,

KPATKHH OHEPK MOP<DOJ]OI HH KETCKOrO #3bIKA

CyiUECTBMTEJlbHOE

TpaMMaTHHecKHe 3HaneHHJi KercKoro cymecTBinejibHoro, koTopbie mu Aajibiue paccMOTpHM, Bbipa>KaiOTCH nocpe^CTBOM acj)(})HKcauHH. npiiMenjieMbie a^c^H.KCbi ^aiue Bcero hocjit xopomo
3aMeTHhifi arrjiioHaTHBHbiH xapaKTep,^To BbicTynaeT b hx ct;uiAapTHOCTH, OAH03HaMHOCTH H B HX HaHH3bIBaHHH AJIH nOCTpoeHHH OT^ejlbHOH CJTOBO(f)OpMbI. KeTCKOMy CymeCTBHTeJIbHOMy
CBoflcTBeHHbi cjieAyiomne rpaMMamqecKHe KaTeropmi: Kaieropna npnTJi/i<aTC,ibHocTii, KaieropHH po/ia, nncjia h naAOKa.
KaTeropHfi npHTa>KaTejibHOCTH

3ia KaieropHH HMeH cyujecTBHTejibHbix o6o3HawaeTC5i

cpe^cTBOM ocoGbix npHTH>KaTe.TbHbix npecJwKCOB, a hmchho:
EAHHCTBeHHOe MHCJIO
1

ji.

6-

ji.

k-

ji.

My>KCK. poAa: Aa-

nv-

MHO>KCCTBeHHOe MHCJIO
HaHraHa-

>KeH. h cp. p.: a(t)-

npHBe^eM npHMcpbi: 6on moh crreu, Kon tboh OTeu. Aaon

cro OTeu, Aon ee otcu, naon, Ho:n Ham OTeu, nraon,
Hro:n Bam OTeu, Haon, Ho:n nxoieu. BMecTO sthx npc^HKcob ynoTpeoJiHioTCH TaK>Ke nojiHbie cJ)opMbi aTpH6yTHBiibix npnTH>KaTeJibHbix MecTOHMeHHfi; a6 on moh OTeu, yk on tboh
OTeu, 6yAa O'n ero 0Teu, 6yj on ee OTeu, -bTHa on nam
OTeu, -bkHra on Bain oieu>\ 6yHrna on hx OTeu.
Te >Ke npetj)HKCbi npHcoeAHHHKrrcH k hmchhoh rJiarojibiioft
4)opMe, HMeiomen 3naMeHne HH(j)HHHTHBa (AOJi>KeHCTBOBaHHH)
Hanpniviep: *bji'a mejiaHrHH MeHH BwrHaTb HaAO; KTeJiaHrnft
Te6H BbirnaTb HaAo, AaTe;iaHrHHeroBbirHaTb HaAo, neJiaHrHH ee BbirnaTb HaAO; HaieJiaHrHHHac BbirnaTb HaAO; HraiejiaHntft Bac BbirnaTb HaAO, HaTejiaHrnfi hx BbirnaTb naAO.
AnajionmHo: 6H:Ji'6eT MeHH cjiOMaTb, Kn:/i'6eT tc6h cjioMaTb, AH:ji'6eT ee cjioMaTb, AaH:Ji'6eT ero cJiOMaTb, Ha h:ji'6eT Hac, hx cjioMaTb, Hra H:Ji'6eT Bac cJioiviaTb; Aee ee
y6HTb, jyh ee ero y6HTb, i<ee Te6fl y6HTb, 6ee MeHH y6HTb,
62

Hn> ee Bac y6HTb, ht> ee Hac, hx y6HTb; ji'hithc 6yHr HHilHHr

Pec'aHr Ae:xa6ak nepT hx CKymaTb xoqer.
y nepexoAHbix rviarojiOB 3th npec})HKCbi MoryT ocMbicJiHBaTbch KaK noKa3aiejiH o6-beKTa, ho 06'beKTHbie ac})(j)HKCbi (fiaKTHnecKH bo Bcex jinnuux cJ)opMax rviarojia Apyrne. CjieayeT
OTMeTHTb eme, mo a^h 3-ro juuxz npHTH^caiejibHbie npecJ)HKCbi
coBnaAaioT c OKOHHaHiiHMH poAHTe^bHoro naAe^a hmch cymeCTBHTe^bHblX.

KaieropHH po^a

3Ta

KaTeropiifl
cBoeoopn3Ha h no
cBoeMy 3HaHeHHio
coBinaA^eT
HHAoeBponeficKHM poaom; 0Ha
Bbipa>Kac
(>KHBbie
h
eT noHHTHe oAymeBJieHHocrii
npeAMeTbi)
HeoAyuieB;ieHHOCTH (neiuH)
npn^eM y nepBbix mo>kct pa3JiHqaTbca
no;i
MyjKCKoft h >KeHCKHH. KareropHji poAa y cymecTBHTeJibHbix ocoSbiMH cJ^opMa.ibHbiMH npH3HaicaMH nocvieAOBaTejibHO He
BbiAe^HercH. OAHaKO jxjw uejioro pnAa naAe>Ken eAHHCTBeHHoro
mi an a, iok mw yBiiAHM Aajibme, HMeiOTCH napHbie BapHaHTbi
ac{)c})HKC0B, ynoTpe6jiHeMbie b 3aBHCHM0CTii ot poAa CKjioHHeMOro cyiuecTBHTejibHoro. BapnaHTbi sth ouiH^aiOTCH TeM, mtob oahoh cepHH coAep>KHTCH 3ByK h, a b Apyroii, coBnaAaKDmefi BO
BceM ocTa^bHOM, 3ByK a (cM.TaSjiHuy naAe^CHbix acJ^HKcoB Ha
CTp. 71). Ac})4)PIKCbI C0 3ByK0M HnpHC0eAHHHIOTCfl TOJIbKO k Ha3BainiHM semen hjih yue oAyiueBJieHHbix npeAMeTOB >KeHCKoro nojia,

He

a ac})4)HKCbi,

HMeiomHe 3ByKa

cbocm

cocrraBe,

npHcoeAHHHioTcn

k Ha3BaHHHM oAymeBJieHHbix npeAMeTOB Boo6me, t. e. 6e30THOk nojiy, npn Hajin^HH >Ke y AaHHoro cymecTBHTejibHoro
cirrejibHO
npoTHBonocTaB.icHHJi My>KCKoro nojia h >KeHCKoro ohm Bbipancaiot TOJibKO My>KCi<oH iioji. TaKHM o6pa30M, mo>kho cKajaib, nro
y KeTCKoro cymecTBHTejibHoro cf)opMajibHO BbiAeJinioTCH tojii^ko
KJiacc a h KJiacc h; KJiacc a Bbipa>KaeT
ABa KJiacca
OAymeBJieHHOCTb BOo6me hjih noHHTHe >KHBoro npeAMCTa My>KcKoro nojia. a KJiacc h Bbipa>KaeT HeoAyuieBJieHHocTb BOoSme
(Beiub) hjih >Ke noHHTHe >KHBoro npeAMeTa aceircKoro nojia.
OCHOBHbIM H nepBH^HblM B 3T0H KJiaCCH(})tf KaUHH, nO-BHAHMOMy,
HBJIHIOTCH nOHHTHH OAVHieBJieHHOCTH H HeOAyUieBJieHHOCTH. FIpHMenaTe^bHOH oco6eHHOCTbio KercKoro cymecTBHTejibHoro hbjihBbipaaauomne noHHTHe
cymecTBHTejibHbie,
eTCH to, hto Bee
>KHBbix cymecTB, npoTHBonocTaBjineMbix no nojiy, Moryx ckjioHHTbCH KaK no Tuny KJiacca a, Tax h no THny K;iacca h,
b 3aBHCHMOCTH ot KOHKpeTHoro cMbicjia Aannoro cviOBa, HanpnqejioBCKyKerAHHra
MejioBeKy-My>KMHHe
Mep: KeTAaHra
peoeHKy-MajibqH>KeHLU,HHe (HMeH. naAe>K: Ke?T); AbuTAaura
pe6eHKy-AeBOMKe (hm. n. AbuT); koHAanKy, AWJi'AHHra
MeABeAnue (HM.^n.
koflAHHra
(caMuy),
MeABeAio
ra
jiocnxe (hm. n. kaft);
jiock), kafiAHHra
koft), kaftAaHra
cecTpe (hm. n. 6Hc'en).
6paiy, dnc'enAHHra
6Hc*enAaHra

63

TaK KaK 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb BCTpe^aexcH y Bcex

>KHBbix cyiuecTB, pa3^H^aeMbix no nojiy, to HeT

Ha3BaHHH
ocHOBaHHH tobo-

cjiob

pHTb
HajIH'IUH R&yX OMOHHMHHHblX pHAOB CymeCTBHTeJIbHblX
6ncen 6par, 6ncen 2 cecTpa), pasjiH^aiomnxcn TOJibKo no
HeKOTopbiM naAe^HbiM cfjopiviaM; 3to Mo>KHOCKa3aTb eme h noTOMy, HT0 3TH a4>(|)HKCbI qaCTO OCMblCJIHBaiOTCH KaK MeCTOHMeHHH
3-ro Jinix'a b cooTBeTCTBytomeM naAe>Ke, HanpHMep: AaHra eMy,
AHHra en. Bee sto no3BOJineT HaM roBopHTb otom, hto Kaieropnn poAa KeTCKoro H3biKa, KorAa 0Ha Bbipa>KaeT noji, KaTeropHH HenocTOHRHan (nepeMeHHan). CymecTBHTeJibHbix, y KOTopbix
KaTeropHH poAa HBJineTCH nocTOHHHOH, cpaBHHTejibHo neMHoro:
OTeu, MaTb, cbiH, AO l ib, My>K, >KeHa, My>KMHHa, >KenmHHa, caivieu,
l

caMKa h HeKOTopbie Apyrne. C/ieAyeT 3aMeTHTbeme,

mo

noiiHTne

Bemn, no KpaHHeft Mepe, KaK oho nojiy^aeT CBoe Bbipa/Kenne

b cj>opMa.jibHbix cpeA'CTBax H3biKa, ne coBnaAaeT c tcm, Koiopoe
HMeercH b HHAoeBponencKHx H3biKax.TaK, HanpHMep, pacTymee
AepeBo paccMaTpuBaexcH KaK oAyineBJieHHbin npeAMer (KJiacc
a); cnHjieHHoe hjih 3acoxmee KaK HeoAymeBJieHHbiH (KJiaoc h,
mm. n. b o6onx cjiy^anx okc') oroHb, peKa, aeMjia, cojiHixe ockhk
KaK cymecTBa >KeHCKoro nojia, jiyHa
MbicJiHBaKDTCH
My>KHHHa; Ha3BaHHH neKOTopux (pacTymnx) AepeBbeB, Hanpiihx
Mep, 6e,pe3bi, othochtch jihoo k >KencKOMy KJiaccy (ecjin y
HMeeTCH KpeHb), jih6o k My>KCKOMy (ecJin KpeHH y AepeBa hot).
O6bIMH0 0(J)OpMJIHIOTCfl C My>KCKHMH OKOHHaHHHMH: c'eiC* JIHCTBeHHiiua, to?t TanMeHb, ah? opeJi k-bHrb MypaBen, c\ft
KOMap, ki>jeHrok oboa, chm. y:pec Ao>KAb, Ky.Tbn <-.^pHOCTaH, tt> OKynb, ekkbmr rpoM; yjiyji yjiHTKa; c >kch;

11

CKHMH OKOH^iaHHHMH:

kl> ?H JIHCHUa, 6e?C' 3aHU, TbIT M011IjiHryuiKa, Tyji'H*b HmepHua, AbiJiTbiM irnmKa,
y?T Kpbica, 6yjiTak najieu norH h Ap.

