:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

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









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‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﻛﻢ ﺃﲪﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﳎﺎﱐ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺭﺿﻰ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻏﲑﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﱯ ﻭﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﱵ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‬‫ﺍ‬

Ahmed_it@windowslive.com

-: ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﱵ‬

muslimtech.wordpress.com
Open Shortest Path First
Single Area

‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮس‬

‫ ﻧﺒﺬه‬-1

OSPF ‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬-2

Link-State Routing Protocols -3

OSPF Terminology -4

OSPF Metric -5

LSA Operation -6

OSPF Packet Types -7

OSPF Network Types -8

Neighbor Adjacencies -9

Configuring OSPF Routing -10

Configuration OSPF on NBMA Networks -11

 ‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺒﺬه‬
‫)‪ Open Shortest Path First (OSPF‬ھﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ‪ Routing Protocol‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﮫ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل )‪ Internet Protocol (IP‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ IGP‬ﻣﻦ ‪IETF‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1988‬ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ‪ IGP‬ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت )‪ Shortest Path First (SPF‬ﻟﯿﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع ‪ OSPF‬ﻻن )‪ Routing Information Protocol (RIP‬أﺻﺒﺤﺖ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺎﺗﮫ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺷﮭﺮ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫وﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺘﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺘﯿﻦ وھﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ وھﻰ اﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر أي ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن أي ﺷﺮﻛﺔ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮه‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت ‪ SPF‬واﻟﺘﻲ أﺣﯿﺎن ﯾﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ‪ the Dijkstra algorithm‬اﺳﺘﻨﺎدا إﻟﻰ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﮭﺎ‬
‫وھﺬه ھﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﮫ‬

‫واﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻧﺒﺬة ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮه ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﺳﻤﺤﻮا ﻟﻲ أن أﺧﺬﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬
 OSPF ‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬-2

Open Standard Protocol -1

‫أي اﻧﮫ ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أي ﺷﺮﻛﺔ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬

OSPF is not a Cisco-proprietary protocol -2

‫ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬Cisco ‫وھﺬا ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ واﻟﺘﻲ أﻇﻦ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل وھﻮ اﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻛﻦ أﯾﻀﺎ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﯿﻦ‬

“O” ‫ ﯾﻜﻮن‬routing table ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ‬-3

OSPF is transport layer protocols-4

Layer 4 ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

Administrative Distance = 110 -5

VLSM support -6
classless routing protocol ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ‬

Load balancing-7
by default of 4 paths and maximum of 6 paths ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎر‬Traffic ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﯾﺮﺳﻞ‬

Support Hierarchical design- 8

‫ ﺗﺘﺒﺎدل ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع‬area ‫ وﻛﻞ‬Area ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ال‬Autonomous System ‫وھﺬا ﻣﻌﻨﺎه اﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﺴﻢ ال‬
‫ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ وھﻨﺎك ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺳﻮف أﺗﻄﺮق إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬Update ‫ال‬

Updates is sent on multicast (224.0.0.5 or 224.0.0.6 / unicast addresses) -9

periodic updates & triggered updates ‫وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬
‫ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬triggered updates
‫ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬refresh ‫ ﺑﻐﺮض ﻋﻤﻞ‬30 min ‫ وھﻮ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻛﻞ‬link-state refresh ‫ وﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ أﯾﻀﺎ‬periodic updates
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﻟﻐﺎﺋﮭﺎ‬Topology table ‫( وھﺬا ﻟﺘﻨﻘﯿﺢ ال‬Link-state Data base)

IP protocol ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬-10

AppleTalk ‫ أو‬IPX ‫ﻻ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

Ospf Use SPF Algorithm To Choose The best Path to any Destination -11

OSPF is Classless Protocol (VLSM) -12

Ripv1 ‫ وھﺬا ﺑﺨﻼف‬Route information ‫ ﻓﻰ ال‬Subnet mask ‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ال‬
 ‫‪Link-State Routing Protocols -3‬‬

‫وﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن ‪ Ospf‬اﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع ال‪ Link-State Routing Protocol‬ﻓﻠﮭﺬا ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﮫ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬

‫إن ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺔ ‪ distance-vector‬ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎدت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﯾﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺎت اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وأﺣﺠﺎﻣﮭﺎ‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎل ‪Link-State Routing‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬إرﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﺳﺒﺒﻲ )‪ (triggered updates‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬إرﺳﺎل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ دوري )‪ (periodic updates‬ﻛﻞ ‪ 30 min‬ﺑﻐﺮض ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ Refresh‬ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﺪى ﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث أي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻄﻊ وﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ب ‪link-state advertisement‬‬
‫)‪ (LSA‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ وﯾﺮﺳﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال ‪ Neighbors‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ multicast address‬ﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ ھﺬا‬
‫ال‪ LSA‬ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﯿﺮان اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﻦ ﺑﮫ داﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ال ‪ Area‬وﻷﻛﻦ ﻟﻤﺎذا داﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ال ‪Area‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﮭﻢ أن ال‪ LSA‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ال ‪ Area‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﺑﺘﺤﺪﯾﺚ ال ‪link-state‬‬
‫)‪ database (LSDB‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ وﻛﻞ ‪ LSA‬ﺗﺄﺧﺬ رﻗﻢ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0x8000 0001‬وﺣﺘﻰ ‪0x7FFF FFFF‬‬
‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة ال )‪ link-state database (LSDB‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪show ip ospf database‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﺧﺮ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻲ ال‪ Area‬اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أي أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪Area‬واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وھﺬا ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ال ‪ Distance vector‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ال ‪ neighbor‬اﻟﺨﺎص‬
‫ﺑﮫ وﻟﻮ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ أن ال ‪ Eigrp‬ﻛﺎن ال ‪ neighbor‬ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﮫ ﻓﻘﻂ ال ‪ Routing table‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺎل ھﻨﺎ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺎن ﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺤﺪد ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت ال‪SPF‬‬
‫واﻟﺴﺆال ھﻨﺎ ﻛﯿﻒ ؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬
‫ﺷﺎھﺪ ﻣﻌﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﯾﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ال‪ LSA‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﯾﻀﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Link-state Database‬وھﻨﺎ ﯾﺎﺗﻰ دور‬
‫ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت ال‪ SPF‬ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺴﺎب وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ وﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﯿﺔ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺴﺎرات إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال ‪ Destination‬وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪ SPF Tree‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻷﻓﻀﻞ وﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ ال ‪.Routing table‬‬

