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    Chapter 4 Power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    49 views20 pages

    Mintz Chapter4

    Uploaded by

    archaeologista
    Chapter 4 Power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 20
    gee and spar consumption. One (nal) obscrer sr another ‘Beplay he cous expenation shat women wl Hike wet things toe than me that they wil employ amet foods to chev otk rose unattainable objectives; nd dat sweet things, a bo Ural and iprative semen core the doesn of women then of ‘pen Of eure thee frequen refrac aeinteetngin thi ow ‘ip tha thre maybe inks tween women nd re ate i | rescarch problem in ise but wl ake far more careful aod ‘paral iveiption race The hisory of spa inthe United Kinglom has Ben marked by many “accel” event such a8 che neduction of iter stn tnimpton's the thereafer wee not acdenaly it wet he dice Conquenc of wderyng forces in Bris sciey and ofthe ox trie of power. rf the natre of that power aad the Gest taney of i exer, that Ian now tr, 4 + Power | O- the cure of ethan tw sri nation mot of | ‘whose citizens formerly subsisted almose exclusively on ted rode within order bad bec» prodigoos con Sune of imported god, Ural thee fonk were we the tho conse hem sepplanting more lis eno ey mere {iti gadaly amore fom cx te io olny, ‘Tepe cma, A the change ok la te foe oe ‘Sec ncw mening, bet hone menage Be os meat eee and what people saleby onsamang thr re Sobsuted ithaca Silene ofa srs ncdg owe of ap ter, dln snd ectpason, They ret eed wo hel Sees of che eaten le, and the econ, scaly Sd fala detiy of the aon al These re psy two diferent sere of the tem "meuing™ ete One ref t wha igh cl “ne” Kind of ao inge-etehe tle and seh ofthe rope th esl Or cating reine te so roped the meanings poole inde when they aie denoting they ko ht iy Stppoed to meen Tham fr crampl hsp “means st terse copes “etn” bw on lea te dat try and knowing ons place can sme efling appropri fom of ngity- reigning i, ng es ger ‘ceca ror whateer At Rt snd wedded {Ea dp, mom of rye fom te days werk fling he ‘Sendo ous dye, mek, a th tie als ew foc of consumption might be raed wo oer forms wih similar or aslogousmestings. These sggoed the wo proc by which isie nen ‘Spon reps ha paced by echer sal of higher oGd sunnah antes cen eae The wed coke and Ie eure deortons, compete with dae, coxgastny {ip Rrdned spa igre eae ore han ut 2m od ctvmpuon wan ml sath os special even nl cerns Inn pare oft. As the cst of having 4 wedi cake pe (lated down thro oc, ne woud expt eae char Bectse of peat dfcece in ests and crcuastanc, bat nce the emulate fetter the camo ce andobed al ine Doran, is proces was “iteaacaton” none. "Hach censampaon bchero ower gr and compan tens vent have arc song che Bt wok das with ‘ut any imation, apecial when he conte were diferent ros Keo the more peg nee Since mga prodees became ‘ren moe importa oe poor than te ones had een te ray ues of clr even move ta of anand Tce the occasion fr etn hers multe ew wean wen ings aroe ata gat remove fom the practic of the peivieged Te tha kde of moran the term cere ha een soni fn och nance, ew er appropri he hair anime meanings tey perce shi own 3 now bs and meanings tore pear hat are otmerel inate a “inerseion* thes in power are esponshe both forthe presence of he 2ew recs odo defo he meaning with “exter one thee in power nay tke chug ofthe alo th new prod butde now tno he ith nesting the wer Fetal poses dat concerns sx—the difision of ea 1 ee teal plone shor wh entre hy hed co Tannen ox ony the sway ef opr bat Soin pardons sme of he rng hats pods sei Fhe other sot of meaning canbe grsped when oe considers owen 1153 ‘hac consumpson, and its proliferated meanings for he pari: ans can sigh for «society asa whole, and especial for these rho rule i bow these who gover or eno he sxey perp ‘eaing, and ofthe consampion which the valor of tee ‘aeaningr ema, One can sce here that the kind o lee of con sumption of wc grape i nots God gv constant; and ceraia tells about amas charac and penalty aren to smn tment, Convery, he pend ofimeral meanings canoe soled {nd manpeltesy she smulaneos controle oth the ood them {civer and the meanings they ae ade to conte can Be 2 means ‘0 pate dominion. he abtances and cs to which meanings tach— imide kinds ofmerring sere tovahdae scl events, Soilletring el pac ‘ee rlatethem to one another ando wha they tnd for Rice and ‘igs have meanings in weddings much sles ad heed candles dota fener. Ths ate historia acguired—they ars, gm, hanged