Ka,

-bji'

CKa3aTb, mto b kctckom H3biKe Ha6.iKuaeTca

K3aKpenjieHHio oAHoro onpeAejieHHoro poaa 3a cy-

Boo6me naAO
TeHAeHUHH

(BO.'IK,
meCTBHTCJIb'HblMH, o603HaHaiOIUHMH >KHBbie CymeCTBa
M.eABeAb, 3anu h ap.), y KOTopbix pa3JiHqaeTCH noji. 3to
CKa3biBaercH b tom, hto TaKHe cymecTBHTeJibHbie, KorAa ohh
o6o3HaqaiOT ne KOH-Kperayio oco6b, a bha jkhboto cymecTBa,
nojiynaiOT naAOKHbie oKOHHamin jih6o TOJibKO KJiacca a, jihSo
TOJibKo KJiacca h; HanpHMep, c.iobo kail Jiocb (BOo6u;e)
OTHOCHTCJi, KaK npaBHJio, k KJiaccy a, a cjiobo" 6e?c' 3a5iu

Jiocb,

(Boo6n;e)

KJiaccy h.

TaK KaK

STHXc^y^anxnaAOKHbie

nojiOM BOBce He coothochtch, TaKHe cjiynan ynoTpe6jienHH KeTCKHX cymecTBHTejibHbix onenb 6jih3kh k KaTeropHH
My>KCKoro hjih >KeHCKoro poAa HMeH cymecTBHTejibHbix b HHAoeBponeftcKHx H3biKax. Pa3Hbie npHMHHbi cnocoScTByiOT noHBJieHHK)
h yKpenJieHHK) stoh TeHAeHunn: KorAa Ha3biBaeTca bha >KHBoro
cyuxecTBa, HeT HaAo6HOCTH b yKa3aHHH Ha ero noJi; MacTO onpeAejieHne nojia HBJiHeTCH3aTpyAHHTejibHbiM, bo MHornx cjiv^anx

OKonqaHHH

3T0HeHMeeT HHKaKoro npaKTHnecKoro 3Ha^eHHH;

64

cjieAVeT

ot-

KaTeropHH nncjia

B KeTCKOM

ABa nncjia
oahhCTBeHHoe h MHOKecTBeHiioe. Tunbi h npaBHjia o6pa3oiuiHHH
MHO>KecTBeHHoro MHCJia nozipo6Ho H3Jio>KeHbi A. KacTpeHOM.
llpaBAa, OTcyTCTBHe y aBTopa ciaTHCTH^ecKoro noAXOAa co3AaeT BneqaTJieHHe 06 omeJioMjiHiomeM MHoroo6pa3HH cnoco6oB
06pa30BaHHH MHO>KeCTBeHHOrO HHCJia H HeMOTHBHpOBaHHOCTII HX.
HoACHeTbi >Ke noKa3biBaioT 39 ), q-ro 93% Bcex cymecTBHTe.ibHbix o6pa3yeT cBoe MHo>KecTBeHHoe hhcjio oAHOo6pa3Ho, .11160
nocpe^cTBOM atfxJDH'Kca -Hr (50%), jik6o nocpeACTBOM a{})(l)HKca
-h (43%); TOJTbKo 7% cymecTBHTejibHbix o6 pa3yiOT CBoe mhojKeciBCHHoe mhcjio pmane, HanpHMep:
a) HecKOJibKo cjiob o6pa3yiOT (})opMy mho>k. HHCJia nocpeActbom BapHaijHH iviacHoro, HanpHMep: cec' peKa, cac' peKH;
6) HecKOJibKo cjiob noMHMo BapnauHH rjiacHoro bo mho>k.
MHCJie npHHHMaiOT eme OKOH^aHiie, HanpHMep: TeT My>K, TaxH
My>KbH;
b) y HeKOTopbix cymecTBHTejibHbix c})opMbi HHCJia pa3JiH^aiotch yAapeHHCM, HanpHMep: kannrok Myxa, kaHHrok Myxn.
5i3biKe

pa3Jin i iaioTCH TOJibKo

39
)

68

Hame

H3^o>KeiiHe ocHOBaHo

11a

yneTe 1378 kctckhx cymecTBHTeJibHbix.

r)
HeKOTopue cymecTBHTejibHbie o6pa3yiOT t})opMbi qncjia
nocpeACTBOM BapnauHH TOHa, nanpHMep: cbim. Aec rjia3 (hh3-

AC?C

(BblCOKHH, HHCXOAflmilH TOH 40 ).

npaBH.Ta o6pa30BaHHH mho>k. qHc/ia nocpeACTBOM acJ)(})HKca
Hr hjih ac})(f)HKca h bo MHornx c/iyqaax HeAOCTaTOMHO hchli; nocpeACTBOM ac})(J3HKca Hr o6pa3yiOT cBoe mho>k. qncvio 6ojibiueft
qacTbio Ha3BaHH5i Bemcfi h cJiOBa, oKanqHBaioiUHecH na k, m, h, t,
n, h MHorne cymecxBHTejibHbie, oKaHHHBaiomneca b ejx. qncjic na

TOH)

KHli

rJia3a

ropTaHHbiH cMbiHHbifl, nanpHMep: 6o?k pbi6ojiOBHan MopAa,

mh. q. 6o?k-Hr; hbi? (J3h;ihh, mh. q. hbiknr; aM MaTb>\ mh. q.
aMaHr; on OTeu, mh. q. o6aHr; ao?h ho>k, mh. q. Aonanr; koIaT ropAO, mh. q. kolaAeHr. CymccTBHTCJibHbie c ApyrHM hcXOAOM OCHOBbI H Ha3BaHHJI oAyineBJieinibix npeAMCTOB 6ojibiueft
qacTbio npHHHMaiOT bo mh. qHCJie OKOHqainie h, HanpHMep:
ko? 3Be3Aa, mh. q. ko:H; -bYT> cyK, mh. q. -bYeH; ho?Hr
ceTb, mh. q. hoHreH; hnY My>KHK, mh. q. hnYeH; kbui* Bopona, mh. q. kbLi'en; a:Acc' rB03Ab, mh. q. a:Aec*H; koJi'aT bopoH, mh. q. koji'ara; hy: cepAUe, mh. q. hy:n; toh npoToxa,
mh. q. tohh. Bo MHorHx cJiyqanxHaG^iOAaioTCH K0Jic6aHiiH b cnoco6e o6pa30BanHH mh. qncjia, Hepe/iKO Aa>Ke KOJieCannji Bnyipn
oAHoro h Toro >Ke rosopa, nanpHMep: leM ctoji, mh. q. leMHH
hjih

leMiiHr.

OTMeTHTb eme, qio 06a ociiobiilix cnoco6a o6pa3oBaHHH mhojk. qncjia, atf)(J)HKC Hr h a^cfwKC h, fiBJiHiOTcn TaK>Ke
cpeACTBOM Bbipa>KeiiH5i Miio^ecTBenHoro qncjia b pa3-*inqnb[x
(])opMax rjiarojia, npnqeM ac|)c})HKc h, KOTopbin npHcoeAiinneTCH
k KOHuy cjioBa, Bbipa^aeT MHOJKecTBeHHoe qHCjio cy6i>eKTa <\ei\Cjiejxyer

ct^hh, a

acJ3(j)HKC Hr,

BKviroqeHHbiH b cjiobo, oSosiiaqaeT Miio>xe-

cTBeHHoe hhcjio ApvrHX KOMnoneHTOB rjiarojia, nanpHMep:

A?HMlHHrIn
mejiKaio;
h
opex
(a-hm-t'h)
ha ahmt'h
Bbi
BocnnTaHTe
HJi'ryHrroc'HH
(n-HMliiHr-ln)
5i
opexH
mejiKaji;
(
ee6si, pacnaAaeTcn na cjieAyromire qac*rn: Hji'-ry-nr-TOc'-HH, rAe
o6^eKTiibiH noKa3aTCJib co
hji'
(J)opMaHT HMneparHBa, ry
ac^cfjHKc mh. qncjia k npeAuiecTBViomeM
3HaqeHHeM Tbi, Hr
ocnoBa iviarojia bocnacTH, qTO BMecre 03naqaeT bbi, toc'
nHTblBaTb, paCTHTb, HH
OKOHHaHHe Mno^ecTBeHHoro MHCJia

ryiarojibiioii (J>opMbi.

OTrJiarojibHbie cymecTBiHTejibHbie HepeAKO coxpaHHiOT ocoSeiiHOCTH o6pa30BanHH 4)opM qncjia, cBOHCTBeeHbie rviarojiy 41 )*

KaTeropHw naAe>Ka

B KeTCKOM H3HKe mokho pa3AHqaTb

G/ieAyiomiHe naAe^n:
ochobhoh naAe>K (HMeHHTejibHo-BHHHTejibHbifi), npeAdaB^HiomHH co6oh naAejK cyS^eKTa h np^Moro o6i3eKTa, OTBe^aio1)

T. K. B e p h e p. 3bvkoboh cocTaB cbiMCKoro Ana/icKTa KeTCKoro H3bi)

KaHA. AHecepT., Tomck, 1966.
41
Bojiee no,npo6Ho 06 o6pa30BaHHH h ynoTpe6jiciiHH (fiopM MHCJia cm.
)
T. H. FIopoTOBa, OopMbi MHomecTBeHHoro micjia kbtckhx cymecTBHTejibHbix,
MMeiOmHe CBOe (J)OHeTHHeCKOe 060CH0BaiIHe, H3bIKH tl TOnOHHMHH Ch6iiph,
1966.
1. Tomck,
69
40

sa.

iuhh na Bonpocbi kto, mto, Koro,

mto, HanpHMep: on OTeu>\

MaTb;
hjih
poAHTejibHbift
OTBe^aiOLUHH
Ha
2) npMTjimaTejibHbiH
Bonpoc hch (kooAe 6nc'en 6paT TBoero OTua; #aMT 6nc'en
6paT ee MaTepH;
3) AaTejibHO-HanpaBMTejibHbiH, oTBe^aiomHft Ha Bonpocbi komv, i<y,Ta (odAanra OTuy, aMAHHra MaTepH);
4) HCxoAHbifl, oTBeMaiomHH Ha Bonpocbi ot Koro, OTKy/ia,
c KaKoro BpeMeHH
(oSAaHraji* ot OTija, aMAHHraji' ot
MaTepn)
6) MecTHo-jiHHHHM, oTBe^aiomHH Ha Bonpocbi: y Koro, y Mero (odAaHrr y OTua, aMAHHrr y MaTepH);
7) Ha3HaiHTejibHbiM naAe>K, OTBenaiomHH Ha Bonpocbi: juin
Koro, jxjix nero (o6naT juin OTua, aMAHT rji% MaiepH);
na Bonpocbi:
8) opyAHO-coBMecTHHM uajxem, oTBe^aiomHH
KeM, ^eM, c KeM, c *ieM (o6ac' c otuom, aiviac' c MaTephio);
9) npoAOJibHbiM na^ejK, OTBeHaiomHH Ha Bonpocbi:
b tojib
nero (cec6ec BAOJib peKH);
6e,3
10) jiHuiHTejibHbiM naAe>K, OTBenaiomHH na Bonopcbi:
Koro, 6e3 nero (onaH 6e3 OTua, aMaH 6e3 MaTepH);
11) 3BaTejibHbiH uajxem (060 0Teu, aiwb MaTb).
na^evKHbie acf)(})HKCbi oAHHaKOBbi ajijt Bcex cKJioHneMbix LracTei'r pera; ohh npHcoeAHHHiOTCH Bcer^a cnpaBa k 4>opMe
Mncvia,
a\t

HanpHMep: odAanra omy; odaHrnanra omaM.