‫وأﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﯿﺰات ال ‪ Link state protocols‬ھﻲ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ال ‪ Bandwidth‬ﻓﯿﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أي‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪Distance vector protocols‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ‪ RIP‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻼﺣﻆ اﻷﺗﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ‪ Rip‬ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‪ Hope count‬ﺑﺪون اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺒﻄﻲء ‪64k‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ال ‪ ospf‬ﻣﺜﻼ‬

 ‫ﻓﮭﻮ ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﺻﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺴﻮف ﯾﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻷﺳﺮع ‪T3‬‬

‫‪OSPF Terminology -4‬‬

‫‪OSPF topology‬‬

‫‪OSPF neighbor table = adjacency database-1‬‬

‫وﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﯿﻊ ال ‪ Neighbors‬اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ وأﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ال‪ ospf‬وھﻨﺎك ﺷﺮوط‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﺮاﺿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ ‪#show ip ospf neighbors‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ أﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪Neighbor 60‬‬
‫‪OSPF topology table = OSPF topology database = LSDB-2‬‬
‫وﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات إﻟﻰ أي ‪Destination‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫وداﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ أﺷﺒﮫ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮب ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻮب ھﻨﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻰ ال‪ LSA‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ‪LSDB‬‬
‫)‪ (OSPF topology table‬واﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫وﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪ Area‬واﺣﺪة ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ال‪ LSA‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ال‪LSDB‬‬
‫وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﺮاﺿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪#show ip ospf database‬‬

‫‪Routing table (forwarding database)-3‬‬

‫وﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر ﻷي ‪Destination‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﺮاﺿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ]‪#show ip route [ospf‬‬

‫‪OSPF Area Structure‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺎن ال ‪ OSPF Router‬ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ أن ﺗﺼﻞ ﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ أﻟﻤﺘﺮك اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﺎھﺰة ﺑﻞ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت ال‪ SPF‬واﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ أن ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﺳﯿﺴﻮر ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ذاد ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ذا ﻋﺪد اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ زاد ﺣﺠﻢ اﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﺳﯿﺴﻮر ﺗﺨﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدى إﻟﻰ وﻗﻮع اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺜﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت إذا ﻣﺎل اﻟﺤﻞ؟!!‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ال‪ Update‬ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﺮى وھﺬا ﺳﻮف ﯾﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ‬
 ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ال‪Area‬‬
‫‪ : Transit area -1‬واھﻢ ھﺪف ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻘﮫ ھﻮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ال ‪ IP Packets‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬه ال ‪ Area‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ الِ ‪ Area‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وداﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه ال ‪ Area‬ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Area0‬أو ال ‪Backbone Area‬‬
‫‪ : Regular area or nonbackbone area-2‬وھﻰ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ال ‪ Area‬وإذا أراد أن ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ب‪ Regular area‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻤﺮ أوﻻ ب‪ Transit area‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ال ‪ Area‬اﻷﺧﺮى‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ال ‪Area‬‬

‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ال‪ nonbackbone area‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﺎ ب‪Area 0‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﺎرك اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ال‪ LSA‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ‪ Area‬واﺣﺪة‬
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺻﻮرة ﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ال ‪Area‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ال ‪ Area‬ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ‪Autonomous System‬‬
 ‫‪OSPF Router Types‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺴﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ إﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ‪OSPF‬‬

‫‪ : Internal routers-1‬وﯾﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال ‪ interfaces‬ﻓﻲ ‪ Area‬واﺣﺪة‬

‫‪ : Backbone routers-2‬وھﻮ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪interface‬واﺣﺪة ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎل‪Backbone Area‬‬
‫‪ : Area border routers-3‬وھﻮ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ Area‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ال ‪ Summarization‬ﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫‪ : Autonomous System Boundary Routers-4‬وھﻮ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ‪(Autonomous System‬‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ (ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﻘﻔﻞ ‪ Network Information‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرج ال‪ Ospf‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ال ‪route‬‬
‫‪ redistribution‬وھﺬا ﺟﺰء ﻣﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ال ‪ BSCI‬ادﻋﻰ أﻧﻰ اﺷﺮﺣﮫ‬

‫‪OSPF Metric -5‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‪ Metric‬ﻓﻲ ال‪ OSPF‬أﺳﮭﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ‪EIGRP‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎل‪ cost‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر ﻟﮫ ﻷي ‪Destination‬‬
‫وھﻮ رﻗﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪1‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 65535‬وﻷﻛﻦ ﻛﯿﻒ اﻋﺮف ال‪Cost‬‬
‫)‪cost= 10000 0000/bandwith in bps(in interface‬‬
‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى‬

‫‪Cost= 108/BW of interface‬‬

‫وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ال ‪ Cost‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ال ‪interface‬‬

‫‪ip ospf cost‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل أﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ أن ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ روﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ ‪Ethernet =10MB‬‬
 ‫أﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎل‪Bit‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪Cost=10000 0000/10000 000=10‬‬
‫أو اﻧﻚ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ھﻮ ھﻮ ﺑﺎل‪ MB‬ﻷﻛﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ‪1000000‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 108‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ‪MB‬وﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‬
‫‪100000000/1000000=100‬‬
‫‪Cost=100/10=10‬‬
‫إذا ﻣﻘﺪار ال ‪ Cost‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺄﺧﺬه اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺎذﯾﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﯿﻦ = ‪10‬‬

