB Assignment Phase

UE
NodeB
RNC
SGSN
RANAP / RAB Assignment Request
Measurement Power Offset

Scheduler & HARQ properties
MAC-d PDU size
HS-DPCCH properties
NBAP / RL Reconfiguration Prepare

NBAP / RL Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP / RL Reconfiguration Commit
HS-SCCH Codes
Number of HARQ
HS-SCCH Codes
HARQ number and properties
H-RNTI
Measurement Power Offset
HS-DPCCH properties
RRC / DCCH / Radio Bearer Setup

RRC / DCCH / Radio Bearer Setup Complete
RANAP / RAB Assignment Response
1 8 11

In this second phase only the NBAP Radio Link Reconfiguration procedure and RRC Radio Bearer
Reconfiguration are modified because of HSDPA.

2 Mobility
1 8 12


2 Mobility

Core Network
Primary cell
change
RNC
RNC
NodeB
NodeB
HS-DSCH
Transition
R4 cell
HS-DSCH
Mobility
HSDPA cell
HS-DSCH
Mobility
HSDPA cell
HSDPA cell
Primary
Cell
DCH only
HS-DSCH+DCH
DCH
Fallback
1 8 13
HS-DSCH
Mobility
HS-DSCH
Mobility

As defined by 3GPP HS-DSCH is established in only one cell so is never in soft handover. In Alcatel-Lucent
implementation HS-DSCH is established in the primary cell because it is the best candidate (good radio
conditions and not changing too often).
Each time the primary cell changes the HS-DSCH RL is deleted on the former primary right after the RRC
Measurement Control procedure has been performed, and it is re-established under the new primary,
using a synchronous reconfiguration.
If the new primary cell does not support HSDPA then the RB is reconfigured to DCH (iRM CAC is
performed). If the new primary cell supports HSDPA while the former did not, and given that the UE
supports HSDPA, then the RB is reconfigured to HS-DSCH (HSDPA CAC is performed).

HS-DSCH Primary Cell Change

source Node
B
RNC
target Node
B
UE
Primary cell
change
RL Reconfiguration Prepare
RL Reconfiguration Ready
RL Reconfiguration Commit (Activation CFN)
RL Reconfiguration Commit (Activation
CFN)
RB Reconfiguration (Activation CFN)
Measurement Control (new neighbouring list)
Activation CFN
RB Reconfiguration Complete
1 8 14

As defined by 3GPP HS-DSCH is established in only one cell so is never in soft handover. In Alcatel-Lucent
implementation HS-DSCH is established in the primary cell because it is the best candidate (good radio
conditions and not changing too often).
Each time the primary cell changes, the HS-DSCH RL is deleted on the former primary and it is
reestablished under the new primary, using a synchronous reconfiguration. During the reconfiguration
data transfer on HS-DSCH is suspended by the RNC.
If it is not possible to re-establish HS-DSCH on the new primary (CAC failure) then the radio bearer may
fall back to DCH.
If the new primary cell does not support HSDPA then the RB is reconfigured to DCH (iRM CAC is
performed). In case of CAC failure for the DCH then the PS RAB is released.
If the new primary cell supports HSDPA while the former did not and given the UE supports HSDPA, then
the RB is reconfigured to HS-DSCH. In case of CAC failure the radio bearer stays on DCH.
In the case the current primary cell is not present in the new active set, the HS-DSCH link is deleted right
after the Active Set procedure (and before the Measurement Control procedure) and the UE releases the
HSDPA link. A new HS-DSCH link is then setup using a normal SRLR procedure on the new primary cell
after the Measurement Control.

2 Mobility
2.3 Inter-frequency HSDPA HHO with Measurements

Core Network
SRNC
HSDPA cell Frequency 2
R99 cell
Frequency 1
1 8 15

The HSDPA Inter-freq mobility (HHO) with measurements (i.e. Compressed Mode on associated DCH) is
supported with UA05.
The feature values are to Enable HSDPA call handover to another cell based on criteria thresholds,
avoiding drop calls and to allow HSDPA mobiles entering an HSDPA cell through an alarm handover to
benefit from HSDPA service.
UE solution supporting the Compressed Mode on DCH once in HSDPA operation (i.e. HS-PDSCH(s) usage).

3 Iub Flow Control
1 8 16


3 Iub Flow Control
RNC
Capacity Request
Control FP
Iub
Capacity Allocation
Control FP
Data FP
RNC Buffers
QId0
QId1 QId2
QIdN
QId0
QId1 QId2
QIdN
NodeB Buffers
1 8 17

With HSDPA, the effective throughput per UE is not deterministic and quite variable. A flow control
mechanism has been introduced between the RNC Mac-d and the NodeB MAC-hs entities in order to fill
the NodeB buffers with sufficient data to provide to the UEs and be quite reactive to throughput
variations.
This flow control mechanism is based on three main procedures:
the Capacity Request procedure that provides means for the RNC to indicate for each session of
each UE its buffer occupancy (at MAC-d level).
the Capacity Allocation procedure generated by the NodeB to indicate to the RNC how many PDUs
are required for the desired session and the interval in which data should be sent. This is based on
the estimated throughput for this session and the amount of unsent data in NodeB transmission
buffers.
the HS-DSCH data transfer procedure in which the RNC sends the MAC-d PDUs grouped in FP frames
(1 to 255 PDUs per FP frame). The updated buffer occupancy is also given. The RNC may choose to
send all the required MAC-d PDUs in a single FP frame, or to space out (within the notified interval)
the transmission in several FPs.

3.2 HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation
UE
Serving
RNC
Node B
HS-DSCH FP
7. HS-DSCH Capacity Request

Priority Indicator, UE buffer Size
HS-DSCH FP
8. HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation

HS-DSCH FP
HS-DSCH credits, inter-TTI interval,
HS-DSCH FP
9. Data Transfer
MAC-hs
10. HS-SCCH
After HS-DSCH
Configuration
MAC-hs
11. Data Transfer
NB.: The UE is in cell_DCH state

1 8 18

As soon as the SRNC detects the necessity to send HS-DL data on one HS-DSCH, it sends an HS-DSCH
Capacity Request control frame within the HS-DSCH Frame Protocol to the CRNC.
Parameters: Common Transport Channel Priority Indicator and User Buffer Size.
The CRNC forwards this message (HS-DSCH Capacity Request control frame) to the Node B. So in this
example sequence, the CRNC does not interfere with the HS-DSCH scheduling.
Parameters: Common Transport Channel Priority Indicator and User Buffer Size.
The Node B determines the amount of data (credits) that can be transmitted on the HS-DSCH and reports
this information back to the DRNC in a HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation control frame in the HS-DSCH
Frame Protocol.
Parameters: Common Transport Channel Priority Indicator, HS-DSCH Credits, HS-DSCH Interval, HSDSCH Repetition period, Maximum MAC-d PDU length.
The DRNC sends the HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation control frame to SRNC. So again, the DRNC does not
react itself to that message in this example.
Parameters: Common Transport Channel Priority Indicator, HS-DSCH Credits, HS-DSCH Interval, HSDSCH Repetition period, Maximum MAC-d PDU length.
The SRNC starts sending DL data to the Node B. This is done via the two HS-DSCH Frame Protocol "hops"
on Iur and Iub interface. The Node B schedules the DL transmission of DL data on HS-DSCH which
includes allocation of PDSCH resources.
The Node B transmits the control information for the concerned UE using the HS-SCCH.
The Node B sends the HS-DSCH data to the UE on the HS-PDSCH(s).

Summary
1 8 19




for this module
1 8 20


End of Module
HSDPA Scenarios
1 8 21


19
Section 1
HSDPA Description
Module 9
HSDPA A-L implementation
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
192
HSDPA Description HSDPA A-L implementation
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
Compare HSDPA deployment options
Evaluate HSDPA introduction impacts on

UTRAN configuration
193


Objectives [cont.]
194

Table of Contents
Page

1 Deployment Scenarios
1.1 Cell Topology
2 Configuration Impacts
2.1 UTRAN HW Readiness
2.2 Scalable BTS Configuration
2.3 BTS Configurations Examples
2.4 Multi-mode BBU with xCEM
2.5 Interface Configuration with ATM
2.6 Smooth Evolution to IP
2.7 Core Network Impacts ATM configuration
2.8 Core Network Impacts Iu-PS interface over Ethernet
End of Module
195


7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

196

197


1.1 Cell Topology

Coverage Options
HSDPA on shared carrier
R99 only cell

HSDPA cell
R99/HSDPA cell
HSDPA on dedicated carrier
HSDPA on two carriers

198

HSDPA cells are not restricted to HSDPA services, they also offer all R99 services so there is no need to
handover to the R99 layer to establish these services.
Several deployment configurations are possible depending on the number of carriers and on the choice
between dedicated carrier or shared carrier.
Mono-frequency deployment with shared carrier leads to smooth transitioning from R99 only networks to
HSDPA capable networks at minimum costs.
Dual carrier networks with dedicated carriers for R99 offers the possibility to have independent
management of the two types of traffic, providing more flexibility in terms of resource allocation,
interference and capacity.
Extra HSDPA capacity can be provided mixing dedicated and shared carrier cells inside a two-layered
network.
Some HSDPA hot-spots can also be introduced in single-carrier or dual-carrier networks.

199


2.1 UTRAN HW Readiness

PA
HSD DY
REA RNC
PA
HSD DY
REA
HSDPA
L1
L2 (MAC-hs)
CP
RNSAP
NBAP
RANAP
RRC
BTS
iCEM
UL
DPDCH
DPCCH
DL
DPDCH/DPCCH
UP
RLC
MAC
.
.
.
MCPA
DDM
MCPA
DDM
MCPA
DDM
iTRM
iCEM
.
.
.
iCCM
iTRM
iCEM
iTRM
.
.
.
CEM
DIGITAL SHELF
RF BLOCK
product parts or modules handling HSDPA
1 9 10

There are no UTRAN HW impacts triggered by the introduction of HSDPA, the evolution is managed via SW
upgrade only.
From an RNC point of view, all functionalities on both the CN and IN are exactly the same. There is just
an evolution of the procedures and associated messaging protocols (NBAP, RRC...).
From a BTSEquipment perspective, at the Layer 1 level, all functionalities on both the CCM and TRM
boards (including the MCPA) are exactly the same. Only the introduction of the 16QAM modulation could
have induced some impacts on the iCEM board but this constellation is generated as two QPSK
modulations of different amplitudes. Consequently there are no HW impacts on the iCEM board as well.

2.2 Scalable BTS Configuration

MAC-hs
HARQ
Scheduler
Link Adaptation (AMC)
UL
HS-DPCCH
DL
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
PA
HSD DY
REA
BTS
iCEM128
iCEM128
UL
Associated/R4 DPDCH
Associated/R4 DPCCH
DL
Associated/R4 DPCH
cmCHs
1 9 11
iCEM64
iCEM64
CEM
H-BBU
H-BBU
iTRM
MCPA
DDM
MCPA
DDM
MCPA
DDM
H-BBU
D-BBU
H-BBU
iCCM
iTRM
D-BBU
iTRM
D-BBU
D-BBU
DIGITAL SHELF
H-BBU
HSDPA dedicated
D-BBU
DCH/cmCH dedicated
RF BLOCK

The HSDPA support on UMTS BTS requires Nortel second generation of CEM i.e. iCEM64 or iCEM128. Nortel
CEM Alpha is not HSDPA hardware ready.
Nevertheless, HSDPA support on Nortel UMTS BTS is possible assuming already installed CEM Alpha
modules. CEM Alpha and iCEM modules can coexist within the NodeB digital shelf while providing HSDPA
service with Nortel UMTS BTS.
Base Band processing is performed by BBUs of CEM and iCEM. One restriction of current BBUs is that one
BBU cannot process both Dedicated and HSDPA services. In order for the BTS to be able to manage both
dedicated and HSDPA services, the BTS has to specialize BBUs as:
D-BBU: BBU managing dedicated services,
H-BBU: BBU managing HSDPA services.
The partition between H-BBU and D-BBU is done by the BTS at BTS startup using OMC-B configuration
information. Once this allocation is done, it can only change after a BTS-iCCM reset or an iCEM plug-in or
plug-out.