de—and they are caltespecic as well a aebitary, forall are symbols: They have m univereal caning hey “nea because they escurin pei altel and hrcal conte where their elevant meaning at aleay koown tothe peripans No symbel ha feof own, and though lack ay ini son ‘stcton with any other symbol may earl gee wih othe a ok ough tne ach rinforcng theater bythe inal” Presence crestor, uta the symbols may be trcd bck to past Shen hey were not sarod the way etd ar were tos {sociated for instance, so may thee come a ine when their Sante assocatios ae dsaved or saat by rome change oF ter the way teats meanings droppedontofcolonil Ameri ding bab, and were repiaced by ents “As for sabtancr like, then, eves Bke melo ides and meanings hospi and equality, human eigen put hem ‘cee no atten i the course of socal acts in spa tes fd places, employing cain aval and under speci co ‘tains ih and death are vera nthe ese that they happen to all hime beng; our expacy symbolize, ocodow anything with meaningand thea to atin terms of ha mening sialy 1s swrsmass AN pow vers and inti o ow natue—Iikelearingt walk oto ‘peak or bring bor, or dying. Bat which mateal we lak to ‘rents and endow with meaning are anpredicably abc to cal furl and hatrcalorce, We make bsg] evens He bith snd ‘kth into socal events bean we are umaas cack man group ‘dcsitin sown way. Lage, complex soit, compesed of many ‘oveppingsobrospe, small lack any single ssonbge of socal practi by which Hee endowed with meaning ht member {ier widely inthe way they cam lve, and in thet hitoialy Inoences acces to the ct ec, ahd persons ough wh they vai thet knowl of ies meaning Sceneeath-ury Enpand ike ts Conner neghbors was cpl divided by comideratns of bit, wealth, breding. eet, ‘occupation, and 20 on. The pracces of cnsungpin in such 4 Sooty wete deeply diffeeniate, and enforced by ules. Hence the ways tha new cansmption pracrs were taken p aod by noms nd he way they spend to members of ther groupe, wth (oc without thir auoited meanings, agus how Batsh sie ‘elf was organi and mark the dvebuton of power within i core thee ofthe seventeenth ceay, whe sugar all a presow ad ae sahetance thane meaning for mow Bgl role though hey ever goo tate par they dont og Fr dkaatle The neh and powefal,howeve, derived an intense sere from their acess to spate purchase, pay, com ump, and waste of cose nario forms —whichvaed ‘cil aidan, fiat, and distinction, The ending of aga ‘wth other ae aad predous ses in the preparation of fod: the {he of pra rat preservative; he combirtion of supa with {uthed pelo fie ol inthe manalarae of mel "reme- ‘darth mages sbltes gving conte exprenion toe ‘poral and pal power--alconfiem what sua men, and how ‘ga ane normed meanings among the privileged. This mlpiy of meanings wes lo feveled in nguage nd interac! Hngutic imagery sggeted at on the soc ton of wet substan wh coin ernest, tao the hatorsalrepacoment in lege mesrare ot honey by sat. Hoy imagery woe ancient in Brit, a in clascal Greek row ss sod Lt, ene Rath abtances wer stoi wih bap tess ad welding, with levation of mood, an oten with fx Cali. The qualty of sweeties, 0 important inthe srecrure of aman ad pretense openly to pcos ex, 1 must pot. The Indo-Earopean rer sea the Siac youre of oth “ewer” and "persade In contemporary Eeplih “sual or “honeyed” speech as een wppcmented by ayupy tones and “onecalkng™ Chaser wrens to gate shy hey mil ss is sty and presousns By Shkeapeaes ey he eftens hare ‘elie and though they some concerted upon sare sc ‘ancn tage wing om hem vig diverse. hie faded mitre one rect word ith thes Beownein Love's Labour's Lass *Honey, nd ly sd op thas tee te Finest pene in espana Or Tesch, he easy Au dey in As You Lie tl her that “honesty coupled to beaury istohav honey ace sapar” Norham figs, inthe wor of loser: “Your fr acoare ah en Seen Making the bard way sweet and dlecabie” Or, fay Bratundo, belo Othello andthe Dake of Venice: “These en tects, 10 sat, ot al Bing sont on Both des, re qa {al Fromthe erence cer wards maybe worth nosing ta Shakespeare ed nely hl a cea Before oat from Barbados the fae Enghsh “auger sland” Bogan to feck ‘neand—ougr imagery became ever common in Eg ee. ature, Weiter sage of his sor entered moat ote eee of Cour, bur gar mags bce a importa part of erry tka wel compen wih or supplanting honey inagey tong the terme of endearment and tection. Thi imagery bridge the two very diferent “meanings” we ave duced inde enn ing ugar became commoner ands employnen in ec e ngs by ere theese prvcged and poorest of Bai’ nes nd the signfcnce of ugar forte erp forthe Kgs dd fot ‘hechases whose weathwoald be ade andere by he growing odacviof Bt bor at ome ad rssh crepe aon “This second meaning is embodied in the witngs of pols ceonomi ke Jonah Ch or Dalby Than or pics Me Froderick Slare whore ethene pt pace with the seady ox pansion of tows portions ofthe empte within which ser Cane End otter planation crops could be grown, Ther encom were ot ited othe mel, preservative, mee, aBd eer peo {laine vires of sgn. ofc they test ete the Benet ‘haractetof sugar a selevident. How rade would low the fag, thy plataon produion Hefited the nation, the cow and ‘Of couse-the eslayed and cored workers the gece impor tance of commerce ar stimulant manufacturing the cig ‘ener to dhe hethe of the rth peense—all hee themes tere prowed nt sugar’ erie, Ad though agar was evo Tot aways and everywhere # poneyaker within the empiee— ‘anya lave, a wel as any plate ended wp a ankrap (Gnd sores jai) bncune of ei culaive vale (own ad capt lke was nore ‘sf as the Bris West nde were concerned he tenth of gars pera cole probably came inte le eighteen centsy, darn the ale of George Il. Lowel Raga, storan of he Bish Wesrladian planter ces, recounts the or, probably apse Phl, of George I's vat to Weymouth in she company of is pie tates itated by the sight of a West indan planer opulent auipae, complete with outsider an ivery as ine 2 is own the Hingis reported to have exclaimed: Suga, sugar, eh?—all hat sugar How ate the date, Pit, how are the dues” “The meaning tha par ane inthe imperial economy was = whl iferenc mater ftom waat eesti east athe ive the Englah people, bt the valably and pice of spar were ‘he der comequenea of imperil poicthat took shape pr in coms of what she market wa, and more ad moe inter of short might become. Aa the Bore marker was made wo pow, he Proporion of spat that wae reexported dropped shu, aad Prodcton il ws lveed more rely ito tempera ori ‘Rad ar contol overproduction wa consisted conranption a ome conned to rie Mack ate when peotcconst py based fom diferent dates lost ot in Faraeat and te Wendin antes lost heir prtetonst advacaen, aga went on eigcOD- Sued in eversncteasing quant eve as Afian and fan col cei nee ins cae clan and ugar making an eve iceesoarprodcon hepa orerake cane supa productos a She world com te By hr Gees oy by te ‘idainenth cnet so of meaning gre hae ‘had become united to a certain extent. re “The rsh peopl came fo view raga ¢exenl sopping then wih bere sacha pl an coor gen Ath sae tin th onc the iment forts reed By the labor of mom of sis wolen fon Ata on mio ef Str of te New Wot oie fn te Inseam he {em of cmos ike ua, a am Yo feel Asean Ind, colonia sad te Bs working css alte bad bean even moreso stad oe cet of pow Engl soy tgs Man nol mechan, place tad txteprenen sot but thelr cement the sew eommaiy mart some was ner n dose ted. sete sn. What at mean om hs ane oa, ‘or wht all sch clonal profcion ede, and meepelian “uumpten came to mean: he owing sgh and ely of Sheen ado th cava th awe ple "But whst mot shops have in ind when they ik ston meaning eater. To aaphaCiird Gere famantegs te caghop noche ot senses hey enw ave spn We arable to pees erp te word only in tens of rexiig atuespetc sc fo ening rly ‘ih meaning. Thin pepaste pute coutn onder between Ind he wok sce mse dn he world be ST ee (Gast eter then the ter way cand and Should be esse or anjone nto coms oes he pe eng fear of bona nse Batt hamaiy gies mean he bjstive work wih feet sof mezeng fo ioe han op ne at ll ‘st how this does y whom in ny given osama ‘Where does the lef ening te For mot haa beings Ino of tun che eanngs bleed shri gy and the ndatonshps amo gs dace mx pnb ete, {eared Mon fw tt ofthe tines as tenet ‘of which were writen long ago the imager of which quiere. ‘pation, not invention. To at hen to dey irda of the human capaci eo add warsform,and reject meanings bot it the exceedingly sll and fin ond mast tril, fe the more put they reside win oxher webs of inmense eal surpassing, Selves in me ad space itso tall dearth och webs are ingesteande or thatthe same webs xistoreachl-Incomplocmodersocetn sch webs ‘SToigicaton canbe imagined more easly shan they ca be Je: Srsated o ens Ouray to epi heir meaning eed, breaue ech generality we ofr rages tha we blew people ina Complex society are, a leat goo mado, Hat wha something tneans it amma. This sermetines rat bat twas eo [esagrcingon what something noche ame see are, ‘what iemeans Even on» gute simpler thi diy can be fea: We ned wo ern that