Schaums Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables

Preface ‘The purpose of this handbook is to supply a collection of mathematical formulas and tables which will prove to be valuable to students and research workers in the fields of mathematics, physics, engineering and other sciences. To accomplish this, care has been taken to include those formulas and tables which are most likely to be needed in practice rather than highly specialized results which are rarely used. Every effort has been made to present results concisely as well as precisely so that they may be referred to with a maxi- mum of ease as well as confidence. Topics covered range from elementary to advanced. Elementary topics include those from algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytic geometry and calculus. Advanced topies include those from differential equations, vector analysis, Fourier series, gemma and beta funetions, Bessel and Legendve functions, Fourier and Laplace transforms, elliptie functions and various other special functions of importance. ‘This wide coverage of topies has been adopted so as to provide within a single volume most of the important mathematical results needed by the student or research worker regardless of his particular field of interest or level of attainment. The book is divided into two main parts, Part I presents mathematical formulas together with other material, such as definitions, theorems, graphs, diagrams, ete., essential for proper understanding and application of the formulas. Included in this first part are extensive tables of integrals and Laplace transforms which should be extremely useful to the student and research worker. Part II presents numerical tables such as the values of elementary functions (trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, hyperbolic, ete.) as well as advanced functions (Bessel, Legendre, elliptic, ete.|. In order to eliminate confusion, especially to the beginner in mathematics, the numerical tables for each function are sep- arated. ‘Thus, for example, the sine and cosine functions for angles in degrees and minutes are given in separate tables rather than in one table so that there is no need to be concerned about the possibility of error due to looking in the wrong column or row. I wish to thank the various authors and publishers who gave me permission to adapt data from their books for use in several tables of this handbook. Appropriate references to such sources are given next to the corresponding tables. In particular I am indebted to the Literary Executor of the late Sir Ronald A. Fisher, F.RS., to Dr. Frank Yates, F.RS., and to Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh, for permission to use data from Table III of their book Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. also wish to express my gratitude to Ni for their excellent editorial cooperation. Henry Hayden and Jack Margolin M. R. SPIEGEL Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute September, 1968CONTENTS ‘ae FORMULAS % 10. W 12. 13. Special Constants ‘| Special Products and Factors. . ‘The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients Geometric Formulas ‘Trigonometrie Functions Complex Numbers... Exponential and Logarithmic ‘Functions Hyperbolic Functions Solutions of Algebraic Equations Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry Special Plane Curves - Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry . Derivatives Indefinite Integrals........ Definite Integrals. The Gamma Function The Beta Function ae Basie Differential Equations and Solutions Series of Constants..... Taylor Series Bernoulli and Euler Numbers oe Formulas from Vector Analysis Fourier Series... ......0cecscceeeseeteees Bessel Functions Legendre Functions . Associated Legendre Functions . Hermite Polynomials .. Laguerre Polynomials Associated Laguerre Polynomials ......-2.....++ Chebyshev Polynomials... Page uw @eeee - 40 46 53 57 10L 108 104 107 110 ald 116 181 oe ABE = AMG 149 BL 158 157contents ae 31. Hypergeometric Functions . ‘ a 160 32. Laplace Transforms ....... eet i beeen vee 16L 33. Fourier Transforms ........ Beta 174 34. Elliptic Functions: Se beeeeteeeees . sees fetta 179 35. Miscellaneous Special Functions 2 . oo entree eee LBB 36. Inequalities ......... Sete 185 37. Partial Fraction Expansions . ted Z nee . fA 187 38. Infinite Products eo sete eter eee eeeee we i e+ 188 39. Probability Distributions wee . . vere 189 40. Special Moments of Inertia . . . eee 190 41. Conversion Factors................5 batt eee eras ween eee ee es LOZ a TABLES Sample problems illustrating use of the tables..... . Pe 1, Four Place Common Logarithms ..... rerreeneees . see . «202 2. Four Place Common Antilogarithms. 204 3. Sina (x in degrees and minutes) ....... - os +206 4. Coss (x in degrees and minutes) Peete treet teeter eee ener ee ence eee DOT 5. Tanz (x in degrees and minutes) crests Eten elie aet et ou! 6. Cota (x in degrees and minutes) : 4 ae 209 7. Secx (a in degrees and minutes) . . 210 8. Csea (x in degrees and minutes) 2 9. Natural Trigonometric Functions (in radians) wee - 212 10, log sins (« in degrees and minutes) ...........000.0 i woes 216 11. log cos (x in degrees and minutes) . wee 218 12. log tana (x in degrees and minutes) ........00....000000 ae aerepareeeat | 13. Conversion of radians to degrees, minutes and seconds or trations af degre a 14. Conversion of degrees, minutes and seconds to radians ... . a 2B 15. Natural or Napierian Logarithms loge x or Inc. es 22 16. Exponential functions ¢* 226 17. Exponential functions e~*. ee 227 18a, Hyperbolic functions sinh x tte a . 228 18b. Hyperbolic functions cosh x .. Bia bret tere . 230 18e. Hyperbolic funetions tamha........... ccc ccc ececeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeteree eevee es s2B2CONTENTS 19. Factorial n 20. Gamma Function 21, Binomial Coefficients rat pees 22, Squares, Cubes, Roots and Reciprocals .....o..06e.00sec000 23. Compound Amount: (1+7)", 24, Present Value of an Amount: (1-+1)-* (+r — 25. Amount of an Annuity: 2 26. Present Value of an Annuity; 1+)" 27. Bessel funetions Jo(z) .. 28. Bessel functions J (2). 29, Bessel functions Yo(r) . fae 30, Bessel functions Pa(z) . 31, Bessel funetions fn(x).... 32, Bessel functions f(x)... 93, Bessel functions Ko(2) . 34, Bessel functions Ki(e) ...... 35. Bessel functions Ber (x) nae 96. Bessel functions Bei (t) 00.00.00 cece 37. Bessel functions Ker (2) 38, Bessel functions Kei (x) 39. Values for Approximate Zeros of Bessel Funetions .. 40. Exponential, Sine and Cosine Integrals ......... 41. Legendre Polynomials P.(2) 42, Legendre Polynomials P,(cos ¢) fee 43. Complete Elliptic Integrals of First and Second Kinds . 44, Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind. . 45. Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind 46. Ordinates of the Standard Normal Curve 47, Areas under the Standard Normal Curve. 48. Percentile Values for Student's ¢ Distribution 49. Percentile Values for the Chi Square Distribution .. 50, 95th Percentile Values for the F' Distribution 51. 99th Percentile Values for the F Distribution 52. Random Numbers......... Index of Special Symbols and Notations... Index... 234 236 238 240 241 242 243 244 244 245 245 246 247 = 2A7 248 249 249 250 251Part I FORMULASTHE GREEK ALPHABET tek [Grek] aoe Greck letter name | Lower case | Capital name Tower case | Capital Alpha « A Na y N Beta Bg B xi t = Gamma y r Omicron ° ° Datta 8 a Pi . u Epsilon . E Bho » | P Zeta t Z Siema eee Hits Bta , H Taw ' Tv Theta 6 ® Upsilon . y Iota ‘ I Phi 6 | @ Kappa « K oni x x Lambéa a A Pai ‘ ¥ Mu » | M Omega | \ |] SPECIAL CONSTANTS 214159 26595 89709 29846 261. ALIAS WELT CAMS 0 UATUIM SRP ISL CLA 1-2 « = auriens rezes so04s 20506 0287... = tim (14 2 = natural base of logarithms 1.3 VB = 1.41421 95628 73095 04887. 1.4 YB = 1.73205 08075 68877 2035. 15 VB = 228006 70774 so789 6064... 1.6 YB = 1250022060... V7 YB = 14e224 9670 18 YB = 114860 8955... 24573 0040. T.10 or = 23:14089 26827 79269 006. TIT se = 22.4501 77188 61045 47342 715... VIZ ex = 15.15426 22414 T9264 190. 1.13 logo 2 = 0.80102 99956 63981 19521 87389 ogig 3 = O.ATT12 12547 19662 48729 50279... logig © = 0.49429 44819 08251 82705... logig + = 0.49714 98725 94188 85435 12688. log, 10 = In 10 = 2.90258 50920 94045 68401 7091 log. 2 = In 2 = 0.59814 71805 59945 0941 7282. 1.19 log, 3 = In 3 = 1.09861 22886 68109 69139 5249 1.20 -y = 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 6512... = Euler's constant Kim Taty 42 ine) = bm (edehy eto ine) 1.21 er = 1.78107 24179 90197 9852... [see 1.20) 1.22 Ye = 1.04872 19707 00128 1468... 1.23 Ve = ri) = 1.77245 a8609 05616 02120 8167. where Tis the gamma function [see pages 101-102}, 1.24 r(g) = 2.87808 85347 07748... 1.25 (4) = 8.62560 99082 21908. 1.26 Lradian = 180%/r = 57.20577 95130 8292... 1.27 1° = r/180 radians = 0.01745 92925 19949 29576 92... radians2 "SPECIAL PRODUCTS and FACTORS 210 ty = At ot ye 220 y= ett te 23 (ety = tt Bety + Boyt t yt 24 9 @—y = 2 Bety te — 25 (ety = tt daly + Gate + dey + ot 26 (ey) = xt daly + Gay? — dey + ot 27 (ety = 28+ Baty + Ort? + Ont + Bayt + 28 (e—y)S = 28 — Brty + 1028y! — 102%yt + Bay! ~ ¥S 29 (ety = 28+ Bedy + Laty? + Q02tyt + 152% + Gey + Yt 2.10 (xy) = x8 bay + 15xty? ~ 2028y! + 152% — bays + ¥6 ‘The results 21 to 2.10 above are special cases of the binomial formula [see page 3) BMW tay = Wet 2120 toy = (e-Wett ty) 213 Sty = (ety t 214 Ay = e-Dlet vette) 21S oy = ewer aty tat tae te) 216 ty = (et Met ary tty x+y) QAT ay = (Meh Nay + vat svt) 2B et bathe yt = (tay + yet ay tv) BAD hb dt = (ot + Dey + Byler Bey +2¥4) Some generalizations of the above are given by the following results where m is a positive integer, 2.20 = le yet batty + etentye boo + yay ( ary pt )(#~ trem mths |) = wan (2 — aay cong! ( Que a «(a= eran tts +4) RAV amet a yinth = (at glam — ately atertyt a) ae _— 2+ dey omgtts +) 222 ae ym = ta ve + Wert ty tat + yard ety + ty = em wee tn (ot ~ tev cook + at)(28 — tev cone + v4) «(et — zon eno BE + yp) 2230 am hyn = + (= + aay con SE + ¥) s(t + av ost + 8) 23 “The BINOMIAL FORMULA and BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS FACTORIAL n If w=1,2,3,.., factorial n or n factorial is defined as at nh = Le2eBe en We also define zero factorial as 32 oan BINOMIAL FORMULA FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL 7 If m=1,2,... then nin ain Din=2 33 eta = et net + ED penne 4 MEDD ae ays ge yn ‘This ig called the binomial formula. It can be extended to other values of m and then is an infinite series [sce Binomial Series, page 110). BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS ‘The reault 8.8 can also be writen a6 atm = we (Darts (Sets (Jew en + (Ce wee ec cel Sit ete i (2) = mua “Dott = (ate)36 a7 38 39 ‘THE BINOMIAL FORMULA AND BINOMIAL COFFFICIENTS PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS G)+ (ets) = (Ee) ‘This leads to Pascal's triangle (ace pase 286) @+G@)+G ++) = ()+G@)+G) to = G)+G)+G) en = a GY+ GY + Gye GY = GD Xe) + MoE) + + GG) = Co") w(t) + (3) + (5) + + w() = (3) = 2) + 0(8) = eorne(f) = « MULTINOMIAL FORMULA Gytagteta = Bagnall where the sum, denoted by 3, is taken over all nonnegative integers 1y.Ma) +My £0F which nimteo tn =m4 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS 42 43 44 4s 46 ar 43 RECTANGLE OF LENGTH b AND WIDTH a Area = ab Perimeter = 20+ 25 z Fig. PARALLELOGRAM OF ALTITUDE i AND BASE b Area = bh = absino Perimeter = 2a + 26 TRIANGLE OF ALTITUDE i AND BASE b Area = 4bh = Jab sing = Vie= ae HEA) where #= }(a+b +0) = semiperimeter 7 Perimeter = a+b +o Fig 3 TRAPEZOID OF ALTITUDE A AND PARALLEL SIDES a AND 6 Area = $ha+8) Perimeter = a+ b+a(=t. 41.) sina * Sing) = at b+ Rese + esc 9) Fig. tt6 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS REGULAR POLYGON OF SIDES EACH OF LENGTH 0 2 49 — Area = JrbteotS = pubs Sostehsd 4.10 Perimeter = nb Fig. 45 CIRCLE OF RADIUS 411 Area = or? 4.12 Perimeter = 2er Fig. £6 SECTOR OF CIRCLE OF RADIUS r n radians} 7 Fig. 4-7 4.13 Area = Into 4.14 Are length ¢ "RADIUS OF CIRCLE INSCRIBED IN A TRIANGLE OF SIDES 0,2, ¢ Vem oe— He) Als r= where 6 = fla +b -+¢) = semiperimeter Fig. RADIUS OF CIRCLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A TRIANGLE OF SIDES a,b,c rary R= Sp\ ate= aye Dle=o) Hla +b +) = semiperimeter Nay whereGEOMETRIC FORMULAS 1 REGULAR POLYGON OF 7 SIDES INSCRIBED IN CIRCLE OF RADIUS + i as 4.17 Area = nr? sin2= = grr sin 380° 418 Perimeter = anv sinZ = Bur sin O° ( } SZ Fig. 4-10 = A Z SS REGULAR POLYGON OF n SIDES CIRCUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE OF RADIUS r i > 419 Area = wr? tan = = nr? tan 182° 420° Perimeler = tartan = ter tan ( p es Fig.4-11 SEGMENT OF CIRCLE OF RADIUS + 421 Ares of shaded part = 4r8(—sine) @ Figen ELLIPSE OF SEMI-MAJOR AXIS a AND SEMI-MINOR AXIS b 4.22 Area = sab b = aeVFTER operates ‘ SEGMENT OF A PARABOLA 2 424 Aree = jet 2 (da + VOR + 16a* I" 425 actonmnanc = yverie + Bn(MAVEERE) < orgy Feet426 427 4.28 429 4.30 431 432 433 434 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED OF LENGTH a, HEIGHT J, WIDTH c Volume = abe Surface area = 2ab-+ ae + be) Fig. 415 PARALLELEPIPED OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA 4 AND HEIGHT h Volume = Ah = abesing SPHERE OF RADIUS 7 4 Volume = $7 Surface area = dor Fig.t17 RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT i. Volume = erth Lateral surface area = 2crh Fig. 4418 CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS 7 AND SLANT HEIGHT 7 Volume = wh = srilsine = Berk Lateral surface aren = 2ert = Beth Derk ese 9GEOMETRIC FORMULAS CYLINDER OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA A AND SLANT HEIGHT I 435 Volume = Ah = Alsing 4.36 Lateral surface area = pl Note that formulas 4.31 to 4.24 are special cases, RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADIUS + AND HEIGHT h. ern Crs 4.38 Lateral surface area = er V7 4.37 Volume = wl / Fig. 4-21 PYRAMID OF BASE AREA 4 AND HEIGHT h. 4.39 Volume = Jah f Fig. 4-22 SPHERICAL CAP OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h 4.40 Volume (shaded in figure) = 4rh#(9r—W) AAL Surface aren = 2erh Fig 4-28 FRUSTRUM OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADII a,b AND HEIGHT h 4.42 Volume = jrh(at + ab + b2) 1 slat VEO aP slat oy 443° Lateral surface area10 444 4.45 446 447 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS SPHERICAL TRIANGLE OF ANGLES 4, 5,C ON SPHERE OF RADIUS + Area of triangle ABC = (A+ B+0~ sy er Fig. 425 TORUS OF INNER RADIUS a AND OUTER RADIUS b Volume = Je%a+5)6~a)! nit Surface area = +0? a) Fig. 28, _ ELLIPSOID OF SEMI-AXES a,b,c Volume = $rabe Fig. 4.27 PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR A RIGHT TRIANGLE ‘Triangle ABC has a right angle (80°) at C and sides of length a,b,c. ‘The trigonometric functions of angle A are defined az follows : = 4 opposite 51 sincof A = sind = © = ,oEpesite : : b _ adjacent 52 cosine of A= cosa = & = ;adiecent 53 tangent of A = tana ~ ¢ = opposite » 54 entangent of A = cot = # a @ * opposite = seed ~~ bYpotemuce 55 secant of A A= © “adiace © _ hypotenuse 5.6 cosecant of A = ese = fA A= = “opposite EXTENSIONS TO ANGLES WHICH MAY BE GREATER THAN 90° Consider an ay coordinate system [see Fig, 6-2 and 6-9 below]. A point P in the 0, — ite <0} +” MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS sinh3z = Ssinhz + 4 sinhtx cosh 32 = 4 cosh? — 3 cosh tanb3e = sinh az = 8 sinh cosh + 4 sinh cosh coshde = Seoshtx ~ Seothts + 1 tanhig = —Atanhs +4 tanh 2 6 tani? z+ tank's28 8.36 8.37 38.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 3.42 8.43 8.44 245, 8.46 8.47 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS POWERS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS sink?e = costs = sinh? 2 = cosh = sinhts = coshte = 4} cosh 2 4} cosh 2 | sinh se J cosh Sx J — Geoch 2x + 4 cosh te Bed “4 +t = feinhe + feosh x fcosh 2x + f cosh Ax SUM, DIFFERENCE AND PRODUCT OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS e+ sinby sinh 2 — sinh cosh + cosh cosh ~ cosh y sinh ainhy = cosh cosh y sinh x coshy = = 2sinh J(+) cosh fle~y) 2 cosh fe ~ u) sinh $2 —y) 2 cosh e+) cosh He ~ v) = 2sinh Mey) sink 4r— v) Hash (e+) ~ cosh (wh) eoah (+ y) + cosh (= y)) Hisinh (e ») + sink (e—y)} EXPRESSION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF OTHERS In the following we assume #>0. If 2<0 use the appropriate sign as indicated by formulas 8.14 to 8.19. u | cose =u | tanhe coth 2 =u sche = sinh « Vea wT) wWhie=4 te coshz | View " wt |e 7 te tanks | wits | Veo Te « Vu cone | Vertu | we=F Wu « secne | wis? lu vine Ve=Tu « och mw | wen Vim win Vie=i ”HYPEREOLIC FUNCTIONS 29 GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 349 850 y = cosh 851 y= tanks y —— ae Fie 841 Fig. 82 Fig. 852 y= cathe B53 y= seche y= cache oS i — a + > 2 Fig. 64 Fig. 5 Fig. 6-6 INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS If z=sinhy, then y= sinh~'z is called the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. Similarly we define the other inverse hyperbolic functions. The inverse hyperbolie functions are multiple-valued and as in the ease of inverse trigonometric functions [see page 17] we restrict ourselves to prineipal values for which they can be considered as single-valued, ‘The following list shows the principal values [unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic functions expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued, ass sink-le = Ine + VF FI) necece 56 coth"t2 = Ine + VHT) ® |eosh! x > 0 Is principal value] 857 taht -iceei 8.58 cath“! x z>lore<-l 8.59 seek“! O< 251 — [secht2>0 is principal value] 8.60 exch“ 2H30 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS. RELATIONS BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 8.61 eseh“1 = sinh 1 (0/2) 8.62 ech“! = cosh (1/2) ecoth~1e = tanho# (I/x) 8.64 sinh“1(-2) = sinh" 8.65 tanh! (—2) = — tanh! 8.66 coth-} (2) = —eoth“tz 8.67 esch“1 (2) = —ench—te GRAPHS OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ee ' I Vs ‘0 ‘ = ot Vee 1 y 4 x vy i I \ ‘ =. =I [0 T * oO 0 Fig. 8:11 Fig. 812HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 31 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 8.74 sin(iz) = isinhe B75 cosiiz) = coche 876 tan(is) = itanhe 8.77 esc(in) = —teache B78 sec (ix) = seche 8.79 cot (in) = ~ tooth 8.80 sinh (ie) = isinx B81 cosh (ic) = cos 8.82 tanh (ir) = itane 8.83 csch (iz) = ~éexez 84 sech (ir) = seer 8.85 coth(is) = —ieotz PERIODICITY OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS In the following k is any integer. 16 sinh (x4 2kef) = ainhe 8.87 —conh(e+2kri) = coshe 8.88 tanh(r+kei) = tanhe 8.89 csch(z+2kri) = coche 8.90 gech(z+2kri) = sochz 8.91 coth(z + hkri) = cotha _ RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 692 sin-‘(ia) = isinh-te sink“1(f2) = isin-te 94 cos-tz = i cosh-te 89S cosh-t# = =ieos-tz 8.96 tan (ie) = itank“te tanh (ie) = itante 8.98 cot-H (ie) = ~Feoth-te 8.99 cothI(iz) = — footie 8.100 xec-tz = Hisech-te BIO1 sech-12 = =iseede 102 eset (ia) = ~iesch“te exch! (tx) = i ese9 SOLUTIONS of ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS QUADRATIC EQUATION: ar? +br+¢ = 0 9.1 Solutions: eee teeeeeeee D = 6% due is the discriminant, then the roots are If a,b,¢ are real and i (real and unequal if D> 0 (Gi) real and equal if D = 0 (Gil) complex conjugate if D <0 9.2 Af ay,#; are the roots, thon 2)+2,=—b/a and eyz = e/a. CUBIC EQUATION: 2° +a: +00 +a = 0 9002 — Blog ~ Bat Sree HEH a= [eevOTR, 1 - fever a = SH TH hy 42 = -US4+T)— Jar + 4-7) [ey = -HS+0) — gar - HVBS— 7) Tf a4,4)05 are real and if D = Q+R? is the discriminant, then (i) one root is real and two complex conjugate if D> 0 (8) all roots are real and at least two are equal if D = (ii) all roots are real and unequal if D <0. If D <0, computation is simplified by use of trigonometry, ay = 2V=G cos (0) 9.4 Solutions if D<0: 42) = 2v=@eos(je+120°) where cose = ~RIV=@ my = 2V=@ cos fo +240°) 95 stay tay = may ate tment a where 24,25,2) are the three roots. 32SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 33 QUARTIC EQUATION: 21 +a,2' + ape? + ax + a = 0 Let 4, be a real root of the eubie equation 96 WP ay? + (ayag— day + (ey a ala) = 0 inte + Hy = Vij— au} = 0 plified by using that particular real root which produces Q-410 FORMULAS from PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY DISTANCE d BETWEEN TWO POINTS Pi(zi,4:) AND Pu(cs, ys) 10.1 d= Vea rT Fig. 10-1 SLOPE m OF LINE JOINING TWO POINTS Pi(zi,y:) AND P2(z2, v2) 10.2 m= BOL tone 10.3 =m or ya = mea) 10.4 w= met ath = Fa i p = is the intercept on the y axis, ie. the y intercept 105 34FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 35 NORMAL FORM FOR EQUATION OF LINE 10.6 zeosa + ysine = p where p= perpendicular distanee from origin O to line and = angle of inclination of perpendicular with positive 2 axis, Fig GENERAL EQUATION OF LINE 10.7 Art By tC =0 DISTANCE FROM POINT (z:,y:) TO LINE Az + By+C = 0 Az, Bin 10.8 2 Var where the sign is chosen so that the distance is nonnegative. ANGLE y BETWEEN TWO LINES HAVING SLOPES m AND m: a any = Tm, Tope Lines are parallel or coincident if and only if m; lope ms Lines are perpendicular if and only if m, Fig. 19-4 AREA OF TRIANGLE WITH VERTICES AT (01,11), (22, ye): (a ¥s) nil wt us 1 10.10 Area = 20) where the sign is chosen so that the area is nonnegative If the area js zero the points all lie on a line.36 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING PURE TRANSLATION (recs a (tte \¥ vty \y = uu where (c,) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates relative to zy systom|, (2',y/) are new coordinates [relative to x'y’ system] and (Zp, yo) are the coordinates of the new origin 0” relative to the old 2y coordinate system, 10.11 TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING PURE ROTATION for eonenvane fe secmetysne ce YON2 ty = wuinet vena Ye = veore—esina : oe hate the origins of the old [ey] and new ['/] coordinate systems are the eame but the 2 axis makes an angle @ with the positive « a Fig. 10-7 TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING TRANSLATION AND ROTATION a [z= Hone v set ay we y = asia t yf cosa + mu (= 29) coat (v4) sina \ere WW = (yup cone (eH) sina Jo Xeonw where the new origin O' of ey’ coordinate aystem has co- 24 : ordinates (zo, yo) relative to the old cy coordinate system =~ and the 2” axis makes an angle « with the positive 2 axis. POLAR COORDINATES (r, 0) A point P can be located by rectangular coordinates (2,4) oF polar coordinates (7,0). The transformation between these coordinates [z= reese jr=ve +e bacaed dy = rsine Yo = tantiw/e)FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 87 EQUATION OF CIRCLE OF RADIUS R, CENTER AT (70, yo) 10.15 (e— 28 + (y—ug? = RE v Fig.10.10 EQUATION OF CIRCLE OF RADIUS R PASSING THROUGH ORIGIN 17 = 2R cos (¢—0) \u where (r,) are polar coordinates of any point on the circle and (R, a) are polar coordinates of the center of the circle. CONICS [ELLIPSE, PARABOLA OR HYPERBOLA] If a point P moves so that its distance from a fixed point [ealled the focus] divided by ita distance from a fixed line [called ‘the directria] ie a constant « [called the eecentrivity], then the ‘carve described by P is called a conic [so-called because such curves can be obtained by intersecting a plane and a cone at different angles). If the focus is chosen at origin O the equation of a conic in polar coordinates (7,0) is, if O@=p and LM =D, [sce Fig, 10-12] 7 Dineetri ‘The con @) anelipse it «<1 (i) a parabola if «=1 a hyperbola if «> 1, Fig. 10-1238 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY ELLIPSE WITH CENTER C(xo,yo) AND MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO x AXIS 10.18 Length of major axis A’A 20 10.19 Length of minor axis B'B = 26 10.20 Distance from center C to focus F or F’ is 10.21 ecentrty = «= £ = 10.22 Equation in rectangular coordinates: Fig. 10-18 (eae? | wl? at! Palate + ote 10.23 Equation in polar coordinates if Cis at O: #2 a=) 10.24 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on * axis and F’is at: or = =, 10.25 If P is any point on the ellipse, PF + PF” = 2a If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange « and y in the above or replace @ by $x — 90° — 4} PARABOLA WITH AXIS PARALLEL TO 7 AXIS If vertex is at A(z 1) and the distance from A to foous F is a> 0, the equation of the parabola is 10.26 (sw? = da(e— a9) if parabola opens to right (Fig, 10-14] 10.27 (9? = ~4a(e— 29) if parabola opens to left (Fig, 10-15] If focus is at the origin (Fig. 10-16) the equation in polar coordinates is 10.28 re y la PF Fewus) — 2 — oe Fig. 10-14 Fig. 10-15, Fig. 1016 In ease the axis is parallel to the y exis, interchange » and y or replace # by Jr — ¢ [or 90° — 4].FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 39 __MYPERBOLA WITH CENTER C(ze, yc) AND MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO x AXIS Fig. 10-17 10.29 Length of major axis A’A = 20 10.90 Length of minor axis B’B = 2b 10.31 Distance from center C to focus F or F” 10.32 ecenrcity « = £ 10.33 Equation in rectangular coordinates: 10.34 Slopes of asymptotes G’H and GH’ = 10.35 Equation in polar coordinates if C is at O: ante a(e=1) 10.36 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on X axis and F'is at 0: r = “=U 10.37 If P is any point on the hyperbola, PF — PF’ = 2a [depending on branch} If the major axis is parallel to the y exis, interchange 2 and y in the above or replace @ by 4r—~6 for 90° — 6}1 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES LEMNISCATE V1.1 Favation in polar coordinates 2 | 12 = aboot Getty = et) CNT 11.8 Angle between AB’ or A'B and x axis = 45° 4 | B 11.4 Area of one loop = Jo Fig 11a eYcLoip 115 Equations in parametric form [2 = al@—sing) ly = elt cos) 116 Area of one arch = Sra 117 Are length of one arch = 8a This is a curve described by a point P on a cirele of radius a rolling along # axis, Fig. 11-2 HYPOCYCLOID WITH FOUR CUSPS 19.8 Equation in rectangular coordinates: a2!2 4 yp = alll 11.9 Equations in parametric form fe = ecoste ly = eninse 11.10 Area bounded by curve = fro! 11.11 Are length of entire curve = 6a ‘This is a curve described by a point P on a cirele of radius a/4 as it rolls on the inside of a eirele of radius a, 40SPECIAL PLANE CURVES CARDIOID 12 Eau jom: 7 = afk + cos) 11.13 Area bounded by curve = rat 11.14 Are length of curve = 82 ‘This is the curve described by a point P of a circle of radius as it rolls on the outside of a fixed circle of radius a. The curve is also a special ease of the Iimacon of Pascal (see 11.82], CATENARY VAS Equation y = Slemtes9) = a cosh ‘This is the curve in which a heavy uniform chain would hhang if suspended vertically from fixed points A and B. THREE-LEAVED ROSE 11.16 Equation: = a cosae ‘The equation r= asin 3s ig a similar curve obtained by rotating the curve of Fig. 11-6 counterclockwise through 30° or 2/6 radians. In general r= acosne or 7=asinng bas n leaves if nis odd. FOUR-LEAVED ROSE V1.7 Equation: = a cos 26 ‘Tho equation r=asin26 is similar curve obtained by rotating the eurve of Fig. 11-7 counterclockwise through 45° or w/4 radians. In general r=acosne or r=asinne has 2n leaves if Fig. 1-4 Fig 11-6 a Fig. 1-7 4142 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES NCYCLOID. 