2.3 BTS Configurations Examples

iCEM128
D-BBU
cell#0
MCPA
D-BBU
DDM
cell#3
iTRM
iCEM64
cell#1
H-BBU
cell#0
cell#1
cell#2
MCPA
iCCM
DDM
cell#4
iTRM
iCEM64
cell#2
H-BBU
cell#0
cell#1
cell#2
MCPA
RF BLOCK
cell#0
MCPA
DDM
cell#3
iTRM
H-BBU
cell#2
cell#1
MCPA
iCCM
DDM
cell#4
D-BBU
iTRM
CEM
F2 R99/HSDPA cells
DDM
H-BBU
cell#0
H-BBU
cell#1
iCEM128
F1 HSDPA cells
cell#5
DIGITAL SHELF
iCEM128
STSR2
3 cells/H-BBU
cell#2
D-BBU
MCPA
D-BBU
STSR2
1 cell/H-BBU
F1 HSDPA cells
F2 R99 cells
DDM
cell#5
DIGITAL SHELF
1 9 12
RF BLOCK

HSDPA is supported on STSR-1 and STSR-2 configurations (HSDPA can be deployed on one frequency or on
two frequencies), OTSR configuration is not supported with HSDPA.
The above figures present two different BTS configurations among the wide range of possible
combinations. The first case represents a STSR2 with a multi-cell per H-BBU case, while the second figure
illustrates a STSR2 configuration with one cell per H-BBU.

2.4 Multi-mode BBU with xCEM

WARNING
256 CE for DCH
With a max of 128 CE
for sig.
Example: if 64 DCH
Nb CE = 256 64
=192 CE for HSDPA
Limited before
in the previous release
1 9 13

This feature introduces support for multi-mode Base-band Units (BBU) on the xCEM module.
Multi-mode is understood as support of DCH + HSDPA + HSUPA channel types by the same BBU.
This includes support of channel combinations {HSD+HSU}, {DCH+HSD}, {DCH+HSU}, and
{DCH+HSD+HSU} for a given user.
Multi-mode support includes the change from triple to single decoding.
The xCEM board supports 256 DCH, with any 128 of them supporting HSDPA and/or HSUPA.
This means that the initial xCEM capacity will be doubled with this feature by means of a SW upgrade.
The additionally available capacity can be activated through the Capacity Licensing mechanism and
requires purchase of respective licenses.

2.5 Interface Configuration with ATM

INVccGroup
VCC OAM
VPi/VCi
VCC NodeBCP
VPi/VCi
VCC CCP
VPi/VCi
RNC

OAM
CP
CCP

AAL5
DS
NDS
HSDPA
AAL2
VCC DS traffic
VPi/VCi/PathId/QoSId
VCC NDS traffic
VCC HSDPA traffic
New VCC
New ATM Profile
New QoSId
PCM link (1 up to 8 with IMA)
ATM
PCM
1 9 14

As HSDPA is a system evolution limited to UTRAN, HSDPA activation have no impact beyond the RNC.
As HSDPA is not supported over Iur interface, the only interface modifications are related to Iub.
HSDPA activation does not impact UTRAN interfaces Control Plane configuration. As mentioned earlier
there is just a moderate evolution of the NBAP messaging. Evolution of RRC messaging does not impact
the interface configuration needs for DS VCC.
In fact the major evolution triggered by HSDPA introduction is the definition of a new type of VCC
dedicated to HS-DSCH operation.
There is just one HSDPA VCC per Iub, the configuration of this new VCC requires the definition of a
dedicated ATM Profile together with the introduction of a new AAL2 QoS.
The support of IMA with multi-PCM is necessary in order to be able to provide high user data rates,
otherwise this may constitute the first bottleneck. Up to 8 PCM links can be managed by a single NodeB.

2.6 Smooth Evolution to IP

Optimized HSPA Offload

Hybrid Iub
All IP (UA07)
IMA = nE1
RNC
R99 over ATM
E1 Leased Lines
x
C
C
M
Node B
Ethernet
Node B
HSPA over IP
Low Cost
Backhaul
STM
GigE
x
C
C
M
1 9 15

HYBRID IUB introduces a hybrid transport (ATM & IP) on the Iub interface on the RNC & Node B, as shown in
Figure above. This functionality enables the operator to split delay sensitive traffic from non delay
sensitive traffic. R99 traffic is carried on E1 to secure voice transportation as well as all delay sensitive
traffic, whereas non-delay sensitive traffic is carried on IP over a private IP network.
In the hybrid Iub interface the R99, signaling and OAM traffic remains on the ATM/PCM and the HSPA
(HSDPA and E-DCH) is supported on IP/Ethernet. Hybrid Iub requires 100 BaseT Ethernet port (xCCM) in
the NodeB and a Gigabit Ethernet board on the RNC side.
All IP is introduced in UA07.

2.7 Core Network Impacts ATM configuration

HLR
Gr
new
parameters
modified
messaging
GGSN
Gn
SGSN
Iu-PS
RNC
VCC Streaming
RNC
SGSN
VCC Interactive
HSDPA
specific
procedures
R99 & HSDPA
VCC Background
R99 & HSDPA
PA
HSD DY
REA
1 9 16
PA
HSD DY
REA
VCC Conversational

HSDPA is a UTRAN only feature and the changes triggered by HSDPA introduction stop at the RNC. Beyond
the RNC there is no R4 / HSDPA differentiation.
HSDPA does not introduce any new procedure into the core network. There are just some changes in the
QoS profiles and some new parameters introduced in the messaging.
On Iu traffic is mapped on different VCCs depending on Traffic Class (Conversational, Streaming,
Interactive or Background). R4 and HSDPA traffic with the same Traffic Class are mapped on the same
VCC. There is no specific HSDPA VCC on Iu.
HSDPA is expected to increase user traffic, which results in a higher throughput to be supported by the
SGSN and the GGSN. Depending on the call profile, more traffic processing modules may be necessary.
Dimensioning follows the same rules as for R4 traffic.

2.8 Core Network Impacts Iu-PS interface over

Ethernet
Iu-PS over ATM
Iu-PS over IP/Ethernet
1 9 17

Iu-PS interface is an open interface between the RNC and SGSN for the packet domain.
ATM and IP stacks for Iu-PS are supported.
On this interface, the SCCP supports transport of RANAP messages used by the Control Plane.
ATM stack is like IU-CS interface refer to the description of previous slide.
AAL5/ATM is be used to transport IP packets across the Iu interface towards the packet switched domain.
IP stack uses the M3UA ( MTP-3 User Adaptation Layer) and SCTP ( Stream Control Transmission Protocol) to
transport the signalling on IP network.
UDP/IP is used for the User Plane.
Dynamic management of GTP tunnel is ensured by user plane towards PS domain.
The physical layer is supported by OC3/STM1 and aIP over Gigabit Ethernet.
The Transport Network Control plane is not necessary on IU-PS.



for this module
1 9 18


End of Module
HSDPA A-L implementation
1 9 19


21
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 1
HSUPA Fundamentals
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
212
HSUPA Description HSUPA Fundamentals
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
2007-07-16
Scholle, Martin
Conversion into Alcatel-Lucent template
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
After this section, you will be able to:

Describe the main objectives of the HSUPA solution.

Identify the benefits of the new UL channels for the
existing UMTS networks.
Identify the characteristics of the HSUPA technology.
213


Objectives [cont.]
214

Table of Contents
Page
Introduction
1 Introduction
Definition
1.1 Definition
Uplink
before HSUPA
1.2 Uplink before HSUPA
HSUPA
Principles
2 HSUPA Principles
2.1
Main
characteristics
Main characteristics
Radio
Resource
Allocation
2.3 NodeB
level
2.4 Main level
Benefits of HSUPA in UL
NodeB
3 Exercise
Main
Benefits of HSUPA in UL
3.1 Questions
Exercise
End of Module
Questions
215


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16
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18

216

1 Introduction
217


1 Introduction
1.1 Definition
- resource mgmt
- retransmissions
Release
Release 77
Uplink
A
UP
HS
High
Throughputs
Dedicated
Channels
Throughput
&
Capacity
218

HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) is the last item introduced by 3GPP with the aim to improve
the Uplink (UL) data rate.
HSUPA is characterized by a high data rate for PS calls over the UL air interface.
The 3GPP objectives are to improve the performance of uplink dedicated transport channels by
scheduling the Uplink UE data rates depending on the interference and on the Node B processing
resources, while increasing the radio interface robustness with the HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request) protocol associated with TTI of 2 ms and 10 ms.
By reaching high spectrum efficiency and low latency for both the uplink and downlink with
HSDPA/HSUPA, wireless operators will be able to provide seamless access services like VoIP, which can
be challenging in UMTS R4 Network.
HSUPA is not only a HSDPA for the reverse link.
Of course, some of the mechanisms are inspired by the HSDPA solution (HARQ process, Incremental
Redundancy, Scheduling) but more generally HSUPA is an enhancement of classical dedicated channels.
Such new UL channels will be called in the following E-DCH channels.
With HSUPA a new set of channels is proposed for UL and DL.

1 Introduction
1.2 Uplink before HSUPA
Low User
Throughputs
(<384 kbps)
Poor spectral
efficiency
HSDPA UE
Node B
Low Number of
High data rate users
219
RNC
Low coverage
For high data rate
applications

Before the launch of the HSUPA solution, the operators have expressed their needs regarding the Access
Network capabilities.
Operator needs
Higher coverage for high data rate applications

Higher number of high data rate users from a cell RF capacity standpoint
NPole formula with 50% UL load, a limited number of high data rate DPCH in UL
Higher user throughput on the Uu interface

UMTS Rel99 allows UL peak rate @ 384kbps
Most networks have been designed to ensure 64/128kbps
Higher UL spectral efficiency for uneven traffic

A limited coverage for the UL DPCH @ 128kbps & 384kbps
As HSDPA in DL, DCH usage in UL for uneven traffic leads to a waste of radio resource
usage.
PS call delay improvement
To face these requirements, the 3GPP had to introduce the E-DCH new channel coupled with HSDPA: the
HSUPA solution.

2 HSUPA Principles
2 1 10


2 HSUPA Principles
2.1 Main characteristics
HSUPA

E-DCH, an enhanced Dedicated channel

Fast scheduling at Node B level
(TTI: 10ms => mandatory), 2ms =>optional)

2 1 11
Fast retransmission of data

QPSK modulation (~2 BPSK)
Uplink Noise Rise management in nodeB
Uplink resource management in nodeB


2 HSUPA Principles

T
UM
99
SR
Dedicated Channel
Dedicated Channel
Dedicated Channel
D
HS
PA
Shared Channel
Enhanced Dedicated Channel
A
UP
HS

Allocated resources
User traffic
2 1 12

The WCDMA system normally carries user data over dedicated transport channels, or DCHs, which brings
maximum system performance with continuous user data. The DCHs are code multiplexed onto one RF
carrier. In the future, user applications are likely to involve the transport of large volumes of data that
will be bursty in nature and require high bit rates.
HSDPA introduces a new transport channel type, High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) that
makes efficient use of valuable radio frequency resources and takes into account packet data services
burstiness.
That new transport channel (HS-DSCH) shares multiple access codes, transmission power and use of
infrastructure hardware between several users. The radio network resources can be used efficiently to
serve a large number of users who are accessing bursty data. To illustrate this, when one user has
received a data packet over the network, another user gets access to the resources and so forth. In other
words, several users can be time multiplexed so that during silent periods, the resources are available to
other users.
With HSUPA, the resource is also shared among the HSUPA users but they each have an E-DCH (Enhanced
Dedicated Channel). It uses a share of the uplink resources allocated in real time by the nodeB.