TaK KaK KercKOMy cymecTBHTejibHOMy cBoiicTBeHHa naTcropH5i oAymeB^eHHocTH h neo;i,yiiieBJieHHocTH, npnueM y oAvmeBjienHbix npeAMeTOB mojkct pa3JiHqaTbCfl itoji, to b cbh3H c 3thm
cymecTByK)T jina pn^a na/ie>KHbix a(fK})HKC0B juin Bbipa>KenHH
yKa3aHHbix KaTeropHH. O^na cepna ac})(j)HKCOB Bbipa^aeT 0AymeB^eHHOCTb BOo6me hjih >Ke BHAejineT 3Ha^eHHe My>KCKoro
nojia, a Apyran cepHH ac})(})HKCOB npHCoe;uiHHeTCH k Ha3BanHHM
HeoAynieBJieHHbix npeAMeTOB hjih >kc k na3BaHHHM oAvmeBJieHhwx npeAMeTOB, ho BcerAa TOJibKO cymecTB >KeHCKoro uojia.
TaKHe napaJiJiejibHbie a(f)4)HKCbi HMeiOT naAe>KH: npHTH>KaTejibHblH, AaTejIbHblft, HCXOAHblH, MeCTHO-JIHHHblH, Ha3HaHHTe/IbIII>IH H

3BaTejibHbifj, t. e. Te najxewui,
b KOTopbix npeHMymecTneriHO
BCTpe^aioTCH MaaBaHHH }khbhx cymecTB; ocTaJibHbie >Ke na;ie>KH,
b KOTopbix name Bcero ctoht Ha3BaHH*i HeoAyuieBjieiiHbix npeAMeTOB, TanoH AH(})(})epeHUHauHH He HMeioT; BCTpe^aiouurecH
y 3thx naAOKew BapHaHTbi ac}xj)HKCOB o6ycjiOBjienbi (})OHeTHMecKH.
JIio6onbiTHo eme, mto bcg 3th naAe>KH (KpoMe 3BaTejibnoro)
Moryr paccMarpimaTbCH KaK npoH3BOAHbie ot <f)opMbi npHTHHcaTejibHoro naAe>Ka; aHajiorHMHOH oco6eiiHOCTbio o6jiaAaeT coceA-

HHH CeJIbKyilCKHH H3bIKnpHBc;ieM Ta6jiHuy naAe>KHHx a^HKCOB (cm. cTp. 71).

CjieayeT yKa3aTb, mto 3ByK a b npHBeAem-ibix ac^cfwKCSX
noc.a^ 3ByKa ?ir (a HHOrAa h 3ByKa h) 3aMenneTCH 3ByKOM
h (nporpeccHBHaa accHMHJiJiUHH). A TaK KaK cymecTBHTejib70

MHO>KeCTBeHHOM HHCJie 60JIbIIieH ^aCTbK) OKaHHHBaiOTCJI

bo MHo>KecTBeHHOM wcjie **ame Bcero ynoTpe6jiHFOTCH BapHaHTbi na#e>KHbix a(j)(})HKC0B, HaMHHaiomnecfl Ha
h (Ha, HaHra, HaHrr, HaHraji', HaT h t. a.), HanpHMep: koft
Me#BeAb, konAaHra MeABeA*o, koH MeABeAH, koHHaHra
Me^BeAHM. O^HaKo BapnaHTbi aap(})HKCOB co 3ByKOM a BCTpenaiOTCfl Bee Hce h bo MHo>KecTBenHOM mhcjic Hanprnviep: c'ac'AaHrT y pen, KaK h, Hao6opoT, b eAHHCTBeHHOM MHCJie BapnaHth acj^opHKCOB c HanajibHHM h, HanpHMep: 6anrAHHra hjih
6anrHHHra Ha 3eMJiio. Bo mho>k. wcjie afyfyuKcu co 3ByKOM
A name Bcero BCTpenafOTCH y cjiob, o6o3Ha*iaK)iUHx HeoAyuieBHbie BO

Ha h

hjih ht, to

jieHHbie npeAMeTbi.
Ta6jiHua na;xc>KHwx

^""^-^^

Kareropna

a(|)(|)HKC0B

06pa3oeaHHe mmch cymecTBHTejibHbix

Ochoboh cymec.TBHTe^bHoro mh 6y,ieM na3biBaTb Ty MacTb
KOTOpa^ coxpaHHeTCH HeH3Memioft b pa3iibix na;ie>KHi>ix
(})OpMax npH CKJIOHCHHH, Ilp.H 3TOM f)VAeM CMHTaTb, uto na^OKH,
He HMeiomne oco6oro na/ioKHoro acjDcjniKea, OTMe^eHbi nyjieBbiM
atJx^KKcoM. 3tot HiiBapnaHT napaAHrMaTHMecKoro pnzia ckjiohohhh no KOJiHMecTBy cJioroB MO>KeT 6biTb cuno(\io}KHbiM, ;uiyxCJIOJKHblM H MIIOrOC.TOKHblM. PaCCMOTpHM CJia^aJia OAHOCJIO^HblO
OCHOBblOAHOcjio>KMhie ocnoBbi MoryT MMeTb cjie/iyiomee nocTpoenne:
cJiOBa,

P,

TC, CI\ CrC (F

rviacr-ibni, C
corviacnbift).
IIpHBe^eM npHMepi.i o^hocjioxchhx ochob:

a) Kyp. ?a:, a:, nan. en. cyp. a: >Kapa; Bop. 5ipu. e, 6aK. e:?,
Kyp- en. ?e: >KeJie30; Kyp. ^e?, ?e: n\mo] Bop. yipu. h:, Hpu. h?,
naK. h?, h:, cyM. :?, Kyp. ?n?, ?h:, en. h: cojiime; apu. h:?, h:,
Bop. h:, nan. h?, h:?. w:, Kyp ?h?. h:. h:?, e.i ?h? AeHb; Bop.
apu. naK. cyp h:, en. Kyp. ?h: hmsi; Kyp. ?h, naK. cyp- ?h? Bane>KH'HK; en. cyp- ?h? Jia6a3 (otkpmthh), Beinajio (jxnv
cyiuKH puobi); naK. ?h* nap, TyMaH (nan 03ep0M, pewoft); en.
-Oct. h: KO>Ka (KacTpeH); Kyp. ?o?, ?o:?, ?o:, cyp. o: jihct
(pacTennsi): en. cyp. y, Kyp- naK. cyp. y: cnjia; Kyp. y:, ?y:,
hum 6. y: jiyr\ nojifiHa, nojie; naK. -b:?, cyp. i^: jihct (pac/rehhh); Kyp. ?m?, cyp. bi:, KeT. h:, h: (JJoHHep) caMeu);
6) Kyp. eji. cyp. cwm. aft MemoK; cyp. al niTanbi; Kyp. cyp.
aM MaTb; en. -oct, aM uiy6a; cyp. naK. a:Hr BepeBKa; cyp.
Kyp. en. chm. ac' nepo; Bop. apu. a?T' 6o;ie3Hb; Kyp. ?aT, eji.
a?p' KOCTb; cyp. apij. Bop. Kyp. KeT. (TpeTbHKOB) eft cocna;
*rpu. Bop- 6aK. eft, Kvp. ?eft H3b!K; Kyp. Bop. xpu. eft, eH. -oct.
e:ft ocTpoB; cyp. 6aK. eft Hftuo; npu. e:n\ naK. e?Ji' 6arop;
yipu. en. Bop. e:?Ji' 4amKa; cyp. e:M neTxra; naK. Kyp. e:n,

HpU. eH kjihii; Bop en\ npu. 3:h' 3*Tb; cyp. e:A> ep\ en. jep'
89

co6oJib; KVp- nai<. ere He6o, 6or; 6aK. ec K>Kca; nan. e?n,
Kyp. e:n jiotnaTa; eji. e?T >Ka6a; npu e?T, e:T 6opm,eBHHK
(ny^KH); Kyp. nan. h?h. en. Kyp. hh, eH. -oct. h:h noroTb; cyp.
h:h noJio3; Kyp. hh, cyp. h:h nrjia, Kyp, h?h cnHixa; cypn?Hr, H:nr KO>Ka, Kopa; cyp. Kyp. ?h:m. hm opex; naK. Kyp.
h?ji' AbixaHHe ^yma; naK. i<yp. cyp. h:a\ Bop. H?p, Hp neciiH;
Kyp. hji. h1. apu. Bop. hji o6aomok, KycoK, erpy>KKa. nan. ha'
KycTapHHK; Kyp. ?h?c rB03Ab, mnHAbKa; Kyp. h?t, eji. ht, Bop.
h:t 3y6; Kyp. cyp. naK. ht 3anax, iifox; naK. cyp. o?h na3yxa; Bop. o?k <-;Boiiib; Kyp. cy,p. oa\ o:ji' uiKypa, oSojioHKa, ny:ibipb; npu. oji 6yKauiKa: Bop. o?a' TiepBHK; Kyp- 6aK Bop.
Hpu. on OTeu; Kyp Bop. yii> npu ?yfl, y?H JiioJibKa; eji. Kyp.
?yk cTepji5i^b; naK* y?k yxa, Bop. Kyp. naK. yji' pyKOHTKa;
naK. y?H kjihhok; cyp. Bop. y?c\ Kyp. ?y:c' 6epe3a; naK. v?t.
cyp. Bop. y:T, cji. ?yT Mbiuib; naK. y?T H3rH6 (peKii); iimu. yji\
cbiM. yp BOAa; Bop. bin B03iYiac; eji. Kyp. mji' naK. cyp. biiJi*
pyKa (ao njiena); Kyp* eji. Bop. m:t, ma BecHa; Kyp. ht kopbime; cyp. t>a\ Eop. "bJi Ji5iryuiKa; naK. t>:ji' HepBHK; 6aK.
cyp. t^Pk neT^H chjiok; naK. *b?T nexoji, Bop. t^ :?^ jihct;
naK. t>Y BOiub; npu- b:x cyK;
b) Kyp. 6a: i<yjiHK; Kyp. ah, flpu. a'h Kopenb; cyp. Jipn.
ah: opeA; Kyp. Bop, en. am? uianKa; en. -oct. hn:, cjni: uepeMyxa; Kyp. hy: cum. (Spy: cepAUe; Kyp. hbi? (})hahh; cyp. kh:
3anaAHH (AOByniKa); cyp. Kyp. ko?, Bop. xo: 3Be3Aa; naK.koj\ejx, AbAHHa; naK. ko?, Bop. xo? capaHa; Kyp. ko:, Bop. xoy
poT; cyp. ko, ko? por; Kyp. ko KyjiaK; cyp- Kyp. apu. ky?
yrojib; Kyp. ky? ycTbe; naK. kbt?, Kyp. cyp. ki> ? po>i<eHb;
Kyp. Iy: ockojiok; Kyp. c'a Bemb; Kyp. eji. Bop. c'h Honb, noCTeAb; Kyp. cm toa; nop. my; Kyp- c'y* ph6 x ihk; naK. Ta:
nocox; naK. to? cojib; Kyp. to? OKyHb; Bop. th: noAKa;
Kyp. tv?, Bop. l i'bi? rojioBa; naK. Ty? rjiHHa;
r) naK. 6a:Y, Bop. 6a:k wypKa; Kyp. 6e?c', 6e:c\ Bop. 6ec'
3a5iu; Kyp. 6h:1 ctph>k; Kyp. Bop. 6hc\ cyp. 6h:c* Be i iep;
cyp. Kyp. Ae:c' rjia3; naK. ji,o\ ocaAOK; Kyp. eji. BOp. ahji'
pe6enoK; Kyp. ho?ji\ npu. (Spi^p Kpoxa;ib (yTKa); naK. hi>?ji\
Kyp. hi3 l ny3bipb; naK. hy:ji\ Bop. (J)y:ji' mojiotok; naK. ka?T
napiKa; cyp. npu. Ky:jT 6opOAa; cyp. kT>:A, ko:ji >KeAMb;
naK- k"b?ji, Bop, xoa 6ojibLUOH najieu; Kyp, nai< ko?jT npntok; naK. c'aji' ocTpne; Kyp. Tan Kpyr; naK. Ty?A' KeApoBKa; Bop. xan. <ciOAKa (SepecTfinaa)
CTenenHe corjiacHbix b oahocjiojkhmx cAOBax BCTpe^aeTCfl
To^bKo b KOHixe. npHBeAGM npHMepw: Kyp. 6aK. ac/i' Jibi>Ka
(noKpbiTan KaMbicoM); Kyp. 6aTl ny3bipeK (boah); 6ecA', 6hcji*
njiaBHHK (pbi6bi); naK- Kyp. koTJi* cyKHO; cyp. kbiTJi' <oapy6Ka; Kyp. ?6th, hth K)KOAa; cyp. hhth, 6aK. T^nrn ojiaTHita;
Kyp. kokc' py LieH; Aonc* rjincTa; naK. TyA*A AO>KAeBon nepbhk; cyp. aoh'a, a^iht CTpeK03a. HeT coMHeHbH b tom, mto
BTopoft corjiaciibin npeACTaBJiaeT co6oh bo Bcex cAy^anx no3A;