11.18 Parametric equations: = estionr = on (2$2)e y= Grdsine ~ brian (254) e This is the curve described by s point P on a circle of radius 6 as it rolls on the outside of a circle of radius a. ‘The cardioid [Fig. 11-4] is a special case of an epicycloid. Fig 11-8 GENERAL HYPOCYCLOID 11.19 Parametric equations: w= eens be (a— 6) si ” #~ bain ( This is the curve deseribed by @ point P on a circle of ‘radius 8 as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a, If b= a/4, the curve is that of Fig. 11-8. Fig. 11-9 TROCHOID it $0) caret ans a yp tit nto pe ea If b=, the curve is the cycloid of Pig. 11-2 Fig. 11-10 Fig. 1-11SPECIAL PLANE CURVES TRACTRIX "This is the curve deseribed by endpoint P of a taut string PQ of length a as the other end Q is moved along the = WITCH OF AGNESI 11.22 yuan instar corinatn y= st ae ae oo vw = afl —cos26) In Fig, 1138 the variable tne OA itructs y= 20 fand the circle of radius a with center (0,a) at A and B respectively. Any point P on the “witch” is located by con- structing lines parallel to the 2 and y axes through B and A respectively and determining the point P of intersoction. FOLIUM OF DESCARTES Equation in rectangular coordinates: yh = Boxy Parametric equations: 11.26 Area op = Set 11.27 Equation of asymptote, x+y +a = 0 INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE 11.28 Parametric equations: [= = alcose + y sing) Ly = afsine — 9 cose) ‘This is the curve described by the endpoint P of a string fag it unwinds from a circle of radius a while held taut Fig. 1413 Fig. 11-1444 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES EVOLUTE OF AN ELLIPSE 11.29 Equation in rectangular coordinates: (az)23 + (by? = (a? — BNR 11.30 Parametric equations: az = (a2 24 cost by = (a? 08) sinta This curve is the envelope of the normals to the ellipse st/ai+ y2/b2 = 1 shown dashed in Fig. 11-16. OVALS OF CASSINI 11.31 Polar equation: rt + at ~ 20372 cos2e = bt This is the curve described by a point P such that the product of its distances from two fixed points [distance 2a apart] is a constant &2. ‘The curve is as in Fig. 11-17 or Fig. 11-18 according as b a respectively. If b=, the curve is a lemniseate (Fig. 11-1), a iy P Fig. 1-18 Fig LIMACON OF PASCAL 11.82 Polar equation: b+ acose Let 0@ be a line joining origin O to any point Q on a circle of diameter o passing through O. Then the curve is the locus of all points P auch that PQ = b, ‘The curve is as in Fig. 11-19 or Fig. 11-20 according as >a or 0 and all angles are in radians. 32 2 = 0 133 fle) = © 13.4 135 136 137 13.8 Lau) = wo Gh + odd + vot we 2 (:) vide) = ost 13,10 Ltn) = mori fe = WM Chan rule) dylan dzxidu 58Ba 13.14 13.15 a 13.16 Ltanw 13.20 13.21 tant 13.22 tamu 13.23 13.24 13.25 [0 < cos-tu < =] [0 < cot-1w < =] # eoty = ~exetut heotu = ~entuilt ee du occu = seen tanned a Pn esew = ~cseu cot ut + if 0 0, u>1 Met [iret co 05a] 13.39 Ei tor uct = if sechtu > 0, Owed sa [Pies co oceei] 1342 = [tudo + itu cg HIGHER DERIVATIVES ‘The second, third and higher derivatives are defined as follows. a (dy) _ by _ ” e@ Ge = fe) = ay 13.43 Second deri a (ey aeEEHe saat tins senaine - (4) = Bo pun =» oy 13.45 nth derivative = = PY = poe) = yw LEIBNITZ’S RULE FOR HIGHER DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS eu Let D? stand for he operator 20 tat Dru = 254 = the pth devivalive of. Then o 13.46 DMw) = ud + () tDaxor-r0) + (2) DADA) + oo + wm w\ (wn i each wien (2). (S)- os ae toi in 3 ‘As apecial casen we have au do, fu 1347 Bw = uBty 2th ey Se e ov, gdudy, s@ude, du 13.48 Boo = Sg dee, fede, he DIFFERENTIALS Let y= fle) and ay = fleas) fle). ‘Then 13.49 ay = Metanaser yyy, = He, where ¢-0 as ar 0. Thus 13.50 ay = ayer + cae If we call ae = de the differential of z, then we define the differential of y to be 13.51 ay = F(e)dx56 DERIVATIVES RULES FOR DIFFERENTIALS ‘The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that 13.52 de 13.53 (uv) udv + vdw ee ae PARTIAL DERIVATIVES: Let f(a,) be a function of the two variables 2 and y. Then we define the partial derivative of f(2,u) with respect to z, keeping y constant, to be 13.58 A tim Hebden) — few ae 7 2M ar Similarly the partial detivative of f(#,1) with respect to v, keeping x constant, is defined to be 13.59 Hig Kew av) = flew) ay > By an Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows. #2 (#) aE L 2 (at) ss w-2(). #-3@ a a(t) 2 (at wa ah = 2 (8). ate = (8) ‘The results in 13.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous, fe. in such case the order of differentiation makes no difference. ‘The differential of f(z.) is defined as = Hee + 2 13.62 ay = tact tay whore de = a2 and dy = ay. Extension to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogoos.14 "INDEFINITE INTEGRALS DEFINITION OF AN INDEFINITE INTEGRAL me 1 $4= f(a), then y is the function whose derivative is f(z) and is called the anti-derivative of fle) or the dente ntl of fl), denned by f fle) des Simtany if y = f fen then 4 jt, Since the derivative of a constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant. For the definition of a definite integral, see page 94. The process of finding an integral is called integration. GENERAL RULES OF INTEGRATION In the following, u,v, w are functions of #: a,0,p, 9," any constants, restricted if indicated: 2.71828... is the natural base of logarithms: Inu denotes the natural logarithm of w where it fs assumed that 1 > 0 [in general, to extend formulas to cases whore <0. as well, replace In by In ul; all angles are in radians; all constants of integration are omitted but implied. 141 Sax = ax 142 fanmade = of node 43 fwsvews-jde = Suds foaes [wars 14d finde = w= f ode [Integration by parts) For generalized integr: by parts, seo 1448, 45 fiuaes = 2 f roan M6 friteras = f rioddn = f E2ae vin ee ee eT 48 f= nw if w>0 or nw if w pp Vea tp S we VarT bade — REPO VOTE | bp — 09 (pe tan (oes anVarT eds = ee eS ee S— = ena de Gta Vazs® — O-Weabopet art * Iw Nea= tin I yrs gn tVardb eta g, MEF OVUES? | anlag—bp) ( (pet ay—tde last” ~~ tative Gaia J fare vaet5 de wre” ~ & J wetan Verte INTEGRALS INVOLVING Yaz+b AND pz +9 2 Ei in(Viloe F 6) + Votan FO) f oa _ |e (Valpe Fa) + Volar +%)) Viar+ bips+a) —_—— = - Beast fe Vaz ¥ iinet «) Pep) Viz = Opera)14.122 14.123 14.124 14.125 14.126 14.127 14.130 14.131 14.182 14.133 14.134 14,135 14.136 14.137 14.139 14.140 14.141 14.142 14.143 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS [Verrier yas = Wetton lars tigar — HREM ¢ S (za - Zep FOTO | aq ~ bp +a f aS Vaz ¥ Wipz Fa) avert ae _ va J eta Vax biprta) —— (aq— bn) Vpr+a 1 INTEGRALS INVOLVING 2! + at tant wis = Satie Satay = a Gar does @rap ~ stde wear = dz aan = S atop = ae Berar Sate arar -da-2 mama eam * Bad eee Bees a 1 tan-12 wera Sao @ 1 ate tp ere 1 Bara -4- tg - Spt? ae” Tate Fe isa erogpasaes Waeeare eS = oie ~ Bae)" ea) = “n= i = apcaaeraps * eoae S rece S aetae = am da Setter = 3 1 iat ae Ber Dae Ta Y aS a wnvtde tae ars * S ase pds ee mera aS aera Vier i = +a14.144 14.145 14.146 14.147 14,148 14.149 14.150 14.151 14.152 14.153 14.154 14.155 14.156 14.158 14.159 14.160 14.161 14.162 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING 2?— a2, @?> a? an() + Fina «) Sis ~ wake * ee eee ete Gta feet 3 ee Be aR ~ ee? Baa fete - eee - 2 ees Bar > BaD aT ee) Hae Tea Dea Sxatton ~ Bee eT ~ aS ae Sot amde _ (_amtde e =e emtde eer +a rer eee aire er eee66 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING a!— 2%, 2? &* (artis) - BS tie 4270 Swanterg = mn (tet) - 24 "Se foe an fxs tess > ~acnes tS eters - Stirs arn Sartiera = acc Bher tera vans Siotticg > ~mectitters at Setiee aa fasts = tts | aieS antics vars farttn = - sn elds wae as Saute > Sater - Satta Setete arr Scaticre = meters 3S wattee tS mertesa Mare Sartere ~ ~marbes~ 2 Swati _mtn=ab ae Ga—De ) Pas tbe ee2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS “INTEGRALS INVOLVING az bu Fe In the following results if 5% = dec, Vaz?+bz+e= Va(e-+ 6/20) and the results on pages 60-61 can be used. If b=0 use the results on pages 67-70. If a=0 or ¢=0 use the results on pages 61-62. In (2Va Vax F bere + Yaz + b) Var) Vaxtttrte ef Samer - . Venttate pee aes a (enSeEBEE+ bet 2) 2ax 2 TS 4a i a ‘: wat tbate int 20) y, al VOR dae, vane fe. Ve 8 te wart t+ bate = Be) wart bate vans Yorrtereae = GEEDVSEEEES tac fae 14.286 S erat eae = ie 14287 f Vat T ate de razon Vette. — Var reer + 3h ff vaerteFe ae dz ess Sarre Vettes ear Ueedes Beer creer Ff as SS pansese__SSSESES; ___2(2an + by vane Sastre ~ cian ere — (bar “) MANS art ber = rm acg vaste bate was f crtittigee - tated tte 1 pte ; GEHTS ue on vest tere | 0d Yasrr tere ae eee : vi ras S caasteae genes Syetes S esto : _ _attiiete |B Mae (certian - Saat Seta ~H ft 2S Taeetate T4295 fost4bereytitde = Qoet DNase beeen 4 Gut Néte— 09 Gags be 4 puta Bain hay (oat Bak oaINDEFINITE INTEGRALS 73 V4296 ff rlast ibe bonittds = WERE bE igs beset iede an7 (= Bae) 4297 Scaxeprane = Tamia bee eT fa(n—1) as + Scrries de - uae (aartte * aoe INTEGRALS INVOLVING 2? +a Note that for formulas involving #3 — a> replace « by ~a uaa fata ~ baie art eae ee Bre See waar f 2%, = tine sey ace vases foifig = --e tert Eee eee a 14304 fioTap = samtrey tae 2de 2 oe Ts ate wae Tay YT 14.306 J 7 3G Tar) eet a vaso faatton = saahon + a ( fo Hk oi. oe 14.3 14308 f atap ~~ ae 7 aaeray ~ a [See 14.300 vase [Ss = SSeS SEs de 1 vaso fats = agar aS ere INTEGRALS INVOLVING ca‘ pete Hee HEHE Stenfbid) 1 van fate - ina (Soepee 2a vasi2 f 285 = et atde 1 soiBeet) 1 a = van S85 - GaSe) maa 1 = fines eat wan fet4 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS was faites = nh (ata) taste Sagas = ae aye” SE) * ona fate Wate a 8 14318 tant 14319 14.2320 tant 14321 14322 14.323 wet deh (234) + awd vase fei = ana tae (S58) INTEGRALS INVOLVING 2" +a" ass footy = ae vaste [EEE I iaersen waar fie > Serer Serer se foray = af meta aS weer 143330 am (2x%) 14321 Lin canon 14.332 fxes + 14,338 ae 1 ary 8 14.334INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 6 14.335 Sf = do B gin HMw gg [#08 [CK De/Bn) wo Ca sm] = sds Sow Bt Bet in (08 ter eon AEM + where 0< p= 2m, RA a ed mm os #25 in (# = tae coal + *) = aha "S, sin FE tant (ae) sin (ks/m) + gpaginr=s (In @— a) + (AP In (2 +a) where 0
1)] Sie 8 om 2+ daz cos hts + w Dat co PE Gs ae cong te 4 SPA n a ba) nthe Pt where 0< p 2m 41. 14,998 = [xe eestor + bene) where 0< p 14.339 Sf since ee = S088 14.340 fa sinar de 14.341 Se sine ae 14342 ff sinar de v4343 fae = ee [ace 14.373) aes fae 7 + ede —1)B,(ae9*4 uae Si be76 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS = #_ zsinQax _ cosdaz 14.348 = 2 zsindes _ costes 14.349 = 14.350 wast Star a ae 14982) cites ~~ fesintan * 284" 'E 14.353 f save sin gs de spe ae see 14.368] masa foe vaass fe 14986 fas vass7 ft vase \omthae - Dyan (to) — Digs (ee 4389) singe? = sen; ¢) mt G a) ae v4.60 2 , \ oV@—P " \ptan art q+ Vee, If p= *q see 14.864 and 14.356. qcosaz i Pde uss Sorat > aera Pe asines If pq see 14.58 and 14359 dx 1 (+ @ tanax razor fp = tg Eten ee 1 nt ras env I =P tance |p) are (ES aopVee— pe Ve PF tan az — p/ —Mtemar , men tsinas _ mim=1) get gins de f SO80% de [gee 14.39 14.364 em sinae de = 14.965 (RA ay f sine de 14.367 ade 14.368 J se hae! fala Siw Ss14.369 14.370 14.371 14372 1473 14.374 14.375 14.380 14.381 14.384 14.385 14.986 14.387 14.388 14.389 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING cos az Jf coseede = Sines Jf semsar de = meee, een J Peosceds = Bear + (B—2) sinae Jf Pemarae = (S-§)coar + (2-2) sinax SOE on = 2088 — 6 SME ay see tase [a= = Lintccas + tans) = Lintan (7+) Sais ale +} Si ccomtande = 4 esin2er , cos2er Sicotaxde = shat _ sinter sax de = M4 Sintaz Seven = $48 _dz__ tanox de _ sina V inean (2 4 2 Saiz = itis + umen(G+¥) [cosa cospx dx = Sinie ple , sinat pe — fag q = tp, see 14.877, J mde = op tT aery (OE E= A. | 1 gop 2 T= coma ate ede Tcosax a Jie = ede J TF evar8 14.390 14.391 14.392 14.393 14.394 14.395 14.396 14.397 14.398 14.399 14.400 14.401 14.402 14.403 14.404 14.405 14.406 14.407 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS stir tan=1V(p— @)/(p + q) tan fax fete = [mF i eae Siete vu (riety Arita aV@—pt \tan gar — V(q+ pila — ») a = gain es Hite ae [It p= 9 see Sipritan eaSitea ALAS, Sart. wore Fy ) Gatee” (Caner VEE S mrcosas ds = sings , met cogge — MED fant cones de Seete = (see 14386) Sco ae = sez eo Sate * acteorta * fates Site = gAltSive -aecetees iS atte * INTEGRALS INVOLVING sin az AND cos ar Sfivaccuende = ster J wepecongede = spin pe — sinew Sf sovescouaede = BEM tn, we Han) S comes sin ax de = —aeie [If m= -1, see 14.429,) in fox S sitar teeta = $s Samat de 1 eyo) a Santora > Don(§+9)- aie de = Liptay Ep 2 Gnar coer ~ a4" 2 + Scones — _ Boot ax14.408 14.409 14.410 wan 14.412 14.413 14.414 14.415 1446 14.417 14.418 14.419 14.420 14.421 14.422 14.423 14.826 14.425 foitar gg = sae 41 S See ae Samim fqsinante fui bra cosar sin ex de (+ q cosas con ae ds @Fasinaze f de panar + qeaae If r=q seo 14421. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS wo feet 27 2a 2 “Fal = cosa) * Ba 4 zintan (=) 1 = oa awaa * bne(e + 5 In (sinaz = cosez) +2 * & In (sin ax + cosaz) 1 Fin + @ cosax) agin ~ agai + qsinaz™ ¥F 1 i aq @ + @sinaz) eee 1p eos azyt If y= pi tg? see 14.422, 2 7 ae aoa ax Samar iramans = tnin(1 t+ en) f Sratirere S amas rae J som co on te prreerertrrs 7 tie ae _| A tant (2 tanae ai 7 1), (ptanae—q Bape" \ptanax Tg, ‘ain ny ‘aun ny (: ton F ) (a 1 intan SE 7 ) 1 satan (#24 tan! in) were ( =) (r=4) tan (az/2)) Venema g) tan (ax/2) 9) tan (ax/2) te (al z 2 f sient ost ox de Uf sinm os court ds 980 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS aD eos teas fies = agentes ~ ann) oar Fae wcoaraa ssnctee __ mat ( somt-tar acum Tat f re commas mand f cet ea = 1 awa t) sine Tar in ‘cost! m=1 ( costar ain eta * RS Sires © 1 te aa 60s fomtoe = aT) aa Tae a INTEGRALS INVOLVING tan az 14429 f tanarde = 14490 funterde = REE, 14431 f tartar de = MMO + Lincos x ax sectarde — tartrar 4402 f tavarantonde = tte 14.433 (222% a2 = Lintan oe ‘naz mas f gt = Linainas 7 4 flwsyt , (ua? , Bony, |, MBM DB elas) eet a ee eect af ot tt + + een (23 = 1)By (ax) 14.436 SMe = ar EP 4 MO yy Gea 14437 fe tantar de = cot ae — = dt = _ Pe, __4__ in (g sinaz + p cosaz) 14498 fr atmae = lee + apetkgy in| sinae + poses) 14.439 f tamer ae = Pd14.440 14.442 14.443 14.444 14.445 14.446 14.4 14.449 14.450 14.451 14.452 14.453 14.454 14.455 14.456 14.457 14.458 Sfeserds = fleas eo Sotecwerte = Sats - de ff reatende INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING cot az 1 Linsin cx = _ster = _sotar 1 = ~ 0808 — Linsin as cot ae oor De oe ~Lineos ae = Asi, et tort Blaze) aye ~~ Ses Term S setae = ptt ~ aptigy no sine + acosan) Jf corer de = ~ 208 t02 — f co tan de ff votes de ff rater de Swconde = Einiowas + tanas) = Lieten tanez Simmer sentences + tenes = Alfos)t , (ox , Kaxye - ~ BSE et } Baz | 61(ar)! E,laz)* ‘96 + “aren + ‘Bn(2n)t Site = ne OY J escter te = Ztanaz + 414.459 14.460 14.461 14.462 14.463 14.464 14.467 14.468 14.469 14.470 14.471 14.472 14.473 14.474 14.475 14.476 Sent = z-2( ee Grpscca ~ a a) pr aconan Secrest fiecerde Sf eveede J esrezcotarde = f stele ae see = Sera) [coder de de J eeseerdte INDEFINITE INTEGRALS. ETE + EELS eta ae INTEGRALS INVOLVING csc az = Lin(ecor ~cotes) = 2intan = —eotee = wsemeetes Lian tt = semester 4 Linton tf 22 =np.fasyn's eet} (28-1 ~ 1)B,(ax)2*-1 i= Dem! Sorte 7 Sergi Besse) fewrecte = —Sttartee ¢ 28 F yer tesde INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS wosite 1, (44 = (sn12) ~ be + Va =# sin =INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 83 14.477 14.478 14.479 V4.a90 fT de = Fina — fA gy gee 4.474) aaa fel gg = es Atle), 1, (st EB) 14.402 S (oot 2) a = «(om 12) ~ ae — a= owt 144090 ftun-!Zdr = stunt Sinatsasy 14484 f etan-t Ede = flat +08) tan see 14495 fetta! 2dr = Sten Fine +a) Vagus fell gg = 2 _ Lela, (oleh _ tlt Or a ne am (25%) 14.488 f cottZar = reott® + Zintet sad 14.489 J vcot! Bae = Met tat cot 4 14.490 Binet at) 14.491 fete ‘See 14.486] 4.492 ~sctald » Ly (f% 2) Zo ain (e+ Vr) 3 eae rset E+ aln(e + Vm) . Eewett set con be dy = 2izl@cenbz + bins) _es{(at—b8) cos be + 2ab ain be) 14521 fected te ent 14522 poe = Sige MODE eget 14.523 win EE a sin be nb cos b2) + nin 1)08 14.524 wa Sevemtsece86 14.525 14.526 14.527 14.528 14.529 14.530 14.531 14.532 14.533 14.534 14.595 14.536 14.537 14.538 14.539 14.540 14.541 14.542 Swede = Innit INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING Inz ee ints — 2¢Inz + 22 de = WE ap y= 1 gee 14580) as és nz SE = wane) + ne + ME eo eae aEEEEE Cg (moins 4... sds = in cina) + (mt ying + EMS, Ont Drints 4 fede = etre a fir trae Sree a reoeee es eee ee aera Sarmeae = Spite — gi f wrted Te m= seo 1458 freee de = ein (et tet) — 2x + 2a tant = Jf meen de = sinaron — ne + ein(Z*2) Cam in(attat) do = amttin(@steay _ _2 ¢_antt Senetseis = SB - i Seee* f sama de S esis acte = Ecosh ax INTEGRALS INVOLVING sinh az cosh ae feannerde = (242) coher — 2 aes14.543 14.544 14.545 14.546 14.547 14.548 14.549 4.550 14.551 14.552 14.553 14.554 14.556 14.557 14.558 14.559 14.560 14.561 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS (az) Bai * haz de [See 14.565] Sate fotity Hes), ASDA Ran} J Sinker = yoo aera "inh? ar de = sithaxcoshar _ = S site ate mee 5 fe sinter de = Esith2ee _cosh2ey _ 3t : te aa S até oth ax sinh ar « fsimes sinhox dy = SRotple _ sinh apie J 2e=p) Bap) For a = psve 14.547. cosh ax sin px — p sinh az cos pe cosh ax cos pe + p sinhaz sin pe aap Som tee (e# p- vee ) J Fasmbas ~ Spee Get ps vig ae 7 cosh az J prasmar = ar eaps asinberl f sinnezconpede = ae po asinhar Yen eumne) ae Pere eee (r+ yeze umes) smRaz Qapy/phe gi” \p— vpPa gt tanh ee, ff ersiohes de = ASME OE gut coahande (See 1585 JS sinhtar dz = Simhe a Ln f vinwe-t0e de ee 8788 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INTEGRALS INVOLVING. cosh az 14562 fooberds = Sthex 14563 f reoshazds = £Sthax _ soshax ase framerde = ~tosber s (242) smnae ase f SME a 14.566 S 08h 88 ae [See 14.543} 1467 f oat = Beate ade _ 1 flax)? (ast ARE y(az)20+2 aed coshaz ~ a? | 2 8 + enraemr + a a M4370 f ecards = wasn f Shee = amet woahtaz « 14572 S cosaz cosh na ds = Siuhlample 4 2@- >) 14573 f cooharsinne de = Ssithas sinpe — pcoshar emepe 14574 f coshar cospe de = ‘#inhar conpe + pcoshar sinpe arp u de 2 tanh 8 ws fas 4 tanh vasre {ogo = coh ax eee ede aba eatites waar f tlt = Seam ~ incon rasre fait =~ E+ Zinsion a et Lays 4379 Sones TIP nS ans ae w4s00 fara TF at 1 ogy Z Ge coth 2 agg SEP wae ee a vse Sorgeme ~ ) (tee) lever get tpt VP e, te ae siahes Pr agcoshax? ~ app + qcoshar)14.584 14.585 14.586 14.587 14.588 14.589 14.590 14.591 14.592 14.593 14.594 14.595 14.596 14.597 14.598 14.599 14.600 14.601 F coakPaz Pe comrar INDEFINITE INTEGRALS. 89 tn (Bian ax + Ver Pape p tanh az — VF a, 1 gyer Ptamhax apy VenP 1 tanh ox + VERE nan Set a) 1 gag 1 Bamber onettg Verret fer cosher de = Sslthat Font sioharde [See 14.867] Scomvande = seb Hae hae. A=1 f Sahet ge de = =cothas . eos ty [See 14.580] (alte = qt 2 (de J ceiras = aie Tomb tas tna S ce Fee fee 2 sithaz 1 J coshr ax ~ alw=T) cosh” Fax * (= ima cosh Faz * JS JS J S Ss S J Ss S J S INTEGRALS INVOLVING sinh ax AND cosh ar sinh ax cosh az de sinh pr cosh gr dz sinh ax cosh az de cosh" az sinh ax de, sink? az cosh? ax de de Sink de coshaz jeassenl —Jasieae ainhtas coahaz cere wae Binh az cosk®az pee oe Sink? ax eosk® az sink? az 2a cosh (p+ ale, cosh 20 Fa) 2a) sinh az tbe =e = cokes crs = sinhdae _ 2 Be 8 Zin tanh os ~}tan-tsinh ax — schoe sech ax 1 as Zim tanh — Zeoth 2ax sin ae gg = ‘nee ‘cosh az a * oshtar gg = cashes y Lin tanh SE ‘inher OF = Sgus + gitar de coahaz @ ¥ sinhax) 2a90 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 602 da A intann + --— 1 eon S aeartakae eT ~ eS * paces =m os fo = - Arum - 14009 SSprar tant ~~ Be 8S ~ aaeechae INTEGRALS INVOLVING tanh ax 14604 tashacde = Linch ax 14.605 ff tanktae de = = — ner 14606 ff tanndar de = Lincosh ex ~ meee maz sech®az dx = tanht*!ax 14607 f° tanh az sec ard ea 14.608 14609 f= = Linsinh a : = 4 Jaze _ (oat (Are i222 — 1B, (aint 4610 f etorborde = (ie? _ ot Cap ara nesesinet 1461 fe tanntor de = B— St80RH 4 Lin cosh an tanh ar (ayy 3220" — 1B (aa)2*—4 resin fA de = oo we nem a I - In inh ax cosh az) a ee = ctanhetaz 2 ae de Seen +S eetee 14.614 f tant os de INTEGRALS INVOLVING coth az 161s fener de = Linsnh ee 14616 fcatitorde = 2 aihae 14617 f caivar de = Linsih or ~ £ Mere f cova eater ae = — SH te 14619 fe de = —Lineath ax 14620 f ott = Lincosh aeINDEFINITE INTEGRALS ot Pere tee G2¥ _ a (1 122B (az)04t r4s21 fz cothar ae = 2 fae + 0% — oh we 14.622 f xcothtan de = F~ 2e0ther 4 J insinh as r coth az 1p ae _ (ax) "22% a} teers fede = 4S -Se t Saat rere ft ia agetgy me sinner + a cothas) 14625 ff cotmvarde = —S0O8E af cthetar de 14626 feather te = Beant sar f seit M4628 f suivante = 14.629 ff secnrox tanhaz de = — Sehox Pde sink ow wechaz « ceunan de = A fle (0a, sone, CUPBYosm 14.631 S sech az dz 4{ z 3 tiga + @nFaQ@m1 * 14692 fxsettorde = UNE Lisahae sechar gy = jqy — (orl 4 Sloot _ stlaayt , ., 14693 (RAE de = Ine — AH 4 Slant _ stew ae Me ptene vases f satan ae = 14696 fcschar dz = bintanh 14697 f cschtar de = —sther _eschaw cothax __ 2a 638 ff cettae de 14699. f cutsarcotherde = Stee92 14.640 14.641 14,642 14.643 14.644 14.645 14.646 14.647 14.648 14.649 14.650 14.651 14.652 14.653 14.654 14.655 14.656 14.657 14.658 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS Satta > {az | Tax 2(—-1)(2*— 1 — DB, (axyt tt f terrae ae “pt ago t+ at J eoshtarde = —S00thG2 + Zinsinh ax eschar gy. - 1 _ of y Tax) |, (1221-1), (ane S 2 O = —Ge— 6 t 100 + Qn = 12m) Simitaz * f cotnas ae ~ [See 14.553} INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS f sinh! S de = ein“ — Vat? SzamoiEde = (esortae s S 2 _ {ele Ls209/a% _ 1-2-5(e/a7 wee GT Bsde8 1 Bedebe5 Bede oTeT * ae sinh" (e/a) 5, _ | Int@x/a) (ale)? , 1+3{a/a\ 123+5@/e" , |, au fede = EG oat aad aacerore * - Ja), alz® _ 1+2alnye , 1+8+Ble/2)* eee BedeD Qededed + BedeG-6+6 n-ne we cosh! (e/a) — Vx?—a, cosh (2/0) > 0 cosh 2 de = Seat 1 neta) + VER. bette <0 fee ae = ef 2st a2) cosh! (x/a) — 42VeF=aF, cosh (2/0) > 0 seo! 2 de = J ‘ 42et— a2) cosh! (n/a) + JxVaF=a, cosh=1 (2/0) < 0 4 429 cosh! (x/a) — Y(a?-+20% VzF—al, cosh-¥(x/a) > 0 JS stennetZ de = . He! cosh! (e/a) + Ylet+209 Vea, coshA (w/a) < 0 fee ae = =[} Int eta) + {0/BR 4 AeBalne 5 aeblalele 4] “+ if cosh"1 (e/a) > 0, — if cosh! (e/a) <0 cosh" ala) gg = tela) Ly, (Ot VEER) [~ if cosh~* (e/a) > 0, Samed ae = rtanh-t# + Zinta) f eeanb-1F de = + 4Gt— 09 tant Z stanh-'2ae = 24 Seat 4 Sine e ftumeitae = Fy Zam iEs teow14659 faMht yo) gy ras6o f wehN/a g, 14661 [cont Zae = 14662 ffs coth! Fe 14.663 v4.54 fsubetel gg Wages fehNlO ye 14.666 ff soen!Z ae = 14.667 fxsecht Ede = T4668 fs Hele yg 14.669 ff exch Fae = 14.670 fx eseh~! Ede A 14672 fom sinh! de 14673 fam cosht ae 14674 fo tant ae 14.675 force Za 14.676 S 2 sech—t Ze Seren ae 14677 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 93 (ela) (oles 2 = tan tale) Lag scott e+ Sin Gea!) SE gee cotnet SE + Fcoth-t = 4 2 in(et—aty ~ (5 es wet +) = eathtele) pont a eee sech—1 (z/a) > 0 {* seh“! (x/a) + @ sin-1 (x/a), seek“! (z/a) < 0 sech (x/a) ~ a sin} (xa), sech*(x/a) > 0 sech=1 (e/a) < 0 { 4st sech-1 ofa) — Jove, et noch" (e/a) + 4avaF=2, Jat 22 1=B(x/a)t _ Bededed 7 In (a/2) In (4a/2) — ech? (2/a) > 0 $ In (o/z) In daz) + + seek! (z/a} <0 Eaton [it e>0,- itz <0) Seer [+ if e>0,- it <0] $n ele inciaey + Mele = 4 fin (-a/a) In (x /4ay — ee He 1: Sele ue i = ou sinh-? 2 amet : Bnew d- aS See aS Spe conten > a, 1 ot met anti merce Jenn ombteele) <0 sech-1 (z/a) > 0 echt (2/a) < 0 [+ it 2>0,- ie 2 = + S (6a) fle) where ¢ is between @ and & ofDEFINITE INTEGRALS 95 ‘This is a genoralization of 15.12 and is valid if fz) and gle) are continuous in a = 2 and gle) = 0. M LEIBNITZ'S RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF INTEGRALS ace HO oR dey den 1514 ESP Renee = So Lae + rene ift~ Fieve APPROXIMATE FORMULAS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS In the following the interval from Hye cop Cy ge By = and We let vy =a Kets th » is subd Key. as ided into n equal parts by the points « = a9, Ket) cy ty = Hey), WE an Rectangular formula 1515 ff jedde ~ Nyt tne tnd ‘Trapezoidal formula 116 force ~ Montane ms sane tuo ‘Simpson's formula (or parabolic formula) for 1 even 1SA7 Posed ~ Binet vt Bae bday tot Pape tnt DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL EXPRESSIONS: 15.18 Sete é wag fe sao fete 13 afte = 15.22 ae 7 1823," Yeo=# ae = alm + iV + p FT fi meroyras = c ae (Ayrtear tor rlon tt] O 15.33 f MBe = 40 p=0 . 2 po a wit 0o 15.36 15.41 Sf ginMe de = Zemme 1537 saa f ABM de = ones 15.38 mg on ne , eteamz ~ Jane xa-2) 2 15.39 1544 (de Sicetessl yee 15.40 [~ so8me xem sas f"*__dz_- sos ib/a) F io SU ices * Tare15.46 15.47 15.48 15.49 15.50 15.51 15.52 15.53 15.54 15.55 15.56 15.57 15.58 15.59 15.60 15.61 15.62 15.63 15.64 15.65 15.66 15.67 J i ae - T=Bacoset a ~ Sean Ba cone + at 08 ma de errres Lf sno ate =f const de Sf sna conte de SF cosas cos thie de = DEFINITE INTEGRALS =a (etd conse an fla) ma Lema ina’ o wet, m=0,1,2, 9798 15.68 15.69 15.70 15.71 15.72 15.73 15.74 15.75 15.76 15.77 15.78 15.79 15.81 DEFINITE INTEGRALS DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS Sf cm cosbete = 5 y So cesinteae = = [0 Sete = anit foctae = 5 j Da See canneae = EafEnvne where erfe(p) = onF de ii vS x totinece de = [Eaton f ritm+ 0/2] puatenitide = halter Sopot a = b+hepedt (aya = olka k \ ) a 15.84 15.85Se DEFINITE INTEGRALS ro 8(L = 6082) gy = iS cotta = Sin (a+ 1) DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS nanayrde = Mm ; 1590 fetnenae = ote, 1042, If m6 0,1,2,... replace n! by Fin-+ 0). 