‫وﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺳﻨﺘﻄﺮق ﻗﻠﯿﻼ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ال‪SPF‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻚ ال ‪ Topology Table‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ب‪ X‬وﻻﺣﻆ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬
‫ال ‪ Destination‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻧﻮع اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ھﻮ )‪Ethernet (10MB‬‬
‫أي ‪ Cost=10‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ‪ SPF‬ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ‪ Destination‬واﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ﺻﺎﺣﺐ أﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ Cost‬ﻓﯿﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻷﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات ﻟﻜﻼ ﻣﻦ ‪ F-G-H‬ووﺿﻊ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات ﻓﻲ ال‪Routing Table‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ‪ :‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‪ Cost‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻧﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ال‪ Cost‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ وﻓﻰ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫إذا أردﻧﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‪ Cost‬ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ X&H‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ‪ X-C-E-H‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪10+10+10=30‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ أﺧﺮى ‪ :‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ال‪ Cost‬ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ‪0‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ RA‬ﯾﺮﯾﺪ أن ﯾﺨﺘﺎر أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ال ‪ 128.5.2.1‬وﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺎرﯾﻦ‬

‫أوﻻ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ‪RA-RB-RE-128.5.2.1‬‬
‫‪Cost=10+10+15=35‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر ‪RA-RC-RD-128.5.2.1‬‬

‫‪Cost=5+15+64=84‬‬

‫إذا ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻷول ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻷﻧﮫ اﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ال‪Cost‬‬

‫‪Default Cost List‬‬

‫‪LSA Operation -6‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ‪ LSA‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻞ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﻤﺎن أن أﺧﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ال‪ LSA‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال‪Database‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ھﻲ ‪Sequencing, Checksums, and Aging‬‬

‫‪ : Sequencing-1‬ھﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﯿﻜﺴﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ 32Bit‬ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0x80000001‬وﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0x7fffffff‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺸﺎ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ‪LSA‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻄﯿﮫ ‪ sequence number‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ أراد أن ﯾﻨﺸﺊ ‪ LSA‬ﯾﻌﻄﯿﮫ ‪ Sequence number‬ﺟﺪﯾﺪ وھﻜﺬا‬

‫ﻣﺎذا ﻟﻮ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪ LSA‬ب‪ Seq Num‬ﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮ رﻗﻢ ‪ 0x7fffffff‬ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ‪flush‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ ال‪ Old LSA‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﻷﻛﻦ ﻛﯿﻒ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻔﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻋﺪاد ‪ Age‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪) MaxAge‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ( ﺛﻢ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻲ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ وﺟﯿﺮان ﯾﺮﺳﻠﻮا إﻟﻰ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮭﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻌﻠﻢ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ال‪ Area‬ﺑﮭﺬه ال‪ LSA‬ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ‪ MaxAge‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻞ‪ LSA‬ب‪ Seq Num‬ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪0x80000001‬‬

‫‪ :checksum-2‬ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﮫ إﻻ ﺗﻨﺒﯿﮫ اﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ال‪ Checksum‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺣﻘﻮل ال‪ LSA‬ﻋﺪا ﺣﻘﻞ ال ‪Age‬‬
 ‫‪:Age-3‬ھﺬا اﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﺮ ال ‪ LSA‬ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮاﻧﻲ و اﻟﻤﺪى ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 3600) 3600‬ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺸﺊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ‪LSA‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻄﯿﮭﺎ ‪ Age 0‬ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎﻟﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﯿﺮان )‪ (flooding‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ إﻟﻰ ‪ 3600‬ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮت ھﺬا ال‪ LSA‬اى‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ‪ flushed‬وﻛﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم وﺻﻮل ال‪ LSA‬إﻟﻰ ال‪ MaxAge‬وﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ‪ refresh‬ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮور ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ال‪ LSA‬وﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ‪ link-state refresh‬ﻛﻞ ‪ 30‬دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ال ‪Refresh‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻞ‪ LSA‬اﻟﺬي ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إرﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪ 30min‬ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﻧﺴﺨﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ھﺬه ال‪ LSA‬ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ ﺑﺎن ھﺬه‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻋﻦ ال‪LSA‬‬

‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة اﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Manet#show ip ospf database‬‬

‫)‪OSPF Router with ID (192.168.30.43‬‬ ‫)‪(Process ID 1‬‬
‫)‪Router Link States (Area 3‬‬
‫‪Link ID‬‬ ‫‪ADV Router‬‬ ‫‪Age‬‬ ‫‪Seq#‬‬ ‫‪Checksum‬‬ ‫‪Link Count‬‬
‫‪192.168.30.13 192.168.30.13 910‬‬ ‫‪0x80000F29‬‬ ‫‪0xA94E‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪192.168.30.23 192.168.30.23 1334‬‬ ‫‪0x80000F55‬‬ ‫‪0x8D53‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪192.168.30.30 192.168.30.30 327‬‬ ‫‪0x800011CA‬‬ ‫‪0x523‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪192.168.30.33 192.168.30.33 70‬‬ ‫‪0x80000AF4‬‬ ‫‪0x94DD‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Multiple instances of the same LSA‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ‪ Link-State Update (LSU) packet‬وال‪ LSU‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ‪ LSA‬واﺣﺪة أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ال‪ LSAs‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻣﺎﻣﻚ اﻟﺨﯿﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ھﻨﺎك ھﺬه ال‪ LSA‬ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻮﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬وﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪link-state‬‬
‫)‪ acknowledgment (LSAck‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ال‪ SPF‬ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال‪ LSA‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ ﻋﺪا اﻟﺠﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﮫ ھﺬه ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ال ‪split-horizon‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻔﺲ ھﺬه ال‪ LSA‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬ﯾﻘﺎرن اﻟﻮﺗﺮ ال ‪ Seq Num‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ذو ‪ Seq Num‬اﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﺎن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ھﺬه ال‪ LSA‬ﺑﺪل اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ وﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪ LSAck‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎرة وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ال‪SPF‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال‪ LSA‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ‬
‫‪ -3‬وإذا ﻛﺎن ال‪ Seq Num‬اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﺎن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪ LSU‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ال‪ LSA‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن ال‪ LSA‬ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ‪ Seq Num‬اﻛﺒﺮ ﯾﺪل ذاﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮫ ﻓﯿﮫ أﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا ال‪LSA‬‬

