ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Category
GeneralApproach

CitingBooks

MLA
TheModernLanguageAssociation
(MLA)providesamethodforsource
documentationthatisusedinmost
humanitiescourses.Thehumanities
placeemphasisonauthorship,somost
MLAcitationinvolvesrecordingthe
authorsnameinthephysicaltext.The
authorsnameisalsothefirsttoappear
intheWorksCitedpageattheendof
anessay.ThemostrecentMLA
formattingcanbefoundintheseventh
editionoftheMLAmanual.

1
APA
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation
(APA)providesamethodforsource
documentationthatisusedismost
socialsciencecourses.Thesocial
sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea
workwascreated,somostAPAcitation
involvesrecordingthedateofa
particularworkinthephysicaltext.The
dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter
theauthorsnameintheReferences
pageattheendofanessay.Themost
recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin
thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual.
BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire
authorname,publicationyear,work
title,publicationcity,andpublisher.

BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire
theauthorname,worktitle,
publicationcity,publisher,year
published,andanindicationofthe
publicationmedium,suchasprint.
Generalbook
Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores
Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores
format
Dilemma.NewYork:Penguin
dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin
Group,2006.Print.
Group.
Singleauthor Pollan,Michael.
Pollan,M.(2006).
Twoorthree Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn.
Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968).
authors

Morethan
Kernis,Michael.etal.
Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,
threeauthors
Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S.
(1993).

Morethan
Kernis,Michael.etal.
Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,
sevenauthors
Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.
SLastAuthorsName(1993).

Corporate/
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

CMS
TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa
methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused
inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch
emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand
endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage
whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas
derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto
aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor
endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage
linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent
CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth
editionoftheCMSmanual.
BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire
theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,
publisher,andpublicationyear.

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.
NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.
Pollan,Michael.
Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn.
Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
Organization
author
Unknown
author
Twoormore
worksbythe
sameauthor
Twoormore
worksbythe
sameauthor
inthesame
year.
Authorwith
aneditor
Authorwitha
translator
Editorwithno
author
Workinan
anthology

Editionother
thanfirst
Multivolume
work

2
(2005).

OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.

Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001).

OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.

Nochangetonameformat,change
notedbytitle.

Slechty,P.C.(1997).

Slechty,P.C.(2001).
Slechty,P.C.(1997a).

Slechty,P.C.(1997b).

Nochangetonameformat.

Nochangetonameformat,change
notedbytitle.

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed.
KathleenA.Hauke.
Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon
Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott
andF.L.Emory.
ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.
Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.Brooks
Gunn.
Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging
ReluctantWriters."ATutor's
Guide:HelpingWritersOneto
One.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth,
NH:Heinemann,2000.2434.
Print.

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.
Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5th
ed.
DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.
P.Wiener.4Vols.

Nochangetonameformat.

Poston,T.(2000).Adraftofhistory
K.A.Hauke,(Ed.).
Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical
essayonprobabilities.(F.W.
Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.).
Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.).
(1997).Consequencesofgrowing
uppoor.
Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome:
Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen
Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:
Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.24
34).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann.

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Editedby
KathleenA.Hauke.
P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayon
Probabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.Truscott
andF.L.Emory.
Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,
R.D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5th
ed.).

Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryof
thehistoryofideas(Vols.14).

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.
TheBatteredChild.5thed.

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging
ReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide:
HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedby
BenRafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH:
Heinemann,2000.

Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryof
Ideas.4vols.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
Encyclopedia/
Dictionary

Foreword,
introduction,
preface,or
afterword
ArticlesinPeriodicals

Magazine

Journal
paginatedby
issue

Daily
newspaper
Editorialin
newspaper

Posner,Rebecca.Romance
Languages.TheEncyclopedia
Britannica:Macropedia.15thed.
1987.Print.
Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction.
PermanenceandChange:An
AnatomyofPurpose.

Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarly
tomostbooksources,MLAsseventh
editionmakessomedistinctions
specifictoperiodicals.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo
CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:70
71.Print.
Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting
Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe
SubalterninMahaswetaDevi's
BashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin
Women'sLiterature15.1(1996):
4150.Print.
Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."
NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1.
Print.
"OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall
StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.

3
Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages.
InTheencyclopediaBritannica:
macropedia(15thed.).

Citedinendnotesonly.
1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,
15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.

Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke,
PermanenceandChange:An
AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv).
UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill
Company,Inc.
InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare
namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby
initials;thepublicationyeargoes
betweenparentheses,andisfollowed
byaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis
writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly
thefirstwordandpropernounsare
capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten
intitlecase,andisfollowedbythe
volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is
alsoitalicizedorunderlined.
Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV
makesatooclosecall.Time,20,
7071.
Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting
nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe
subalterninMahaswetaDevis
BashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesin
WomensLiterature(15.1)4150.