2 HSUPA Principles
2.3 NodeB level

Implementation
Fast retransmission
Uplink resource management
received power
processing resources
Iub bandwidth
Benefits
Lower latency
Increased radio interface robustness
Overall UL QOS and throughput improvement
Optimized resource sharing

Increases more the nb of high data rate users
2 1 13

At nodeB level, we implement fast retransmission, and uplink resource management.

The improvements allowed by this implementation are
lower latency (better network responsiveness)
Increased radio interface robustness, hence higher throughput
Optimized resource sharing (resource allocated only if UEs use them so resources not used by
some users are available for other users)

2 HSUPA Principles
2.4 Main Benefits of HSUPA in UL

Bit
rates
UL throughput
Nb high speed users
Operational impacts:
Same
hardware
Spectral
Efficiency
UL resources
Resource
Sharing
Service Delay
2 1 14
Network
Responsiveness

Introduction of new UL channels allowing high bit rate and global quick resources sharing is useful to map
as a first step the best effort UL traffic (i.e. Interactive/Background traffic on E-DCH) keeping for DCH
the UL Conversational/Streaming traffic class.
E-DCH network introduction while being coupled with HSDPA (for which the same basic segmentation has
been done DL Conversational/Streaming on DCH and DL Interactive/Background on HSDPA) enhances
the spectral efficiency of UMTS technology versus live uneven traffic.
Indeed, E-DCH/HSDPA maximizes the number of high data rate users from an air interface standpoint
while minimizing the UL/DL service delay.
By principle, E-DCH with HSDPA dynamically adapts and maximizes the peak data rate of each subscriber
according to cell load and UTRAN resource availability.

3 Exercise
2 1 15


3 Exercise
3.1 Questions
What type of transport channel is

introduced with HSUPA?
E-DCH,
an Enhanced Dedicated Channel
Where are the main modifications

implemented in the network?
NodeB
What is managed at that level?

(Level = previous answer)
Fast retransmissions
Uplink resources
Name 5 benefits of the HSUPA

technique.(In terms of throughput,
UL resources, network
responsiveness)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2 1 16
Higher bit rates

Higher number of high bit rate users
Better resource sharing
Higher spectral efficiency
Lower service delay




for this module
2 1 17


End of Module
2 1 18


22
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 2
HSUPA Channels
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
222
HSUPA Description HSUPA Channels
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
Describe the new HSUPA channels that have been

designed to allow high data rate for PS calls over the
UL air interface.
223


Objectives [cont.]
224

Table of Contents
Page

1 Introduction of new channels
1.1 HSDPA Channels
1.2 HSUPA Channels
1.3 Transport Channel
1.4 Physical Channels
1.5 Channels Roles
End of Module
225


7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

226

227


1.1 HSDPA Channels
Logical
DCCH
Signaling
SRB
Mobile x
Transport
DCH
UL
DL
DPCCH
Traffic
TRB
Mobile y
Traffic
TRB
Mobile x
DCH
Physical
DTCH
DTCH
DPDCH
DPDCH
UL
DPDCH
HS-DSCH
DL
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-DSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH
Transport
Physical
Physical
Physical
HS-DPCCH
High Speed Downlink Shared CHannel

High Speed Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
High Speed Shared Control CHannel
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
228

Here is the whole set of existing channels:

HSDPA channels:
HS-DSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH
Transport
Physical
Physical
Physical
High
High
High
High
Speed
Speed
Speed
Speed
Downlink Shared CHannel

Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
Shared Control CHannel
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel

1.2 HSUPA Channels

Logical
DCCH
Traffic
TRB
Mobile y
DCH
Transport
DTCH
DTCH
Signaling
SRB
Mobile x
Traffic
TRB
Mobile x
HS-DSCH
E-DCH
UL
UL
DL
DL
E-DPDCH
Physical
DPDCH
DPDCH
HS-PDSCH
E-HICH
HS-SCCH
E-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
DPCCH
E-AGCH
E-DCH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
E-HICH
E-AGCH
E-RGCH
Transport
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
E-RGCH
Enhanced Dedicated CHannel

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannel
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
E-DCH HARQ Indicator CHannel
E-DCH Absolute Grant CHannel
E-DCH Relative Grant CHannel
229

Here are the new HSUPA channels:

E-DCH Transport Enhanced Dedicated Channel
What is E-DCH?
It is an enhancement of classical dedicated channels. It can be divided into the following physical ones:
E-DPDCH Physical E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (data payload SF=16)
E-DPCCH Physical E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (power control)
E-HICH
Physical E-DCH HARQ Indicator Channel (Ack / Nack SF=128)
E-AGCH
Physical E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (scheduling)
E-RGCH
Physical E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (scheduling)
Note
In the next section of this course, we are going to describe the frame structure of the new HSUPA
channels.

1.3 Transport Channel

New UL transport channel: E-DCH
Logical
DCCH
DTCH
Signaling
SRB
Traffic
TRB
Mobile i
DCH
Transport
UL
Physical
HS-DSCH
DL
DPDCH
E-DCH
UL
DL
DPDCH
HS-SCCH
DPCCH
E-DPDCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
E-HICH
E-AGCH
2 2 10
E-DPCCH
E-RGCH

A specific E-DCH transport channel is defined. As the classical DCH transport channel it allows to offer
transport services to higher layers.
The E-DCH transport channel is defined by the following characteristics:
Only for UL
Two possible TTI : 10ms and 2ms
Transport block size and Transport Block set size are free attributes of the transport format.
Possibility of HARQ process with retransmission procedures applied at Node B. Max number of
retransmission must be defined. Each transmitted blocks are numbered.
Possibility of smart redundancy management at Rx. The Redundancy Version (RV) used for the
transmission must be managed in order to apply Chase combining or Incremental Combining
mechanisms.
Turbo coding with rate 1/3 is used
CRC is 24 bits length
E-TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indication for E-DCH) indicates which format is currently used
for the UL transmission.


Logical
DCCH
DTCH
Signaling
SRB
Traffic
TRB
DCH
Transport
UL
Physical
HS-DSCH
DL
DPDCH
DPDCH
E-DCH
UL
DL
E-DPDCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-DPCCH
E-HICH
E-DPCCH
DPCCH
E-AGCH
E-DCH
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
E-HICH
E-AGCH
E-RGCH
Transport
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
2 2 11
E-RGCH
Enhanced Dedicated CHannel

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannel
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
E-DCH HARQ Indicator CHannel
E-DCH Absolute Grant CHannel
E-DCH Relative Grant CHannel

HSUPA includes a new set of new physical channels. Here are the basic functions of each channel:
E-DPCCH and E-DPDCH for UL. The first one is devoted to control. The second is for UL traffic.
E-HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel) in DL to indicate if the UL transmission are well received (ACK/NACK channel).
E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel) and E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel) in DL to indicate to the HSUPA UE
(individually or per group) what are their allocated UL resources. This indication can be done using an explicit
value (through e-AGCH) or relatively to the last allocated UL resources (with e-RGCH).
We are going to deeply discuss the role of each physical channel in the following pages.

1.5 Channels Roles

Traffic & Signaling
Dedicated
E-HICH
E-DPDCH
2 2 12
Scheduling
Dedicated
E-DPCCH
E-AGCH
E-RGCH

We can divide the new set of channels into 2 categories: traffic & scheduling.
Scheduling channels
E-AGCH carries E-DCH absolute grant. It indicates to the E-DCH UE (either individually or per group)
what their resources are (absolute UL resources limitation).
E-RGCH carries E-DCH relative grants. It is a dedicated channel for the Node B involved in the E-DCH
active set. This channel allows each node B dealing with E-DPDCH to reduce the UE emitted power in
order to avoid radio interferences.
Traffic & signaling channels

E-HICH carries feedback information (ACK/NACK) sent by the Node B to indicate whether the packets
are properly received. This channel is based on the Node B HARQ algorithm. Thanks to this channel,
the Node B can send back to the UE indications about the faulty packets.
E-DPDCH is the uplink channel that carries the user data; TTI is either 10ms (mandatory supported by
UE) or 2 ms (optional support). Modulation is the same as DCH.
E-DPCCH is used to carry the uplink L1 signalling required to demodulate the E-DPCH: E-TFCI identity
of the E-TFC selected, RSN (number of H-ARQ retransmissions) and happy bit (telling if the grants
allocated to this UE are sufficient vs the amount data waiting in the transmission buffer).



for this module
2 2 13


End of Module
HSUPA Channels
2 2 14


23
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 3
HSUPA Scheduling
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
232
HSUPA Description HSUPA Scheduling
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
pdate to UA07

Objectives
Identify the general principles of the scheduling

mechanisms, including the grant allocation rules.
233


Objectives [cont.]
234

Table of Contents
Page

1 Scheduling Overview
1.1 General Principles
1.2 Channel Assignment
2 Grant Allocation for Scheduling
2.1 Grant Allocation Principles
2.2 EDCH active set
2.3 E-DCH Macro-Diversity
2.4 Types of Scheduler
2.5 UL Load Estimation
2.6 Scheduling and granting criteria
Summary
End of Module
235


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16
17
18
19
20

236

237


1.1 General Principles

Main Steps
Frame #0
Frame #1
Frame #i
Scheduling info (SI)
Format definition (TB)
Traffic data (throughput)
Iub
interface
238
2
5
Absolute Grant
Ack / Nack
Relative Grants

Like the HSDPA solution, the Node B is in charge of allocating the resources in terms of TTI, one after the
other.
Here are the main steps involved in the dialogue between the UE and the BTS:
1.
The UE sends Scheduling Information (SI) to tell the Node B that it has data to send (via EDPDCH).
2.
The Node B sends an Absolute Grant corresponding to the maximum uplink power resource the
UE can use (via E-AGCH).
3.
According to the grant it has received, the UE can select an E-TFCI in the E-TFCS table that is
compatible with the power granted, to send data in UL (via E-DPCCH). The Transport Block size is
agreed.
4.
The UE sends data in uplink along with a throughput that can dynamically vary according to the
grants of power it receives.
5.
The Node B sends either ACK or NACK on E-HICH. If the Node B sends a NACK, the UE retransmits
the data based on the same process.
6.
The Node B may send Relative Grant on E-RGCH at any time to adapt (increase or decrease) the
maximum uplink power resource used by UE.
All these steps can take place at every TTI (Transmission Time Intervall). The TTI can be either 10 ms or
2 ms (optional).

1.2 Channel Assignment

Scheduler
E-DPDCH
E-AGCH
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
239
Absolute Grant
Ack / Nack
2
5
Relative Grants
E-HICH
E-RGCH
Scheduling info
Format definition
Traffic data

This slide shows the role of each HSUPA channel when the UE requests to send data.
Scheduler goals
The Scheduler is the key element of the HSUPA solution.
It is in charge of two major tasks:
It manages E-DCH cell resources between UEs,
It deals with uplink radio interferences.
What is Scheduling Information? It is a message reported by UE to indicate the current status of its
waiting list.
The UE available power results from: UE Power headroom)/ highest priority level /queue total size
percentage occupied by the queue of higher priority
One main constraint of the scheduler consists in supporting fairness among users according to their
Queue priority level:
15 levels of priority,
ensure a minimum access for each active UE.
With the introduction of the MAC-e protocol in charge of the scheduling, the Node B becomes smarter as
a decision-making centre.
Protocol layers functions , including MAC-e, are thoroughly described in section 4 of this course.