‫‪OSPF Packet Types -7‬‬

 ‫‪OSPF Packet Header Format‬‬

‫ھﺬه ھﻲ ھﯿﺌﺔ ال‪ospf Packet‬‬

‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻛﺎﻓﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻵن‬

‫‪ :Version Number‬ھﻨﺎك إﺻﺪارﯾﻦ وھﻢ ‪ 2, 3‬اﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ ﻷﺟﻞ ‪IPv6‬‬
‫‪ :Type‬ﻧﻮع ھﺬا ‪ Packet‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻤﺲ أﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ :Packet length‬ﻃﻮل ھﺬه ال‪Packet‬‬
‫‪ :Router ID‬وھﻨﺎ وﻗﻔﮫ ال‪ Router ID‬ھﻮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮف اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻻ ﯾﻨﻔﻊ أن‬
‫ﯾﺘﻜﺮر ھﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ روﺗﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‪ Area‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 32Bit‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ‪ ipv4‬وﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎره ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻵﺗﻲ‬
‫‪-1‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ >‪ (config-if)# router-id <ip address‬ﻻﻛﻢ ﻣﺎذا ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ !!!!‬
 ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ اﻧﺘﻢ ﻋﺎرﻓﯿﻦ ال ‪ loopback interface‬ﻃﯿﺐ ﻣﺎذا ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻋﻠﻲ ‪loopback ip address‬‬
‫أﻋﺪدت !!!!!‪loopback interface‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ip‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ‪physical interface‬ﻓﻲ روﺗﺮك‬
‫‪ :Area ID‬وﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ رﻗﻢ ال ‪Area‬اﻟﺘﻲ أﺗﺖ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ال‪packet‬‬
‫‪ :Checksum‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم ﺣﺪوث ﻋﻄﺐ ﻟﻞ ‪Ospf Packet‬أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫‪ :Authentication type‬ﻟﻌﺮض إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﺸﻔﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم أم ﻻ وﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﻞ ھﻮ ‪clear Text‬أم ‪MD5‬‬
‫‪ :Authentication‬ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Authentication‬‬
‫‪ :Data‬وﺗﺘﻌﺪد ﺻﯿﻐﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻵﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻮ ‪ :hello packet‬ﺳﺘﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﯿﺮان‬
‫ﻟﻮ ‪:DBD packet‬ﺳﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﻋﻦ ال‪ LSDB‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻟﺪى اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎل‪Router_id‬‬
‫وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻮ ‪:LSR packet‬ﺳﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ال‪ LSU‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻮ ‪:LSU packet‬ﺳﺘﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ‪ LSA‬واﺣﺪه او أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪه‬
‫ﻟﻮ ‪ :LSAck packet‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ‬

‫‪OSPF Network Types -8‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪك ﺛﻼث أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ال‪OSPF‬‬

‫‪Point-to-point networks‬‬

‫وھﻰ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﯾﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﯿﻦ روﺗﺮﯾﻦ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮﻟﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ ‪ HDLC & PPP‬وﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ ‪DR or‬‬
‫‪ BDR‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ﺳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻨﮭﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ وﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال‪ Hello Packet‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪ ip multicast 224.0.0.5‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‪T1, DS-3, :‬وأﺧﯿﺮا ‪SONET link‬‬

‫‪Broadcast Multiaccess (BMA) networks‬‬

‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﯿﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ روﺗﺮﯾﻦ وال ‪ Broadcast‬ﻣﺘﺎح ﺑﮭﺎ وال‪ Multicast‬وﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ‪ DR , BDR‬وﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﯿﺰة ﻓﻲ‬
‫ال‪ BMA‬اﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺮﺳﻞ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫‪ Hello Packet‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪IP Multicast 224.0.0.5‬‬

 ‫‪Other OSPF Packet‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪IP Multicast 224.0.0.6‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺘﮭﺎ ‪ Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI‬رﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪Ethernet‬‬

‫‪Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) networks‬‬

‫وھﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ روﺗﺮﯾﻦ وﻷﻛﻦ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪Broadcast‬‬

‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﺳﺘﺤﺘﺎج ل‪ Configuration‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ال‪ Router‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ال‪ Neighbors‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻻن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ‪OSPF packets‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ‪unicast‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺘﮭﺎ ‪X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM :‬‬

‫)‪Designated Routers (DR)& Backup Designated Routers(BDR‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ روﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أي ‪ Multi-access‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺪاوﻟﻮن ال‪ LSA‬ﯾﻘﻮم ﻛﻞ‬
‫روﺗﺮ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ‪ LSA‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺨﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﻲ ﻋﺪد ال‪ LSA‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ؟؟؟‬

‫‪ A‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪D,B,C,E‬‬

 ‫‪ B‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪A,D,C,E‬‬
‫‪ C‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪A,B,D,E‬‬
‫‪ D‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪A, B,C,E‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪A,B,C,D‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮن !!!!!‬

‫اﻟﻤﮭﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ أن ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر روﺗﺮ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﮭﻤﺘﮫ اﺳﺘﻼم ال)‪ Update(LSA‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﯿﺮان وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ھﻮ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﯿﺮان اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‪ interface‬ال‪ LSA‬وھﺬا اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ أﻃﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﺔ ‪ DR‬وﻛﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ أو روﺗﺮ‬
‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎﻃﻲ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻋﻄﻞ ﻟﻞ‪ DR‬ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻨﮫ وﯾﺆدى ھﺬه اﻟﻮﻇﯿﻔﺔ وھﺬا أﺳﻤﯿﻨﺎه ‪BDR‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺟﺪا ال‪ Hello Packet‬ﻻ ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ ال ‪ DR‬أو ال‪ BDR‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﯾﺬھﺐ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻮرﺗﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻰ ‪Area‬‬
‫واﺣﺪه‬

