I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Trn Hoi Nam

C S D LIU A PHNG TIN

YU CU V CC VN

LUN VN THC S

H Ni 2004

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Trn Hoi Nam

C S D LIU A PHNG TIN

YU CU V CC VN

Chuyn ngnh : Cng ngh thng tin

M s
: 1.01.10

LUN VN THC S

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. V c Thi

H Ni 2004

Mc lc
BNG THUT NG V CC CH VIT TT .........................................................4
LI CM N ..................................................................................................................5
M U..........................................................................................................................7
CHNG 1 ...................................................................................................................10
GII THIU CHUNG V C S D LIU A PHNG TIN ............................10
1.1 Cc kiu truyn thng va multimedia .............................................................11
1.1.1. C s d liu v cc DBMS ....................................................................12
1.1.2. Truy tm thng tin ti liu vn bn ..........................................................12
1.1.3. Truy xut v ch s ho multimedia.........................................................13
1.1.4. Trch rt c trng, biu din ni dung v ch s ho .............................13
1.2 S cn thit i vi MIRS...............................................................................13
1.2.1. S pht trin v d liu multimedia v cc c trng ca n..................14
1.2.2. Cc DBMS v vai tr ca chng trong vic x l d liu multimedia....15
1.2.3. H thng IR v vai tr ca n trong vic truy xut multimedia ..............18
1.2.4. Cch tip cn tch hp vic truy xut v ch s ho thng tin multimedia
19
1.3 Tng quan v MIRS ........................................................................................19
1.4 Cc ng dng ni chung v kh nng mong i ca MIRS...........................20
CHNG 2 ...................................................................................................................24
C S D LIU A PHNG TIN (Multimedia Database) ................................24
2.1 Kin trc cho vic t chc ni dung................................................................25
2.4.1
Nguyn l t tr ........................................................................................25
2.4.2
Nguyn l ng nht................................................................................26
2.4.3
Nguyn l lai ghp ...................................................................................27
2.2 T chc d liu multimedia da trn nguyn l ng nht. ..........................30
2.3 Cu trc tm tt media ....................................................................................32
2.4.1
D liu nh nh l mt tm tt media. ....................................................33
2.4.2
D liu video nh l mt tm tt media. .................................................34
2.4.3
nh ngha v mt CSDL Multimedia n gin ......................................36
2.4.4
nh ngha v mt CSDL Multimedia c cu trc ..................................37
2.4 Ngn ng truy vn khai thc d liu multimedia............................................39
2.4.1
Truy vn SMDSs (m t ng nht) ........................................................40
2.4.2
Truy vn d liu multimedia m t di kin trc lai to. ......................43
2.4.3
Ch s ho SMDS vi ch s o. ............................................................46
CHNG 3 ...................................................................................................................52
H QUN TR C S D LIU A PHONG TIN YU CU V CC VN
...................................................................................................................................52
3.1 Mc ch ca MDBMS ...................................................................................52

3.2 Cc yu cu ca mt MDBMS........................................................................55
3.2.1
Kh nng qun tr lu tr ln...................................................................57
3.2.2
H tr truy vn v khai thcd liu. ........................................................58
3.2.3
Tch hp cc phng tin, tng hp v th hin......................................59
3.2.4
Giao din v tng tc. ............................................................................59
3.2.5
Hiu sut. .................................................................................................60
3.3 Cc vn ca MDBMS.................................................................................60
3.3.1
M hnh ho d liu MULTIMEDIA ......................................................60
3.3.2
Lu tr i tng MULTIMEDIA ..........................................................62
3.3.3
Tch hp multimedia, th hin v cht lng ca dch v (QoS)............63
3.3.4
Ch s ho multimedia .............................................................................64
3.3.5
H tr truy vn multimedia, khai thc v duyt qua................................65
3.3.6
Qun tr CSDL multimedia phn tn .......................................................66
3.3.7
S h tr ca h thng .............................................................................67
CHNG 4 ...................................................................................................................69
XY DNG H THNG MUA BN HNG QUA MNG......................................69
4.2.1. Gii thiu .....................................................................................................69
4.2.2. ng dng CSDL a phng tin vo h thng bn hng qua mng...........70
4.2.1. Xy dng kho d liu hnh nh 2D v 3D ...............................................71
4.2.2. Xy dng c ch truy vn i vi kho d liu hnh nh .........................71
4.2.3. H thng bn hng qua mng ......................................................................73
4.3.1. M hnh h thng .....................................................................................73
4.3.2. Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng.........................................................75
4.3.3. Cc cng c pht trin h thng...............................................................76
4.3.4. Quy trnh thc hin giao dch ca h thng.............................................77
4.3.5. Ci t h thng .......................................................................................78
4.4. Gii php tch hp cc h thng khc .............................................................80
4.4.1. H thng qun l v cp pht chng ch s (CA) ....................................80
4.4.2. H thng thanh ton trc tuyn (VASC Payment) ..................................81
4.5. Mt s giao din chnh ca h thng...............................................................83
KT LUN ....................................................................................................................86
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................87