90

Heiiiiiee

npHpamemie; ^aero sin corjiacnue rviarojibHoro nponc-

xo>KAeHHJi, KaK, HanpHMep: hth H3 hach cyrueHoe; kokc' n.3

k-ok-c' BBepx BbixoAHmee, poahhk; cyp. Kyp. jfaMT kjiok,
npOMb OTAeJieiUlHH.
KpOUIKa H3 Jl'aM KVCOK, T
CymecTBHTejibHbie, cocTonmHe H3 AByx hjih Sojibiuero kojiiiMecTBa cJioroB, npeACTaBJiniOT coSoft cviojKHbie cjioBa hjih

^aHMCTBOBaHHfl. FfpHBeACM npHMepbi.

cyp. Kyp. 6anroji\ Saiiryji' MorHJia (6anr
o6ojioMKa); Kyp. toYoji nepcTeiib (Tok najieu); 6ylol qyjioK (6yji uiora); AOHroji' HapbiB (aoht
rHofl); naK. Tokc'yA o6yx TOiiopa (rok ronop, c'y-A cnHiiKa ero); cyp. Kyp. TocVa aojioto (TOc'-HJi'-a BBepx BWHyTbiM
CAeJiaTb); 6aK. aAec\ i<yp. apnc' (aT K0CTb hc mniHJibKa);
cmm. KHiAap KHTKa (kh: BAeBaTb, Aap >KHJia); Kyp. yji'AHC
KanjiH (yji* BOAa, ac?c' rjia30K); a:Hinirc HrpyniKa (a:H
noKa3aTejib B03M0>knoKa3arejib mhojk. m., c
HrpaTb, HHr
Horo aghctbhh); chm. a:TKync HaKOHeHHHK (a:T ocTpbrii, Kyn
KOHeu, c HMeeTCH); nan. HaH'6eTc neKapb (naH' xjie6,
6eT *AejiaTb, c ecTb); ha:c'TeTc 6apa6aHmHK (ha:c 6apa6aH TeT 6HTb, c ecTb); Kyp. SaHiryc' 3eMJiHHHKa (6aHr
3eMjiH, Ky?c' noMemeHHe); 6aKyc' norpe6 (6hk 6peBHO+
ky?c'); Aarayc <cceiiHOH MyM (Aa:H cetio); ce:nyc' noMemeky?c'); eji. HTyc' AecHa (ht
HHe ajih 0JieHeH (ce:H 0JieHH
ZlByxc;io>KHbie:

3eMJiH

oji'

'

ky?c'); cyp. AbiJi'Tak MH3HHeu (ahji' MajieiibKHH,

3y6
Tok najieu); npu. xojiTax 6ojibinoH najieu (xoji KpHBoii,
Tax najieu); eji kt^tavt', cyp- Kyp. koTAyT jiy*moBbiH 6ypaB,
CBepjio (k-bT jiyK, AyoT uihjio); naK. th:Yt>t jie6eAeHOK
(th:Y jic6eAb, kt>t pe6eHOK); anajiorHHHo: cyp. TaftYvr
noA^H30K, Kyp. kanrrHT coKOJieHOK, konYHT MeABe>KOHOK>/,
Bop. T*b:rHT OKyHeK, 6chYht 3afiMOHOK; Bop. TH:AroT KopMa (th:a jioakh, kot 3aA); cyp. 6e:c'aM 3an4bH uiy6a
(6e:c' 3aan, aM iny6a), chm. cjbojiTaM pOBAy^KHaH iny6a,
naK. koTJi'aM cyKOHHaM my6a; 6aK. Aoiiraii napbiB (aoht
r ioH, aw MemoK); anajiorHHHo: Kyp. eHraw rne3AO (Memomck ajth hhu), cyp, Konaft, npu. (fn^pan 3o6; Bop. capaii khceT, ypan M030Jib, ny3bipb (yp Bo aa), naK. cyp- ecaft ofijiako (ec He6o), Kyp. Aocefi MoneBoii ny3bipb; naK. kycceft
MVMiHme (ceft MecTO) Ae:c'Tcen rjia3HHua, TanciiH co6a^be
i

TvieCTO.
T

Tpexcjio^KHbie: Kyp. eKOji'ia, cyp. eHro.T Ta, HHroji'Ta niKypa

(eHr BepHXHH, oji' o6o,To iiKa, Ta npo lib cHHTa); cwm. 6ynronn'H 3epKa.no (6yHr-o:-ui'H cMOTpeTbCH bo ^to); Kyp. 60(lo-6eT-c-e)
Yoc'e HaxoAKa (6o-koc -e)
lo:6eTce pa6oia
cmm. 6yji'AHA'H 6eApo (6yji*AH HorH, a'-h KOMeJib); Kyp.
kainyKTHc' cnjieTHHua (ka:H cjiOBa, yK-T-H-c' ot ce6n pacripocTpaHHioiuaHCH); cyp. yjiaTaTC boaobo3 (yji-a-TaT-c BOAy
Kyp. leMOHiTOT JiecTHHUa cTyneiiMaTaH (leM
TacKaiomHH)
A0CKa, o-nr BBepx, kot Aopora).
,

91

MeTUpexcnoKHbie: Kyp. koSeT^aaT no3BOHo iiHHK (koSct-ai

cnHHbi, aT KOCTb)
6aK. k'b^yrhaTaT rojioBKa CBepjia
(k*bT-AyT-haTaT); naK. HJi'eHrKi/VeT nHmeB0A (HJi'enr kv0,
maTb, K bJi'eT ropjio) HJi'deTKWeT AbixaTejibHoe ropJio
KT>JieT); Kyp. cnpa:YaTca yne(HjT-6eT AbixaiiHe RenaTh
hhk (cnpa;-kaT yHeHHe, c-a AeJiaiomiHH); Kyp. KHMeHkarAbic'
6a6uuK (kHMeH <oa xceHmHHaMH, kar-A-bic' roHHiomHHC5i).
Bojiee cjiOH<Hbie BCTpe^aiOTCH peAKO, HanpHMep: Kyp. j\enr^aHrtHCTy BHcejinua (nenr jiio;ui, A-anr-iic hx npHBH3aHHbi;

mh

AejiafOT, Ty BBepx).
Mo>KHO TOBOpHTb O HaJIH l IHH

3aHaiK0B pa3pa60TKH CAOBOO6-

pa30BaTejibHbix acJxj^HKCOB, unorAa BocxoAflmnx k cymecTBHTejibHblM (cp. 06pa30BaHIie VMeHbHIHTeAbHblX (f)opM nocpe^cTBOM
cjioBa kt3t), a do^bineS ^acTbio bocxoahhuix k iviarojiaM hah
rjiarojibiibiM

a^HKcaM.

Mame

Bcero BCTpeHaeTCH rviaroji e, a AeAaTb b (})yHKUHH

cpe^cTBa cjioBoo6pa30BaHHH, HanpHMep:
Kyp. Taura Ji5iMKa, H3 Ta-nr-a TamnTb nponb neM;
Kyp. Ao:6a KOTeu, H3 Ao-o6-a B03BeAeHHbiM CAeJiaHO 9to;
Kyp. A'aMTe KpouiKa, H3 Ji'aM-T-e KycoK OTAeJieH npoqb.
3tot rjiaiwi MO>KeT BCTpeTHTbcn b KAaccHOM o(|>opMJienHH,
HanpHMep; cyp. 6yA*erAa neTJiH Ha Hory (6yA'--b k-Aa) en/ua
<5cyneHHe, oco3HaBaHHe; naK. cni^ak, Kyp- cH:pak 3araAKa.
OcofieHHc ^acTo Bcrpe^aeTCH a({)4>HKc c' b coqeTaHim c iviatojiom 6biTb hjih e, a Ae<flaTb hjih >Ke 6e3 hhx, o6o3iuiMaH
cy6-beKT AencTBHH, o6i>eKT, opynne, hjih peayjibTaT fleficTBHH, HanpHMep: Kyp yT'AHX* Bop, naK. nan'SeTc neKapb, hax'reTC
6apa6anmHK, cyp. a:HHKC nrpyuiKa, Kyp. TaHHo:c npHixejn>,
Bop. a:TKync ocTpOKOireraHK. JIio6onbiTHO, ^to 3th rpynnu
coBna^aiOT c cymecTBHTejibHbiMH Ha -c b hhbckom H3biKe 43 ).
06pa30BaHHe kctckhx cymecTBHTejibHbix 3ac;iy)KHBaeT cneunajibiioro H3yneHHH.
;

nPHJIATATEJlbHOE

mo

y>Ke A. KacTpen npaBHJibHO noAMeTHA,

KeTCKoe npHJiaraTejibHoe cjia6o OTrpaHH^ieHo ot hmchh cymecTBHTejibnoro. 3tOj
CKa3bIBaeTCH B TOM, HTO JIK)6oe CymeCTBHTe.-lbHOe B OCHOBHOMj
na^e>Ke MO>i<eT BbinoJiHHTb (fiyiiKUHio npnjiaraTejibHoro, SyAyMKj
nocTaBJiono nepe/i ApyrHM cymecTBHTeJibHbiM HanpHMep: cyp.
Hire' a:ji5 pbi6iibiH mcuiok*, Kyp. to? yji* cojienaH BOAa, chm.
;iy? h? ;ibiMHbiH Aenb, Kyp. Tyl-b H'aHHHKMeAHbiHMaHHHK, cyp.
Tan k-b:Te \ojioAHan 3iiMa, chm. xo:tah 6en oceHHHH BeTep,||
c'n:p eKHr jieTi-iHe MecHUbi, Kyp. Kac'-b kaTyn necwaHbiH 6eper, y^'ec' h? Ao>KAJiHBbiH AeHb; cyp. Ty^aH yji' THHHCTa5tl
BOAa, chm. yrjibi (J)yT cax AJiHHHoxBocTan 6e,nKa, chm. yrAbiHrJ
;

43
)

1960,

92

B.