‫ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ال‪ DR&BDR‬؟؟‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻻﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﺗﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ال‪ interface‬اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ priority‬ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ DR‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻠﯿﮫ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻜﻮن ‪BDR‬‬
‫ﻃﯿﺐ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ أﺻﻼ ال‪Priority‬‬
‫ال‪ Priority‬ھﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 8-bit‬ﯾﻜﻮن ال‪ Range‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 255‬ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال‪ interfaces‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ روﺗﺮات ‪Cisco‬‬
‫ال ‪ priority‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ by Default=1‬وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ ‪ ip ospf priority‬ﻋﻠﻰ أي ‪ interface‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪multi-access‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ (a‬ﻟﻮ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺈﻋﺪاد ال‪ priority‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 0‬ﻓﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﻨﻰ أن ھﺬه ال‪ interface‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ DR‬أو ‪BDR‬‬
‫‪ (b‬ﻟﯿﺲ ﺷﺮط أن ﺗﻜﻮن ال ‪ interface‬ﻓﻲ روﺗﺮ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ‪ DR‬أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ال ‪interfaces‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ‪ DR‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺷﯿﺢ ال‪ DR‬ﻣﻦ ال ‪interface‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه ال‪Topology‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﻃﯿﺐ ﻣﺎذا ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ال ‪interfaces‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ال‪ Default=1‬ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر أﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ Router ID‬ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ‪ DR‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻠﯿﮫ ھﻮ ‪ BDR‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ال‪ Router ID‬رﺟﻊ درس ‪OSPF Packet Types‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﻣﺎذا ﯾﺤﺪث إذا ﺗﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﮭﺎء ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ‪ DR&BDR‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻇﮭﺮ ‪Router‬وﻟﮫ ‪ Priority‬أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻟﺪى‬
‫ال‪ DR&BDR‬؟؟!!!!‬
‫ﻟﻦ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺷﻲء !! ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ھﻨﺎ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ وﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ال‪ DR‬ﻓﺎن ال‪ BDR‬ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ اﻟﺮاﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪه وﺗﺠﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﻟﻞ‪ BDR‬وھﻜﺬا‬

‫‪-4‬ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ ال‪ BDR‬ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﺄﻛﺪ ھﻞ ال‪ DR‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ام ﻻ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ‪wait timer‬وﺗﺴﺎوي ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ال‬
‫‪RouterDeadInterval‬‬

‫‪Neighbor Adjacencies -9‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب أو ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻰ ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل ‪OSPF‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻌﯿﻞ ال‪ OSPF‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﻛﻞ ‪ interface‬ﻣﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ال‪ Ospf‬ﺳﺘﻘﻮم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ‪Hello Packet‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان‬
‫‪ Multicast 224.0.0.5‬وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺗﻲ‬

‫وال ‪Hello Packet‬ھﻨﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ ‪ EIGRP‬ﻓﮭﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﺪﯾﺪة أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪Eigrp Hello Packet‬‬
‫وﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ال‪ Packet‬ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮح ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ Area ID &Router ID‬ﺳﺒﻖ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻋﻨﮭﻢ‬
‫‪:Hello and dead intervals‬‬
‫‪ :Hello interval‬ھﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮه اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ إرﺳﺎل ال‪ Hello Packet‬وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺷﺒﻜﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮي وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ip ospf hello-interval‬‬
‫‪ :The dead interval‬ھﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮه اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ دون اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل أي ‪Packet‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎر ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﯾﻠﻐﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺎر‬
‫)‪ (declaring‬ﻣﻦ ال ‪ neighbor Table‬وداﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف وﻗﺖ ال ‪Hello Interval‬وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ اﻷﺗﻲ ‪ip ospf dead-interval‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ‪ by Default‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ‬
‫‪the default hello interval is 10 seconds :On broadcast OSPF networks‬‬
‫‪The default dead interval is 40 seconds‬‬
‫‪the default hello interval is 30 seconds :On nonbroadcast networks‬‬
‫‪The default dead interval is 120 seconds‬‬
‫‪ :Neighbors‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﯿﺮان‬
‫‪ :Router Priority‬ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال ‪ Router Priority‬اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮭﺬه ال‪interface‬‬
‫‪ :DR IP Address‬ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال‪DR ip‬‬
‫‪:Authentication Password‬ﻟﻮ وﺟﺪت ﻓﺎن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﺸﺎرﻛﻮن ﻧﻔﺲ ال‪Password‬‬
‫‪:Stub Area Flag‬ﻧﻮع ال‪ Area‬اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ھﺬه ال‪ interface‬ھﻞ ھﻲ ‪Backbone Area‬أو أو أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻋﻦ ال‪Areas‬‬

‫ﺷﺮوط أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻮرﺗﺮﯾﻦ ‪ Neighbors‬ﻓﻲ ال‪OSPF‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‪area ID.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪hello & dead intervals.‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ‪authentication password‬‬
‫‪ -4‬أن ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‪Stub area flag.‬‬

‫‪Exchanging and Synchronizing LSDBs‬‬

‫اﻵن ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮرﺗﺮات ﻣﻨﺬ أن ﺗﺒﺪءا ﺑﺘﻔﻌﯿﻞ ال‪ OSPF‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﻛﺘﻤﺎل‬

‫أوﻻ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ أﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

 ‫ﺗﻤﺮ ال ‪ Interface‬ﺑﺜﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪Down , init , Two-Way‬‬

‫‪ :Down‬ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ وﻟﻢ ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻢ أي ‪Hello Packet‬‬
‫وﺗﺮﺳﻞ ال‪ Hello Packet‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ال‪ BMA‬وال‪ Point to point‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪Multicast 224.0.0.5‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ال‪ NBMA‬ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ‪ Unicast‬وﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﺮد ‪ Unicast‬ﺑﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﻓﻲ أوﻻ‬