1591 15.92 15.93 S ea & ee ee 195 f'meinarayee = 1896 f'inzing-z)ae = 15.97 f te = —stesepscotpr 0 Oy 15.113 f S882 de =F soch SE J, cork = ap FM a5 f° ede wana [late ~ is atde mma ft So sites = reno fm If n is an odd positive integer, the series ean be summed [sce page 108} 15.116 MISCELLANEOUS DEFINITE INTEGRALS tre f "Le = 2) ae = ya) soo) m2 ae ya : oe ee 15.120 f° letnmnle~aetde = (apni 1 Rimi16 THE GAMMA FUNCTION DEFINITION OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION [(n) FOR n>0 16.1 ri) = fT arera a>o RECURSION FORMULA nrin) 16.2 ret) 163 Tint) where 0: mt itn THE GAMMA FUNCTION FOR n<0 For <0 the gamma function ean be defined by using 16.2, ie. 16.4 ray = BOD Fig. 16-1 SPECIAL VALUES FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTION 165 ry) = Ve 166 rng = EEE OM Ns mane Goll TE i my m= 1,2,8, 4M nl jnomy’ 167 remt) =102 ‘THE GAMMA FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GAMMA FUNCTIONS 16.8 Tip) Pk p) = ae 169 Beirne +p) = veries) ‘This is ealled the duplication formula, 16.10 veerr(= b)r(=+2)- ree? 1) = mim eayinnee rime) For m=2 this reduces to 169, OTHER DEFINITIONS OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION - ot 12-3 k eed ret) = En erie ta @FH 1k gee fh (142) com) ae Ra > A{e+s i ‘This is an infinite product representation for the gemma fonction where y is Buler's constant. DERIVATIVES OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION 16.13 ru = fl ermede = 1), (t__1) 1 16.14 + ( yri)* +0 win)+ ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTION ea e Fe 1__ _ 139 16.15 Nett) = Vore t +t de as This is called Stirling's esrmptotie series If we let 2 =n a positive integer in 16.15, then a useful approximation for m! where w is large [ex. m > 10] is given by Stirling's formula 16.16 where ~ is used to indicate that the ratio of the terms on each 16.17 ml ~ Vieunnee approaches 1 as n> ©, 4 MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS17 | THE BETA FUNCTION DEFINITION OF THE BETA FUNCTION B(m, n) wa Bom = fertanoria moe nd0 RELATIONSHIP OF BETA FUNCTION TO GAMMA FUNCTION = Em) nim 72 Bion.) = Tom rind Extensions of Bim,n) to m<0, <0 is provided by using 16.4, page 101. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS 17.3 Bim,n) = Bin, m) wa rioway = 2 fae cote ms rinn = fo Eaten 176 Bonn) = mos f PO a 10818 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS and SOLUTIONS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SOLUTION 18.1 Separation of variables He) oxy) de + float dy = 0 00) 4, Hi) a Feet [iby = 182 Linear frst order equation yy iz einer = ( QeSrerds ie Ms Pew = a wes f eefreras + 183 Bemoulli’s equation vecmm fra = (=n) f Qet-m Srede +6 E+ Ploy = lela where #=y!-". Hf = 1, the solution is ny = f@-Pide te 18.4 Exact equation Mende +Naney = 0 | Saas f(w- 2 faae)av = « where aM/oy = ON/éx. where a indicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to 2 keeping y constant. 18.5 Homogencous equation a) re = Ve If Flv) = 0, the solution is y= ex. where v = w/e. 104,BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS 105 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SOLUTION 186 Plvde + 2Cendy = Ine _ Gude, vFley)dz + 2Gtey)dy = 0 h S xc + where v= ey. If Glu} F(o), the solution is Linear, homogeneous 18-7 second order equation Let my, be the roote of m?+am + there are 3 cases. Then Case 1. ms, my real and distinct: ay y= cent + ego ae to®ewy = 0 Case 2. memset and equal 8 are ral conslanta Case 3. my = pai, my = p~ gi 1 = ee, cone + og sin a) where p= ~0f8, ¢= Vo aT. en secon nde caution ‘There are 9 eases corresponding to these of entry 18.7 stove, Come 3. fH als ty = Re i os + tt ore Rinae 4} ate real eontants, mom J + ptt ferme Rtede mse 2 + zone f ome RG) de = on f corms Re) de cae 8 v ePt(cy con qx + ¢ sin gz) om sin ge « ~ Secnee Sonne) 4 SIN ese ma or de 18.9 Buler or Cauchy equation Putting © =, the equation becomes atu, galt ee fu, gy eae Sh + acGl + by = Ste) FL + (a DE + by = Ste) and ean then be golved as in entries 18.7 and 18.8 above.106 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS DIFFERENTIAL EQUA’ 10 Ressel’e equation oy. Wy ase — an Ek + M+ ote any SOLUTION Y= edge) + OY g(a) See pages 196-187. 18.11 Transformed Resod's equation ; : Hes 28h sept nes wm tamy = 0 » ve ledy: (E47) = Yer (*)} 18.12 Loondre's equation a ft sell bnintay = 0 v= aPq(e) + @ute) See pages 146-148,19 SERIES of CONSTANTS ARITHMETIC SERIES 19.1 at (abd) + (42d) + + fat lm— May = Anl2at (n— Id} = gad where = a+(n—I}d is the last term, Some special cases are 19.2 THEESH tm = Jumeny 19.3 LSE 5 $e Onn) = wt GEOMETRIC SERIES 194 atarset batt dam? = wor) where [= ar*-1 is the last term and r #1. It -112 20.33 20.34 20.35 20.36 20.38 20.39 20.40 20.41 20.42 20.45 20.46 20.47 20.48 20.50 20.51 TAYLOR SERIES SERIES FOR HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS he = 24% # eee ov tatatnt oak <9 , #2 witeah-ts0 or m<0. If m=0, then mA=0 is called the zero or null veotor. ae 3. Sums of veetors. ‘The sum or resultant of A and B is @ vector C= A+B formed by placing the initial point of B on the terminal point of A and joining the initial point of A to the termainal point of B (Pig. 22-2(6)]. This definition is equivalent to the parallelogram law for vector addition as indicated in Fig. 22-2(c). ‘The vector A—B is defined as A+ (—B),FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS Estensions to sums of more than two vectors are immediate, Thus the sum E of the vectors A, B, C and D. @ Fig. 22.3 4. Unit vectors. A unit vector is a vector with unit magnitude. If A is a vector, then a unit vecto the direction of A is a= A/A where A > 0. LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA If A,B,C are vectors and m,n are scalars, then 17 i. 22-8 shows how to obtain 221 AB=BtA ‘Commutative law for addition 222 AL(BHO) = (A+B)+C Associative law for addition 22.3 m(nA) = (nA = nim) Associative Law for scalar multiptication 224 (mtnlA = mA+ nA Distributive law 225 © (A+B) = mA + mB Distributive law COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR ‘A vector A can be represented with initial point at the origin of @ rectangular coordinate aystem. If i,j,k are unit vectors in the directions of the positive z, v,2 axes, then 22.6 A= ASHAS+ Ad where Af, Aaj, Ade are called component sectors of A im the 4,j,k directions and A,,Az,Ag aro called the componente of A. DOT OR SCALAR PRODUCT 227 AGB = AB cos9 is where ¢ i the angle hetwoen A and B. a Fig. 22-418 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS Fundamental results are 228 AB = BA ‘Commutative law 22.9 ASBLC) = ACB+A+C Distributive law 22.10 AGB = A\B, + Aly + AsBy where A= Ag+ Ag+ Agk, B= B+ B54 Bik. CROSS OR VECTOR PRODUCT 22.11 AXB = ABsinew where # is the angle hetween A and B and w is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B such that A,B,u form a right-handed system (i.e, a right-threaded screw rotated through an angle less ‘than 180° from A to B will advance in the direction of was in Fig. 2-5), g Fundamental results are ij ok » gaiz axn = [a Ay Ay By By By) Fig. 22-5 = (AgBy—AgByi + (ASR — APD + (AB ABR 22.13 Axe -BXA 22.14 Ax(B+Q = AXB+ Axe 22.18 |AXB| = area of parallelogram having sides A and B MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS INVOLVING DOT AND CROSS PRODUCTS Ay Aa Aal 22.16 A-(BXC) = |Br By Ba] = AyB,Cy+ AgBsCy + AyBCy~ AgByCy ~ AgB,Cy ~ ABC Cy Ge 22.17 |A+(BXC)| = volume of parallelepiped with sides A,B,C 22.18 Ax(BXC) = BiA-C) — C(A-B) 22.19 (AXB)xC = BA-C) — A@B-C) 22.20 (AXB)(CXD) = (A+C)(R-D) ~ (A+D)B-C) 22.21 (AXB)X(CXD) = C{A+(BXD)} — D(A+(BXO)) = BIA-(CxD)} — AD-(CxD)}FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS 119 DERIVATIVES OF VECTORS The derivative of a vector function A(u) = Ay(wi+ Ag)j + As(uke of the salar variable w is given by 22.22 im MuAH) — AGH) ae ives of a vector function A(z,y,+) are similarly defined. We assume that all derivatives ‘exist unless otherwise specified. FORMULAS INVOLVING DERIVATIVES 2223 Sia-p) = a-By 2226 Laxey) = acy Ban mas amo) = Bewxo +a(Bxe) +a-(0x%) 2226 adh = ada aaa ath = 0 sia) ieaconstant THE DEL OPERATOR ‘The operator del is defined by 22.28 v= 52 44a ig tig the In the results below we assume that U = U(#,y,2), V=V(eya), A= Ae 42) and B= Blz,y,2) have partial derivatiy THE GRADIENT = yyw 22.29 Gradiont of U = gradU = guilt oek THE DIVERGENCE 22.30 Divergence of A = diva = v-a = (42 es + ay + ae) (Ayi + Aaj + Aah) aA; ey 8g ae Gy120 22.31 22.33 22.34 22.35 22.36 22.37 22.38 22.39 22.40 22.41 22.42 22.43 22.44 22.45 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS THE CURL Curl of A= 2) x Ad + Asi + Ad) ae Fi (2a, 243) (2 aay aay i a i THE LAPLACIAN Laplacian of U = WU = voce = SU 4 OU, aU 2a, oA ast t yt 2a ae Laplacian of A = V2A, THE BIHARMONIC OPERATOR Biharmonie operator on U = VU = VX{¥2U) _ aU aU, a, yo av au < aat * at + at + Garage * taytaet + 2 aetat MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS INVOLVING Y vUtV) = vU+OV vat WAT UB VxX(A4B) = VXA+ XB Vea) = (VU) + UWA) Vx(Ua) = (VU) A + ULV the largest of the magnitudes |4r,| approaches zero, ‘The result 22.48 is @ gen- ‘eralization of the ordinary definite integral [page 04]. ‘The line integral 22.48 can also be written nap fate = fade = Asay + Ase using A= Ajit Aj + Ajk and dr = dei t dyj + dek, S PROPERTIES OF LINE INTEGRALS aas0 [pa Ope 2251 “aca = facades fase INDEPENDENCE OF THE PATH In general a line integral has a value which depends on the particular path C joining points P, and Py in a region X. However, in case A= Vg or VXA=0 where ¢ and its partial derivatives are con: tabu in the ne negra f Asai idapendan of he path In ich cae 2252 fare = fara = 909 ~ eo122 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS where o(P;) and p(P3) denote the values of » at P, and P respectively. In particular if C is a closed curve, 2253 Save Gara = 0 ‘where the cirele on the integral sign is used to emphasize that C is closed. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS Let F(x, y) be a function defined in a region R of the aay plane as in Fig. 22-7, Subdivide the region into parts by lines parallel to the z and y axes ag indicated, Let 44, = 442, 5y, denote an area of one of these parts. ‘Then the in- tepral of F(z, y) over is defined as 22.54 f Fieydd = lim 3 Fenn) say provided this limit exists, In such ease the integral ean also be written as ass f * LO Few anas is = SALE rear) ae eae where y= fi(2) and y= fa(2) are the equations of curves PH@ and PGQ respectively and a and b are the x coordinates of points P and Q. ‘The result can also be written as 22.56 f Se Pendedy = Sf ge Ftv) de} dy where z= ox(y), coordinates of H and G. 1(u) are the equations of curves HPG and HQG respectively and ¢ and d are the y ‘These are ealled double integrals or area integrals, The ideas can be si volume integrals or to higher multiple integrals. rly extended to triple or SURFACE INTEGRALS Subdivide the surface S [sce Fig. 22-8] into w elements of 128 AS, = Lyons Let ACE tyre) = Ay WHETE (pi %) in a point P in AS, Let N, be a unit normal to AS, at P. Then the surface integral of the normal component of A over S is defined a8 mast awas = tm Sayenyas,FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS 128 RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND DOUBLE INTEGRALS If & is the projection of S on the zy plane, then [sce Fig. 22-8) nse farses = [fait THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Let § be a closed surface bounding « region of volume V; then if N is the positive outward drawn) normal and aS = NdS, we have [see Fig. 22-9] ns fone = Sac ‘The result is also called Gause’ theorem or Greon’s theorem. Fig. 2-8 Fig. 22.10 STOKE’S THEOREM Lot S be an open tworsided surface bounded by a closed non-intersecting curve G [simple closed curve] asin Fig. 22-10. Then 22.60 G acae = fw xayeas where the cirele on the integral is used to emphasize that C is closed. GREEN’S THEOREM IN THE PLANE 22.61 Grae sean = f (2 -P)aea where Ris the area bounded by the closed curve C. This result is a special case of the divergence theorem ‘or Stoke's theorem.124 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS GREEN'S FIRST IDENTITY 22.62 S ery + wera = f@vp-es where ¢ and y are scalar functions. GREEN’S SECOND IDENTITY eVy —eveav = f Wy — ¥e-ds MISCELLANEOUS INTEGRAL THEOREMS. Ssxa 2265 fou = fusxvs ast f exacy CURVILINEAR COORDINATES ‘A point P in space (see Fig. 22-11] can be located by rectangular coordinates (2, ,2) oF curvi- Tinear coordinates (1, uy, 43) where the transforma tion equations from one set of coordinates to the other are given by | 22.66 = elutes) y= wlseyy tym) 2 = alysis) If up and vw; are constant, then as uy varies, the position vector r= i+ yj +k of P describes a ‘curve called the u, coordinate curve. Similarly we a define the 1 and uz coordinate eurves through P. The vectors a¢/21, dr/2us, r/Ouy represent tangent vee~ tors to thew, tsi; coordinate eurves, Letting e1,€n/@3 be unit tangent vectors to these curves, we rave Pig. 22.11 2267 Bete, Ea te Ee in where 22.68 Ay | fare called scale factors. If e,,e,/ey are mutually perpendicular, the curvilinear coordinate system is called orthogonal.FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS 125 FORMULAS INVOLVING ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES ae = Fan ag 4 2 ‘ 22.69 de = Ban + Bat Bay = mane, + hades + hydwe, 22.70 at = deeds = Mad + Mad + sau where ds isthe element of are length. 