3.

dp. 42

riaH(})H^0B.
cji.

TpaMMaTHKa HHBCKoro
.

asbiKa.

L I.

1,

M.

JT.J

KeT AJiHHHOHorHH nejiOBeK, naK. TaYHM K^ftra 6a*x

^BejiorojiOBbiH (ceAoft) CTapHK, Kyp. koIoii hoHrH Ke?T oahopyKHH qejioEeK. Kyp. Kyc ko 6or,u)M 0AH0CTB0./ibH0e py>Kbe,
Kyp. kvc c'HJi'e a3:h OAHOJieTHflsi xpaBa, cmm. aTHHr rycJ)biH
xaHrHHHr ocTpoKOHe iHbie ropbi B 3Ha*ieHHH npHJiaraTejibHoro
oweiib qacTO BbicTynaeT TaK>Ke hmh cymecTBHTejibHoe b (f)opMe
/iHiiniTejibHoro naAOKa, HanpHMep: cmm, ycf)an 6eccHJibHbin,
vpecc{)aH ne ao}ka./ihbmh, jxecfyan cjienoH (6e3i\na3MH), cap4)aH TynoH (6e3 octphh), xeMnaH xojioctoh
(He/KeHaTMH),
Kyp. or^eHaH T\nyxoH (6e3 yiueft); cyp. hy:ieH 6e3XB0CTbiii,
a:HbiHr(J)aH i\nynbiH (6e3 MMCJieH).
Mojkho pa3JiH iiaTb npoH3BOAHbie h Henpo(H3BOAHbie npHJiaraTejibHbie. HenpoH3BOAHbie inpHJiararejibHbie b cBoeM cocTaBe He
<5yjibiHr

iL

co^epHcaT HH^iero, hto yKaabmajio 6bi Ha mx npHHaA.ne>KHOCTb

b 3toh MacTH penn. IlpHBeAeM npHMepbi: cmm. -bk jihihhhh,
TOJI ;ibICb!H, Tbip XCVIOAHbIH, Jl'aHT BMHOCJIHBMH, (JDblUl' KOcoh, rfioji KopoTKHH, naK. ko:hh TeMHbiA, kyft nycTOH, vh'
MeA^iHTejibHbiM; cwm. yji' rviaAKHH, TyM HepHbift, Kyp. koji'
KpHBOH. naK. c'hh rHHJiOH, cyp. oinr 3aopobmh, Kyp. Kar
CTapbiH, ho?jf 5iciihu, cyp- ho:l >KHpHMfi, c:r >khboh,
cmm. 6np Aa^eKHM. 6aK. kbiJi'e CK0pMH, cmm. (})hthm hh3khh, cyp. c'oh 6ypbiii Kyp. oi-irr 3aAHH#, Kyp. e:c' hcjimh,
ky: thxhm.
Flo 3ByKOBOMy oc})opMJieHHio mo>kho Bbi^ejiHTb rpynny npnjiaraTejibHbix, HMeioiimx b KOHue 3ByK -i-ir: cmm. Toxanur cyxoii, naK. heji'aHr cJiaAKHH, cy.n. ajenr 6oJibHOH, cmmacJ)biHr ropHMHii, Kyp. aji'HHr cHJibHMH. B hckotopmx cjiy^aax
3X0 OKoimaiine OTAejineTCH; cp. HanpHMep, cmm. a:n h: ropHMee
(itajiamee) cojiHue
ac|)MHr yp ropHHaH BOAa, cmm. aAHiiroHHr Ke?T cHjibnbift ^ejiOBeK, Kyp. apyHry kc?t.
B HeKOTopbix cjiy^aax ociiOBa npnjiaraTejibnoro npeACTaBJiaeT co6oh 3acTMBinyio naAe*KHyio (})opMy hmchh cymecTBHTejibHOro, HanpHMep: cmm. cyp6ec KpacHMH, xnr6ec 6ejiMH, hm6.
ka/rb6ec BOJiocaTbiii (npoAojibHbiii naAe>K cymecTBHTejibHbix
0,
cyp Kponb, tht cner>\ kajn> uiepcTb)
cyp- hbiTHl l b:H
HH>KHflH ry6a, T^lel cyjaHrnbr 'BepxHHH py6auiKa (cf)o,pMa
ucxoahofo na^e>Ka cymecTBHTejTbHoro hbiTe hh3,
napy>KHoe npocxpaHCTBo)
cmm. xujxjxa dpy: r bojimhh xboct,
J

We

Kyin'-HHiia xmk KOHHan Aopora ((})opMa pOAHTe^bHoro naAOKa

TymeCTBHTeJlbHMX XhWJl B0J1K, Kyill'HH JIOIIiaAH). MtO 3TH
[}>opMbi ocMbic.THBaioTcyi iok npH/iaraTejibHbie, bhaho H3 Toro,
HTO OHH npiIHHMaiOT CneUHCpHUCCKHe npeAHKaTHBHbie (J)OpMaHTM
ipHJiaraTejibiioro, HanpHMep: cmm. ryjiii (fyT XMAAac
<otot
KBOCT BOJI^HH, T VA b XMK KVLU'HHac <OTa AOpora KOHHaH.
B 3Ha^f8HHH npi-iJiaraTejib'iioro MoryT BbicrynaTb BceB03Mo>Kibie (J)opMbi rjiarojia b no3HiuiH nenocpcAciBeHfio nepeA cynxecT?HTejibHbiM, HanpHMep. cmm. TyA^ HTape Ke^T <oto 3HaK)iUH?i
(3HaeT) qejioBeK; Kyp. ypo yji' nnTbeBa5i (nHTb) BOAa, naK.

93

MECTOHMEHHE
MccroHMeHHe KeTCKoro H3biKa npe^cTaBjineT co6oii xopomo
BbipajKCHHbift h 6oraTo pa3BeTBjieHHbiii Kjiacc cjiob, oSjiaAaiomHX
ue/ibiM paftOM rpaMiwaTHHecKHx npH3naK0B. BnepBbic KCTCKoe
MCCTOHMeHHe nopo6Ho 6biJio onncaHo A. KacTpenoM b ero
rpaMMa'TH'ke CHHcefrcKo-ocTHUKoro (KeTCKoro) H3biKa. rio3^HeHuiHe HCCJienoB'aHHH do i ith HH^iero hoboto ne bhccjih b chctcmv
(})OpM MeCTOHMeHHH, BblHBJieHHyiO A. KacTpeHOM. 3to o6i>hchheTCH TeM, MTO BCe 3atj)HKCHpOBaHHbie HM 4)0 P Mb[ MeCTOHMCHHH
6bITyiOT JXO CHX nop B KeTCKOM H3bII<e, TaK qTO B03MO>KIIbI TOJIbKO HeKOTOpbie AOn'OJIHeHHH H yTO^HCHKH, IIOCKOJIbKy, e-CTeCTBCHHO,
b oTAejibHbtx cjiy^ianx 3anHcaHHbie si3biKOBbie cfjopMbi nenpaBHJIbHO 6bIJIH riOHHTbl.
C MOpt|)OJIOrHHeCKOH CTOpOHbl MeCTOHMeHHH KeTCKOrO H3bIKa
HB^HIOTCH IipoCTblMH, npOH3BOAHbIMH HJIH CJIOJKHblMH ClOBaMH;
b HeKOTopbix ciynaax pojib MecroHMeHiifi Bbino.THHiOT n cjiobocoHexaHUH.

B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT Bbipa>KaeMbIX 3HaneiIHH IIMeiOIUIICCH BKCTCKOM 5I3bIKe MeCTOHMeHH5I MO>KHO n0Apa3ALYIIlTb 113 CJICJYIOmHe
VKa3aTejlbHbie
IipHTH/KaTdbHbie,
JIKMHbie,
pa3HOBHAHOOTH:

onpeAeJiHTCJibHbie,

BOiipocHTejibHbie,

HeonpeACJiciuibic h OTpHua-

npeA^ io>KCHHH OHHMoryrBbinojiHHTb pojib cymecTBHTejibHoro (cy&CTaHTiiBHbie) hjih npnjiaraTCJibHoro (a,Tbei<THBHbie).

C 3THM pa3^H4IieM B CHIITaKCH^eCKOH (J)yHKUHH MCCTOHMehhh CBH3ano rjiyGoKoe paajiimie b cucTeivie rpaMMarniecKHX
(}30pM: cy6cTaHTHBHbie MeCTOHMeHHfl CKJIOHHIOTCH H HMdOT Bee
TejibHbie.

na^oKHbie <j)op.Mbi, cBoficTBCHHbie HMeHaM cymecTBHTejibHHM;

aAbeKTHBHbie >Ke MecTOHMenun ne ckjiohhiotch, a Koraa ohh
b npeAJio>KeHHH Bbino^HHioT pojib npeAHKaTHBa, to ohh npnHHMaiOT npe^HKaTHBHbie ac|)(J)HKCbi. PaccMOTpHM Tenepb pa3JiH*iHbie
rpynnbl MCCTOHMeHHH
100

B OT/lCJTbHOCTH.

1.

JlHHHUe MeCTOHMeHHH

Bee jiHHHbie MeCTOHMeHHH npeACTaBJiHJor co6oHnpocTbieHenpoH3BOAHbie cjioBa,

ot KOTopux
MoryT 6biTb o6pa30BaHbi
cJieayiomHe naAe>KH: ochobhoh (HMettHTejTbHo-BMiiHTejibHbiii),
npHTH>KaTeJIbHbIH,
/laTeJIbHO-HanpaBHTeJIbHblii, MeCTHO-JIHHHbW,
HCXOAHblH, opyAHO-COBMeCTHUH, JIHUIHTeJIbHblH, HaCJHaHHTeJIbHblH,
h npoAOJibHbift. IlaAOKHbie OKOKqaHHH MecTOHMeHHii 1 h 2-ro jihua OTJiHuaiOTCH ot cooTBercTByiomiix oKOHMaHHii cymecTBHTejibHblX TeM, 4T0 B HHX OTCyTCTByeT HaMa.flbHblH SJieMCHT a-, t. e.
HanpHMep, BMecTO OKOHnaHHH AaHraoHH HMeior OKOHHaHHe aHra,
BMecTo Aanraji'
aHraji', BMecTO Aa-Hir
shit, BMecTO Aar
aT. y MecToiiMenHH 3-ro jiHua naAe>KHbie OKomannn iiojiHocTbio
cOBnaAaiOT c oKOHHaHHHMH cymecTBHTejibHbix. PaccMOTpHM Tenepb eAHHCTBeHHoe hhcjio.
1-e JIHUO. B (J)OpMax CKJIOHeHHfl CAHHCTBeHHOrO MHC^a BbldynaiOT ABe ocHOBbi
ocHOBa aA- ((J)opMa ocHOBHoro naAe>Ka)
h ocHOBa a6- (cJ)opMa npHTHXcaTejibi-ioro naAe>Ka). C ochoboh aA06pa3yK)TCH naAOKH OpyAHO-COBMeCTHblH, JIHIUHTeJIbHblft, na3HaHHTeJIbHblH H FIpOAOJlbHblH, C OCHOBOH a6- OOpa3VIOTCH AaTC'IbllO-

nanpaBHTe/ibHbiH, MecTiio-AHMHbiH h hcxoahmh na;;e>Kii. ripuBeTenepb

HMeioLUHecn naAe>KHbie (})opMbi
MecTOHMeiniH

AeM

1-ro

JiHua.