roe “meats” fry, and hough that ‘section ay seem commonsensicl or “aru” once welean, cull its ether Ihre nay explanaion ts hic. Whe ‘ne pas on to our chide the meanings of what we doo expla Ions const egy of iseuton fo do what me karaed 0 toc them In soci arengedin groups or disions ayer the eared mening wil ier from one roup anther —jsto the learned dlc soy nay fer, The apposed web of gnicxton ‘ght tobe inert in tems of ch ilferncs, parca it Some meznings dif from one group ancter Oe, the “Srumpion of shomogsneon web nay tisk eaters bow Imeanng ce generated and transite This pers the poi ‘there meaning and power tach most ls. “The profound changes ia dietary and consumpion patter in cighecnth and nineteen century Europe were not random ofr tatoos, but the dec onsequnces ofthe same momentum hat Creed a work evonomy, shaping te aoymmeticalwlaonhips tecwecn the metropolitan centers and the clones and sli, tthe cmerdows proactive aod detusve appari, bom {ceil snd eva, of moe expt, Bu hs nots rows 159 that there change were tended, or that thet ancilary come ‘quence wee wll understood. Th way in whch the Engle be ‘ine che bigest sugar consumers in the worlds he reltosbins [erwecn he colonial ol of sugar prods ad he meron loot of i refining and conumpeon; the connections beeen sear and sliver andthe slave ade; the ration of saga ober Tigi tila the role ofthe Wes India nee in protering the pene economy and wining pei state suppor for sap, the eoexpeced ably of raga or he cow's def impose Ghnir—thoe end many other specs of eagar'ieory muse aot ie thrown rogeter and labeled "ease or “ontequene nce eerie, they explsined anything by theretves. Bat ci posse to post to cern longterm tends the general cose {jencs of which are realy cerned, The eady and cum dein inthe reative prce of mga i lear enoap, én spe of ‘cession shorter increases. Generally mesking, te demand for sugat, even in hen and fourteen Eagand, was sane hough the pace putt heyond the means of es people “The eae prices mentioned, for 1264, range from one to Teo shilling er ound, which wouldbe th equivalent ess several ‘onde srg roy. Ar he Alan lands came io aug pto- ction atthe ed ofthe fice entry, the pice in Eland fl to alow as thee o ou peace per pout. rcs rose again sche ‘midineemh centr, probably beans of Henry Vil debe tment of caren andthe nes of New World ser, Bat sar rcs di or cli at = rate a high a thse fr otber “ester” ‘Somme, even fs the al of Fay to he Tork (1518) pow "bly the Ala ilands were already sopping mch—oe mes ‘Sf Eapans agar? Even in thon cle thera price fof sugar war higher thon shad oot ie the iat deeae ofthe ‘etary whe consumption cntinsed 6 re. Inthe view file Ei the economic erst engendered bythe caren éebinement {4 nr fonce Eland’ merchant andthe landholders who were ‘aig sheep, and eling the wool at grenly enchanced pie, [whol had been the che consumer of spar cre,” 1 ve UP ‘de conumpo of the go thags i ie"* Tn the eure af the severtecth ety the pices of ga con 10. wer AN FOWER tinued ofall. In 1600 the highes price for fine supe wast. shillings in 1685, the price stood at ight pence the pound The rowing cheapest of spar sugested aswel bythe sal of wi {e which ic was purchased: Inthe mech people buh the pnd oat ene 1 he ot al fs Een frie pre a2 Str (liked pervanage ven sah an pln pron a Land Spee Serer ao os a ‘ine tough and thou the designation of faves) bye han ‘eccrine sn jee “The inceae in ugar prodacon in the mid-seveneah centry vas hedog that pies of ugar fel—berwecn 1645 aed 1680, 1 70 perent with emporaiyadvene elf spor Carbean producers’ The consequence of thi deine foe sonsames Was ually important: the numberof new sere may have rien gue ‘Sharply. Sheians estimates, cited easier, sgatt a oul i “reas iaconsmpson daring 1660170, followed by 2 webing bere 1700 and 140. Indeed, overproduction of sur aed ‘he whole Aleric economy for sceral decades. In Asean the rice ofr mga fel by ones berween 1677 and 1687, ant InFnglandin 1685, mascovado soar lo 2 pce ol i would no be reached again for esl wo cen The prom of connusion dring he neath my my Ie pal cxlaied bythe cepts, sty Ean ‘Sod hen by Wet ndn spy be Sona cote 0 {ow long ater the end of ps ok a par tom 1730 Mere han nc oe alae spa pan eee ‘dent prdacion wot unig eon sh sd Thom wer alicig eprint Eras ov reson tt hd bbe pose of the Bea plato nt he ares msc ted St Dring emg co aot of war tel test Caran pan. at rors sot ame onthe mein the 170 ad a teed heh ‘emi cnay te props were ght eng 1 cue he Srp tone Ave Ma, re The