Duncan,HughDalziel.Introductionto
PermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof
Purpose.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname,
articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate,
andissueinformation.CMSalsorequires
citationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessed
online.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooClose
Call."Time,November20,2000.
Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:
TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahasweta
Devi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin
WomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.

Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof
eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1.

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYork
Times,May2007.

Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24).
[Editorial]TheWallStreetJournal

Citedinnotesonly.
1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Lettertothe
editor

Bookorfilm
review

OnlineSources

General
format

Entire
Website

Pagefrom
Website

2003:A14.Print.
Hamer,John.Letter.American
JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan.
2007:7.Print.

Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling
Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt
Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.
GaryBurnsandJimBrown.New
YorkTimes30May2007lateed.:
E1.Print.

MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources
weredevelopedundertheassumption
thatcontentcanbefindonlineaslong
asinformation,suchasauthorandtitle,
wereincluded.ThereforeMLAdoesnot
requireaURLlisting.MLAcitationof
onlinesourcesdoes,however,askfora
publisherorsponsorofthewebpage.
Authorsforwebsitesareoften
corporations,orgovernments(Hacker).

4
east,p.A14.
Hamer,J.(2006/2007,
December/January).[Lettertothe
editor].AmericanJournalism
Review,7.

Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe
sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreally
callitliving[Reviewofthefilm
RadiantCity,directedbyGary
BurnsandJimBrown].NewYork
Times,lateed.:E1.

InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften
includewhatareknownasDOIs,or
digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis
available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The
DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe
sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit
canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof
anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA
generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle,
sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda
URLorDOI.
Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date
Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]).
Created(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium. Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication
Dateaccessed.
Title,volumeorissuenumber.Retrieved
fromhttp://urladdress
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection
Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.
Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater
EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.
standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA
2006
websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird
Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A
WorldIssue.Nativeweb.
thirdworldissue.Nativeweb.

2003.
Citedinnotesonly.
1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor,
AmericanJournalismReview,December
2006/January2007.
Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity,
DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.
NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Late
edition.

CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedat
theendofthecitationbutnotthedatethe
contentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsource
istimesensitive,includethedateofaccess
aftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMS
documentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection
Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.
http://water.epa.gov/drink.
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorld
Issue.Nativeweb.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb.
2006.

Pagefrom
Websitewith
unknown
author
Imagefroma
Website

Onlinebook

Portionofan
onlinebook

Retrievedfrom
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/l
egal/shiva.html
MediaGiants.Frontline:The
Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The
MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,
MerchantsofCool.Retrievedfrom
2001.Web.7Feb.2006.
PBSOnline
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fr
ontline/shows/cool/giants/
Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles
Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV.
IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldel
MuseoNationaldelPrado.
Prado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldel
Retrievedfrom
Prado.Web.22May2006.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/

hd/goya/hd_goya.htm
Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI.
Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry
Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec.
2008.
Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The
EducationofHenryAdams.By
Adams.Boston:Houghton,1918.
N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooks
Online.Web.8Jan2007.

Articleinan
Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof
onlinejournal
thePh.D.Degree.College
CompositionandCommunication
58.4(2007):0145.Web.5Dec.
2008.
Articleinan
Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting
online
theLivingWeb."AListApart:For
magazine/
PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList
newspaper
ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4
May2009.

Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI.
PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/
archive/poem.html?id=174002
Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The
educationofhenryadams.
Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.ht
ml
Bent,H.(2007).Professionalizationof
thePh.D.degree.College
CompositionandCommunication,
58.4,0145.
Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting
thelivingweb.AListApart:For
PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.alistapart.com/articles

http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi
va.html.
MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof
Cool.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline
/shows/cool/giants.
Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.
MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800.
Painting.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/
hd_goya.htm

Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof
OriginalPublication.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/
poem.html?id=174002
Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof
HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition,
Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe
Ph.D.Degree.CollegeCompositionand
Communication58,no.4(2007):0145.
AccessedDecember5,2008.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving
Web.AListApartMagazine.August16,
2002.
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv
ing

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Entireblog

Responseina
blog

CDROM

Email

MultimediaSources

Videoorfilm

Podcast/
YouTube

Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout.
WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.
Web.19Jan.2007.