B KawecTBe

(j)apMbi ocHOBHoro naAe>Ka nomn bo Bcex >KHBbix

ropopax KeTCKoro H3biKa ynoTpeojiaeTCH aA hjih ar. KoHeMHbiii
corJiacHbiA 3aBHCHT ot xapaKTepa (3bohkocth hjih tjivxocth)
nanajibHoro 3ByKa cJieAyiomero cjiobh. riepBOHaqajibiibiM corjiacHblM B JIHHHOM MeCTOHMeHHH 1-ro Jllina CJieAyeT CMHTaTb, OAHaKO, 3ByK -A. 3T0 BHAHO H3 TOI\"), MTO fKipHAy C <})OpMOH aA AOBOJIbHoqacTO mo>kho cjibimaTb h cJ)opMy aA'b, a b tcx roBopax, vjxe
HHTepBOKajibHoe -a- nepexoAHT b 3ByK -p bmccto cfropMbi aA
ynoTpe6jiaeTC5i ap (eJioryncKHH, KypencKHH). B hckotophx BepxHeHM6aTCKHx roBopax (CypryTHxa) BMecTO aA ynoTpe6AHeTCH
yceneHHaH (j>opMa a. Ha/iimne AByx ochob y MeCTOHMeHHH 1-ro
JIHUa HaBOAHT Ha MblCJlb, 4T0 OHO nepBOHaMajlbHOCOCTOHJIO H3
AByx 3JieMeHT0B, a HMeHHo: a-A. 3to npeAnojio>KeHHe noATBep>KAaercH TeM, hto jthhhoc MecTOHMeiine 1-ro Jinua b apHHCKOM,
KOTTCKOM H aCCaHCKOM HapeMHHX KCTCKOrO H3bIKa, 3acBHAeTejIbCTBOBaHHOM A^H XVIII B., HCCOMHeHHO COCTOHJIO H3 AByX
ay th.
3JieMeHT0B; cp. aH h
OpyAiio-coBMecTHHH naAe>K b hm63tckhx roBopax o6pa3yeTch nocpeACTBOM at})c{)HKca -ac\ BocxoA^Hiero k cfropMe hac';
B CblMCKOM HapeMHH 3T0My acjHJJH'KCy 3aKOHOMepHO COOTBeTCTByeT -c|)ac': hm6. aAac' oo mhoh, cbiM. aT(j)ac\ B roBopax, kotopbie HMeiOT ^epeAOBaHHe 3ByK0B -a- c -p-, mo>kho cjibimaTb,npeHMymecTBeHHo y npeACTaBHTejieft MjiaAHiero noKojieHHH, HapnAy
c cj)opMOH aAac' TaK>Ke h apac\ B AaHHOM cjiynae mh HMeeM
Ae^o c pacuinpeHHeM yKa3aHHOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH b ^epeAOBaHHH

101


MHCJlHTEJlbHOE

Hmh HHcnHTejibiioe npeACTaBJineT co6oh cna6o pa3-BHTyio

MaCTb pe^H. FIpOCTblX iieiipOH3BOAIIblX CJIOS
Ha3'BaHHH MHCeJT
MMeercH Bcero 8 10; H3 hhx oopa3yioTCH Bee ocTajibHbie na
OCHOBe yMHO/KCHHH, G/IO>KeHHH H/1H BblMHTaHHH. OTBJieMeHHOe 3HaqeHHe HHCJitiTe/ibHbie npHoGperaior b c|)opMyjiHpoBKax apH({)MeTHMecKHx npaBHJi, KciK uaripHMep: i<yp. HHHa hol6HH kaYaivic'a
rype ko:c'HH ABa>KAi>i iiHTb
sto Aec>iTb. no cMbicnoBOMy coj3,ep>i<aHHK) h Mopc^ojiunniecKOMy 0(|)opMJieHHio mo>kho BbiAeJinib
cjieAyiomHe pa3pHAw nic;iHTe.JibHbix: KOJiHMecTBeiiiibie, nopnAKOBbie, co6HpaTe;ibHbie h HeonpeAc/icHHbie (HeonpeAcjieHHo-KOAH^ecTBeaiibie). PaccMOTpaM hx b oTjxejibnocm.

1.

KojiHqecTBeHHwe HMCJiHTejibHbie

Ko^HqecTBeHHbie qHc.iHTejibHbie rpaMMaraqecKH ocbopMJieHbi,

KaK npHjiaraTeJibHoe. B arp'H6yTHBHOM ynoTpe6jieHHH, t. e. Kori*a ohh ctoht nepeA HC^Hc/ineMbiM cymecTBHTejibHbiM, ohh He
H3MeHHJOTCfl H BblCTynaHDT B (})OpMe OCHOBbl; B IipeAHKaTHBHOM
ynoTpeSjieHHH ohh npHHHMaioT npeAHKaTHBHbie a^HKCbi.
Bbipa>KeHHfl nOHHTHfl OAHII HMeiOTCH ABe OCHOBbl.
1. fljIH
kok
ajih
JXJW o6o3Ha^eHHH oayiueBJieHHoro npeAMeTa n kyc'
o6o3HaHeHHH HeoAymeBjieHHoro npeAMeia, nanpHMep: Kyp. kok
6aYi>T oahh cT-apHK, kok c'e:!^ oahh ojieHb, kokhun oahh
cbiH, kok hyii OAHa j\0Hb kok kn:M OAiia >KenmHHa, kokhnYb
<koahh My^MHHa, e;i. ko?k 6ejen OAHa cHpoTa, kok Ke?T oahh
neAOBeK, CblM. XOK KeT OAHH MeJIOBeK, XOK XbKM 0AHa >Ke:.-

J23

mHHa, xor okcu oaho AcpeBO (>KHBoe), xok ce?p oahh

ojieHb; Kyp. kyc okc 0AHa najiKa, kyc' c'y:jj' 0AHa co6aqb5r
Hapia, kyc ky?c' oahh nyM, cbiM. xym' h'hPc oahh KaMeHb,
xym' hh oahh AeHb, xym' xo^an* oaho KonbiTo, hyc 6n?Hr
OAHa pyKa, xym' ht 6*bc'a OAHoro 3y6a HeT, biHeHr xym' a:ui OAHHaKOBbi. B aTpH6yTHBHOM ynorpeSeHr ohh 06a (ABoe)
JieHHH KOJIHqeCTBeHHbie ilHCJIHTeJIbHbie'HeCKJIOHHIOTCH. Zlo6aBHM
eme KCKa3aHH0My, hto hmh cymecTBHTe^bHoenocjie wcjiHTejib-.
Horo oahh CTaBfHTCH b e/uiHCTBeHHOM nncjie, a nocjie Bcex ocTajIbHblX KO^HqeCTBeHHblX MHCJIHTeJIbHblX B 4>OpMe MHO^eCTBeHHoro MHcua, npusTOM qHc^HTe^bHoeHanaAeH< cymeciBHTejibHoro
HHKaKOrO BJIHHHHH He HMeeT.
B npeAHKaTHBHOM ynoTpeSjieHHH KOJinnecTBCHHbie hhcjihTe^bHbie BbicTynaioT caMocroHTeJibHO, t. e. 3a hhmh He cjieAyeT'
HCHHCJineMoe cymecTBHTejibHoe, ho oho Bce>KeBcerAa noApa3yMeBaeTCH. 3tot (J)aKT nojiy^aeT cBoe Bbipa>Kenne b tom, hto
qHcjnrrejibHoe b
npeAHKaTHBHOM ynoipeCjieHHH coiviacyeTCfl
c paHee ynoMHHyTMM HCHMCJiaeMbiM eymecTBHTejibHbiM. 3to coTJiacoBaHHe iipoii3boahtch nocpeAciBOM raK Ha3bmaeMbix npeAHKaTHBHbix a4>4>HKC0B. KeTCKoe npiLiaraTejibHoe HMeeT ABa THna
npeAHKaTHBHbix ac^^HKCOB: a) acj)(j)HKc -c' c'h, mho>k. hhcjio
?

KOTOpblH BbIpa>KaeTTOJIbKO 6bITHeii HHCJIO (c'h ecTb, c'hh

cyTb); 6) oco6bie acj)cj)HKCbi hjih o6o3Ha^eHHH Bcex BHAejiaeH JXJW
MblX B KeTCKOM H3bIKC AH'U (fl, TbI, OHa, Mbl, Bbl, OHH)

C*HH.

BHpa>KeHHH He-jiHua, t. e, aah yKa3aHHH Ha HeoAVUJeBJieHHbifi

npeAMeT hjih Beiub. Bee 3th ac})(j)HKCbi nepe^HCJieHbi b pa3Aejie
06a mna npeAHKaraBHOH ac})(j)HKcauHH
o npHjiaraiejibHOM.
CBoftcTBeHHbi TaK^e h KOvrtHqecTBeHHbiM qncjiHTeJibHbiM: nocpeActbom a4)4^HKca -e' o6pa3yiOTCH HHCJiHTejibHbie, HaMHHaa c iuecTH t
5 o6pa3yiOT cboh npeAHKaTHBHbie c|)opMbi
a MHCJiHTCJibHbie 1
npH nOMOLUH JIHMHO-pOAOBblX a4)(})HKC0B. B CBH3H C 3THM CJieAyeT
3aMeTHTb, hto Ha3BaHHH ajih nepBbixnHTH MHCe^ npeACTaBJIHKDT

co6oh ApeBHHe npocTbie HenpoH3BOAHbie

qHC.THTe^bHbieOTUJeCTH H
CpaBHHTeJIbHO n03AH0.