developments “beyond the Americ” repectented the ma- uration of world ade in uroe, Bec, acowdgig the ta formation of supa ino a daly neces, gradualy replaced the protectionism ofered he West Indi planters with fee mart,” {herby sseringpractcaliy unlimited qoanton of scrse except {tunes or ware heron people, Ths tmp or nee nde” srs bought 2 sme plc cot just at there were thor who rotted from the end ofthe diferent dain, there were others ‘ho had ened fom them for ceri, The advocates ote ‘ugar for moe people at cheaper pecs won Ot The saare and seal of sucrose consumption nthe United King om had changed comply by 1850: the pepuaration of si ‘cone, brely begun in 1650, boop some of mothe hands of ‘her the very poor within a cera; the, between 1750 and 1850, {ezated ob cay and bene a pecs. The grade eovon ofthe dicimintory date thera, doubles: hasened by the ‘compte cof beer beet sugar manafactar pon the op ‘al cieeprodecng tra tended fo egos competion among fprodocers at leat within the spite, meanwhile eevargig fee ‘gn producer we for he enormovs Beth make, eis imposible to sy what percentage of the Epic popolace consumed what percentage ol sucrose imported na gen Je to inde in what dere and ln what regard consumption in ‘reed and proifersed. Bat there i no donb ht the quanti impor ad reained during chat wo cnearypeciod when sucrose hanged fom rary to diy ingetbl roe steady ha chenreae ‘was company Ire han the population tease; and that by the mid-intcath enue the Bia wee eatag more vga than ever before and were ss agar hungry a ever. Thee ware the face pon which ve cade advocts bao thei tuccel campaign, ‘ey phy ele thy could count onan lascty of demand ‘cea dating the preceding centr of increasing spar, even “mong he very poor, Pencapts consumption cntnied 0 climb 1a swum 0 FoR apward wallow the owen ceuy, leveling off 4 ound 105 pounds per persc per yeu aly he pst decade, ‘Many (hough no al) scroureaing populations inthe Wes ate more and more sugar ring the pas cera (a fw reaching fverags of 10515 pounds yen, o about one ida = poand pe pron per da) Inthe cave ofthe Usted Kingdom the down (vt avvenet of pics ser 14S7 wat scompanel by snd incresein consumption. Ba though pce rst aeced the ab. i ofthe English—partcalaly the poorer anes —touy aoc ‘rosea they wished, does ot explain why they 20 mich of even when it was rele cst. The movement bring Bid capital dase agit each other. Usury he sep ‘ment alle wth for etal woo Ou. "The poial power need to change the tative postions of competing sucrose sles in he peti ark seomsand i erably differen rm the more informal “power” thy a ear point in Beth ior, inlenced he contmpeon cole ofthe ‘nering pealetarit One's choice of what one wants wend 0 ‘ormaker rene onli terme ofone's referees and aipiront— In terms, thai of the soda cone of consimption. The cor seein of produc such a tobacco, ta, and sgar may have been on ofthe very rare ways in which British workers oe mi sineeenh century achieved the fulfilment of he promis ipl Inthe pot! pilosophy ofa cetay eae. Parcubl for de ‘roving por cates more and more food with subsantal aman Stameoe ih wat en appropri: roponee to what Baath oc ad brome, "The theory of metcantis—to the extent that on on ti pnt ofview tha ony oceatonallycolesced in rm od nied Prliy—hel hat “demand” wat acontit foray pelo cote ty. Masked not pow; they reached an equilibria. The po eal economist Cares Davenans pat his way: “Fe there 8 Tnited soo of oar own prec 0 cary oat, beyond which thee iso passing’ a for example, tee sich quantry of woollen sanulactrs, lead a ty which over and abore ot own on sumpion, we an export abroad and ou sll sits now enpled, rowun 40 wil ot yield much more; and theres hewise ante guanicy (of dhse goods which frig consumption wil not exceed” ‘The reed wisdom was that lowered pce could ony mean lowered profits without any compenraon nthe frm of inated tal, So em id people belive in sac shes tha "the ado ‘ony common peopl of dress nd consumption bi renousy rofoed to the chy wes cied ue pet ef moral conomas “dsorder, Sach conser behavior would dan the tao te fue athe sume ine tat undeonined God-odained satus di Sincons Sumpniay lawe—ivarablyfutle—contnaed to be crac oc the downward iin 0 sper fn ould nr shuld consume bjs ard substances peed bythe {ih even they cold aford them, there were those who wetted {0 icra euch consumption. Men like Thomas and Sar abd Berjamin Monsey and George Pores, wing at diferent times sn fom aut differen perspectives, argued both tat demand shoal he