Editor,screenname,author,or
compilername(ifavailable).Posting
Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber(if
available).Nameof
institution/organizationaffiliatedwith
thesite(sponsororpublisher).Medium
ofpublication.Dateofaccess.
Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage
DictionaryoftheEnglish
Language.4thed.Boston;
Houghton,2000.CDROM.
Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist
Literature."Messagetothe
author.15Nov.2000.Email.
MLAformatformultimediasources
requiresamediumdescriptionatthe
endofthecitation.Film,DVD,Radio,
Web,Performance,andother
descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate
thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing
referenced.
AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David
Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore.
Paramount,2006.DVD.

6
/writeliving
Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The
checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved
from
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/th
echeckout/
Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof
post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved
from:URLorDOI

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].The
AmericanHeritageDictionaryofthe
EnglishLanguage.4thed.
Notincludedinreferences.

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmay
includeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)
number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmay
beusedinplaceofaURLaddress.An
onlinesourceshouldincludeeithera
DOIoraURL.

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L.
(Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient
truth[DVD].UnitedStates:
ParamountHomeEntertainment.
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile
Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips
Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7
foragoodprofilepiece.
Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008.
[YouTube].Project:Report.

Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog).
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheck
out/

BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby
WritersName,Dateofpost.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage
DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.
Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.
Citedinnotesonly.
1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto
author,November15,2000.
WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat,
includeasmuchinformationasisavailable
regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and
anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot
neededinCMSformatting.

AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates:
ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94
min.
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.
Project:Report.YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2V

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Lecture/
Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent
Publicaddress
DeathinDelinquentYouth:A
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.
AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican
PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,
California.March,2005.
Presentation.
OtherSources
ThePurdue
OWL

Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four
MainComponentsforEffective
Outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting
Lab.PurdueUniversity,7April,
2010.Web.20Dec.2010.

Government
publication

ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe
ContinentalCongress,17741789.
WashingtonDC.19041937.

Dissertation

Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries
inDeathRitualsduringthe
NorthernSongDynasty.Diss.
UniversityofChicago,2008.Web.
ContestingImaginariesinDeath
RitualsduringtheNorthernSong
Dynasty.

7
Retrievedfrom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=cuA2VcdqB9k/
Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram,
K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).
Earlyviolentdeathindelinquent
youth:aprospectivelongitudinal
study.[Presentation].Paper
presentedattheAnnualMeetingof
theAmericanPsychologyLaw
Society.LaJolla,CA.

Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7).
Fourmaincomponentsforeffective
outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting
Lab.Retrievedfrom
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
resource/544/01/
ContinentalCongress.(17741789).
Journalsofthecontinental
congress.Washington,DC.1904
1937.
Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries
indeathritualsduringthenorthern
songdynasty(Doctoral
dissertation).Availablefrom
ProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426).

cdqB9k/

Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM.
Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early
ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper
presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe
AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,
CA,March2005.

Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain
ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue
OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc
e/544/01/
ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe
ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby
WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols.
Washington,DC,190437.
Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesin
DeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSong
Dynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,
2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).

InTextCitations

CitingBooks

Likemostsourcedocumentation
systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto
givereadersinformation,anddirect

APAaddstotheMLAstylebyincluding
bothanauthorname(s)andpage
number,aswellasthedate.Thedateis

Footnotesorendnotesareusedwhenciting
withinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument.
Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinal

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
readerstothemorespecificWorks
Citedpageshouldareaderwantto
pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA
intextcitationrequiresanauthor
name,andapagenumberwherethe
informationbeingcitedcanbefound.
Thiscanbeformattedinavarietyof
ways.
Authornamed PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto
inasignal
thisphenomenonasacumulative
phrase
collaborationofevidence(49).

8
generallyprovidedparenthetically
whenevertheauthorsnameisgiven
whilepagenumbersalwaysappearat
theendofthesentence.Thedateis
importantinsocialsciencebecauseit
helpsdemonstratetherelevance
(newness)oftheworkbeingcited.

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961)
referstothisphenomenonasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence
(p.49).

Authornot
namedina
signalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Unknown
author

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(WorldHypotheses49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.
49).

Unknown
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
pagenumber acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper,Evidenceand
Corroborationsection,para.22).

bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand
footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments
credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource
informationatthebottomofthepage,orina
separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview.
FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe
authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication
dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited
forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber.
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis
phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration
ofevidence.12

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom
ofthepage)

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:
UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Morethan
oneworkby
thesame
author

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto
thisphenomenonasacumulative
collaborationofevidence(World
Hypotheses49),whichhehintstoward
inearlierworkaswell(Emergence
241).

Twoorthree
authors

ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernotein
GoingPublictheimportanceof
redefiningexpectationsforfacultywork
(3).