1 AV is the element of volume, then an AV = | ye; dy) hae di) % (yea dug)| = hybyhy diy dg dy Br 8 FEL a. td He.1.2 | © YoacBia™ dig| deeds = [GER | dc dg where r/o, 92/9, axles 22.72 FELD, = favion, aviouy avlouy Flags nasa) G/duy delauy de/dug is called the Jacobian of the transformation. TRANSFORMATION OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS ‘The result 22.72 can be used to transform multiple integrals from rectangular to curvilinear coordinates. For example, we have 22.73 SSS Penne aeayas = ff} Get) | =A dy dt ding x v where R’ is the region into which & is mapped by the transformation and G(u i,t) is the value of (2, y,2) corresponding to the transformation. GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE, CURL AND LAPLACIAN In the following, + is a scalar fanction and A curvilinear coordinates 1, ta, Ms. Aye; + Age + Ages a vector function of orthogonal 22.74 Gradient of = grade = Ve = z =va = hfe 22.75 Divergence ot A = aw = Vea = LZ tight + a Be tohad + 52 uhedd| rer hae ees == = eS ae eae 7276 cutota = eta = xa = le ee hyAy Mahe heAy = alto — tetas + [ean ~ toda] pa ‘ + ama ded — stn fon h abs 22.77 Laplacian of = v%e man [a (22) + (HE 2) it Note that the biharmonic operator V4 = V2(V26) can be obtained from 22.77.126 FORMULAS FROM Vi CTOR ANALYSIS SPECIAL ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS Cylindrical Coordinates (r,0,2) [See Fig. 22-12] 22.78 # = reose y= rsing, z= 2 22.79 Maw aa am 1 a0. ae 1 brains vie = ot rar t att oe Fig. 22-12. Cylindrical coordinates, Fig.22-18, Spherical coordinates. Spherical Coordinates (r,0,4) [See Fig. 22-13] 22.81 x = rsingcosg, y = rsinasing, = rcose 22.82 Aba, 22.88 ve 2a(“#) ‘ boi Paints a? joe yew, see 85) = a= ww, 4 ace ae, ae), ae 2286 vio = (#4 8)+ ‘The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the ay plane are shown in Fig. 22-14. They are confocal arabolas with a common xi Fig. 22-4FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS 127 Paraboloidal Coordinates (w,v,4) 22.87 2 = weeny, y= wvsing, 2 = Yut—oy where uO vO, OF 4 < m 22.88 RE = wt ot, A} = ate? 1__ d/o), aa fae), 1 ate bere We are iu («32) + er 3( bv) * weet Gat ‘Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the parabolas of Fig. 22-14 about the axis which is then relabeled the 2 axis. Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates (x,v,2) 22.90 # = acoshncost, y = asinhusine, z= = where EO OS 0K %, a cece 22.91 Ai = AE = oMeinhtu + sine), AP = 1 vb ate | ate . to = a t_ (e ae), ate 22.92 VO aia Fa (@ am) te ‘The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the ey plane are shown in Fig. 22-15. ‘They are cone focal ellipses and hyperbola Fig.2245, Elliptic eylindrieal coordinates128 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates (¢, 7,4) 2.93 = = asinhesiny cons, y = asinhtsiny sing, = = weosh¢cosy where Osecm 22.94 1 = AE = aXsinb?e + sin’), A} = a2 sinh? sin?y 1 2 (inmed® me = 8 (vin g 1 2 (eng it 1 * ae ana sine 3 (om) + Fainkt Eanes ao? Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-16 about the axis which is relabeled the = axis. ‘The third set of coordinate surfaces consists of planes passing through this axis, Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates (£,,) 22.96 =~ ecoshg cosy cosy, y = Gevshtcosy sing, 2 = asinhtsiny where £20, 2 Sy = of, 05 6 0 are constants, is defined as 23.1 ges ( con SE + 5, sin 2) e+2L where ¢ where i ay = ES He) cos ae 23.2 a b= ES He sin BE ae If (2) and f(z) are piecewise continuous and f(z) is defined by periodic extension of period 2L, Le fl +2L) = f(z), then the series converges to f(z) if x is a point of continuity and to 1{/(z +0) + fle —0)) if z is a point of discontinuity. COMPLEX FORM OF FOURIER SERIES Assuming that the series 23.1 converges to f(z), we have 233 fee) = eget ee . Hoy- id) n>0 oy AS tole mmtde = Lieattieg <0 [iso azo PARSEVAU'S IDENTITY 23.5 Lf" veer = Be 3-8 GENERALIZED PARSEVAL IDENTITY 236 ZS" teraeias = Be 3 test but where dy,b, and cq.tly are the Fourier coefficients corresponding to f(a) and g(x) respectively. 181182 FOURIER SERIES SPECIAL FOURIER SERIES AND THEIR GRAPHS Fg.23-41 Sree z O ae ay + Saw S (Ma/22—n 3, eI») Jon) = CMT) n= 0,1,2, Tf m6 0,1,2,..., I(x) and J_,(2) ave linearly independent If m#0,1,2,..., Ju(x) is bounded at x =0 while J_.(z) is unbounded. For =0,1 we have 245 Jy(e) 246 J(2) 247 dile) 24.8 This i also called Weber's function or Neumann's function (also denoted by N(x). 136BESSEL FUNCTIONS 137 For 00,1...) Uospitat rte ye ns ¥yte) = Zam ern + ridge) — EB OEM eye 18 cone + aeerin where y= 5772156.., is Euler's constant [page 1] and 24.10 a@ = 144 + a = 0 For = Lance) +7} ety 24.11 Yor) = Zante) + ydole) + Betty ts 24.12 Yn@) = CIPY@) m= 0,2,2, For any value 1 = 0, J,(z) is bounded at x =0 while ¥,(e) is unbounded, GENERAL SOLUTION OF BESSEL’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 2419 y = AD) + BI) neous, 2418 y = Ad) = BYQe) aie 241s y — Ane + nae fos an where A and B are arbitrary constants GENERATING FUNCTION FOR J.(2) 24.16 eau RECURRENCE FORMULAS FOR BESSEL FUNCTIONS 24.17 Jur) = BIC) ~ Jal) 24.18 HQ) = Yn) — Jaca? 24.19 ada) = @Jp—il2) — rdqle) 24.20 life) = ndgle) ~ #dasl2) tardy (a) = atdya(@) 2421 Lerner Inna) dg -2" 24.22 Zeeman = eta) ‘The functions ¥, (2) satisfy identical relations,138 BESSEL FUNCTIONS BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF ORDER EQUAL TO HALF AN ODD INTEGER In this case the functions are expressible in terms of sines and cosines. 2423 Jynt) = Zane 2426 tants) = YE (BE sae) 2426 dante) = Zane 2427 sunt) = YE{(3-1) ane ~ dene} M25 tonto) = E(B - core) 2428 pate) = VE {fone + (S-a)oneh For further results use the recurrence formula. Results for ¥ya(2),Ya(eh ... are obtained from 24.8. HANKEL FUNCTIONS OF FIRST AND SECOND KINDS OF ORDER n 24.29 HY) = Jgle) + iY gle) 24.30 HD) = J,lz) — i¥ g(a) BESSEL'S MODIFIED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 24.31 ay + my — +n = 0 nzO Solutions of this equation are called modified Bessel functions of order m. MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST KIND OF ORDER n PAS Ife) = imIli) = emma 2 a Le § teat ererat! * try + metas +} = St, 2aaa 1g) = Iga) = err tin) = 2 “ separates Parise tt Wem + eaesmacm t } ~ 2 arerion 2434 Ty) = he) = 041,20. He %0,1,2,..., thon J, (2) and Tg(2) are Hneary independent. For = 0,1, we have = 1424 —0 o 235 1) = 145+ get get a 2 24.26 142) at gat mae t waar * 24.37 ie) = ile)BESSEL FUNCTIONS 139 MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND KIND OF ORDER 7» Fangs Wale) — 10) A012 24.38 Kile) = 4 [ER gape CoG) hie} = 0.2 For =0,1,2,..., L'Hospital's rule yields 2429 Kyle) = 2)+HGn /B) + tae) + FS! CUM b- DHMH " } (a2yn Bint Br (0) + (n+ B)} where (p) is given by 24.10, For »=0, 2440 Kyle) = On (eit) + yh) + + OD + eR edt yt + - 24.41 K_@) = K,(2) n=0,1,2,... GENERAL SOLUTION OF BESSEL’S MODIFIED EQUATION 24.42 y= Als(e) + BIG) nH 01,2, 24.43 y= Ale) + BR) atl aaa v= An + Bre fo ate zie) where A and B are arbitrary constants, GENERATING FUNCTION FOR I,(z) naas Bemicets ties RECURRENCE FORMULAS FOR MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS 2446 tyasle) = Tote) ~ 225) 2452 Kyi) = Ry-ste) + Bo) QAAT 182) = Uae) + Teele) 2453 Kile) = YK (0) + Ky i@} 24.48 eii(z) = #l,—y(2) — mI, (2) 24.54 «Ki(x) = —2K,-,(x) ~ nKg(z) 24.49 cic) = 21,44(2) + nI,(a) 24.55 cKliz) = Kyle) — eK y.al) 2450 Leone) = hal) 2as6 Liane) = eye 24.51 ene 2g 432) 24.57 BEKO) = 28K. le)140 BESSEL FUNCTIONS MODIFIED BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF ORDER EQUAL TO HALF AN ODD INTEGER In this case the functions are expressible in terms of hyperbolic sines and cosines. 2458 at) = [Esme 2461 Kant) = 4[2(sime 24) Taal) = 4[Zeune 24.62 Iyyle) = VE {(G+1) sme ~ Boone} 2460 tanto) = 2 (comne—2M2) 2469 yale = f2{ 21) come ~ Zaina} For further results use the recurrence formula 24.46, Results for Kyys(x),Kyya(#),... are obtained from 24.38, 2 & Ber AND Bei FUNCTIONS ‘Phe real and imaginary parts of Jq(ze!") are denoted by Ber, (2) and Beig(2) where § (iain ant ake 2468 Berta) = Set aos = ite asthe 2455 age = 3 pp GOT ag ttt iazo, 24.66 Bere) = 1 — SRF 4 e/a _ 2467 ait = rap — SBP 4 lB Ker AND Kei FUNCTIONS ‘The real and imaginary parts of emt" K,(ze7'®) are denoted by Ker, (2) and Kel, (e) where 24.68 Kerg(2) = {in (e/2) + 7) Berg a) + Je Belg @) (R=) e/2I—n (ont Be HEerEEE et Eee me ees + 2S, Ba Pe) + a0 +h con SHER 24.69 Kein 2) = (ln (e/2) +7) Belg) ~ Jr Borg 2) Ay ack at erenn 22, Ft ete + SS REF Ow + ot Wy sin AEB and @ is given by 24.10, page 197. If n=0, 24.70 Kerle) = —(ne2) +7) Bere) + FRei(e) 1-H May 4 SBa rps yey — 2471 Keio) = —CIn (ele) + 7} Boi(e) ~ F Ber (a) + (e/a? - Shap gag toBESSEL FUNCTIONS 141 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR Ber, Bel, Ker, Kei FUNCTIONS 24.72 ay” + xy’ — (iat ndy = 0 The general solution of this equation is 24.73 y = AlBerg (2) + i Beiy (x)} + B{Ker, (x) + i Kei, (@)} GRAPHS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS Fig.261 Fig.20-2 v ‘ Ile 2 MAL 112) Pa Kye) ' Kea) frre ERE EE SEP PEr EEE Ree Fig.24-3 Fig. 24-4 Iw Fig. 265 Fig. 266142, BESSEL FUNCTIONS INDEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING BESSEL FUNCTIONS 2474 [adie de = 2hie) 275 f atJp(a) de Fle + xdye) ~ f dye ee 76 fem deh de = Je) + m— Der wid — no f 2-80 de = tye) — 2 6 soya (z) 24.80 f een ae 7 nxn + ff (2) de WB fem dy(e) de = em dolad + m f em Iole) de ras fae = (0) + f Jey ae 24.06 fed ye)de = ardgle) 85 fem Inae)de = -2-*J) 24.86 fe Jg(e) de = aM Jyala) + im te—D f x1 ale) de 2(aJn(Bx) Jax) ~ B Iga) Jy(B2)¥ 24.87 f xtyloz)44(p0) de = a. 2488 fa tile) de = ZUpleny + Z(1- Fe) Uyleort ‘The above results also hold if we replace J, (z) by ¥,(2) or, more generally, A Jq(2) + BY,(2) where A and B are con: DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING BESSEL FUNCTIONS 1 Vere 2as0 WEZR — an > 24.89 ee Iy(bz) dx 4 er Ig(bsjde = SEERA yy waite 1 2491 [ cosee dst de = Vee24.92 24.93 24.94 24.95 24.98 24.99 24.101 24.102 24.103 24.104 24.105 24.106 24.107 24.108 Sy Seen) te = J ” edolos los) de = Jol) Sule) Jule) Yolo) Jo) Jnl) ¥,(e) Jule) Y@) In(@) Kyle) INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR BESSEL FUNCTIONS A 3 1 Sf. eres ove) ae Sf sso. de = Vert p cosh (¢ sine) do = BESSEL FUNCTIONS Ful) Inle) = B Ino) Jul) Boe HOON? + JO — W202 Ta (a)? B Sola) Lol) — a Jala) 1e(B) eee Lf conteanne 1" cnafar— eae de, nminuger Sf conernne one ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS )) where is arg where # is large where nis lange where m is large where 2 is large where 2 is large 143,144 BESSEL FUNCTIONS ORTHOGONAL SERIES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS Let ysdavdgs-+. be the positive roots of RJ,(2) + Sz J{(e) = 0, m>—1, Then the following series ‘expansions hold under the conditions indicated. S=0, RO, ie. AuAz,As,... are positive roots of In(x) =O 24.109 fe) = ADAM + Asda) + AcdsOo + whee 10 i sede de “ fe = ahi Seton In particular if » 20 Hla) = ArJelny2) + AadyQa2) + Antex) + where 24.112 Ag = Fs fxs) Jolee) de FO) J, RIS > -n 24.113 He) = AyIgO42) + AgSyQOut) + Ag JAQge) + + where At 24.114 Ay = qf" a fay agtrye) de Fa) — Jams 0) Fei) J en (24.115, Ha) = AsJo(z) + Agdo yx) + AgJo(yx) + +°> where 116 = a afte) nts) 24.41 Ae Too Ss 12) Jo(Ona) de RIS TT See 24.117 Hae) = Age” + AyIy(y2) + AgIyQaz) + -> where o Ay = Bent ay f" ertayee) ade 24.118 2 b= Of ete) ee a Fae) — Jn-10n) Jnr On) J shesbeacieat In particular if m= 0 so that (0 fe At As Ay +++ are the positive roots of J, (x) = 0], 24.119 Ha) = Ay + AyJoOy2) + AnJoQae) + where Ao = f(x) de 24.120 i AL = Se fe) 02) deBESSEL FUNCTIONS 145 RIS < =n In this case there are two pure imaginary roots *i\y a well as the positive roots hy, hx As, and we have 24.121 1) = AglaQot) + Are) + AgJaQdye) + where ‘i : be = aay Sefer te zai OOF Tet S Ae = po f" ten 4040) te TIats S, HHO MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS 2A1IB con(a sing) = Iola) + Bale) cve20 + BI4(e) conde + DAR sine sins) = 242) sine + BJy(0) sine + Jy) sin + 24125 Ices») 3 nen 041,42. This is called the ation formada for Bessel fanetions BAI 1 = Info) + BIgle) + 4 Bdagled + BAI 2 = Wyle) + B4(2) + 54s) Fo + CHE DIggaale) +2) 2A12B x? = 24 Jo(x) + 16Jy(x) + 96I4(2) + oF (BMP Tage) + 008) adyta) 24.129 <= gle) — BIC) + BJole) — 24.130 1 = Jilx) + 2I%(e) + 2Ie) + 203) + DAABT Fi 2) = Eq-2(@) — BIq(2) + Ses ale) BABA I'(2) = HIypsl@) — Bduaale) + BJusu(2) — Inysle) Formulas 24.191 and 24.182 can be generalized. A133 Jy(e Tale) — JLadg(e) = BEBE 24134 Jule) Jogo lt) + Jn) yale) = 2EREE WAIT Jes Vale) — Ie Vas) = Ile ¥ele) — )¥,@) = 2 24.136 sine = 2{J,(2) — Jal) + Jg(z) — +++} BANBT cose = Jplz) — 2Ix{0) + 22) — 24.138 sinhe = 2(0,(z) + Iy(0) + Iolz) + =) 24139 coche = Iglx) + 214(2) + Iy(2) + ha) + =)25 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS LEGENDRE’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 25.1 (a 2dy" = ary + att = 0 Solutions of this equation are called Legendre functions of order x. LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS If n=0,1.2,..., solutions of 25. are Legendre polynomials P,(z) given by Rodrigue’s formula = hea 25.2 Po) = gig Bey SPECIAL LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 253 Pyle) = 1 257 Pala) = 48604 8004+ 3) 254 Pia) = 2 25.8 Pylx) = 46x — 10s + 152) 25.5 Pyle) = 4x1) 25.9 Paz) = Ayl2B128— B1524 + 105245) 25.6 Pylz) = {Sx 2x) 25.10 Py(x) = 7y(429e" — 69325 + B15x*— 352) LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS IN TERMS OF 9 WHERE x= cos 25.11 Po(cone) = 1 25.14 Py(cose) = [{B cose + 5 cos3e) 25.12 Py(cose) = cose 25.18 Py(cose) = gh(9 + 20 cos 29 + 85 cos 40) Pylcos) = 41+ 8 cos2) 25.16 Ps(cos #) = 25(90 cose + 35 cos 39 + 63 cos 54) 25.17 Pe(cose) = zls(60 + 105 con 20 + 126 cose + 281 cos 64) 25.18 P,(con6) = pg lI5 coa + 180 cos da + 241 cow's + 420 con To) GENERATING FUNCTION FOR LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 25.19 = & Py (eyeeLEGENDRE FUNCTIONS ua RECURRENCE FORMULAS FOR LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 25.20 (FNP as ile) — Ont NePy(e) + mPpile) = 0 28.21 Phaa(e) — 2 Pix) = (n +1) Pyle) 25.22 e@P ila) ~ Phyle) = Pala) 25.23 612) — Phare) = nt 1) Pyle) 25.24 (2-1) Pye) = ne P, (2) — wP yale) ORTHOGONALITY OF LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 25.25 Pyle) Pale) de = 0 men 25.26 (Pye) de = Because of 25.25, P(2) and P,(z) are called orthogonal in —1 = 2S 1. ORTHOGONAL SERIES OF LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 35.27 Ha) ~ AgPyle) + ArPi(e) + AaPale) + + where 25.28 Ay = BEES) Her de SPECIAL RESULTS INVOLVING LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS 25.29 Py) = 4 25.30 Py) = Ie 2531 Pye) = COPA) ° odd 25.32 PQ) = (ape LBB OD ge 25.33 Pyle) = LG + Vit=I cos ita 25.4 Si race de = Passed Prose) 25.5 Pa Sa 25.36 Pa) = aah fhe Bist J at ‘where C ia a simple closed curve having # as interior point,4g, LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS GENERAL SOLUTION OF LEGENDRE’S EQUATION ‘The general solution of Legendre's equation is, 25.37 ¥ = AU gl) + BY (2) gay MED 25.39 Vale) = 2 ‘These series converge for ~1.