‫‪ :Init‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪ directly connected‬اﺳﺘﻠﻤﺖ ال‪ Hello Packet‬ﻣﻦ ‪A‬‬

‫‪ :2-Way‬وھﺬه ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ A‬ال‪ Hello Packet‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أرﺳﻞ ﻟﮭﻢ )اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪(directly connected‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻌﮭﻢ ﻓﻰ ال‪neighbor table‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ال‪ BMA‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ال‪ DR‬او ال‪ BDR‬إذ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ اﺧﺘﯿﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎره ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل‬
‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ال‪Hello Packet‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ ‪Discovering the Network Routes‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ال‪ DR‬وال‪ BDR‬ﻓﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ‪ BMA‬ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرت ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ‬

‫ﻓﯿﻤﺮ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ھﻲ ‪ Exstart State‬وھﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﻮ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ‪ Master‬وﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ‪Slave‬‬
‫أي ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺒﺪءا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎدل أوﻻ أو ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﺧﺮ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ال‪ DBD Packet‬أوﻻ‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻜﻮن ‪ Master‬ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﺔ اﻋﻠﻲ ‪ Router ID‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻮﻧﮫ ‪ DR‬أو ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ‪ BMA‬ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﻓﻲ ال‪ DR,BDR‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ وﻛﻞ روﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺔ وﻟﯿﺲ أي‬
‫روﺗﺮ ﻣﻊ أي روﺗﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪ Exchange State‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﻮ ال‪ Master‬ﯾﺒﺪءا ال‪ Master‬ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻦ ال‪ LSDB‬اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ال‪ Slave‬وﯾﻘﻮم أﯾﻀﺎ ال‪ Slave‬ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬اﻟﻰ ال‪Master‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﯾﺼﻞ أي روﺗﺮ ال ‪ DBD Packet‬ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺜﻼث أﺷﯿﺎء‬
‫أوﻻ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪ LSAck‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي أرﺳﻞ ﻟﮫ ‪ DBD Packet‬واﺳﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ھﻨﺎ ‪Loading State‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرن ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ال ‪LSDB‬اﻟﺬي وﺻﻞ إﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎل‪ LSDB‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻨﺪه و اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﯾﺠﺪه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﯾﺔ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ‪LSR‬‬
‫ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ال‪ LSA‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﮫ ال‪ DR‬ال‪ LSU Packet‬وﺑﮭﺎ ال‪ LSA‬أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ال‪ LSA‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﮭﺎ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻀﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬وﻓﻰ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ وﺻﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ إﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال‪Full State‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪ :‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ال ‪ Full State‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻤﺴﺎر ﻟﻞ ‪ Traffic‬ﻻن وﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ Full State‬ﯾﻌﻨﻰ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻮرﺗﺮات ﻗﺪ وﺿﻌﺖ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات ﻓﻰ ال‪LSDB‬‬

‫‪Maintaining Routing Information‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎل ﻣﻌﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﯿﻒ ﺳﯿﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ روﺗﺮات ال‪ OSPF‬ﻣﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪث ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى واﻟﻮﺻﻼت ﻣﻊ ‪ A‬ﻣﺜﻞ ان ﺣﺪث ‪ Down‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
 ‫ﻓﺴﻮف ﯾﺤﺪث اﻷﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺮﺳﻞ روﺗﺮ ‪ A‬رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪LSU Packet‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ‪LSA‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ IP Multicast 224.0.0.6‬ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺘﻠﻤﮫ إﻻ ال ‪DR&BDR‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ال‪ LSU‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ LSAs‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻼم ﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال‪ Ack DR‬ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ال‪ (Flooding LSU) LSU‬إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ وﯾﺮﺳﻞ ال‪ DR‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪224.0.0.5‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻠﻤﺖ ال‪ LSU‬ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ‪ LSAck Packet‬إﻟﻰ ال‪DR‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﻟﻮ ﻓﻲ روﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ أﺧﺮى وﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ روﺗﺮ‪ B‬ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ھﺬه ال‪ LSU‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ‬
‫‪-5‬ﺑﻌﺪ وﺿﻊ ال‪ LSU‬اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ ال‪ LSDB‬ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﺑﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ال‪ SPF‬ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬

‫‪Configuring OSPF Routing -10‬‬

‫‪Configuring Basic OSPF Routing‬‬
‫>‪(config)# router ospf <process id‬‬
‫‪ 1-65535=Process id‬وھﺬا ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺄﻧﻚ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻗﺴﺎم داﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ إﻻ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ وﻻ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻟﻠﺮوﺗﺮات اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫)‪(Just in local Router‬‬

‫‪(config-router)# network ip-address wildcard-mask area area-id‬‬

‫‪ : network ip-address‬ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ال‪ interface‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﻤﻦ ال‪OSPF‬‬

‫‪ :wildcard-mask‬وھﻮ ﺷﺒﯿﮫ ﺑﺎل ‪ Net mask‬ﻷﻛﻦ ال ‪ Bits‬ﻓﻲ ال‪ Wildcard‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوى ﺻﻔﺮ ‪ 0‬وال ‪Bits‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎل‪ Hosts‬ﺗﺴﺎوى واﺣﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫‪Network ID = 172.16.0.0‬‬
‫‪Netmask = 255.255.0.0‬‬
‫‪Wildcard mask = 0.0.255.255‬‬
‫‪Netmask by bits = 11111111.11111111.00000000. 00000000‬‬
‫‪Wildcard Mask = 00000000.00000000.11111111.11111111‬‬
‫‪ : area-id‬وﯾﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان ال ‪ Area‬وﻃﺒﻌﺎ أﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أن ال‪ Area 0‬ھﻰ ال‪Backbone‬‬

‫أو ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎ ﻛﻞ ھﺬه اﻷواﻣﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ال ‪ interface‬اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻋﻤﻞ ال ‪ospf‬ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫‪Router(config-if)# ip ospf process-id area area-id‬‬

‫‪Configuring a Router ID‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻋﻦ ال‪ R ID‬واﻻن ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎول ﻃﺮق ﻋﻤﻞ ال ‪ Configuration‬ﻟﮫ‬