expanded inde crestelby isting hat sper wa good (ereveryone; tnd that none shouldbe depeved of the wired tenets thr woul ra fom i cnsumpon. From Daly Tomas in, there were oie in Great Bran tht spoke forthe deliberate ‘mentatonof demand ahr dan forts leveling of oi pe, ‘aturdetermined difernce “The Dutch economic hooran Jan DeVries argues thet wo fe: twtr of economic fe—often ated ro socalled preaptalit or peimive economics had to be radaly modified to enlarge demand Fs, more fans (o wagering indies) had become involved withthe marke, both ax producer forsale and 2s hoyers of copsimption pred. Second the disposition to say ‘nly pre-existing lever of consumption and to werk no mote hat these regured the so-called backwaréslopingsoply curve ofl hor—had to change. Many sereteendh and een eighteenth camurytheorns thought such + comervative Gaporon was auth inbrent the laborer, and not subject modicaton by ‘use ores: DeVies esSr Wika Pet, who in is Plea! Arma wrienin he 16705 argued: “Re obseredby Cetirs td eter who employ great numberof poor peopl, that when ‘com grin] is exemelyplenifl, that the Iabour ofthe poor is Propordoately deat and crc o be had all (0 cemous ae they who labour only oe or ater to dink)” Ths iew pet sited in he eighteenth ener: “Sear, to a ertn degre, promotes indy. Tee manufacture ues the worker hoc baat thee dye work wl bee spd drunken the at of he tree. The poo inthe analearng soe wil eer work {ny more sme tans mecenary at toe and support tha wee deh.” ‘On the one handy then pol ecoomitseuppoed that ovdinay people” wosld werk only enough say ale and nt 2 minute Longer on the ether, they thought hat Poedinay people” trod inde themselves foal, seeking to consume sven tha, for moval or medial or ater reasons, wee simpy aot god for them or for sci There was diversity of opinions some of ‘which edt rupprt fo he expanding consumption of gods such "sugar ural on th roe of being god fo tbe censure, tnd foe ibe aston: and some to oppostion to sich eanson, ‘way on the grounds of ks blag physical or mocal Bad for the consumers and ensemilly and posal bad fore aon (nr tme, he rpg t increase convapion of any goed onthe ‘sounds ofthe conser’ rig to hier own baying power ep face with te die of more “progrenine” caplet expand the market or thi hare of i In ew cases thi wat noe quite trae leche beerage, fr instance, could inerfre wid the ‘fcany of lnbor—ut corny held im che ene of sae, fd te simulans Though DeVere say, “We woud crt sevetent-centry merchant and manufacaer with more imaginabon ad adc tem than they posed by saying that they acted rea # sal tree compatible wth expanding demand,” that socal order did in fact emerge. eters apo te near market were tly sens onal, snd the reverse effec, though les portant, wee no lest real The period 16001750 wa ne of apy inccsing udan pop slaior in nother Europe The raising of livestock ad he pre hcion of fodder paced much vegetable farming lanes: populatons were employed more and more a agrarian wage ning borers moved lo the growing cs. The cumulative ‘fect as greater dependence onthe matt onthe part of more Se ore people, even for iems of ly compton sich tread and bee, ad oun cough, obacn snd saga and te. The ‘oocoitant growth of goverment taxation taxation of = egrenve sos aig daproporsontely upon how leat able 0 far oimy hove somewhat contained conrumer demand. Bo it [Bo eended'to force up domeatc production fot the maket © roid th wherewithal fr payment hat local produces ed {fo produce ore, 4 10 mani heir or Buying power. One ‘hang, esenl vo my argument, was that proletarian wrk sched ‘ler weve raaformed by strctral changes in the mational eco ‘my ad crested fre laboring clases new taseg opportuni: in new ocasons for exting and ning "Thi di ot happen overnight Nor, fr tat mater, id major cepiioneocurage a ass art for aga, Ere fray ahd ‘he plane’ fend in Parament had covered that planeaon ‘roduc were emienty taxable, aswell sei, the beter part ‘Sf anothercntary would pst fre sugar proagons based their “Ssumen Benly on he ponies for aging consuneption among ‘he working poor Ie war hen that dey Became in lec the por Tiga ences ofthe West Indian planter, by ptieg cheap soar heed of colonial preference. "The einen Botish hitoian Exc Hobsbawm point out "Nether economies theory nor the econnsie practice ofthe ely Indust! Revlon red on the purchasing power ofthe I uring population, whose wages, Was general astimed, would tote far removed rom the sbstence level” iy any news of aa nh 2 ‘Srhappered rom inet tine