2 3 10


2.1 Grant Allocation Principles

Total interference contribution
BTS
Absolute
& relative
grants
Allocated Power / interference

contribution decides which
transport format can be used, so
which throughput is available
UEn Interference
contribution
UE3 IC
UE1 IC
UEn
UE knows which Transport

format it can use
UE3
UE2
Acronyms
TFC: Transport Format Combination (E-TFC => E-DCH)
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator (E-TFCI => E-DCH)
2 3 11
Required power to use the ETFC
UE2 IC
UE1
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC z
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC
ETFC
RNC sends
correspondence info at
call setup
Node-B
Grants a
certain
power
UE might use
all or part of
the allocated
power

The scheduling principles give the ability to the Node-B to control the set of TFCs a UE may use.
More precisely, the MAC protocol layer is in charge of the selection of the appropriate Transport format
for each Transport channel, using the Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS) assigned by the RRC.
Grants are allocated to each E-DCH UE. These UEs can then tune the power level at which they are
allowed to transmit. Each UE can adapt its throughput according to the grants by selecting the E-TFC in
the E-TFCS that is compatible with the granted power.
Grants are valid until new ones are sent. Mobiles can be addressed individually (primary E-RNTI) or in
groups (secondary E-RNTI).
A UE may be active or inactive on E-DCH. Any inactive UE has no grant allocated (grants are zero). To
send data, it has to send a Scheduling Information (SI) message to ask for grants.
Grants functions
The scheduling system is based on grants. Grants are computed by the scheduler:
to ensure some fairness between al users.
to prevent the global UL interferences level from exceeding a threshold (RTWPmax standing for
Received Total Wideband Power).
to make sure each UE will adapt its throughput on E-DPDCH according to the grants it has received.

2.1 Grant Allocation Principles [cont.]

Types of grants
Absolute grant
Node-B
Absolute value
E-AGCH Scheduling:
(e-RNTI, Scheduling Grant)
C
AG
ED
E-
Ha
C
PC
y
pp
Bi
Help!
More resources!
RG
E-
CH
Relative grant
+/E-RGCH Scheduling :
(up, DTx, down)
2 3 12

The serving cell directly controls the UE requests through the scheduling channels based on absolute /
relative grants:
Absolute grants (i.e. E-AGCH) are allocated to the UE by the serving cell.
Relative grants (i.e. E-RGCH) are very useful in order to dynamically regulate (up / down) the power
of the UE. They prevent the serving cell from interfering (called basting) with non serving cells.
(No RGCH in UA5.0)
The E-RGCH is in charge of sending scheduling messages to the UEs belonging to the UE Active Set:
Serving cell: E-RGCH = up, DTx, down
Non serving cell: E-RGCH = DTx, down
(where DTX stands for Discontinuous Transmission).

Receiving one down command, the e-DCH UE reduces its uplink data throughput (i.e. E-TFCI).
At one time, a given mobile phone listens to a signature sequence carried by a E-RGCH channelization
code (up to 40 different sequences can be carried by a E-RGCH code).
The happy bit carried by the E-DPCCH indicates if the grants allocated to this UE are sufficient to face
the amount of data waiting in the transmission buffer.

2.2 EDCH active set

Node-B
Non Serving EDCH

Radio Link Set
Non Serving EDCH

Node-B Radio Link Set
Serving EDCH
Radio Link Set
Node-B
NodeB
RGCH
1 HICH
Serving EDCH
cell
AGCH
RGCH
1 RGCH for this UE

1 HICH for this UE
1 Serving EDCH cell: cell from which the UE receives

the Absolute Grant
1 Serving EDCH RLS: set of cells containing the
Serving EDCH cell from which the UE can receive and
combine 1 single RGCH (and 1 HICH). It contains cells
from the same nodeB.
E-DPDCH +
EDPDCH
1 or more non-serving EDCH RLS: cells which belong

to the EDCH active set and from which the UE can
receive an RGCH
HSUPA capable UE
2 3 13
Max 4 RL in the E-active set.

UA5.0: EDCH active set =serving EDCH RLS

There is one single serving radio-link and up to four non-serving radio-links, forming the E-DCH
active set.
This E-DCH Active Set is a sub-set of the active set.
Channel Assignments
The UE is assigned one E-HICH channel per radio-link, allowing to perform a HARQ per-radio-link
control of the link.
The UE is assigned one E-AGCH channel (on the serving cell).
At the serving cell level, the UE is assigned one E-AGCH channel and possibly one E-RGCH (Up, down
or DTX commands) channel on which it will be assigned grants.
We call non serving RLS the other cells that belong to the E-DCH active set, excluding the serving RLS.
These RLS are able to send a Relative Grant to the UE.
At the non-serving cell level, the UE is assigned one E-RGCH channel (down or DTX commands) to allow
to control the level of interferences that it generates.

2.3 E-DCH Macro-Diversity

EDCH Non
Serving RLS
EDCH
Serving
RLS#1
Node-B
EDCH Non
Serving RLS
Node-B
Node-B
Node-B
EDCH macro diversity: HSUPA channel repartition

1 EDCH serving cell (ie 1 AGCH)
Multiple nodeB EDCH control (ie EDPCCH) and
data (ie EDPDCH)
One or more HICH and RGCH
E-DPDCH and EDPCCH

HICH
Relative Grant
Absolute Grant
Associated DCH
2 3 14
HSUPA
capable UE
the E-active set. Is a subset of the active set

Here are the functions of each involved cell shown in the slide above:
The serving cell (RLS#1) is the unique cell that directly controls the UE requests through the
scheduling channels (absolute / relative grants).
The non serving cells (RLS#2 & RLS#3 above) are only involved in case of the SHO (soft handover)
situation. Since their main objective consists in dealing with active UEs, they shouldnt waste their
own radio resources to ensure radio-diversity.
The e-DCH Macro diversity can be defined in terms of HSUPA channels repartition:
One single serving e-DCH cell (i.e. E-AGCH)
Multiple Node-B E-DCH control (i.e. E-DPCCH) & data (i.e. E-DPDCH) demodulation
One or more E-HICH & E-RGCH (from serving and non-serving cells)
In short, the E-DCH macro-diversity depends on the available processing resources.

2.4 Types of Scheduler

Interference Contribution
UL Load
Allocation of the whole

capacity, shared equally
by all mobiles.
Rate scheduling
(UA05 & UA06)
Time
=>the higher the cell

capacity, the lower the
user data rate.
Interference Contribution
UL Load
Allocation at each TTI,
allowing mobile
throughput to peak.
Time scheduling
(UA06)
Time
2 3 15
=>the higher the targeted

user data rate, the lower
the cell capacity.

The main target of the scheduler is to grant UEs so that the total UL load of the cell stays near the target
load (RTWPmax), but not above.
If the uplink load gets above this limit, then the scheduler will reduce the grants of the E-DCH links.
In case of radio overload (due to other traffics : CCH, DCH, inter-cell interferences and other
interferences), the grants of E-DCH links may get down to 0. If the UL load is below the limit then the
E-DCH UEs will be granted more.
Two kinds of scheduler are available :
time scheduling scheme: similar to HSDPA. Allocation at each TTI, allowing mobiles throughput to
peak.
i.e. the higher the targeted user data rate, the lower the cell capacity
rate scheduling scheme. Allocation of the whole capacity shared equally by all mobiles.
i.e. the higher the cell capacity, the lower the user data rate.

2.5 UL Load Estimation

RTWP = Received Total Wideband Power
Rise Over Thermal: RoT = RTWP / Thermal Noise
FDDCell
RTWPref + totalRotMax
BTSCell
typical: 6dB (=75% UL load)
E-DCH traffic
Available load
rtwpMaxCellLoadNonEdch
R99 CAC, BTS level.
typical: 50% (=3dB)
Increase to
cope with
EDCH
interf.
R99 traffic
+ Interference
Measure sent to RNC for

cell color management
R99 traffic
+ Interference
RTWPref
Thermal Noise
No E-DCH
2 3 16
Thermal Noise
With E-DCH

Rise Over Thermal: RoT = RTWP / Thermal Noise

Two thresholds are defined:
- Max RTWP for total UL traffic (R99/E-DCH).
- Max RTWP for non E-DCH traffic only used for R99 CAC at the cell level.
E-DCH traffic is assigned the unused UL load up to the max RTWP.
Once an R99 call is accepted, it will not be dropped even if the non E-DCH load exceeds the max
specified.
Non E-DCH load (i.e. R99 + interference) will increase to cope with the E-DCH interference (as it was the
case for HSDPA).
RTWP measure is regularly sent by the BTS to the RNC for cellColor.
The RNC calculates RoT using Thermal Noise value.

2.6 Scheduling and granting criteria
NOK
Scheduling Criteria
OK
RoT
RoT <
< RoTmax
RoTmax
Algorithm:Rate or
time
UE
UE
Sorting
Sorting
(de-grant
(de-grantmgt)
mgt)
UE
UE
Scheduling
Scheduling
Resource
Resource Status
Status
Update
Update
Grant
Grant
Management
Management
Grant
Grant
Transmission
Transmission
Fairness:data already
served, Prio,
MBR and GBR
Granting / de-granting
Criteria
Shared resources:UL cell
load, Processing resources, nb
AGCH and RGCH, Iub
bandwidth
UE resources: Power
headroom, data
2 3 17

HSUPA scheduling strategy will result from a trade-off between:

The max number of HSUPA users per cell,
The targeted average user data rate.
Scheduling criteria
The scheduling algorithm / strategy
UA05: Rate scheduling i.e. the higher the cell capacity, the lower the user data rate.
UA06: Time scheduling i.e. the higher the targeted user data rate, the lower the cell capacity.
Fairness
a) UA05: amount of data already served
b) UA06: Priority Information + UL radio link QoS + Iub bandwidth
Granting & De-granting Criteria

Grant on shared resources
UL cell load, Processing resource availability, Number of E-AGCH, E-RGCH available
Grant on private UE resources

UE power headroom information, UE payload (data already served).
Note: RoT = Rise over Thermal

UA07: HSUPA Scheduler evolution
For traffic with uplink GBR the MAC-e Scheduled Data mode is used. MBR and GBR are considered as
grant criteria in the Node B scheduler. When radio, hardware and Iub resources are available, the MACe scheduler can grant additional resource to the streaming call to increase the user throughput above
the GBR and thus improve the streaming quality.
The Mac-e scheduler also evolves to better evaluate the radio load caused by non continuous traffic
pattern (E.g. some streaming codec may be delivering 15 frames per second).
Note: The MBR management in Node B and the scheduler evolution for non continuous traffic sources are
also available for Interactive and background radio bearers.
Summary
2 3 18




for this module
2 3 19


End of Module
HSUPA Scheduling
2 3 20


24
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 4
HSUPA HARQ
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
242
HSUPA Description HSUPA HARQ
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives

Identify the general principles of the scheduling

mechanisms with H-ARQ.
Compare HSUPA characteristics with HSDPA ones
243


Objectives [cont.]
244

Table of Contents
Page

1 H-ARQ Process
1.1 Stop And Wait HARQ Processes
1.2 HARQ Mechanisms
1.3 Soft HO Data Transmission Example
2 Exercices
2.1 HSUPA versus HSDPA
End of Module
245


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1 H-ARQ Process
247


1 H-ARQ Process
1.1 Stop And Wait HARQ Processes

HARQ
Wait for Transmission

UE has resources for
transmission
Update RV Parameters
Transmit Data
E-HICH
Wait for ACK/NACK Reception

ACK/NACK
ACK
ACK/NACK/DTX?
DTX
Insert DTX
Indication
NACK
Reset & Free
HARQ Process
Nret = Nret + 1
YES
248
Nret > Nret_max
NO
TB
HARQ
TB
HARQ

Once a UE is scheduled, a HARQ process is assigned that may correspond to either a new Transport Block
transmission or a TB retransmission. The RV parameters are computed accordingly and data is
transmitted.
The HARQ process is then waiting for feedback information (ACK / NACK / DTX):
In case of ACK reception, the HARQ process is reset and corresponding MAC-d PDUs are removed from
memory. This HARQ process can now be used for a new transmission.
In case of NACK reception, the number of retransmissions must be incremented. If the maximum
number of retransmissions is not reached, the HARQ process is inserted in the NACK list of HARQ
processes asking for retransmission.
In case of DTX indication, the same actions as for NACK reception are performed, except that a
parameter must be updated to notify DTX detection (this changes the RV parameter update).
After a NACK reception or a DTX indication, the HARQ processes are just waiting for being re-scheduled
for a new retransmission.
Note
DTX stands for Discontinuous Transmission: it is used on Radio interface to switch-off the radio activity
during the silent times until the conversation resumes. DTX indication is used when there is no
ACK/NACK reception.