‫إذا أردت أن ﺗﺤﺪد ال‪ RID‬ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ دون اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﻟﻰ ‪Loopback interface‬او ‪ Physical interface‬ﻓﻌﻠﯿﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫>‪(config-router)# router-id <ip address‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ أردت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ال‪loopback interface‬‬
‫‪(config)# int loopback 0‬‬
‫‪(config-if)# ip address ip mask‬‬

‫‪Router#clear ip ospf process‬‬

‫وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺴﺢ ال‪ RID‬اﻟﺬي اﺧﺘﺎره اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ھﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺬي أدﺧﻠﺘﮫ أﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ال‪: router priority‬‬
‫‪(config)# int e0/0‬‬
‫>‪(config-if)# ip ospf priority <no.‬‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﯿﺎر ال‪Cost‬‬
‫>‪1- (config-if)# ip ospf cost <no.‬‬
‫>‪2- (config-if)# bandwidth <no. in kbps‬‬
 3- (config-router)# ospf auto-cost reference-bandwidth <no.>

‫ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﯿﺘﺎت‬
(config-router)# timer spf <spf delay time> <spf hold time>
(config-if)# ip ospf hello-interval <no. in sec>
(config-if)# ip ospf dead-interval <no. in sec>
‫ واﺣﺪ‬Destination ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ل‬
(config-router)# maximum-paths <no.>

Show commands

‫ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬:show ip protocols

OSPF ‫ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬:show ip route ospf

OSPF‫ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ال‬interface‫ ﻟﻌﺮض ال‬:show ip ospf interface

LSA ‫ وﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬OSPF Timer ‫و‬Router Id ‫ ﯾﻌﺮض ﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬:show ip ospf

Neighbor‫ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ال‬:show ip ospf neighbor

 ‫‪ show ip ospf neighbor detail‬ﻟﻌﺮﺿﮭﻢ ﻷﻛﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ‬

‫‪ : debug ip ospf events‬ﻟﻌﺮض ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﯿﮭﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻟﻞ‪OSPF‬‬

‫* ‪Router#clear ip route‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ ال‪Routing Table‬‬
‫‪Router#clear ip route A.B.C.D‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
 OSPF Router Authentication
‫ ھﻢ‬OSPF‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ال‬Authentication ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ أي اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺎس ورد ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﻔﺮة‬Clear Text-1
MD5 ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ ﺑﺘﺸﻔﯿﺮ‬:MD5-2
‫أو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺮ‬

Configuring OSPF Password Authentication

Clear text password
Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication-key password

MD5 password
Router(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key key-id md5 key
255 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬1 ‫ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻦ‬:key-id
16 byte ‫اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬Alphanumeric ‫ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮوف‬:Key

Authentication‫ﻟﺘﻔﻌﯿﻞ ال‬

Clear txt ‫ﻟﻮ‬

Router(config-if)# ip ospf authentication
MD5 ‫ﻟﻮ‬
Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication message-digest
Authentication‫إذا أردت أن ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ ال‬
Router(config-if)#ip ospf authentication null
‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺮ اﻷﺗﻲ‬Area ‫أو ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻔﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ال‬
Router(config-router)# area area-id authentication [message-digest]

Troubleshooting Simple Password Authentication

debug ip ospf adj ‫ ھﻮ‬Troubleshooting‫ﻣﻦ ھﻢ اﻻواﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ال‬

Successful Simple Password Authentication Example

 ‫وﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺧﻄﺎء‬

‫ وﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻜﻞ واﺣﺪة ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬Auth‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ ال‬

Null— Type 0
Simple password— Type 1
MD5— Type 2
‫ﻓﯿﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ذﻟﻚ ﺟﯿﺪا‬

Verifying MD5 Authentication

Neighbor table‫ ﻓﻲ ال‬Neighbor‫ﻣﻦ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ أﯾﻀﺎ ھﻮ أﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد ال‬
show ip ospf neighbor

Successful MD5 Authentication Example

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ ال‪Key‬‬

‫‪Configuration OSPF on NBMA Networks -11‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وھﻲ‬
‫‪Point-to-point networks‬‬
‫‪Broadcast Multiaccess (BMA) networks‬‬
‫‪Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) networks‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ال‪ Point To Point‬وال‪ BMA‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ أي ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ال‪ Configuration‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ أن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ دون ﺣﺪوث أي ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‪ NBMA‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻹﻋﺪادات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻻن ﻃﺮق اﻹرﺳﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ال‪Unicast‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ال‪(X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM) : NBMA‬‬

‫وﻻن اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﻮ ال‪Frame Relay‬‬

‫ﻟﺬا ﺳﻮف ﻧﺬﻛﺮ اﻻﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺠﺪھﺎ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ Star Topology‬أو إﻟﻰ إﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮭﺎ ‪ hub-and-spoke‬وﺑﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ روﺗﺮ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ وﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف وﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ھﻮ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Full-mesh topology‬وﻣﻌﻨﺎه أن ﻛﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Partial-mesh topology‬وھﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ال‪ Full-mesh topology‬ﻷﻛﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ أن ﻟﯿﺲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ﻟﻠﺜﻼث أﻧﻮاع‬
 ‫وﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻨﺎ ا‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وﻷﻛﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ أرﯾﺪ ﻣﻨﻚ أن ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ‬Configuration ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع ال‬
DR‫ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ال‬Neighbors‫ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ال‬NBMA‫ ﻟﻞ‬Configuration

configuring OSPF on this NBMA network ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

Full-mesh topology ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬Topology‫ﻧﻮع ال‬

Subnet‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‬ Subnet‫ﻣﺪى ال‬

30 Sec Hello Timer

(‫ )ﯾﺪوﯾﺔ‬Manual ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب او اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Adjacency

RFC ‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ھﻞ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﺮات‬:RFC or Cisco

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ام ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Cisco