daring comomic boos) de ise than doled oiled tach penmpenns Ik ok th The come scans of Rph wags Wet 2 ltrs her proctwy or aon 0 perining rver, wee not cere ul ae the mde of (ne ‘Sen Smy, and then oly by tiny of nrc snd ‘slid eigen AI the sme, the politcal Sight thar eretuated in the end f the prefretl duties for West Indian spas were a imporane Hp In unleashing proletarian buying power. Cheaper spar came at + time when i increased consrption was arate 2 by the sar habit ise bur bythe factory wed and machice cyte rich were the Background for ster was not fit ha labor Mrotked harder inorder to get more, thone who pa is wages rofted both rom labor's higher roduc and frome blgh ‘ned ake 0 oe purchased cod" Fest concept in the wo aences hate cane as many di greets the concept of ower and no stacy cet fn its defnon has emerged But there sno way t avoid the ‘exm—or one lke when the objective to arty ener what ‘ndlion the poplation of ere curry change ia bhvior ‘adeally witout the compulsion of open force aad viene, OF ‘arse its posible wo itrpe uch a changes no oe han the xpresion of wl fee cole inthe eave of api otaning 2 ose good previouly ot aalble, Bot thie rors 8 10 sou tat each and every Briton, day by diy and ya By yes, ‘hone inidaly sec and conse sro ad th nee sa ‘expensive peace with which twat auocated, at he United “Kingdom was somehow varsfrmed nto + naton of wie eee ‘Toco the eons of power rotenone te soi conomis and poll fore thc beet om the steady spread ‘of demand for sugar. I asks an unjsiedingeaotme of ‘The history of mug augents stony thatthe evades, and also the circumstance of saab, of seroe—whih became One ofthe mort dered of eile commodities nth expe — ‘tere determined by forces tie the each ofthe Engle aces ‘hemeier There had ee tie, afer all when noone in England knew of spat, flowed by 4 pend, ctr longs when i wat ‘costly ay. Oaly afte around 1650 id spar bose important to ngland’s raga so tht more and more of ewasimpored rown as mounting economic—and, soon enough, potcl—forces wp pote the see of clones wee cane could he grow ad ar ‘ig manulacured, 26 wall asthe slave wade thet supped the rellabor. The propocienofmperadsugaconsumed i Bria {teresned andthe price fl Eventhough he baying power ofthese tho came to ike waco war lnc, consumption rose steady, Tbeve and tore people coated te unl ese mpm Te toutichitwaspotand ie place inthe dc changed and proliferated, It grew more important in people coniiounes inal badges, andi the economic, scl and pola! Meo he nan These changes have todo with outie” ezsing she place of ‘naling of policy ahd law-—but they have to do with "inide™ Imeaing 2 wel, because the meanigs people gave owas arse ‘der condone prcibed or derermined oto mach bythe con: mers as by those who made the produc sable Before the ich fd powesfal who fist ae sugar in Engand could ive i new {mean they had to hare Then i wes hanged became ‘more common an falar. We can sonme that rorpe meaning, “ooveyed bythe forms of te, were rely invented thes a ‘hesaed with what was lead rom eure ‘Aer 16S0 maga prices devine and quate incon; many more peopl get ott, mos conunesion ith te fe One ‘ofthe other new beverages). The downward apres i slow snd tating bur contac ome ine Before 170, the pce quicken Forth new urs, ab we bave Sen, sugar comes to pay Yer eat 176 REET AO FORER Emancipation was 3 defet for the plamter ais, bt ity foc those a home who belived in expanded eommere sd eight ted consumption. The inemnitis pad othe planter (ad OF. ‘easly ietndel to “protec” the ney feed, aswel wee paid bythe Brea government but they were moe than amply com pensated for by the sugar dates, pad oxo ll proprtn y she Prot When the eglaton sppertng howe dae gan crumble [1882 under the azacks af te fee rae advocated dige sou aston aon tha the dates protested the Westland tmem bur forthe preferential des dd os hlp she ec ‘ne wht The dts crinly dd prose he Wes dian planes, ower, made mechanation ofthe mpar indo altace llcnatve, and kop the price of spa in ret Brita drat Throughout the Brith Wes lode, the planes’ saeings” after feedom were resolved, with she conntance of th Foreign Otfcesby the importation of ntact laborer fom linda, Chins, sndlarwhere, and spec epsaton to Kerp eden ft etng ‘nd frm acing and The ves i was to event se newly fred fom exer securing 2 lvelhood dependent of te spat indusry, oc rom sng colecivebargsning and kes tonegonste wages and working condone procaane inthe metropals ‘were doing, These sree works evn though the West Indies ‘ever