1 H-ARQ Process
1.2 HARQ Mechanisms

RV0 RV1 RV2
Process 0
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Data 1
Data 2
Ack
Data 1
Data
Data 3
Nack
Data 2
Data
Data 4
Ack
Data 3
Ack
Data 4
Data 2
Data
Ack
Data 5
Data 6
Nack
Data 2
Nack
Data 6
Data 8
Ack
Data 7
Data
Data 2
Ack
Data 8
Data 6
Ack
Data 2
Data 9
Ack
Data 6
Data 10
Ack
Data 9
Data 11
Ack
Data 10
Data 12
Ack
Data 11
Data 13
Ack
Data 12
Ack
Data 13
Transmissions
Data
Data 5
Data 7
Ack/nack
To next step
(demultiplexing)
combining
Data 1
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Data 7
Data 8
combining
Data 2
combining
Data 6
Data 9
Data 10
Data 11
Data 12
Data 13
249

The HARQ process (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest) is based on a similar scheme as for HSDPA, directly
handled by Node B and UE.
The E-HICH relies on the Node B HARQ algorithm. It handles retransmissions. Thanks to this channel, the
Node B can send back to the UE indications about the faulty packets.
There are few differences between HSDPA & HSUPA solutions: HSUPA works in SHO and is based on
synchronous retransmissions in the uplink.
Downlink: HARQ based on synchronous ACK/NACK
There is a well-defined timing relationship between reception of the transport block and
transmission of the acknowledgement by the Node B.
Uplink: HARQ based on synchronous retransmissions

Fix number of Stop-and-Wait HARQ processes

8 processes for 2ms TTI
4 processes for 10ms TTI
Maximum number of retransmissions configured per MAC-d flow.

1 H-ARQ Process
1.3 Soft HO Data Transmission Example

Physical Channels
E-AGCH
1. Absolute Grant
E-DPCCH
2a. E-TFCI(1)
6a. E-TFCI(2)
10a. E-TFCI(1)
Transport Channels
Serving
E-DCH
cell
RLS
RNC
E-DCH FP
UE
Ctxt
5. Void !
9a. Data Tx(2)
13a. Void
E-DPDCH
3a. Data Tx(1)
7b. Data Tx(2)
11a. Data Tx(1)
UE
E-HICH
4a. NACK(1)
8a. ACK(2)
12a. NACK(1)
E-DPCCH
2b. E-TFCI(1)
6b. E-TFCI(2)
10a. E-TFCI(1)
E-DPDCH
3b. Data Tx(1)
7b. Data Tx(2)
11b. Data Tx(1)
E-HICH
4b. NACK(1)
8b. ACK(2)
12b. ACK(1)
2 4 10
Nonserving
E-DCH
cell
RLS
14. Data
Reordering/
Combining
E-DCH FP
5. Void
9b. Data Tx(2)
13b. Data Tx(1)

This operation occurs in soft handover situations (SHO): Intra Node B and inter Node B macro-diversity
are supported by the HSUPA solution.
Multiple Node Bs transmit HARQ ACK/NACK in DL. The reliability of the signalling is essential to avoid desynchronisation of the Node Bs buffers and ACK/NACK errors.
In softer handover, cells belonging to the same Node B transmit the same HARQ ACK/NACK information
(same RLS).
Resynchronisation of HARQ instances at the Node B are implicitly performed, based on Retransmission
Sequence Number.

2 Exercices
2 4 11


2 Exercices
2.1 HSUPA versus HSDPA

Question: what are the differences and similarities between HSDPA and HSUPA?
HSUPA
HSDPA
1. HS-PDSCH, a Shared channel
1. E-DCH, an enhanced Dedicated channel
2. Fast scheduling at Node B level (TTI: 2ms)
2. Fast scheduling at Node B level (TTI: 10ms =>

mandatory), 2ms =>optional)
3. Fast retransmission of data (H-ARQ usage)
3. Fast retransmission of data (H-ARQ usage)
4. Adaptable radio modulation (QPSK and

16-QAM)
4. Basic radio modulation QPSK only (BPSK)
5. Downlink radio quality & downlink

resource management
5. Uplink Noise Rise & uplink resource

management
2 4 12

Obviously, HSDPA and HSUPA are two different techniques that share lots of basic mechanisms.
1+1
Coupling the usage of both HSDPA in DL and HSUPA, these mechanisms highly enhance the spectral
efficiency of UMTS technology versus live sporadic traffic.
Indeed, HSxPA maximizes the number of high data rate users from a air interface usage standpoint while
minimizing the UL/DL service delay with high peak rate.
By principle, HSUPA with HSDPA dynamically adapts and maximizes the peak data rate of each subscriber
according to cell load and UTRAN resource availability.
Implementation
The feature is a software-only upgrade based solution as far as the minimum processing power required
in the Node-B is available i.e. one iCEM BBU (E-BBU) at least to handle the Node-B HSUPA L1/L2
software.



for this module
2 4 13


End of Module
HSUPA HARQ
2 4 14


25
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 5
HSUPA Protocols
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
252
HSUPA Description HSUPA Protocols
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition

Objectives

Describe the MAC entities belonging to the

MAC architecture.
Identify the functional roles of the MAC-e and
MAC-es within the global architecture.
Identify the frame structure of each physical channel and their own
characteristics.
253


Objectives [cont.]
254

Table of Contents
Page

1 MAC Entities
1.1 Protocol Layers
1.2 UTRAN Protocol Layers
1.3 MAC Entities
1.3.1 NodeB
1.3.2 RNC
1.4 MAC-e Scheduling
2 Physical Channel Frame Structure
2.1 E-DPDCH / E-DPCCH Frame Structure
2.2 E-HICH Frame Structure
2.3 OVSF for DL control channels
3 Frame Protocols
3.1 Iub Frame Protocol Configuration
4 Exercise
Summary
End of Module
255


7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

256

1 MAC Entities
257


1 MAC Entities
1.1 Protocol Layers
RLC (Radio Link Control)

Logical Channels
MAC (Medium Access Control)
Transport Channels
Transport sublayer
Physical Channels
PHY
(PHYsical Layer)
Physical sublayer
258

UMTS relies on the concept of logical channels, characterized by the type of information that is
transferred and transport channels which are described by how and with what characteristics the data
is transferred over the air interface.
The mapping between the logical and transport channels is performed by the MAC (Medium Access
Control) sub-layer.
MAC main functions:
Mapping between logical channels and transport channels
Selection of appropriate Transport Format
Priority handling between data flows of one UE
Priority handling between UEs
Identification of UEs on common channels
Multiplexing/ demultiplexing of higher layer PDUs
Traffic volume monitoring
Ciphering
Access Service Class selection for random access transmission

1 MAC Entities
1.2 UTRAN Protocol Layers
DTCH DCCH
DCCH DTCH
MAC -d
MAC -d
MAC -es
MAC -es /
MAC -e
MAC -e EDCH FP
MAC -e
PHY
PHY
EDCH FP
TNL
Uu
TNL
Iub
UE
TNL
TNL
D RNC
Iur
Node B
259
SRNC

Here are the main functions of the new protocol layers within the UTRAN subsystem:
At UE level: MAC-es / MAC-e handles HARQ retransmissions, scheduling and MAC-e multiplexing, EDCH TFC selection.
At Node B level: MAC-e handles HARQ retransmissions, scheduling and MAC-e de-multiplexing.
At SRNC level: MAC-es provides in-sequence delivery (reordering) and handles duplication avoidance
(combining) in case of inter Node B soft handover.
Note
Layers above MAC are left unchanged.
In section 4, we will discuss more deeply the functions of the protocol layers.

1 MAC Entities
1.3 MAC Entities
Logical Channels
BCCH
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH CTCH
DCCH
DTCH
MAC
Control
(RRC)
MAC-c/sh
MAC-b
MAC-d
MAC-hs
MAC-es
/MAC-e
Transport Channels
BCH
PCH FACH
2 5 10
RACH
DCH
DCH
HS-DSCH
(downlink)
E-DCH
(uplink)

The diagram above describes the MAC architecture. It is built upon MAC entities.
The four entities are assigned the following names:
MAC-b is the MAC entity that handles the following transport channels. It is located in the Node B.
broadcast channel (BCH)
MAC-c/sh, is the MAC entity that handles the following transport channels:
paging channel (PCH)
forward access channel (FACH)
random access channel (RACH)
MAC-d is the MAC entity that handles the following transport channels:
dedicated transport channel (DCH)
MAC-hs is the MAC entity that handles the following transport channels:
high speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH).
MAC-e/es are the MAC entities that handle the following transport channels:
Enhanced dedicated transport channel (E-DCH)
Note
The exact functions completed by the entities are different in the UE from those completed in the
UTRAN.

1.3 MAC Entities
1.3.1 NodeB
MAC-d flows
MAC-e
Flow Control MACes PDUs
Scheduling
Scheduling /
Cell resources between

UE
requests
Control
grants
De-multiplexing
MACe PDUs
HARQ entity
HARQ entity
Fast transmisson. retrans
TRFC selection
Associated
Downlink
signalling
E-HICH/
E-AGCH/E-RGCH
2 5 11
Associated
Uplink
signalling
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH

The MAC-e and E-DCH scheduler comprises the following entities:

E-DCH Scheduling:
This function manages E-DCH cell resources between UEs. Based on scheduling requests, Scheduling
Grants are determined and transmitted.
E-DCH Control:
The E-DCH control entity is responsible for reception of scheduling requests and transmission of
Scheduling Grants.
De-multiplexing:
This function provides de-multiplexing of MAC-e PDUs. MAC-es PDUs are forwarded to the associated
MAC-d flow.
HARQ:
One HARQ entity is capable of supporting multiple instances (HARQ processes) of stop and wait HARQ
protocols. Each process is responsible for generating ACKs or NACKs indicating delivery status of E-DCH
transmissions. The HARQ entity handles all tasks that are required for the HARQ protocol.