Fourormore
authors

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon
undergraduateperspectivesof
academicwritingfoundavarietyof
approaches(Andersonetal.11).

Corporate
author

TheAmericanPsychological
Associationsstudydemonstratedthe
significantroleofprayerasacoping
mechanismforhealth(67).

9
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis
thisphenomenonasacumulative
phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration
collaborationofevidence(World
ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin
Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints earlierworkaswell.13

towardinearlierworkaswell
(Emergence,1926,p.241).
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.

13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The
JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926).
RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe
ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing
importanceofredefiningexpectations
Publictheimportanceofredefining
forfacultywork(p.3).
expectationsforfacultywork.6

6.ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeiser,Going
Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010).
In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst,
Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon
Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat undergraduateperspectivesofacademic
focusedspecificallyonundergraduate
writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2
perspectivesofacademicwriting,and

foundavarietyofapproachesinplace
2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross
(p.11).
CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport
onWayswithAcademicWords,College
CompositionandCommunication41,no.1.
Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof
roleofprayerasacopingmechanism
prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9
forhealth(AmericanPsychological

Association,2011,p.67).
9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,
NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping
MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes
from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

10

Authorswith
thesamelast
name
Encyclopedia

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith
19).

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.
Smith,2009,p.19).

Romancelanguageshaveacurious
history(RomanceLanguages).

Romancelanguageshaveacurious
history(Posner,1987).

Multivolume
work

Usevolumenumberfollowedbypage
numberincitation,e.g.,(2:119).

Usepagenumberanddate,volume
indicatedinreferencesectiononly.

Twoormore
worksinthe
same
parentheses

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors
notedtheimportanceofreligionin
conceivingnature(Emerson1123;
Thoreau1994).

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors
notedtheimportanceofreligionin
conceivingnature(Emerson1836;
Thoreau,1862).

Anentire
work

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa
fascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalking(1862)
demonstratesafascinationwith
sauntering.

Workinan
anthology

Useselectionsnameandpagenumber,
noteditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis
capturedbyHurstonscandid
autobiography,FromDustTracksona
Road(336).

Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease
date.
TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

Citethespecificworkonly,notthe
anthologyoritseditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis
capturedbyHurstonscandid
autobiography,FromDustTracksona
Road(1942).

Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease
date.
TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

MultimediaSources
Videoorfilm

andSpirituality.
Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswill
differentiate.
Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin
bibliography.

1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:
Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance
Languages.
10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe
HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand
Sons,2004).
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted
theimportanceofreligioninconceiving
nature.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862;
RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836.
ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa
fascinationwithsauntering.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862.
19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks
onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican
Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork:
Norton,1999),336.

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directed
byJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA:
ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn
Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish.

Podcast/
YouTube

Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand
giventitle.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious
whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas
DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig
BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet
Money.
Lecture/
Theproblemofviolentdeathamong
Publicaddress delinquentyouthswascarefully
documentedbyTeplinetal.inan
addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual
MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology
LawSociety.

OtherSources
ThePurdue
OWL

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteinthe
OnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity
that,Researchbasedwritingin
Americaninstitutions,botheducational
andcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthat
writers,particularlybeginners,aren't
awareofordon'tknowhowtofollow

11
contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn
Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish
(1993).

Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if
known,title,andpostingdate.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious
whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas
DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig
BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet
Money(2011).
Theproblemofviolentdeathamong
delinquentyouthswascarefully
documentedbyTeplinetal.inan
addressdeliveredattheAnnual
MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology
LawSociety(2005).

Treatasdocumentfromwebsite.

31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeinthe
WrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast,
NationalPublicRadio,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

Ifunpublishedlectureoraddress,citein
writingonly.

PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson
August1,2011that

Ifpublished,followingthisexample:

41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early
ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper
presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe
AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,
CA,March2005.

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011)
KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenotethat,
writeintheOnlineWritingLabat
ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican
PurdueUniversitythat,Research
institutions,botheducationalandcorporate,
basedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,
isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly
botheducationalandcorporate,isfilled beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow
withrulesthatwriters,particularly
tofollow.23
beginners,aren'tawareofordon't

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Government
publication

12

(AvoidingPlagiarism).

knowhowtofollow.

AccordingtoPennsylvaniaDepartment
ofConservationandNaturalResources,
theEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin
Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof
countyquarantinesinrecentyears.

TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin
Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof
countyquarantinesinrecentyears
(PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).

23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding
Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab,
PurdueUniversity,
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
589/01/
27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof
ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau
ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera:
Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire,
2011.