< #< 1 LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND KIND vette) 2540 ri) = where sai vat) = camal(s)if/0 . 25.42 Va) = yorvegil(naa),] y mit) = Cayen-mregn—al (BERT fay ‘The nonterminating series in such case with a suitable multiplicative eonstant is denoted by Q,(2) and is called Legendre’s function of the second hind of order n, We define [ Ua) Vale) n=0,2,4, 25.43 Qi = 4 L=Vq(l) Vale) n= 1.545, SPECIAL LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND KIND 25.44 Que) = 25.45 Qe) = 25.46 Qe) = 25.47 Qsla) = ‘The funetions Q,(2) satisfy recurrence formulas exactly analogous to 26.20 through 26.24 Using these, the general solution of Legendre's equation can aleo be written 25.48 v = APA) + BQ)26 | ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS LEGENDRE’S ASSOCIATED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 26.1 et" — aru + {oon Fahy - 0 Solutions of this equation are called associated Legendre functions, We restrict ourselves to the im- ortant case where m,n are nonnegative integers, ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST KIND Mc) = 2ym2 a ee ee 262 Pia) = a- 292 Bre) Sul dgwte 3) where P(x) are Legendre polynomials [page 146]. We have 26.3 PM) = Pale 26.4 Pa) = 0 if men SPECIAL ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST KIND 265 Phe) = (1— ase 268 PHe) = F6=t-1A— 2H 26.6 Pla) = se(1 ann 269 PYe) = 151-24) 267 Pie) = saa 26.10 Pye) = 5298 GENERATING FUNCTION FOR PZ(z) a Poe = 3 Pro RECURRENCE FORMULAS 26.12 (ub PE @) — nt De Pa) + etm) PT ale) = 0 26.13 PEM a) — OEM prt) + min tms nM) = 0 149150 ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS ORTHOGONALITY OF P22) 26.14 fl Pra etaae = 0 itnet __ int! TFT mm)! 26.15 Sf @loe = ORTHOGONAL SERIES 26.16 M2) = AgPRle) + AmsrPmsi) + Ans2Pmazle) + where Bett =m! Ch ae ee BELA! fj pete ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND KIND. . 26.18 ere) = a-22 Za where Q,(x) are Legendre functions of the second kind [page 148), ‘These functions are unbounded at +1, whereas Piz) are bounded at = +1, ‘The functions QM(2) satisfy the same recurrence relations as PM(e) (see 26.12 and 26.13). GENERAL SOLUTION OF LEGENDRE’S ASSOCIATED EQUATION 26.19 v= APR) + BORE)27 HERMITE POLYNOMIALS 11,2, HERMITE’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION wf ~ Bey! + 2ny = 0 HERMITE POLYNOMIALS then solutions of Hermite's equation are Hermite polynomials H,(z) given by n@ = are? Sees) SPECIAL HERMITE POLYNOMIALS 27.7 Hye) = i694 4822 +12 27.8 H,ls) 1 8225 — 16023 + 1202 QI Ha) = G4a* — 48004 + 7202% ~ 120 809 — 128 2710 H(e) = 12807 — 124408 + 836029 — 16802 27.1 It n= Rodtrigue’s formula 27.2 27.3 Hola) WA Ayls) 27.5 Haz) 27.6 Hix) = aa 27.12 27.13 GENERATING FUNCTION RECURRENCE FORMULAS Hyysle) = 28 Hyle) ~ Bn Hy s(2) Hy) = 2 Ays(2) 15152 HERMITE POLYNOMIALS ORTHOGONALITY OF HERMITE POLYNOMIALS a4 SP aemioe = 0 men 27.15 ORTHOGONAL SERIES 27.16 Hla) = AgHgle) & Ayla) + Ag Mle) + where 1 oe 27.47 Ae = # f(a) Hy(e) dz mang Soo Fe SPECIAL RESULTS ni ) nb za Hla) = 2am — AED epgyes 4 MES DOSE AM =B) ayy WAY Hy) = (-1) Hye) 27.20 Hiyy(0) = 0 27.21 Hyy(0) = (“2821285 ++ n—1) Er Hasi@) Has (0) 27.22 Sf time = FAG - SS figs a 27.23 Le# ney = yest) 24 GF de = ye) = 8 He 27.25 Si ce # nen a = Vent Pa) 27.26 neva = 3 one(t) mtv nave ‘This is called the addition formula for Hermite polynomials. % Hale) Huy) Ayal) Halo) — Hie) Hy sto) ame = Bini =v) 27.272 8 LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 28.1 tn LAGUERRE’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION au + ay’ +m = 0 LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 0,1,2,... then solutions of Laguerre's equation are Laguerre polynomials J(#) and are given dy Rodrigue's formula 28.2 28.3 20.4 20.5 28.9 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 Plame) La) = & Ztares SPECIAL LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS Bola) = 1 28. Ls(2) = 2+ 922 — 18s + 6 Eyez) = #41 28.7 L(x) = x4 — 1628 + 228 — 962 + 24 sae 28.8 L(x) = —e + 2504 — 20021 + 60022 — 6002 + 120 Liz) = 2° — 3625 + 45024 — 240023 + 540082 — 49202 + 720 Ln{z2) = at + 4908 — 88225 + 7350.1 — 29,0003 + 52,0202 — 96,2800 + 5040 GENERATING FUNCTION scan i*e RECURRENCE FORMULAS Lay ile) — (2n + 1— 2) Lala) +m? Ly (2) 0 Life) — nEq—y(a) + nLy ale) = 0 2Dale) = mlg(2) — ¥8Lqa(2) 158154 LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS ORTHOGONALITY OF LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS nes Sf rstaornyte = 0 mn 28.16 Sf Ht atent ae = (at ORTHOGONAL SERIES 28.17 He) = Agolx) + Ay Lyla) + AgLy(x) + +++ whee ao18 A = gig feet nie te SPECIAL RESULTS 2619 140) = wt 220 f*Eayde = tai) — Ease 26.21 tate) = nef = BEE, MESBAE Ca 1 a “ 0 pen 28.22 [onthe = 7 (arte it p SE Exy) — En) Lays) — Laat) Lao) oe mo” (nt? (ev) 28.24 = ets2ve) 28.25 Lyle) = f snee—u Jy (2 Bu) du29 ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS. LAGUERRE’S ASSOCIATED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 29.1 ay!" + (mt imely’ + nm = 0 ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS Solutions of 20.1 for nonnegative intogers m and are glven by the associated Laguerre polynomials 29.2 nto) = ghee) where Z(e) are Laguerre polynomials (sos page 163) 29.3 ENG) 142) 29.4 Ene) SPECIAL ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 25 Lia) = 29.10 1) = -6 296 Li) = 224 29.11 Lig) = 422 ~ 4800-4 tate — 80 297 Lia) = 2 29.12 Life) = 122*- 962 + 144 29.8 Li) = ~a0? + toe ~18 29.13 Lis) = Me ~ 90 299 Lio) = —ce +18 29.14 Lie) = 24 GENERATING FUNCTION FOR Lz(z) cree mua = 29.15 ea 155156 ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS RECURRENCE FORMULAS 29.16 PEM ET TE Ga) + (oi mtn EN) + PLEA) = 0 29.7 Zutey = u"'@ 29.18 Ble EN} = (mn Dente BE) 2am fe mot 29.19 (LRG) = (em) Ea) + Om—n— Ee) ORTHOGONALITY 29.20 JO omen L2G) EFe) de = 0 pen * ges (LM (a) 2 alee 29.21 fl amesuteora — QR, ORTHOGONAL SERIES 29.22 2) Ag Dinlz) + Amer Dmsil2) + Ay ge Lbmsate) + where 29.23 Ay ahem LE (x) fiz) dr SPECIAL RESULTS 29.24 Brey = iG 29.25 Game30 CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS CHEBYSHEV’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 30.1 (2% ~ wu’ + wy = 0 = 0,1,2, ‘CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS OF THE FIRST KIND Solutions of 80.1 are given by 302 pee ee tees (mh eee fn Tao) = eatncteh = a (S)or ana + (t) ere SPECIAL CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS OF THE FIRST KIND. 90.3 Tyr) = 1 30.7 Ty(x) = Bet —aet +1 304 Ty) = & 90.8 Pyle) = 1028 — 2009 + oe 90.5 Taz) = 2x81 90.9 To(2) = 2x6 — 4Bet + 182? — 20.6 Ty(2) = te? — 36 30.10 Ty(2) = 642? — 11205 + 6009 — Te GENERATING FUNCTION FOR 7.(z) 30.11 SPECIAL VALUES 9012 Tn = CIP Te) 30.16 7-3) = (1 30.16 Tay ss(0) = 0 3013 7,4) = 1 80.15 T.4(0) = 1)" 187158 CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS RECURSION FORMULA FOR 7,(z) 30.17 Tysrld) — BT le) + Tyas) = 0 ORTHOGONALITY Plt) Pal) 30.18 Fale) Tal) og = man vine 1 (qQay? + it n=0 aatied Visa > ele it n=1,2, ORTHOGONAL SERIES 30.20 fle) = JAgTola) + ALT\le) + A Tale) + where 2° Hey Tle) 30.21 ay = Ff ORO ,, Ss CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS OF THE SECOND KIND 30.22 Uple) = ane cea cee rosea tH ag = ("t) (“Pete n+ (net) 1 a8) SPECIAL CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS OF THE SECOND KIND 30.23 Us(2) 30.27 Ux) = et we +1 30.24 U,@) = 2 30.28 Usle) = 9225 — S201 + 6x 30.25 Uy) = 421 30.29 Lele) = 640 — set + 2428 — 1 30.26 Uys) = SS — 42 90.30 Lyle) ~ 12827 — 1925 | 8029 — Be GENERATING FUNCTION FOR Us(z) 30.31 Sue30.32 30.33 30.37 30.38 30.40 where 30.41 30.42 30.43 30.44 30.45 30.46 CHERYSHEV POLYNOMIALS 159 SPECIAL VALUES U2) = 90.34 u-1) = (1)N(n+ 1) 90.36 Vag (0) = 0 aye U0) = eta 90.35 Vag(0) = (-1)" RECURSION FORMULA FOR Us(:) Uysrla) — Qe Ul) + Uae) = 0 ORTHOGONALITY [Ve Busuiod = 0 mee SVR ORTHOGONAL SERIES J) = Ag Vela) + A, Ue) + Ag Ua) + ay =f" VisB re) tye) ae RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN T(z) AND U,(z) Tyla) = Uyle) — 2Uy-x(0) A=2) 0.48) = eT) — Trrsle 1 Taso de uyie) = Ef eee = ES eoavine Tale) GENERAL SOLUTION OF CHEBYSHEV’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION {it Tila) + BVI= 2 Uy s(a) if n=1,2,3, pte A+ Bsinte it m=03] HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS HYPERGEOMETRIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ant a — ai" + (e—(@ tbe Nel — aby = 0 HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS A solution of 81.1 is given by ala+ Dio +266 + 191642), 312 Fla,bses2) = noiraer ere t* If a,b, are real, then the series converges for —1 —1. SPECIAL CASES 33 Pps) = Gaye 81.8 FU. pose = (ein aye 314 F(,1;25—x) = [in + oie B19 Pe) = (tant ale 315 lim Fa,nti2/n) = & 3110 Fayre) = Vaz) B16 Pi didisiets) = ome SUIT Font 1, m5 0-2/2) = Pyle) BT Fyttssintz) = see B12 Plu, ns 3h —29/2) = Tle) GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE HYPERGEOMETRIC EQUATION ee Band ¢—a-b ane al once the genera sion valid fr lal <1 i aus Y= ARG hese) + Bal-ePanet,b—eh2=e2) MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES rene ab) a Faken = Ronee aus Braman = Brest seneriin ane Fatiaad = gqhQag Swart aa Pla, bse52) = = z)e-88Fle~a, eb: 65 2) 16032 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS DEFINITION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF F(t) 2 caro) = feared = 19 In general f(s) will exist for +> where a is some constant. £ is called the Laplace transform operator. DEFINITION OF THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF /(s) If £{F(O) = flo, then we say that F() = £-1{f)} is the inverse Laplace transform of fle). £-¥ is called the inverse Laplace transform operator. COMPLEX INVERSION FORMULA The inverse Laplace transform of f(s) ean be found directly by methods of complex variable theory. ‘The result is ma ro = ES sa = dam fo" enna where ¢ is chosen so that all the singular points of f(s) ie to the left of the line Re {s) =e in the complex 8 plane, 161162 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TABLE OF GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 16) ro 32.3 afy(o) + Bfole) eF (0 + dF 32.4 Hela) F(a 325 fle-a) oP Fa) t>e 326 =f) wa = f hae 327 20) — F(0) ro 328 2 I(9) — eFO) ~ FO) ro 32.9 | ey — et (0) — a2 FQ) ~ --+ — POD (0) Fon 32.10 re) tr 321 ery 32.12 (9) oe ro 32.13 fa * Fa fis) : 7 wa (oot 32.14 fa S fF an = fT Fe ae 32.15 flo) a6) S Fea ce— maeLAPLACE TRANSFORMS 163 fe) ry em lw) du PU) = FO+T) 32.18 i Tas, oor de 32.19 Las J soteviey P09 ae 32.20 oe f° wena acevo de 32.21 f fase S ee 32.22 ut oP fu) de Fey P(e) = polynomial of degree less than x, Qs) = @—as)(8~ ey) +++ (ea) where aj,a,...,d are all distinct,164 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TABLE OF SPECIAL LAPLACE TRANSFORMS co) ro 32.25 i 1 32.26 4 ‘ aaa7 2 neues, 32.28 & n>o S 32.29 o 32.30 ap 22.31 we oe ote 32.92 —— inst 32.33 ata cos at - 32.34 wonee St sinat, 32.38 o cos.at 32.36 HE eee 32.37 ste comhat 32.38 - sath ofLAPLACE TRANSFORMS 165 fia) FQ 32.40 eg | et et 32.42 ord na ontom 32.44 are ian aay 1 32.51 2 ‘t cosh at 32.53 é tsinat Gj ghee : 32.54 + ay sat ~ at cosat166 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS fe Fe) 32.56 G26) sinat + bat cos at ot it 3257 (G0) coset = 3258 sinat 2a a $e coset aed Je cosat 32.61 Bsinat Be 32.62 (a4 ate at cosh at 32.63 a0 cosh at ~ ¢xinh at ea 32.64 at cosh at + (att! 1) sinh at L al z 32.65 Bt-sink al + at? cosh at Sea 32.66 “ (8.4 aH) sinh at + bat cosh at eae Be 92.67 # aa (8 +0248) cosh at + Tat sinh at 92.68 sinh at Eo cia 40 cosh at eae ai JO coshat a271 eae Painhat eras ae 3272 ah 21 [9 sin VER — ggg VOat 4 gas wie Ge [vant — cont ohLAPLACE TRANSFORMS 167 Ae) wa73 = waz a aa7s cosVEtt — 5 in VS04} 2276 FeLi on] aa E (or + seco ona") : 7 ata inatcoshat ~ coset sinha ; net sinhat su79 ee exe 32.80 sinat coshat + cos.at sinh at) * aa ae covet cachet ne dslenhat~ sine 1 3289 Pylosnar—eesan m8 xia sass a Horan a cosa) 3286 Sonera ave Vat 26 =a va xt Vat 3287 en va est ert Vat 32.88 baa 32.89 = bel ere yt: }168 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Ko Fo) 32.90 Jolat) 32.91 i relat) | saa wa orJglat) 32.93 eile) 32.94 Tolavte+ 2) ) 32.95 ws faateae oe a wea ae 32.97 ela) 32.98 Fe - oF (at a tet 2100 _ | szro1 Kylet) + at (e0) sete eee ere erae 32.108 Pw > Sa | where [t] = greatest integer = ¢ 32.104 FO =, mStcntl, n=0,1,2,.., 32.105 seaovatLAPLACE TRANSFORMS 169 fle) Fi 32.106 cad sandal 32.107 en 32.108, 32.109 eve we oat 32.110 erf (a/2Vt) aan teu anna Tone : +o ergo (mew a) 32.113 HF ao eh Se sae te s2.114 m (48) —— aans meta cite 32.116 Blt ofa Eilat) 32.117 ate eae Int 4 = Balers constant = 5772166. 