Configuration

Rembrandt's configuration.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 100
frame-realy map ip 172.16.2.3 300
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 500
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.2
neighbor 172.16.2.3
neighbor 172.16.2.4
Hals's configuration specifying a neighbor priority.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 600
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.3 600
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 600
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10

Vandyck's configuration specifying a neighbor priority.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.3 255.255.255.0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 400
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 400
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 400
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 are a 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10

Brueghel's configuration specifying a neighbor priority.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.4 255.255.255.0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 200
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 200
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.3 200
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10
DR ‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ اﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬DR ‫ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻟﮫ أن ﯾﻜﻮن‬Priority ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻮ اﻧﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﺪد ال‬
DR‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﺳﺘﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﺎ اﻧﮫ ال‬Priority 10 ‫ ﻟﮫ‬172.16.2.1 ‫أﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎھﺎ أن اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ‬

configured as an OSPF broadcast network ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

Full-mesh topology ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬Topology‫ﻧﻮع ال‬

Subnet‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‬ Subnet‫ﻣﺪى ال‬

10 Sec Hello Timer

 (‫ )ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬Automatic ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب او اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Adjacency

Cisco ‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ھﻞ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﺮات‬:RFC or Cisco

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ آم ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Cisco

Configuration

Rembrandt's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF broadcast network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network broadcast
ip ospf priority 10
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 100 broadcast
frame-realy map ip 172.16.2.3 300 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 500 broadcast
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Hals's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF broadcast network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network broadcast
ip ospf priority 0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 600 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.3 600 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 600 broadcast
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Vandyck's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF broadcast network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.3 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network broadcast
ip ospf priority 0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 400 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 400 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.4 400 broadcast
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Brueghel's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF broadcast network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.4 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network broadcast
ip ospf priority 0
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.1 200 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.2 200 broadcast
frame-relay map ip 172.16.2.3 200 broadcast
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

‫ واﻻﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬Priority 10 ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬DR ‫ وﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاد أن ﯾﻜﻮن‬BMA ‫ إﻟﻰ‬NBMA‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻮ اﻧﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ال‬
Cisco ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ روﺗﺮات‬Configuration ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا ال‬

configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint network. ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

Partial-mesh Or Star topology ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬Topology‫ﻧﻮع ال‬

Subnet‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‬ Subnet‫ﻣﺪى ال‬

30 Sec Hello Timer

BDR ‫ او‬DR ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب او اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Adjacency

RFC ‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ھﻞ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﺮات‬:RFC or Cisco

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ آم ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Cisco

Configuration
Rembrandt's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Hals's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Vandyck's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.3 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Brueghel's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint network.

interface Serial0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip address 172.16.2.4 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Point ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮭﺎ‬PVCs‫ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ال‬Point To Point‫ ﺷﺒﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎل‬NBMA‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻮ اﻧﻚ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ال‬
BDR ‫ او‬DR ‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك‬To Point

configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast network. ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

Partial-mesh Or Star topology ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬Topology‫ﻧﻮع ال‬

Subnet‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ال‬ Subnet‫ﻣﺪى ال‬

30 Sec Hello Timer

BDR ‫ او‬DR ‫ﯾﺪوي ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب او اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Adjacency

Cisco ‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ھﻞ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﺮات‬:RFC or Cisco

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ آم ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Cisco

Configuration

Rembrandt's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast network.

interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
map-group Leiden
frame-relay lmi-type q933a
frame-relay svc
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.2 cost 30
neighbor 172.16.2.3 cost 20
neighbor 172.16.2.4 cost 50

Hals's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast network.

interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
map-group Haarlem
frame-relay lmi-type q933a
frame-relay svc
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10

Vandyck's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast network.

interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.2.3 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
map-group Antwerp
frame-relay lmi-type q933a
frame-relay svc
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10

Brueghel's Frame Relay interface is configured as an OSPF point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast network.

interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.2.4 255.255.255.0
encapsulation frame-relay
ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
map-group Brussels
frame-relay lmi-type q933a
frame-relay svc
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
neighbor 172.16.2.1 priority 10

Unicast ‫ وﻻﻛﻦ‬Multicast ‫ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ‬OSPF Packet‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻻﻛﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ھﻮ ان ال‬
manually configured ‫ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬Neighbor ‫واﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ال‬

configured with point-to-point subinterfaces ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ واﻻﺧﯿﺮة‬

 ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

Partial-mesh Or Star topology ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬Topology‫ﻧﻮع ال‬

Subinterface ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ‬ Subnet‫ﻣﺪى ال‬

10 Sec Hello Timer

BDR ‫ او‬DR ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب او اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Adjacency

Cisco ‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ھﻞ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﺮات‬:RFC or Cisco

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ آم ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮوﺗﺮات‬Cisco

Configuration

Rembrandt is configured with point-to-point subinterfaces.

interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
interface Serial0.100 point-to-point
description -------------------------- to Hals
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 100
interface Serial0.300 point-to-point
description -------------------------- to Vandyck
ip address 172.16.2.5 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 300
interface Serial0.500 point-to-point
description -------------------------- to Brueghels
ip address 172.16.2.9 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 500
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Hals is configured with point-to-point subinterfaces.

interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
interface Serial0.600
description --------------------------- to Rembrandt
ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 600
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Vandyck is configured with point-to-point subinterfaces.

interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
interface Serial0.400
description ---------------------------- to Rembrandt
ip address 172.16.2.6 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 400
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

Brueghel is configured with point-to-point subinterfaces.

interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
interface Serial0.200
description ---------------------------- to Rembrandt
ip address 172.16.2.10 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 200
!
router ospf 1
network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

point to point ‫ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ‬sub ‫ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ‬Sub interface ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬interface ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ھﻨﺎ ھﻮ اﻧﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻢ ال‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ آﺧﻰ ﯾﺎﺳﺮ رﻣﺰي‬

ppp and hdlc‫ ﺑﺮﺗﻮﻛﻮل زى‬wan ‫ ﻣﺶ ﻻزم‬fastethernet ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ‬point to point b ‫ال‬