1.3 MAC Entities
1.3.2 RNC
To MAC -d
MAC -es
Disassembly
Reordering/
Combining
Disassembly
Disassembly
Reordering/
Combining
Reorderi ng/
Combining
Reordering Queue
Distribution
MAC -d flow #1
From
MAC -e in
NodeB #1
2 5 12
MAC Control
Reordering Queue
Distribution
MAC -d flow #n
From
MAC -e in
NodeB #k

The MAC-es comprises the following entities:

1. Reordering Queue Distribution:
The reordering queue distribution function routes the MAC-es PDUs to the correct reordering buffer
based on the SRNC configuration.
2. Reordering:
This function reorders received MAC-es PDUs according to the received TSN and Node-B tagging i.e.
(CFN, subframe number). MAC-es PDUs with consecutive TSNs are delivered to the disassembly
function upon reception. Mechanisms for reordering MAC-es PDUs received out-of-order are left up to
the implementation. There is one Re-ordering Process per logical channel.
3. Macro diversity selection:
The function is performed in the MAC-es, in case of soft handover with multiple Node-Bs (The soft
combining for all the cells of a Node-B takes place in the Node-B). This means that the reordering
function receives MAC-es PDUs from each Node-B in the E-DCH active set.
4. Disassembly:
The disassembly function is responsible for disassembly of MAC-es PDUs. When a MAC-es PDU is
disassembled the MAC-es header is removed, the MAC-d PDUs are extracted and delivered to MAC-d.

1 MAC Entities
1.4 MAC-e Scheduling
NOK
Uplink
interferences
level acceptable?
RoT
Max RoT provided by

the RNC
OK
UE
UE
Sorting
Sorting
(de-grant
(de-grantmgt)
mgt)
UE
UE
Scheduling
Scheduling
Resource
ResourceStatus
Status
Update
Update
Grant
Grant
Management
Management
Processing
capacity
Processing performed in
the nodeB
Scheduling
Grant
Grant
Transmission
Transmission
2 5 13

The grants computed by the scheduler are limited by two factors:

the global uplink interferences level must not go above a certain threshold (RTWPmax standing for
Received Total Wideband Power)..
the BTS processing capabilities dedicated to E-DCH.
The RNC will provide the RTWPmax and RTWPref to the BTS. This will be interpreted as the maximum
Rise Over Thermal that the scheduler shall consider.
The BTS will use a self-learned RTWPref for the scheduling, so the RTWPmax considered by the BTS may
be different (above or below) than the one given by the RNC.
BTS impacts
The scheduling functions are managed in the BBU (1 BBU per iCEM64 & 2 BBU per iCEM128).
One E-BBU (a specific BBU managing HSUPA services) can handle up to 15 UEs. 1 BBU HSUPA per Node
B => 15 UEs for the Node B
(BBU=Base Band Unit; iCEM=Channel Element Module)

2 5 14


2.1 E-DPDCH / E-DPCCH Frame Structure

Tslot=2560 chips, 10x2k bits (k=0 7)
Data (N bits)
E-DPDCH Structure
(Uplink Data Channel)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #i
Slot #14
One E-DPDCH subframe

Tslot=2560 chips
ETFCI
E-DPCCH Structure
RSN (HARQ)
Happy Bit
(Uplink Control Channel)

Slot #0
Carries control signaling:
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #i
Slot #14
One E-DPDCH subframe

ETFCI: 7 bits (selected TFC)

RSN: 2 bits (number of HARQ retransmissions)
Happy bit: 1 bit (grant OK for UE)
2 5 15

(The E-DCH transport channel is associated with 2 UL physical channels: E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH. )
E-DPDCH (UL)
It carries the UL traffic.
The Spreading Factors: 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2
TTI is either 10 ms (mandatory) or 2 ms (UE capability).
Multi-code is used only at SF=2 and SF=4.
E-DCH introduces the use of H-ARQ in uplink on the E-DPDCH (like HSDPA in downlink) directly handled by
Node B and UE, allowing for fast retransmissions. The number of H-ARQ processes is 8 (for TTI 2ms) or 4
(for TTI 10ms).
Recombining is done using Chase Combining or Incremental Redundancy.
Slot Format:
Slot Format
#i
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
SF
Bits/
Frame
Bits/ Subframe
Bits/Slot
Ndata
15
256
150
30
10
30
128
300
60
20
60
64
600
120
40
120
32
1200
240
80
240
16
2400
480
160
480
4800
960
320
960
9600
1920
640
1920
19200
3840
1280

2.2 E-HICH Frame Structure

E-AGCH Structure
Power Grant
Grant Scope
CRC (by E-RNTI)
Carries EDCH absolute grant:
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #i
Slot #14
Power granted (5 bits)

One subframe
Grant scope: 1bit
CRC XORed by E-RNTI (UE Id) (16 bits)
E-HICH Structure
Tslot=2560 chips
b1,0 b1,0
b1,0
Carries H-ARQ ack:

+1 = ACK
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #i
Slot #14
One subframe
0 = NACK by non serving nodeB

(=DTX)
-1= NACK by serving nodeB
E-RGCH Structure
b1,0 b1,0
b1,0
Carries relative grant:
Slot #0
+1 = up (serving nodeB only)
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #i
Slot #14
One subframe
0 = DTX
-1= down
2 5 16

E-AGCH (DL)
It carries E-DCH Absolute Grant. The structure is similar to HS-SCCH (UE specific CRC)
It indicates to the E-DCH UE what are their allocated UL resources (absolute UL power resources
limitation). It uses E-RNTI to target UE or groups of Ues, It works with serving E-DCH cell only
The SF is fixed to 256. AGCH can be transmitted in 2ms. In 10ms TTI, the AGCH lasts for 10ms. It consists
of repetitive sending of 2ms messages.
E-HICH (DL)
It shares the same OVSF codes as the E-RGCH and has the same structure. UEs are differentiated by the
signature. There is a set of 40 signatures per code, allowing to address several UEs at the same time.
E-HICH carries the H-ARQ acknowledgement indicator: +1 = ACK ; 0 = NACK by a non-serving Node B
(means DTX); -1 = NACK by the serving Node B.
The indicator is multiplied by the signature of the UE for the E-HICH (40 bits) When the E-DCH is in soft
handover (not supported in this release), the UE will consider that the HARQ process has been correctly
received if at least one Node B reports an ACK.
On the non serving cell, the HICH lasts for 10ms(not used in UA5.0)
E-RGCH (DL) (Not available in UA5.0)
It carries E-DCH Relative Grants:
1/0/-1 transmitted from serving RLS to indicate UP/HOLD/DOWN
0/-1 transmitted from non serving RLS to indicate HOLD/DOWN
It works with serving and non-serving E-DCH cells. It shares the same OVSF codes as the E-HICH and has
the same structure. It allows to increase or decrease the resource limitation.
UEs are differentiated by the signature: the E-RGCH relies on signature to target a UE or group of UEs. A
given mobile listens to a signature sequence carried by an E-RGCH channelization code. 40 different
sequences can be carried by a E-RGCH channelization code (can send information to 40 UEs per TTI per
E-RGCH+E-HICH)

2.3 OVSF for DL control channels

SF256
SF128
SF64
SF32
SF16
SF8
SF4
Common channels (1 S-CCPCH)
0
1
0
2
1
S-CCPCH #2
2
5
S-CCPCH #3
1
6
2
5
HS-SCCH (2 for ex)
1
8
6
3
4
7
18
9
8
4
9
10
11
E-HICH and E-RGCH
19
20
DL HSUPA channels are allocated just

after the HS-SCCH codes
E-AGCHs
11
10
5
11
12
Free OVSF codes
6
13
Dynamic DL code tree management
3
14
7
HS-PDSCH
15
2 5 17


3 Frame Protocols
2 5 18


3 Frame Protocols
3.1 Iub Frame Protocol Configuration

Same VCC (possible addition for capacity
reasons),
Different CID
EDCH FP contents
DDI info (logical channel, MAC-D flow, MAC-D PDU size)
User data transmission

Only the correctly decoded MAC-es PDU
HARQ failure indications
CFN: indicates when HARQ decoded correctly (identifies the

TB) +subframe nb in case of 2ms TTI
RNC congestion indications
N: nb of HARQ retransmissions
2 5 19

The E-DCH Frame Protocol for the Iub interface has several objectives:
User data transmission of E-DCH traffic between BTS and RNC,
HARQ failure indication from BTS to RNC,
Transport Network Congestion indication from RNC to BTS.
The FP data PDU contains the MAC-es PDUs that have been correctly decoded in the MAC-e PDU of the
TTI.
If the MAC-e PDU contains several MAC-d flows then they are demultiplexed and sent on their respective
transport bearers (in UA5.0, only 1 MAC-d flow is supported on E-DCH so this is not applicable) so using
distinct E-DCH FP DATA frames.
For a HSUPA data session, there at least 3 Frame Protocol contexts used over the Iub, as illustrated by
the picture above.
1.
The first Frame Protocol supports the associated DCH, i.e. uplink and downlink signaling, and is
mapped on a dedicated CID (DS QoS).
2.
Another Frame Protocol on DCH may be used support a CS service established in parallel of the
PS I/B service.
3.
The E-DCH Frame Protocol supports the uplink part of the user packet data traffic. It is mapped
on a dedicated CID on the UBR QoS VCC (which has lower priority that DS and NDS VCC) which is
the same VCC as the HS-DSCH one (but using different CIDs).
CID= AAL2 Channel ID, CFN=Connection Frame Number, TB=Transport Block

4 Exercise
2 5 20


4 Exercise

Associated DPDCH for SRB traffic
Associated DPCCH
HS-DPCCH Feedback information
(CQI, Ack/Nack)
HS-SCCH Signaling part
(UE id, )
HS-PDSCH for Mono PS I/B traffic
E-DPDCH for Mono PS I/B traffic (and
optional SI)
HSPA-capable
Rel6 UE
E-DPCCH Feedback information

(e-TFCI, RSN, Happy bit)
E-HICH Feedback information
Ack/Nack, signature)
E-AGCH Scheduling information
(e-RNTI, Absoute Grant)
R6
R99
R5
Task: Identify the physical channels used when making traffic in

HSUPA. In UA5.0 (No multiservice)
2 5 21


Node-B
Summary
2 5 22




for this module
2 5 23


End of Module
HSUPA Protocols
2 5 24


26
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 6
HSUPA Scenarios
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
262
HSUPA Description HSUPA Scenarios
Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
YYYY-MM-DD
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Objectives
Describe the main procedures associated with E-DCH call

establishment and mobility
263


Objectives [cont.]
264

Table of Contents
Page

1 Call setup Procedure
1.2 Initial connection
1.3 RAB allocation phase
2 Primary cell change
2.2 HSUPA over Iur
3 DCH Fallback Procedure
265
7
8
10
11
12
13
16
17



266

267



How is HSUPA triggered by the network?
3. DCH ? E-DCH ?
1. Request for service
(e.g. Web Browsing)
RNC
Node B
UE
Core
Network
4. E-DCH Establishment
268


2. RAB
Assignment
Request

E-DCH or
DCH ?
RAB assignment
request from CN
RAB Traffic Class
Service = PS?
HSDPA in DL ?
E-DCH
selection
269
Cell Capability
E-DCH in Cell?
UE Capabilities
HSUPA UE?

With the introduction of HSUPA in the UTRAN, a new type of transport channel can be allocated to serve
the RAB requested from the CN. Thus, the channel type selection algorithm allows selecting either DCH
or E-DCH in UL depending on the RAB characteristics received from the CN.
At reception of a RAB assignment Request, the SRNC selects the transport channel type between DCH
and E-DCH according to the following constraints:
RAB traffic class

RAB combinations from UA07

PS Str. + PS I/B over HSUPA/HSDPA

CS speech over DCH + PS Str. + PS I/B over HSUPA/HSDPA
UE capability to support E-DCH

PS RABs with traffic class interactive and background are transported on HS-DSCH. In UA06
Alcatel-Lucent supports the Streaming traffic class over HSDPA and from UA07 Alcatel-Lucent
supports the Streaming traffic class over HSUPA.
E-DCH can be selected only if UE supports it, as indicated by the UE capability Support of E-DCH,
and if UE supports the combination of already established DL DCH and HS-DSCH, as indicated by the
UE capability.
Cell capability to support HS-DSCH

E-DCH can be selected only if the serving cell also supports HSDPA.
Channel type selection is performed prior to call admission control. Then depending on the channel type
selection, either DCH RAC or HSxPA RAC is triggered.