AavTbllie

BpeMH KaK
KeTCKOM H3bIKe

cJiOBa, b to

B03HHKJIH

KojiHHecTBeHHbie HHCJiHTejibHbie npHHHMaiOT He Bee jihmhonpnjiaraiejibHoro, y MHCJiHTeJibHbix

acj?(|)HKCbi
3HaqeHHe sthx cjiob
jieKcmiecKoe
2
5 3ioro He AonycnaeT
6ecCMbICJIHUa)
K 3THM CJIOBaM B03(H eCTb n>ITb H T. n.
mo>kho jiHiiib npH-coeAHBHTb npeAHKaTHBHbifl ac})4)HKc 3-ro JiHua
mhoxc. HHCJia (-eHr, -ohi\ -aHr), HanpHMep: braaHr RB3y> hjih
mhm ABa (npeAMeTa).
(-eiw), HanpHMep:
a(})cJ)HKc He-Jinua
Ho h y MHCJiHTeJibHoro oahh, y KOToporonpHcoeAHHeHHe jihmHO-noeAHKaTHBHoro acf)cf)HKca 1-ro h 2-ro jinua jiorH^ecKH 6hjio
oahh). mw sth a(J)(J)HKCH
6h Bno^He AonycTHMO (korAH h
4)aKTHqecKH He BCTpenaeM, TaK KaK ajih Bbipa>i<eHHH sthx 3Haqehhh ynoTpe6jiflioTCfl onucaTe.ibHbie o6opoTbi: Kyp. a a ko:YeT

npeAHKaTHBHbie

__oahh, 6aK. y ko:YeT

124

0AHH,B03HHKUiHe

H3aA,ykok
1

OcHOBHbie

tji/\i yj<Ji

(})opMbi

KeTCKoro rjiarojia

FViarojioM npHHHTo CMHTaTb wacTb pemi, KOTopan Ha3biBae

aKTHBHoe aeHCTBHc hjih >Ke npeACTaB/ineT ^pyrne npoueccbi b bh
=i
He AeHCTBHH, HanpHiwep, cocTOHHHe, npoHBjieuHe npH3HaKa, H3Me-,
neiiHe npH3i-iaKa. TaKoe onpe^ejieHHe rjw KeTCKoro H3bma hbjherc9i
nenojixojimixHM noTOMy, hto noMTH bo Bcefl CHCTeMe
rjiarojibHoro cjiOB0H3MeHeHH*i CHCTCMaTHqecKH npoBe,neHo pa3rpanHqeHHe (j)opM AChctbhh h <j)OpM coctohhhh. Kpoiwe Toro,
b kctckom H3biKe HMeeTCH pnjx cjiob, no 4>opMe He OTJlHMaiOmHXch jxpyr ot Apyra, KOTopbie MoryT ynoTpe6jiHTbcn b pe^H KaK
KaK HH(})HHHTHBHbie
H'MeHa AeHCTBHH, T. e. CymCCTBHTeJlbHbie,
4>opMbi rviarojiOB AeHCTBHH hjih coctohhhh, HanpHMep: HlnHr
eAa KymaTb; yHr CHAeHHe
cnneTb; 0?k >KH3Hb
)KHTb; pa3rpaHHHHTb HX B03MO>KHO TOJIbKO no (})yHKUHH HX:
b peHH. 06mee TOMHoe onpe^ejieHHe rviarojia Jiywme nosTOMV
npOH3BO^HTb TOJIbKO no (})OpMaJIbHblM npH3HaKaM: (f)HHHTHbie
iviarojibHbie (})opMbi HMeiOT oco6bie noKa3aTejin BpeMeHH, jwua
cy6i>eKTa AeHCTBHH hjih coctohhhh h noKa3aTejiH cooTHeceHHoro
II

hhmh MHCJia; HH(J)HHHTHbie 4>opMbi noKasaTejien JIHUa H MHCJIt*

He HMeiOT, Macro, TaK>Ke h noKa3aTeJien BpeMeHH; ohh \ioryT 6biTb
ono3HaHbi no ApyrHM $opMajibHbiM npH3HaKaM. Flo yKi3anHon
npn^HHe mm TaKHe (fiopMbi, KaK 6y ohtc'h oh- 3#opoB, 3iiopo
Bbifi ecTb, 6yHr oi-irc'iiH ohh
3AopoBbi, 3opoBbie cyTb, rjiaroJiaMH ne c iniTaeM (b hhx HeT noKa3aTejiefl Jinua cy6'beKTa co*
ctohhhh).
KeTCKOMy rjiarojiy cBOHCTBemibi cJieziyioiUHe rpaMMaTHqecKHe
KaTerop.HH: po^a npouecca, 3ajiora, mvxa, HaKJioHeHHH, BpeMeHH,
nepexoAHocTH, Jinua h HHCJia; Bee sth KaieropHH HMeiOT cboh
ocofibie 4)0 P Ma nbHbIe noKa3aTejiH, ho He BceM rjiarojiaM ohh
CBOHCTBeHHbi. JliiMHbio (c})HHHTHbie) cj)opMbi pHAa rjiarojiOB MoryT
HMeTb Bee yKa3ain-ibie ac})c})HKCbi; HejiHMHan (HH(j)HHHTHafl) cf)op
Ma Bcex rjiarojiOB (hhc})hhhthb) mo>kct HMeTb (hjih He HMeTb)
noKa3aTejib BpeMei-iH, ho HHKorAa He HMeeT noKa3aTejin jiHua
AencTBHH; HMiieparHB ho HMeeT ac})(f)HKCOB BpeMeHH n Jinua /ieHnepexo^Hoe hjih B03BpaTHoe 3HaMeHHe rjiarojibiibie
ctbhh;
(})opMbi npnoSpeTaiOT npn HajiHHHH b hx cocTaBe acJ)(J)HKC0B o6'leKTHbix hjih B03BpaTHoro 3HaHeHHH; npn hx OTcyTCTBH-H rjiarci
HBJi^eTCH Henepexo/uibiM.
Poa npouecca. no pOAy npouecca, KaK cro bhjuit roBopHium:
rjiarojibHbie (j)opMbi MoryT 6biTb (})opMaMH AencTBHH hjih $opMaMH COCTOHHHH. OopMbl ACHCTBHfl HMeiOT HyJICBOH nOKa3aTe*7
pcaa npouecca, (fiopMbi coctohhhh BcerAa MapKupoBatibi.
3ajior. Ctpohiivio cncTeMy npeACTaB.inioT b onpeAeJieiiHU
cepHHX cnpH^eHHH neTbipe 3aJiora: aKTHB (AeHCTBHtejibHbiH 3ac

140

McanyM, naccHB h Kay3aTHB. 3th 3aJiorH HMeiOT cneimajib6>\

Hyjib MeiznyM
c, naccHB
noKa3aTejiH: aKTHB
k. CMblCJI 3THX TepMHHOB 6J1H30K K TOMy, MTO HMH
Kay3aTHB

jior),

Hbie

0603HaMaeTCH B CpaBHHTeJIbHO-HCTOpHMeCKOM HH^oeBponeflcKOM

H3bIK03HaHHH; 3T0, B MaCTHOCTH, OTHOCHTCfl K TepMHIiy Ka\'3athb (4)aKTHTHB), o6o3HanafomeMy HBJieHHfl, HHMero o6mero lie

HMeiomHMM

TeM, hto HHOiria Ha3biBaiOT no6y^HTe.ibiibiM 3ajio-

TOM B TIOpKCKHX H HpyTHX H3bIKax. Bo3MO>KHO, lITO BblSpaHIiafl

TepMHHOJiorHH He Bnojme y,aaqHa; ho sto na onHcaiiHH caiviHx
HBJieHHH OTpa3HTbCH He motjio, TaK KaK jxjin OTHeceHHH rpaMMaTHHecKHx 4>opM k KanmoMy 3ajiory pemaiomHM KpHTepneM hbjiaJlOCb He HX 3Ha^eHHe, a HaJIHHHe COOTBeTCTBVIOmHX a(})Cf)HKCOB.
YKa3aHHbie 3ajion* HMeiOT Bee 4)0 P MbI speMeHH, BH^a h po,aa
npOUeCCa C COOTBeTCTByiOLUHMH (JDOpMaMH HMnepaTHBa H HHt^HHHTHBa.

KpoMe Ha3BaHHbix 3ajioroB, mo>kho BbmejiHTb eme rbz

Me^Ho-naccHB h MeaHO-Kay3aTHB. Oiih He hmciot cneunajibiibix
a(})(})HKCOB ho od'be.aHHHKyr b CBoen ocHOBe noKa3aTejiH cootbctcTByiomHx 3ajioroB, t. e. naecHBa, ivie/uiyMa h Kay3aTHBa. Ozuiako, b to BpeMH, KaK Mezino-naccHB o6pa3yeT Bee ^opMbi ^eftcTBHfl
H COCTOHHHfl, Me/lH0-Kay3aTHB HMeeT JIHUIb (J)OpMbI ^eHCTBHH.
Bha. XapaKTepHCTHKa npoTenanHH achctbha c Ka*iecTBeHHOH
hjth KOJiHHecTBCHHon cTopoHbi nojiy ?HJia cnoe OTpa>KeHHe b xopoiuo pa3pa6oTaHHOH cHCTeMe bh^ob. CTpoAiiyio cHrreMy npe/icraBjiaiot co6ok) cjieziyiomne bh/ih: 1) o/tHOKpaTHbiii, Bbipa>KaiomHH
pa30Boe ^eHCTBHe, 2) MHoroKpaTHbiH hjih, jiy fiue cKa3aTb, HeoAHOKpaTHbift, Bbi[)a>Kaionuui noBTopenne achctbhh,
3) HHXoaTiiB,
yKa3HBaiomHH wa nawajio achctbha, 4) TepMHnaTHB, oTMenaioiUhh KOHeu, ^eficTBHH, 5) HHrpeccHB, yi<a3biBaiomHH Ha M3MeHeHHe
COCTOflHHH, 6) KBaHTHTaTHB, OTMCUaiOlUHH KOJIHHeCTBO ACHCTBHA.
Cjie^yeT 3aMeTHTb, mto MHorne, b oco6chhocth npocTbie rviarojibi,
HHKaKMX BH^OBHX XapaKTepHCTHK He HMeiOT H He npOTHBOnOCTaBJieHbi ApyrHM, HMeiomHM TaKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH. no npH3HaKaM
COBepiUeHHOCTH HJIH HeCOBepmeHHOCTH, MTHOBeHHOCTH HJIH JUIHTejibHOCTH KeTCKHe rviarojibi Boo6me He pa3JiHHaiOTCfl.
HaKJioHeHMe. CucreMa HaKJionemiH no cBoeMy nocTpoenmo
abjihctca nacTbio ciiHTeTii'iecKOH, ^iacTbio aHa jihthhcckoh; xapaKTepHbiM jinn 3toh cHCTeMbi abjiactca eme H TO, MTO HeKOTOpbie
HaKJioHeBHyi HMeiOT Bee B03MO>KHbie nnarojibHbie (})opMbi, Apyrne
t

HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX.
H3biKe mo>kho pa3JiHqaTb cjie^yiomHe HaKJioueHHfl:
HH/XHKaTHB, HMnepaTHB, Hppea^HC H SKCOpTaTHB.
HuAHKaTHBy npHcyuxH Bee B03M0>KHbie c})opMbi rjiarojia, bhpajKPiiiibie b noziaBJiflioineM MHcjie cJiynaeB CHHTeTHMecKH.
>Ke TOJIbKO

B KeTCKOM

HMnepaTHB HMeeT Be

(J)opMbiqHCJia (2 Ji.ejx-V- h 2

jt.

mho^:.^.)