32.118 wn(Se88) ans ogy oct Se 1 = Buler’s constant = 9772186 22.20 hs ant +9) 17 = Euler's constant = 5772166. 32.21 we (nes ye yet = Buler’s constant = 672156.10 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Ho) Fy sain suometpie 4, He 32.123 tan—1(@/s) sin at 32.124 sncieely Silat) 92.125 onto (Vale Wale) a 32.126 oF orto (s/20) 2 gett ent E 32.127 gf erfe (9/20) erf (at) ess erte Vas 1 32.128 eterte Ves z ve Vetta) 32.129 Bilao) are eer ee 1 32.130 S [conan [5 Silas) — sna crt) | 43 fetta : ‘ 32.131 sinas {5 — si(as)| + coxa ci(ae) ata = conar{t— sifan} — sines ies) 2 f tan=! (t/a) 32.133 sinas 5 soo} 4 cove Ci(ae) 14,(et28\ ame) 32.134 ao] + co) in(25") 92.135 ° (0) = null function 32.136 1 a(t) = delta function 32.137 oo a0) 32.138 ure) See also entry 82.168.LAPLACE TRANSFORMS qv fis) Fo aa.a9 sinha mt (32.141 a? 2 = Dr ogee sin tt ee aaa be # SIM he gg BHT ame H+ § ae Heat se ot 32.145 S35 « & 32.146 ot S 2s a re cos 2 a 2 iy a a Toney? 2 3 carne teu 32.149 sesneve £3 rte aarso| ae 23 pet git —tiee anase a a sont cos nS Mee Se finned (= ae) in BE 32.155 ens ae cal 1s cosh av Bn 01 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS fla) Fit) NU Iylhgale) 32.156 1- = eayfiaVay 22h where Ay,2gy.-- are the positive roots of Jp(\ Jnlieva) ge MW Iyng/a) (32,157 —S (x? — a2) t a Seeeeengnaee Bay Gevs) Uatw a) + t+ Bat Ba a where Ay dg ++ are the positive roots of Jy(a) = 0 ‘Triangular wave function 0 1 san (8 1 32.158 ta (3) > A 7 ba e ta Cs et Fig. 22-1 Square wave function re) 32.159 H i i t ! [hte ie te ta -1 eee t Lang Fig.222 Rectified sine wave function ee (32.160 7 c ‘ ‘ > d » * « Be meet Fig. 223 Walt rectified sine wave function no 32.161 weSiny fa an / © ee Ey se if ig. 3244 Saw tooth wave function Fo 1 © 1 ae a8 ~ Sea ! ' ' ' @ Be ta cs i Fig. 225LAPLACE 1 RANSFORMS 173 Ho) Fo Weaviside’s unit function (t= 2) rey 32.163 = ' See also entry 92.198, gL ‘ Fig. 324 Pulse funetion 32.164 r 1 i 1 ___1______. Pig. 92-7 if Step funetion jr : 22.165 qs ' See also entry 82.102 ettem 32.166 i Fig.329 FU) =r, mS tent, m=0,1,2,.. ro ; . — 32.167 d ' See aleo entry 92.104 pe sin (ete) n= all bem®) 22.168 ae 1 a aa ‘ Fig. stat| 33 | FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOURIER’S INTEGRAL THEOREM. 33.1 He) = J” (Ate) cosas + Bla) sin az) de where i S56) coma de a2 [ae = Ef” se) sinaeae Sufficient conditions under which this theorem holds are: (i) f(@) and f'(2) are piecewise continuous in every finite interval —L < z < Li 0 6 Wooten converses replaced by {1/(e-+0) + fle —0)) if 2 is a point of discontinuity. EQUIVALENT FORMS OF FOURIER’S INTEGRAL THEOREM a4 1 = BS ST tonete edad 33.4 10) = ff eed fsa) du LI" fT pees ave sinaede fp) sina te 33.5 fe) = where f(2) is an odd function (f(z) = f(a) 236 12) = 2f conae te fH conan du where f(x) is an even function [f—2) = f(a) 1714FOURIER TRANSFORMS 115 FOURIER TRANSFORMS 337 stay = Po) = fo pase mae ‘Then from 83.7 the inverse Fourier transform of F(a) is 33.8 FUP = fle) = Flo) ei de We call f(z) and F(a) Fourier transform pairs CONVOLUTION THEOREM FOR FOURIER TRANSFORMS If Fle) = FUle)} and Gio) = FOC), then 339 aS _POrGuierrde = f suoe-wdu = sro where f*g is called the convolution of f and g. Thus 33.10 FU = FUFOY PARSEVAL'S IDENTITY If Fle) = ¥(/la)), then 93.11 Weiter = [Fla)f2da More generally if Fla) = FU/(z)} and Gla) = F{otx)}, then 33.12 S peom@ae = ES” wee an ‘where the bar denotes complex conjugate. FOURIER SINE TRANSFORMS ‘The Fourier sine transform of (2) is defined as 33.13 Fale) = Fs(fla)} = ‘Then from 33.13 the inverse Fourier sine transform of Fy(e) is 25 Fat enee de 93.14 fe) = Fy" sla)h176 FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOURIER COSINE TRANSFORMS ‘The Fourier cosine transform of f(e) is defined as 33.15 Fela) Felt) = [Fle cosax de ‘Then from 3 the inverse Fourier cosine transform of F(a) is, 33.16 Me) = FeMFelar = SPECIAL FOURIER TRANSFORM PAIRS fe) Fe 33.17 {i a o [l>o 1 mete oa aa > 33.19 xin — ote 33.20 (0) nara) 33.21 a"fl2) fk 33.22 Hbz)ett= i( 254)FOURIER TRANSFORMS 17 SPECIAL FOURIER SINE TRANSFORMS. Ke) Fela) 33.23 {i ae Lacoste 0 aD ° 33.24 a 5 33.25 wow ete 33.26 oe ain 33.27 axles Ribena) 33.28 ent Paw 33.29 ow 33.30 oo ere o 0 d 33.34 tan (a/b) 33.95, ese be 1 33.96 zB178 FOURIER TRANSFORMS SPECIAL FOURIER COSINE TRANSFORMS co) Fela) ea [i Ob 39.38 — o & 33.39 ° aie FO) 0s x tant a/b) 33.40 Lohan tet 33.41 oe 33.42 ow = ae sett sec) yg cue 33.43 « ewe, genet 33.44 a sin be 33.46 sin bat 33.47 eos bat 33.48 sech be Fendt cosh (VE 2/2) cosh (VE a/2) oe cosh (Vea) 2 cosh (Were) ore 33.50 VE AV zs cos (20Va) — sin @bVa)?34 ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS INCOMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND Sates «Samaras where » = amw is called the amplitude of w and #= sing, and where here and below 0- S as = afi (Yes (Layers INCOMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND a8) 34.3 Blk, ) COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE SECOND KIND rie) = Sf vinie = (YEE, Ht Qe (ey Gay} INCOMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND a 34s ay) = —— beet S (1+ no) y(t — v)(1 — et)180 ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE THIRD KIND i a DO iavicnas * Si ie LANDEN’S TRANSFORMATION 347 tang = or sin (29) — 9) ‘This yields ¢ ds, 34.8 Fike) = — where k, = 2VE/(1 +k). By successive applications, sequences flys kgs -.. and diggs «++ are obtained such that << hy < ky S{-z) = —Sz), S00) = 0, S(@) = FRESNEL COSINE B(x _ a ot co Vie Bertha ow) ~ b+ efemalt- ae c-2 = cm, c= 0, cm = 2 JEMANN ZETA FUNCTION (2) = Kih+ d+. Ee se) = sa-2) [extension to other values] 2 12) = apr36 INEQUALITIES TRIANGLE INEQUALITY. 36.1 lau! = Jag! = ayag] = Joy] + Jal 36.2 lay tay t oe ag) = fal + fag] boo + fay! CAUCHY-SCHWARZ INEQUALITY 96.3 larby Faby t+ agbal? = (lagt+ |aglt + +--+ fag) 2+ [bal2 + ++ + [bal fy = ‘The equality holds if and only if a,/5, = aly INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ARITHMETIC, GEOMETRIC AND HARMONIC MEANS If A, G and H are the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of the positive numbers @;, 43, then 364 HeGsa where oe stat te agg ae a The equality holds if and only if @; = op HOLDER’s INEQUALITY 86.8 farbytaabe te tagbal Cagle + agit + Jagl/9 (dyle [bale + ++ + [bore where 36.9 tel sa potqra : pi@ eee it re ‘Tho equality holds if and only if lay duces to 86.3. /|by| = lagl?4/]b) = lagi For p 185186 INEQUAL CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY If 4,2 4,2 ++ Say and by E byy then, soo (Stat tN(ntbt tn) 4 hited tate 36.11 (ay tag tess Fay) + by toe +h) FS nlayd, + ay +a,b,) MINKOWSKI’ INEQUALITY Hot byob 8 al pie and p>, tn 3612 (Ca, +O + (ag t BH eH (ag DO SL tazH Hae + OLE ODUE "The equality holds if and only if a4/, = ay/by = -++ = ay/b ye CAUCHY-SCHWARZ INEQUALITY FOR INTEGRALS « {fneree}{[iveiae} ‘The equality holds if and only if f(2)/g(z) is a constant. ass [ff nnern a HOLDER'S INEQUALITY FOR INTEGRALS {fe wear ash { : latanae} where Up+i/g=1, p>1,g>1. If p=q=2, this reduces to 96.13, 36.14 Sve ote) ae ‘The equality holds if and only if {f(«)|?—"/|g()| is a constant. MINKOWSKI’S INEQUALITY FOR INTEGRALS ars {f"yorsanian}”” = ‘The equality holds if and only if f(z)/o(2) is a constant. {f° weeny” + [f° wernt”37 PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSIONS B71 cote = 972 ee = 79 wee = 74 tang = 75 sects = 98 ete = git cet gat war 377 cothz = “} 97.8 sche = +} 37.9 sechn = dy jet are — 37.10 tanhe = 1 * abe aa + 18738 INFINITE PRODUCTS | || we e888) + a (ROE): vine = a(eo2)(e BY) cone = (142) (04 (488) ~ ed HedHed}- See also 16.12, page 102. 1 = (A) where AyAg Ayo. are the positive roots of Jo(2) = 0. 1 = oR where dy) dg) hy «++ are the positive roots of J, (2) = 0. SRE = cos Z con % cos Z con Z +2.4,4,6,6,, B85 BT ‘This is called Wallis’ product. 18839 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION wa) = 3 (tee P>0,q>0, ptq=t Z\¢ POISSON DISTRIBUTION a) = FM so ‘Se tt HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION NORMAL DISTRIBUTION oe) = “L* -Ha Var d_. STUDENT'S t DISTRIBUTION +(“) CH) pep ayer 0 Tae WY J (+4) . CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION - gommay/a gti sia) = aby fi eraee a F DISTRIBUTION 2) = Tarp A tng + mye) omst mt 1894O SPECIAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA assumed the body has uniform (i.e, constant] density. ‘The table below shows the moments of inertia of various rigid bodies of mass M. In all cases it is TYPE OF RIGID BODY MOMENT OF INERTIA 40.1 Thin rod of length a (a) about axis perpendicular to the rod through the center of (®) about axis through center of face be and parallel to ¢. fet (b) about axis perpendicular to the rod through one end. 4M? 40.2 Rectangular parallelepiped with sides o,5,¢ (e) about axis parallel to e and throogh center of face 4b, Ma + 52 Ml a2 + 62) 40.3 Thin rectangular plate with sides a,b (a) about axis perpendicular to the plate through center, M(o? + b2) (6) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to cylindrical axis, (©) about axis coinciding with diameter at one end. (@) about axis parallel to side b through center. shat 40.4 —Ciroular cylinder of radius a and height (0) about axis of eylinder, Met (0) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to ane + 808) cylindrical axis, (¢) about axis coinciding with diameter at one end. sy (4IE + 80%) Hollow circular eylinder of outer radius 4, 40.5 inner radius 6 and height & (@) bout axis of eylinder, gaat + 08) seat + 362 +B) slaM (Ga? + 968 + 4h) 190SPECIAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA 191 40.6 Circular plate of radins @ (a) about axis perpendicular to plate through center, () about a coinciding with « diameter. Hollow cixeular plate or ring with outer radius @ 40.7 and inner radius b is perpendicular to plane of plate through center, |" () about axis coinet EM(a® +0) ing with a diameter. Mla 40.8 Thin circular ring of radius @ (a) about axis perpendicular to plane of ring through center, Mat (@) about axis coinciding with diameter, Mee 40.9 Sphere of radius @ (@) about axis coinetding with a diameter, EMa® (®) about axis tangent to the surface, Mae 40.10 Hollow sphere of outer radius « and inner radius & (a) about axis coinciding with a diameter, (H) about axis tangent to the surface. BM (ae — 5/108 — D8) MM(a3 — 9 /(08— 69) + Ma? 40.11 Hollow spherical shell of radius a (a) about axis coinciding with a diameter, Met (0) about axis tangent to the surface, ota 40.12 Elliproié with somi-axes a,b,e (0) about axis coining with semicazis yancae +) (©) about axis tangent to surface, parallel to semi-axis ¢ and sma? + 88 at distance a ftom center, 40.13 Circular cone of radius @ and height h (@) about exis of cone, sole? (H) about axis through vertex and perpendicular to axis, Siar + 408) (6) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to axis. ‘SM Giat +18) 40.14 Torus with outer radius a and inner radius b (a) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to plane of torus, (0) about axis through center of mass and in the plane of the toras. 4M(Ta? — bab +308) 4M(9a" — 1040 + 56%)Al CONVERSION FACTORS Length Area Volume Mass Speed Density Force Enerny Pressure 1 kilometar (kam) = 1000 meters (m) Linch (in,) = 2.540.em 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (em) 1 foot (ft) = 30.48 em Leentimeter (em) = 10-?m A mile (mip = 1.609 km. 1 millimeter (mm) = 10-3 m A mil 10-9, 1 mieron (x) = 10-6 m Loentimeter = 0.3997 1 millimieron (ms) = 10-* m meter = 99.87 in. 1 angstrom (A) 10-1 m L kilometer = 0.6214 mile 1 square meter (m#) = 10.76 fet 1 square mile (mi?) = 640 acres 1 square foot (ft?) = 929 em? Lacre 43,560 £02 Lliter (2) = 1000 em? = 1.057 quart (qt) = 61.02 in? = 0.03622 fe Leubie meter (m!) = 10001 = 35.82 1 eubie foot (£19) = 7481 U.S. gal = 0.0282 m= 28.521 1U.S. gallon (gal) = 281 in? = 8.7850; 1 British gallon = 1.201 U.S. gallon = 277.4 int 1 kilogram (ke) = 2.2046 pounds (Ib) = 0.06852 slug; 11 = 459.0 gm = 0.03108 slug Islug = 82.174 1b = 1459 kg L km/hr = 0.2778 m/sec = 0.6214 mighr = 0.9113 ft/see Lmifhr = L467 £t/see = 1,600 km/hr ~ 0.4470 m/see 1 gm/em? = 10% kgm? = 62.43 Ib/ft = 1,940 slugy/tt® L lb/ft? = 0.01602 gm/em®; 1 slug/ft? = 0.5184 gm/em* 1 newton (nt) = 10° dynes = 0.1020 kgwt = 0.2248 Ibwt 1 pound weight (Ibwt) = 4.448 nt = 0.4536 kewt = 92.17 poundals 1 kilogram weight (kewt) = 2.205 Ibwt = 9.807 nt 1.U.S. short ton = 2000 Ibwt; Ilong ton = 2240 Ibwt; 1 metric ton = 2205 Ibwt Ljoule = Lntm = 107 ergs = 0.7976 ft Tbwt = 0.2889 eal = 9.481 x 10-4 Bu Lt Ibwt = 1.856 joules = 0.8289 cal = 1.285 x 10~3 Bta Lealorie (eal) = 4,186 joules = 8.087 ft Ibwt = 3.968 x 10-9 Bea 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 778 ftJbwt = 1055 joules = 0.293 watt br 1 Kilowatt hour (kw hr) = 8.60 x 108 joules = 860.0 keal = 9413 Btu 1 electron volt (ev) = 1.602 x 10" joule Lwatt = 1 joule/sec = 107 ergs/ece = 0.2389 eal/see ‘Lhorsepower (hp) = 550 ft Ibwt/see = 29,000 f¢ Ibwt/min = 745.7 watts 1 kilowatt (kw) 141 hp = 137.6 ft Ibwt/see = 0.9483 Btu/sec 11 ntfm? = 10 dynes/em® = 9.869 x 10-8 atmosphere = 2.089 x 10-# Ibwti/tt? 1 Ibwt/in? = 6895 nt/m? = 5.171 cm mercury = 27.68 in, water A atmosphere (atm) = 1.018 x 109 nt/m? = 1.013 x 108 dynes/em: 6 em mercury = 406.8 in. water 14.70 Towt/int 192

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