1.2 Initial connection

Node B
UE
RNC
SGSN
RRC/RACH / RRC connection Request Cause

Access Stratum Release Indicator (R6? R5?)
NBAP/ RL setup Request
NBAP/ RL setup Response
RRC/FACH/RRC connection Setup

RRC/DCH/ RRC Connection Setup Complete
EDCH? HSDPA? + UE Category
RRC/DCCH/Initial Direct Transfer (Service Request)
GMM/Service Request
RRC /DCCH/ Measurement control X 4
2 6 10

This step is similar to non E-DCH calls.
The RRC connection request establishment cause might be used for traffic segmentation, as well as
Access stratum release indicator.
After RRC connection complete, the RNC has a full knowledge of the UE capabilities.

1.3 RAB allocation phase

UE
RNC
NodeB
SGSN
Security functions: Authentication and Ciphering + Security mode
GMM activate PDP context Request

e-DCH-MACdFlow-ID,
PowerOffsets AGCH, RGCH, HICH,
PowerOffset EDPCCH),
Reference ETFCI PO, TTI
HARQ (RV table, max retrans )
AGCH OVSF code

ERNTI (1&2)
RGCH HICH OVSF code HICH
signature
initial serving grant value
RANAP/RAB Assignment Request

NBAP/Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP/Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP/Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit

Same as RL Reconf Prep + ERNTI (1&2)
AGCH, RGCH,HICH OVSF
HICH signature
Initial serving grant
RRC/Radio Bearer Setup

RRC/Radio Bearer Setup Complete
RANAP/RAB Assignment Response

GMM activate PDP context accept
2 6 11

In this phase, only the NBAP Radio Link Reconfiguration procedure and RRC Radio Bearer
Reconfiguration are modified because of E-DCH.

2 6 12


Node-B
Non Serving
Cell#1
Serving
cell
Node-B
DCH in
Macro
diversity
Non Serving
Cell#2
Node-B
Non Serving
Cell#3
Primary cell change
UE
E-DCH control and data

E-HICH
Absolute Grant
E-DCH macro-diversity
2 6 13
Associated DCH (in SHO)


Mobility of associated DCH

Soft and softer handovers are handled on the associated DCHs. The Active Set is managed differently
according to the reporting mode (periodic or intra-frequency event triggered).
Mobility of HS-DSCH
As specified by the 3GPP standards, HS-DSCH is established in only one cell: never in soft handover. In
Nortel implementation, HS-DSCH is established on the primary cell (since good radio conditions and not
changing too often).
Each time the primary cell changes, the HS-DSCH RL is deleted on the former primary and established
under the new primary, using a synchronous reconfig. If the new cell does not support HSDPA then the
RB is reconfigured to DCH.
Moreover, anytime an HSDPA-capable mobile (operating in DCH mode) enters an HSDPA primary cell it is
reconfigured to HSDPA.
Mobility of E-DCH
There is only one serving E-DCH radio-link and it is established in the same cell as the HS-DSCH radio-link.
The mobility of the E-DCH serving link is based on the same principles as the HS-DSCH one. In case of
primary cell change, the E-DCH serving link and the HS-DSCH link are moved at the same time (one
procedure).
If the new primary cell does not support HSUPA then the RB is reconfigured to DCH in UL (maintained on
HS-DSCH in DL if the cell supports HSDPA). On the opposite, it is reconfigured to E-DCH if the mobile
returns to HSUPA coverage.

Primary cell change E-DCH

source Node B
RNC
target Node B
UE
Primary cell change

RB Reconfiguration (Activation CFN, new E-RNTI,
Serving E-DCH RL, E-AGCH info, E-HICH info)
Measurement Control (new neighbouring list)

Activation CFN
RB Reconfiguration Complete
2 6 14

E-DCH is established only on Primary cell of the Active Set

Each time the primary cell changes, the E-DCH RL is deleted on the former primary and it is reestablished under the new primary, using a synchronous reconfiguration. The HS-DSCH is reconfigured
at the same time.

CPICH_EC/No
Event1J
Event 1J
E-ASET Cell
ASET Cell
entering reporting range
leaving reporting range
InE-ASET Cell
Event 1J (specific to E-DCH Macro Diversity):

Definition: The CPICH of a cell that is in DCH AS but not in EDCH AS becomes better than the CPICH of a cell that is
already in E-DCH AS
2 6 15

Event 1J (specific to E-DCH Macro Diversity):

Definition: The CPICH of a cell that is in DCH AS but not in E-DCH AS (cell B) becomes better than
the CPICH of a cell that is already in E-DCH AS (cell A).
Action triggered: Cell A is removed from the E-DCH AS and replaced by cell B
(provided that cell B supports current E-DCH Configuration).
Remark: Event 1J is only configured when the Full-Event Triggered reporting of measurements
mode is used for intra-frequency mobility.
Primary Cell change:

When Primary Cell changes, E-DCH serving cell is changed to the new Primary Cell.
If the new Primary Cell does not support current E-DCH Configuration:
- E-DCH Configuration is changed to match E-DCH capabilities of the new Primary Cell.
- If E-DCH Configuration is changed to a more restrictive one (e.g. 10ms TTI 2ms TTI),
any cell of E-DCH AS not supporting the new E-DCH Configuration is removed from E-DCH AS.
If the new Primary Cell does not support E-DCH, the E-DCH RB is reconfigured to UL DCH.
Remark:
All cells removed from DCH AS and present in E-DCH AS are also removed from E-DCH AS

2.2 HSUPA over Iur
2 6 16

The feature ensures a seamless mobility for HSUPA calls while a user moves from a SRNC to a D-RNC
through the Iur interface.
The HSUPA over Iur capability is required in both the S-RNC and D-RNC to allow the handling of the
configuration, maintenance, release of active HSUPA call over Iur.
In HSUPA mode, the SRNC configures the radio link with E-DPCH and E-DCH Information and the
characteristics of HSUPA service is decided by the property of Primary Cell.
As a Serving RNC, the decision to configure an existing RL over Iur with HSUPA is taken when a cell
belonging to a neighbouring RNC is added to the active set and the cell is able to be compliant with the
existing HSUPA service.
The request is sent to the neighbouring RNC using a RNSAP radio link setup/addition/reconfiguration
prepare message with E-DPCH and E-DCH information.
The UE is configured accordingly.
As a Drift RNC, a radio link is configured to HSUPA when the DRNC receives a RNSAP radio link
setup/addition/reconfiguration prepare message with E-DPCH and E-DCH Information.
Bearing in mind the Iur dimensioning constraint for certain customers, the feature can be deactivated, in
which case a DCH fall back solution is offered to maintain the call continuity when crossing the Iur.
This may also be needed for IOT scenarios.

2 6 17


HSPA to DCH Fallback (1)
Max users
HSU or HSD
Primary cell
change
Rab
assignment
NBAP or
RNSAP
failure
Core
Network
Inter RNC HHO

Alarm HHO
2 6 18

HSPA to DCH fallback feature allows establishing or reconfiguring the PS I/B Streaming RAB
into DCH in case of HSDPA or HSUPA CAC failure.
The following HSxPA CAC failure scenarios trigger such a fallback:
RAB assignment (to establish or to release)
IU release
Primary Cell change
Inter-RNC UE involved Hard Handover
Alarm Hard Handover
In case of HSPA CAC failure, i.e. lack of resources, HSPA to DCH fallback feature
allows reconfiguring UL and/or DL into DCH as if UE was not HSUPA and/or HSDPA
capable, mainly based on failure causes:
Internal to RNC: maximum number of HSDPA or HSUPA users
External to RNC: NBAP or RNSAP failure causes

Answer the Questions
2 6 19




for this module
2 6 20


End of Module
2 6 21


27
Section 2
HSUPA Description
Module 7
HSUPA A-L implementation
3JK10674AAAAWBZZA Issue 1
9300 W-CDMA

Blank Page
272
HSUPA Description HSUPA A-L implementation

Document History
Edition
Date
Author
Remarks
01
2008-07-10
Gilardi, Stefania
First edition
02
2010-05-12
Nolan, Vincent
Update to UA07

Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
Describe the different scenarios of deployment for UMTS Radio Access
networks.
Identify the main parameters associated with the HSUPA / E-DCH solution.
Recognize the main hardware and software requirements for the BTS
configuration.
273


Module Objectives [cont.]
274

Table of Contents
Page

1 Deployment Scenario
HSXPA/ R99 DEPLOYED IN 1 SHARED FREQUENCY
HSXPA AND R99 DEPLOYED IN 2 DEDICATED CARRIERS
MIXED HSxPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER AND R6 HSxPA DEDICATED CARRIER
MIXED HSxPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER AND HSXPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER
DEDICATED R99 CARRIER AND HSxPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER
2 BTS Hardware Configuration
iCEM architecture (1)
E-BBU Capacity on iCEM
E-BBU Capacity on xCEM
xCEM HSPA capacity evolutions on 2 carriers
HSUPA UE Categories SF2 and 2ms TTI
3 HSUPA power Control
E-DCH signaling channels Power Control
End of Module
275


7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

276

277


HSXPA/ R99 DEPLOYED IN 1 SHARED FREQUENCY
F1
Layer with R99/

HSxPA
HSXPA
capable UE
HSDPA
capable UE
278
R99 UE

This configuration does not require any 3G inter-layer mobility and iMCTA CAC by default to save the R99
call by performing HHO to 2G neighboring cells when necessary.
Concerning Performance aspect, HSXPA throughput could be limited by Power & by
Codes and R99 could potentially be impacted by interference generated during HSXPA activity period.
In term of hardware cost, it is the cheapest one with only 1 E-BBU and 1 H-BBU mandatory.

HSXPA AND R99 DEPLOYED IN 2 DEDICATED CARRIERS
Layer with
HSDPA / HSUPA
F2
HSDPA / HSUPA
capable UE
Traffic Segmentation feature (UA4.2)

launched at RRC connection establishment
Or iMCTA feature
(Intelligent MultiCarrier Traffic Allocation)
F1
R99 Layer
279
R99 UE

In this configuration, mobiles are spread over the layers:

either by Traffic Segmentation feature (UA4.2) launched at RRC connection establishment: it allows
to separate R99 UEs from R5/R6 UEs. It is not applicable in the case there are 2 layers which are both
HSDPA.
or at RAB assignment by the iMCTA service feature,
or at primary cell change by the iMCTA service feature.
Since HSxPA traffic and R99 traffic separated, neither HSxPA interference in R99 carrier nor HSxPA
Throughput limited by Power are expected.
Concerning capacity, Free codes and power available on layer 1 will not be available for HSXPA traffic
(and vice-versa).
The Hardware requirements are at least 1 H-BBU, 1 E-BBU & 1 TRM (if 1 carrier previously).
Globally, it should be a likely configuration chosen if already 2 dedicated carrier deployed in UA4.2 or
traffic increase.
Interesting U5.0 cell topology for 2 main reasons:
to avoid R99/ HSXPA cohabitation issue & so safe configuration for R99/HSXPA performance.
Traffic segmentation usage & avoid bad impact of Compress Mode for static HSxPA UEs.