Bcex bhaob h o6ohx po^OB npouecca; Bee ohh Bbipa^aioTCH

cHHTeTHqecKH, ho jihuo, k KOTopoMy HanpaBJieHo noBeJieHHe (2-e),
dcoSbiM a4)(|)HKC0M He OTMeweHo; HMnepaTHB ne oSjia^aeT TaK^ce
AJifl

141

cbohmh* oco6biMH cf)opMaMH BpeMeHH. no CMbicjiy KercKHH HMnepaTHB Bbipa>KaeT AencTBHe, KOTopoe npeACTOHT
coBepniHTb.
B cocTaBe cbohx a(})(})HKCOB oh b 6oJibuiHiiCTBe cjiywaeB HMeeT
BOKaJiHqecKHH noKa3aTejib HacTOHme-6yAymero BpeMeHH (a, h)
b coMeiaHHH c KOHCOHaHTHbiM noKa3aTejieM npome^mero BpeMeHH (ji', h). 3to, na nepBbift B3ivi5iA, mokct no-Ka3aTbCH npoTHBopCHHBblM, HO OHO OnpaBAblBaeTCfl TeM, 4TO TOBOpHLUIIH, BbICKa3b!Ban ncBeJieriHe, bhaht ero y>Ke coBepuieHHbiM b 6yAymeM.
Hppeajinc, Bbipa^aiou^HH ycjioBHe, He BbinojmeHHoe b moMeHT roBopeHHH, ctpohtch anajiHTHHecKH nocpeACTBOM rviarojibHofl nacTHUbi c'hm, KOTOpaa CTaBHTCH nepeA jihhhoh rviarojibHOH
(J)opMofl Bcex po^OB, 3ajioroB h bhaob o6ohx BpeMeH, HanpHMep:
aT c'hm AH66eT n 6bi 3to CAeJiaji b 6y#ymeM; aT c'hm fiHleBer
h 6bi 3to CAeJiaji b npouiJiOM.
SKcopTaTHB, 6jih3khh no 3na^eHHio k HMneparHBy, Bbipa>Kaer
6ojiee mhtko no6y>KAeHHe k AencTBHio nocpeACTBOM ryiarojibiiofi
MacTHUbi Kan (K-a-H) nycTb, jxa cAejiaiiHbiM CTaneT. 3Ta HacTHua CTaBHTCH nenocpeACTBeHHO nepeA jihhhoh (jik>6oh) (j)opMOH
rjiarwia. Ecjih ona othochtch k 1-mv Jinuy, t. e. k caMOMy tobopnmeMy b cJioJKHonoA^HHeHHOM npeAJicmennH, to np'HAaTomioe
npeA^io^eHHe nojiyuaeT 3Ha^eHHe: AonycTHM, nojio>KHM n; korAa n; b tom cjiynae, KorAa (ccjih) h, HanpHMep: 6y KaH lo6eAa6eT nycTb oh pa6oTaex; aT Kan lo6eAa6eT AonycTHM, n 6yjxy
pa6o^aTb; KorAa (ecjin) h 6yjy pa6oTaTb.
BpeMji. OcHOBHbix (J)opM BpeMeHH Bcero ABe
HacTonme-6yAyniee h npouieAHiee; ohh bhaohsmchhiotcji b 3aBHCHMoc ot
poAa rviarojibHoro AeftcTBHfl, 3ajiora h BHAa. CpeACTBaMH hx
BbIpa>KeHHH HBJIHIOTCH pa3JIH IHbie BOKajIHHeCKHe H KOHCOHailTHbie
noi<a3aTejiH, name Bcero a
juin HacTOHinero BpeMetiH, o
H jt, h
rjm npomeAUiero.

JIhuo.

Oco6eHHOCTbm

KeTCKOft

CHCTeMH

KaTeropnH

JiHixa

cyfi^beKTa AencTBHH HBJifleTca to, hto OHa He pa3JinqaeT Jinua no

HHCJiy: oahh h Te >Ke at^c})HKCbi, KOTopwe CTaBHTCH BcerAa Ha
(1, 2 h 3) He3aBHCHM0 ot mhccy6'beKTa achctbhh, ecjin nepeA rviarwiOM HeT jihmhoto
MecTOHMeHHH, y3naeTCH no at})4)HKcy HHCJia rjiarojibHoro AencTbkh, 3aMbiKaioineMy cjiobo. Jln^Hbie a<J)())HKCbi cjieAyioume: aah
1
ji.
A, AJifl 2 ji. k; ;u\n 3 ji. My>K. p. ;i, jnen. p. Aa; npn
najiHMH'H HeoAymeBJieHHoro cy6i5eKTa jihmhhm ripe4)HKCOM hb^heTCH 6 hjih Hyjib, ho onejib i racTO npn neoAymeBJieHHOM cySiieKTe jihuo Bbipa>KaeTCH TaK>Ke nocpeACTBOM a^^w^^c 3 iia.
BcjieACTBne toto, mto jihmhhh npe4)HKc a Bbipa^aeT pa3Hbie
jiHua (1 ji. eA. m., 1 ji. mhojk. n., 3 ji. eA- m. My>KCK. p., 3 ji. mho>k.
m.), TO^iioe o6o3na LieHHe Jinua bo3mo>kho TOJibKO npn naJinq-HH
COOTBeTCTByiOlUCrO MCCTOHMeHHH HJIH B peMeBOH CHTyaiXHH C yTOMHeiiHbiM jihuom, HanpHMep: cmm. aA khh' cecTe, aA khh' TcecTe
(t H3 a nepeA TJiyxHM corjiacHHM) h 3Aecb cn>Ky; y khh*'
KcecTe tm 3Aecb CHAHiiib. HapHAy c yKa3aiiHbiMH jihmhlimii?

nepBOM MecTe, o6o3HanaK)T jihuo

Jia; M'Hcjio

142

jxjin 1 ji.,
h 2 ji. BCTpe^aioTCfl 6ojiee nojiHbie: jxii
1
3 ji. Kor;ia rjiaroji HivieeT 3th nojiHbie a(})cj)HKCbi, jihuo
rjiaroJibHoro aghctbhji jibjihctch tomho o6o3HawcHHi>iM ii 6c3 jihmHbix MecTOHMeHHH, iianpnMep: cum. Hnirb: h njieiy, Kynn-b
oi-ia njieieT
oh ruieTeT, A^nni.
Tbi nJieTeuib, jxynwh

a(j)<})HKcaMH

Ay AJiH

T. A*

Mhcjio. B KeTCKOM H3biKe pa3JiHqaioTCH TOJibKO Asa HHCJia

e^HHCTBeHHOe H MHOHieCTBeHHOe; eAHHCTBCHHOC mhcjio HMeeT nya4>(})HKC H.
JieBOH a(J)Cf)HKC, MHOH<eCTBeHHOe
JIhuo h mhcjio npeacTaBJiHiOT co6oh Ba>KiieHLUHe CTpyKTypHbie
ohh yKa3biBaiOT Hanajio h kohcu
3jieMeHTbi KeTCKoro rjiarojia
cjioBa;
b paMKe Me>KAy hhmh pa3MemaioTCfl acj)cj>iiKCbi Bcex
ocTajibHbix rpaMMaTHMecKHX KaTeropHH KaK h ocoobie acJDc^HKCbi
HJ1H CJIOBa, K0HKpeTH3HpyiOIUHe 3HaMCHHe pa3JIHMHbIX KopneBbix
3JICMCIIT0B C JieKCHHeCKHM 3HaHeHHeM, BXOAHIUHX B COCTaB OCHO-

Bbi ;iariHoro rjiarojia.

HJIH KOpeHb
TaK KaK b HeM HeT
rjiarojioo6pa3yiom,Hx ac]x|)HKCOB; KpoMe Toro, HepeAKO KopHCBa^i
MopcJjeMa, coctoh TOJibKo H3 oahoh (>OHeMbi, nojiHocTbio coxpanaeT 3HaMeHHe Aannoft MacTH peMH.
3a HeHMemicM 6ojiee noAXOAflmero TepMHHa mw ynoTpe6jiaeM TepMHH ocHOBa jxj\n o6o3HaMeiiHH coBOKynnocTH MopqbeM,

OCHOBa.

rjiarojia ajih

EipHBblMIIbie

KCTCKoro

KOTOpbie B AaHHOM

OcnoBa

Bbipa>KeHHH

OCIIOBa

5i3biKa Majio iioaxoaht,

napaAHTMaTHMeCKOM

p5IAy He H3MCHHIOTC5I.

rjiarojibiioro CJIOBa b hcjiom npeACTaBJineT co6oh,

TaKHM

o6pa30M, Ty ero nacrb, KOTopan HaxoAHTCH Me>KAy a4)cf)HKcaMH

JIHUa H MHCJia CVS'beKTa AeHCTBHfl. YlpH TaKOM IlOHHMaHHH OCHOBbi ce Bbuiejyemie b

m>kaom KOHKpeTHOM

cjiynae He npeACTaBJineT

OC06bIX 3aTpVAHeHHH.

HecKOJibKo 6oJiee cJiojKHyio 3aAa*iy npeACTaBJineT co6oh bhAejieHne ochob BpeMen, BHAa, HaKJioHeHHH, 3ajiora h poAa npouecca. Flpoiixe Bcero oTAejinioTCfl npn aHajiH3e b nocjieAOBaieJibhom nopHAKe cnpaBa HajieBO CHaqaJia a^qbHKCbi poAa npouecca,
noTOM a(J)(})HKCbi BHAa. A(})(j)HKCbi BpeMeHH, HaKJioiieHHH h 3ajiora
noMemaiOTCH BiiyTpn cjiOBa h noaTOMy nocAe hx OTAeJieHHH ocraeTCH MacTb cjiOBa c pa3pbiB3MH. FIpHBeAeM npHMep no qbopMe

6yTlo6eAa6eT oh pa6oiaeT:

OTAeAeHbi
jniua h
oTAejien
nnAa;
oTAejien
BpeMeHH;
OTAejien a^HKc 3ajiora;

lo6cAa6eT
lo6eAa6e
lo6eA-6eT
lo6eAa-eT

ac|)tj)iiKCbi

MHCAa;

acJ3(J)HKC

atf)cj)HKC

OTAejieHbi rpaMMaraqecKHe acJ)(J)HKCbi onpeAejineMo\\ noAocHOBbi;

lo-e-e
OTAejieHbi Bee rpaMMaTHqecKHe acf)(f)HKCbi.

lo6eA*-e

riocAe OTAejieHiiH Bcex rpaMMaTHMecKHx noKa3aTeAen ocTaK)TCH TOJIbKO M0p4>eMbI C JieKCHMeCKHM 3HaneHHeM, npeACTaBJialomHe co6oh, KaK >'bhahm AaAbine, KopHeBbie 3AeMeHTbi. Jlerqe
143

TOMCKHH rOCy/lAPCTBEHHblH nEflArorHHECKHH

IipOMCXOKAGHHe KOTOpOH npeacTaBJineT KpynHblH HHTepec BcneACTBHe -roro, mo ohh, aHTponojionmecKH

oiTiHqaHCb ot cbohx cocenefi h o6Hapy>KHBafl b cboeii
Ky^bType MepTbi aaJieKHx KKHbix KyjibTyp, roBOpHT na yHHKa^biiOM H3biKe, He HMeiomeM npaMoro
pO^CTBa HH C OAHHM flpyrHM >KHBbIM H3bIK0M. J\o
nocneAHero BpeMenH stot h3hk ocTaBajicn Majio
H3yneHHbiM h HenoHHTHbiM H3-3a ouiejioMJifliomero
MHoroo6pa3HH ero rpaMMaTHuecKHx $opM. B AaHhoh KHHre onHCbiBaeTca cTpoft KeTCKoro H3biKa Ha
ocHOBe orpoMHoro MaTepnaaa, co6paHHoro b TeqeHHe 20 JieT bo Bcex MecTax npo>KHBanH5i ero hoCHTejieft.
ABTOpy y^ajiocb pa3ra#aTb cHCTeiwy noCTpOeHHH 3T0r0 CBOeo6pa3HOrO H3bIKa H BblflCHHTb
H3bIKaMH,
ero
OTHOCHIUHMHCH
CBH3H C ApyrHMH
k rjiy6oKOH ap^bhocth. KnHra npeACTaBjiaeT HHTepeC RJlti. JIHHTBHCTOB, STHOrpa^OB, HCTOpHKOB H aH>

HHCTHTYT

TponojiornB,

nyTHMH

BOo6me

j\jin

Bcex,

HHTepecyiouuixcy

pa3BHTHH H3bIKa HeJIOBeKa

APeBHefllilHt

BpeMeHa.

A.

DULSON

THE KET LANGUAGE

OTBeTCTBeHHbiH

pe^aio-op

H.neH-KoppecnoH,n.eHT

nayK CCCP, npo<j)eccop flOKTop B. A.

H3flATEJlbCTBO

1968

ABpopHH

Hhackc

TOMCKOrO VHHBEPCHTETA

Tomck

AKa^eMH*

LOAN STACK

7-1-1