again produced wo igh propontion othe ero consumed bythe United Kingdom they eine “sagan ti people ooned to sadale two ecromie adapatont—atceanatieted ‘ensants andar url prokeaians—eihet of which cull become ‘covmizaly secur. Dring the two cntrea when ened Af ‘ican hod produced stains sugar inher Carian cli they ‘wee ed intimately to ae emerging facory populations of the Engh cite by ecm ecprosy andthe scams of thie emergence. Now fe br amon nly gore by the mop the Wert Indian people Became invite nt thie migation fo thecemer of empire brought then back into uneasy view nore than 2 cerry lace "None ofthis would have Ben of concer omen ike Pater He was intrested in increasing sugar consurpton at hone, notin ‘wheber the Wes Inian planers and certainly tin whether the roma, “7 ‘West Indian eden) could make a ving He found fae with {hove ho, “witout much consideration, have chosen to ety 1 igh pie of spar wish the happiness of the lately emancipated Slave population of our Wet nda colonies and argued that bing fice was reward coough forthe exslaves* was Pore, and other ‘fice ade” advocates, who cried the day. Win wo decades, ‘he pct proto for West lndansogat had al ben removed "Ar pres ln crore os were added onthe deepen ‘of marmalade nd preserves, condensed aly cheat and she teh deseo the Risa woskng sass fr roar in te Ba ‘onary afer the fe cracks space in the peerenialdy 5) fem stemed isaable, This cea involved peloeexpernars sith ger ad he balance of thar dee Sup fo» pest po uc pops is sims ouce inline cy int upton wher rned eo hatel or whee kcaubed te Ars aero the ry hgh csp of wpa me poe fies very ehiptnelned the pony of den what oe might ‘lsc scot and tei > ‘inguin er very Unpoant yous mga co (SEE Se, he thw he urine aati fod regent fl end bwe atts Teco Eatemerr—1 nk ts Beard Shaw's "Esay on Rent”— tht uf yout werk baer maya your hes wh ‘re pen fd se ls thom» et el! Sion ages meny sandr acon, {omer pula wis ey weaning sada very poo dee ‘ardoadar food ae pong tb bough by ay given mont eirenlble come and’ tear meny lon ae pur ct Ay coches ee onan asec of th anformaion of English ic hat rovers to te acy cfsion of scrore and simalane teveragen. Once ne has ead he encom to tea sar by Sore aad Moncey, citer withthe Reversed Davos ign r- Imonsrance tt te por Wool dri milk or sal ber intend ‘ofte if they could alfrd it it woul be spi to cond hat People ate more sugar ar 1680 jst Benue pre detned, [Mesing and power touch this tie a the poi wh gar Inungry poplation had acces t wellsghsnlimied mphes of supar—oncethey were babtsted ot ase. Thats why prodction ‘must be inked to eonsumpion, and socalled inside meigs 0 the larger, “ouside” meanings esa pray genera oberon, tht hosting whch pe son righ by te ert of hes coe ht, ‘nna bem ota for a pepery tg ating ps ey aed et mh ‘fea, mip by being less profs in that. ad maemo in he ice wo he fos Sopat ty sot aod babi iy, fervent does So rote an snonymostsacharphi of he mi-sghienth en tary whore enthusiasms were boundless, Mother milly ell is improved by the addon of sugar. Molass more namtoat than buter of cheese, especially on bred and le and beer ae Sewved bee when brewed wih Rar eather tan bray Even unripe fst an be made palscable wih sugar, Tntemperte ras ofthis sort was common athe sin, ad he reader should make no mise: whatever dae the menage these cans were alo poliscal tac, read by pcm ads, hyscan, military ofees, bsinsamen, ein and hs “pee rei” dee had cumulative elect apo legis andes foward ugar and ose imported fodsate. Yer the cretion of ‘auealy new diet forthe people ofthe United Kingn—ste Features of which were shared ty all clases, and others dferetaly dBsusbtedeannotpoasbly be explained by reference ope legislation or some singe nactowy defined “cause” Ou priate liking for sweetness, our capac wo endow the materi noni with symbolic msning, nd ou complinton ofthe loy ingestion with our socal srcrres all played pat in these of sre onsumpdon in England. Bat sre nether explain why consamp fon vane over tne o from ove cst snoter, or ptt why rowix 1179 social groupe cam alc the hehavior of other group, a ifn omer in time oe lees way “The heightened prodacoity of he boring cases, theraialy ered eondons of the Lives, indading the prior dit, their ‘ead vo emulate th rler, the evoling word economy, abd {hespread of te capitals spi—thse factor cannot bees ‘or weighed agsns one noe. Ba ey can be diningised from aor sachs cur primate nature, oor symbol fact, and ont

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