MIXED HSxPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER AND R6 HSxPA

DEDICATED CARRIER
Layer with
HSxPA
F2
Layer with
HSxPA/R99
F1
HSDPA / HSUPA
capable UE
R99 UE
HSDPA
capable UE
2 7 10

RRC Traffic Segmentation is not possible in this configuration since the system can
not distinguish R6 and R5 HSDPA calls. Therefore, only usage of iMCTA Service is
possible to redirect R6 HSxPA on F2
Moreover, HCS activation is mandatory to select always F1
R99 could be potentially impacted by interference generated during HSxPA activity period and by
Compressed Mode generated at each HSUPA call established on F1.
On contrary, this is an optimum configuration for HSUPA Throughput since no cohabitation between
HSUPA and UL DCH traffic is forecasted.
iMCTA service partitioning is favored vs. load balancing and could lead to waste of resources.
The minimum hardware requirements are at least At least 2 H-BBU, 1 E-BBU & 1 TRM (if 1 carrier
previously).
Globally, this is an expensive UA5.0 Cell Topology which is possible in localized HSDPA hot spots inside
mono-carrier area.
to reach the best HSUPA Performance (only R6 PS calls on F2)
to allow R5 HSDPA service continuity in F1 inside mono-frequency area

MIXED HSxPA/ R99 SHARED CARRIER AND HSXPA/ R99

SHARED CARRIER
F2
Layer with R99/

HXUPA
HSXPA
capable UE
R99 UE
HSDPA
capable UE
R99 UE
F1
Layer with
HSxPA/R99
HSDPA
capable UE
2 7 11

RRC Traffic Segmentation is not possible in this configuration since the system can
not distinguish R6 and R5 HSDPA calls. Therefore, only usage of iMCTA Service is
possible to redirect R6 HSXPA on F2.
Moreover, HCS activation is mandatory to select always F1
R99 potentially impacted by interference generated during HSXPA activity period and
by Compressed Mode generated at each HSUPA call established on F1.
R99 PS UL Traffic could degrade HSUPA Throughput.
Load balancing between frequencies is possible for R99 calls.
The minimum hardware requirements are at least 2 H-BBU, 1 E-BBU & 1 TRM (if 1
carrier previously).
This is an expensive UA5.0 Cell Topology interesting for its resource usage
capabilities but no guarantee on the HSUPA Performance.
Therefore no deployment is currently forecasted in UA5.0.

DEDICATED R99 CARRIER AND HSxPA/ R99 SHARED

CARRIER
R99 UE
F2
Layer with R99/

HXUPA
HSXPA
capable UE
Traffic Segmentation feature (UA4.2)
launched at RRC connection establishment
Or iMCTA feature
(Intelligent MultiCarrier Traffic Allocation)
F1
R99 Layer
2 7 12
R99 UE

This is a scenario foreseen by some customers that wants to expand R99 capacity.
RRC Traffic Segmentation & iMCTA service will be used to redirect the R5+ call on HSDPA layer.
HSxPA throughput could be limited by DL Power limitation or by DL OVSF Code limitation. Therefore, it is
recommended to assess the DL Power Usage & the OVSF Code Usage to activate properly the Dynamic
Code Tree Management.
Load Balancing is triggered to re-direct R99 call when shared carrier is loaded (Red or Yellow color).
The minimum Hardware required is at least 1 H-BBU, 1 E-BBU & 1 TRM (if 1 carrier previously).
This is a probable configuration chosen if high traffic of R99 inside HSxPA/ R99 shared carrier area.
to use iMCTA load balancing to share R99 load
Traffic segmentation usage and to avoid bad impact of Compress Mode for static HSxPA UEs

2 7 13



MAC-e
HARQ decoding
E-DSC(s) scheduling
UL Link demodulation/decoding
DL scheduling PhCH(s)
MAC-hs
HARQ
HS-DSCH scheduling
Link Adaptation (adaptive coding & modulation)
UL
DPCCH(s)
HS-DPCCH(s)
DL
HS-PDSCH(s)
HS-SCCH(s)
UL
DPCCH(s)
E-DPCCH(s)
E-DPDCH(s)
DL
E-HICH
E-AGCH
E-RGCH
UL
Associated/R99 DPDCH(s)
Associated/R99 DPCCH(s)
CCH(s)
DL
Associated/R99
DPDCH/DPCCH(s)
CCH(s)
UMTS BTS
iCEM128
H-BBU
E-BBU
iTRM
MCPA
DDM
iTRM
MCPA
DDM
iTRM
MCPA
DDM
D-BBU
iCEM128
iCEM64
xCEM
CEMa
D-BBU
H-BBU
iCCM
D-BBU D-BBU
D-BBU D-BBU
D-BBU
D-BBU
2 7 14
Digital Shelf
Radio Shelf

This slide shows the repartition of the roles between BBUs within the CEM boards.
It indicates where the radio links (physical channels) and retransmissions mechanisms (HARQ,
scheduling,) are managed.
Here is the Node-B HSxPA software mapping architecture:
CEM BBU (H-BBU) with HSDPA software to handle HSDPA radio links
CEM BBU (E-BBU) with HSUPA software to handle E-DCH radio links
CEM BBU (D-BBU) with classical UMTS L1 software to handle the DCHs, the associated HSDPA DCH and
the Cell CCHs.
iCEM 64 has 1 BBUs that can be used as any of the above types.
iCEM 128 has 2 BBUs that can be used as any of the above types.
xCEM has 4 BBUs that can be used as any of the above types.
The CEM alpha can only be used for R99.

HS-DPCCH
H-BBU
iCEM 64
Or iCEM 128
HS-PDSCH(s)
HS-SCCH(s)
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
E-BBU
iCEM 64
Or iCEM 128
E-HICH
E-AGCH
E-RGCH
iCEM 64
DPCCH / DPDCH
D-BBU
Or CEM a
DPCCH & DPDCH
: Dedicated PhCH
2 7 15
Or iCEM 128
: Shared PhCH

Local cell allocation for HSUPA

When a local cell has to be configured in HSUPA, the BTS has to allocate the local cell on 3 BBUs:
1 D-BBU for the DCH part
1 H-BBU for the HSDPA part
1 E-BBU for the HSUPA part
Note
In UA5.1, an E-BBU can work only in shared mode. The E-BBU is managing 1 LCG (3 cells) on iCEM and 2
LGC (6 cells) on xCEM per NodeB.
Only 1 iCEM E-BBU per NodeB is supported in UA5.1 in standard configuration

E-BBU Capacity on iCEM

iCEM
2 7 16

The iCEM capacity for HSUPA is given by the E-BBU limitation in terms of:
Maximum number of users = 15
Maximum number of codes = 3 x ( 2x SF4)
Throughput at MAC-E level = 2.1 Mbps
Number of cell per BBU = 3
The xCEM capacity for HSUPA is given by the E-BBU limitation in terms of:
Maximum number of users = 64
Throughput at air interface = 7.7 Mbps
Number of Cells = 6
capacity for HSUPA is given by the E-BBU limitation in terms of:
Maximum number of users
Throughput
Number of Cells
le: E-BBU Resources allocation at call admission

E-BBU Capacity on xCEM

WARNING
256 CE for DCH
With a max of 128 CE
for sig.
Example: if 64 DCH
Nb CE = 256 64
=192 CE for HSDPA
Limited before
in the previous release
2 7 17

This feature introduces support for multi-mode Base-band Units (BBU) on the xCEM module.
Multi-mode is understood as support of DCH + HSDPA + HSUPA channel types by the same BBU.
This includes support of channel combinations {HSD+HSU}, {DCH+HSD}, {DCH+HSU}, and
{DCH+HSD+HSU} for a given user.
Multi-mode support includes the change from triple to single decoding.
The xCEM board supports 256 DCH, with any 128 of them supporting HSDPA and/or HSUPA.
This means that the initial xCEM capacity will be doubled with this feature by means of a SW upgrade.
The additionally available capacity can be activated through the Capacity Licensing mechanism and
requires purchase of respective licenses.

xCEM HSPA capacity evolutions on 2 carriers
xCEM configuration example Strategy : STSR 2, 2xCEM, 2 carriers HSDPA + E-DCH
2 7 18

The feature increases HSPA capacity and performance, in particular

the Queuing Delay, if many HSUPA users want to become active at the same time
the number of HSUPA users supported per cell
the performance for HSDPA traffic that does not conform to FTP/HTTP, in particular for traffic with very
low packet sizes.
This will become essential for VoIP traffic in a future release.
For HSUPA,
the MAC-e scheduler on the xCEM supports at least 2 E-AGCH channels per cell target
is 48 E-AGCH channels per xCEM board.
the Node B supports at least 4 E-HICH Channelization codes per cell.
The Node B provides a signature administration for 40 signatures per E-HICH channelization code.
A pre-defined number of 1..4 signatures will be reserved for common E-RGCH usage, the remainder is
available for dedicated E-RGCH/E-HICH usage on each E-HICH Channelization code.
For HSDPA,
the xCEM will support 4 HS-SCCH channels per cell (24 HS-SCCH channels per board).

HSUPA UE Categories SF2 and 2ms TTI

E-DCH
category
Maximum
number of EDCH codes
Transmitted
Minimum
spreading
factor
Support for 10
and 2 ms TTI EDCH
Maximum number
of bits of an E-DCH
transport block
transmitted within
a 10 ms E-DCH TTI
Category 1
SF4
10 ms TTI
only
7110
Category 2
SF4
10 ms and
2 ms TTI
14484
Category 3
SF4
10 ms TTI
only
14484
Category 4
SF2
10 ms and
2 ms TTI
20000
Category 5
SF2
10 ms TTI
only
20000
Category 6
SF2
10 ms and
2 ms TTI
20000
2 7 19
Maximum number of
bits of an E-DCH
transport block
transmitted within a
2 ms E-DCH TTI
2798
5772
11484

In UA7.1 SF2 and 2msTTI are supported only by the xCEM (UE categories 4, 5 and 6 are
supported)whereas the iCEM board keep the same capabilities as in UA5.
In term of bit rate, we can expect a maximum MAC-e throughput of:
2.0 Mbits/s for TTI = 10 ms
And a maximum RLC throughput of:
o Category 3: 1380 kb/s
5.76 Mbits/s for TTI = 2 ms
And a maximum RLC throughput of:

2 7 20


E-DCH signaling channels Power Control

The power control for AGCH is based on CQI
HS-DSCH
DL Data Transfer
(PS I/B)
E-DCH
In UA5.1.1 AGCH Power

Control based on CQI
UL Data Transfer (PS I/B)
RNC
Iub
E-AGCH
Absolute Grant
HS-DPCCH
Feedback Information
(CQI)
The final AGCH Tx power = E-DCH reference Tx power + eagchPowerOffSet (OMC-B)

The E-DCH reference Tx power is given by a hard-coded LUT using the CQI
2 7 21

The power control for AGCH is based on CQI

The AGCH is only sent by the serving radio leg
Since HS-DSCH is the DL RB for HSUPA CQI is always available
Fast update period (each CQI)
The final AGCH Tx power PAGCH is then given by
PAGCH = PEDCH base + eagchPowerOffSet (OMC-B)
The reference Tx power is given by a hard-coded Look Up Table using the CQI and the mean square error
of the CQI, i.e.
PEDCH base = LUT(CQI, MSE(CQI))+PCPICH+-mean(CQI)+
The MSE takes the channel variations into account
is set to +3 dB in UA05.1
The OMC-B parameter eagchPowerOffset allows further control of the Tx power

This offset is a positive or negative constant offset across all CQI values
The parameter range is from 45 dB to +65 dB


1.
What is the minimum number of BBUs to be present on a BTS to activate HSUPA ?
2.
Which is the physical channel used to control the EDPCCH and EDPDCH power?
3.
What is the maximum number of simultaneous EDCH active users on E-BBU?
2 7 22


End of Module
HSUPA A-L implementation
2 7 23


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UA07 HSxPA Radio Principles

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9. HSDPA A-L implementation

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Course Outline [cont.]

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Welcome to UA07 HSxPA Radio Principles

Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:

describe the evolution of 3G system with HSDPA / HSUPA

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Course Objectives [cont.]

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About this Student Guide

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At the end of each

section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire

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HSDPA Description HSDPA Introduction

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