BNG THUT NG V CC CH VIT TT

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

K hiu vit tt
Web browser
CSDL
DBMS
MDBMS
Video frame
RDBMS
Multimedia
MIRS
Metadata
Media
SMDS
Information Retrival(IR)
Multimedia
Information
Retrieval System (MIRS)

Gii thch
Trnh duyt Web
C s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu
H qun tr c s d liu a phng tin
Khung hnh video
H qun tr c s d liu quan h
a phng tin
H thng truy vn thng tin a phng tin
Siu d liu
Phng tin
H thng c s d liu a phng tin c cu trc
Truy xut thng tin
H thng truy xut thng tin a phng tin

LI CM N

Ti xin by t lng knh trng v bit n su sc ti PGS.TS V c Thi, ngi thy,

ngi ng nghip trc tip hng dn, cho ti nhng nh hng v nhng kin
rt qu bu v c s d liu a phng tin. Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n cc ng
nghip ca ti ti phng Cc h thng qun tr d liu Vin Cng ngh thng tin
gip ti rt nhiu trong qu trnh cng tc ti c th hon thnh bn lun vn ny
mt cch tt p
Xin chn thnh cm n cc bn b ca ti, trong nc cng nh ngoi nc gip
ti rt nhiu trong qu trnh tm ti v su tm ti liu.
Cui cng xin chm thnh cm n cc thnh vin trong gia nh ng vin v to
mi iu kin thun li ti c c kt qu nh ngy hm nay.
H ni ngy 20/06/2004
Hc vin
Trn Hoi Nam

M U
Cng ngh multimedia lin quan ti vic m t s kt hp cc dng thc thng tin
khc nhau (vn bn, d liu, hnh nh, m thanh, video) di dng tn hiu s. C th
nu ra y mt s ng dng multimedia nh :
E-learning.
Hi tho Video (Video Conferencing).
Th vin in t (Elibrary).
Hin ti o (Vitual Reality).
Cc cng ngh truyn dng thao tc, truyn pht, iu khin cc d liu multimedia
v ang c nghin cu mt cch rt si ng.
Cc h thng multimedia cn c mt h thng phn phi nhm mc ch thu thp cc
i tng multimedia v a chng n ngi dng, mt trong s cc phng tin u
tin c dng dn l a t v a quang. Ngy nay, Internet cng nh cc giao thc
khc nh TCP/IP, NetBIOS, cc mng Lan ang tr thnh cc phng tin truyn
b d liu multimedia . Kh nng m t phong ph cng nh kh nng ha ca cc
web browser cng vi cc tnh nng ang c tip tc tng cng nh hot ha, m
thanh v Video khin cc web browser ang tr thnh mt phng tin mi mang
li cc d liu multimedia cho ngi dng[5]
Cc cng ngh ch yu lin quan n multimedia bao gm:
K thut nn.
Video Servers.
Cc k thut v mng (internet, tokenring, ethernet, ATM vv).
Cc cng ngh truyn d liu.
Cc cng ngh v cp truyn dn.
Cng ngh xc thc.
Cc cng ngh v CSDL.

Mt CSDL l tp hp ca cc d liu c lin quan n nhau. Mt h qun tr CSDL

(DBMS) l h thng phn mm tr gip cho cc qu trnh khai bo, xy dng v thao
tc vi CSDL phc v cho cc ng dng khc nhau. CSDL multimedia bao gm thm
cc kiu d liu khc nh:
Vn bn.
Hnh nh.
m thanh.
Video.
Hot hnh.
Cc kiu d liu khc ny i hi phi c cc phng thc c bit nhm mc ch ti
u ha cho vic lu tr, truy cp, ch s ho v khai thc. Mt MDBMS phi cung cp
mt mi trng thch hp qun l v s dng CSDL multimedia.
Mt MDBMS cn phi m bo cc tnh nng c bn ca mt DBMS, ngoi ra n cn
phi c cc tnh nng khc nh:
Tch hp cc phng tin khc (Media Intergration).
Kh nng sp xp v m t thng tin.
Kh nng khai thc d liu..
Kh nng lu tr ln.
Giao din multimedia.
H tr truy vn tng tc multimedia.
Thng thng cc i tng ring l ca mt hnh nh hoc mt video frame s c mt
vi mi lin h b phn vi cc i tng khc. Cc mi lin h ny a n mt s
cc rng buc trong qu trnh tm kim cc i tng trong CSDL multimedia. Cn c
trn c s ny vic trin khai cc ng dng multimedia trn nn cc h qun tr CSDL
hng i tng s thun li hn so vi cc RDMBS hin thi[1].

Mc tiu chnh ca bn lun vn ny nhm nghin cu v tm hiu mt s vn n c

bn ca mt MDBMS:
Tng quan v c s d liu a phng tin
Cc yu cu ca mt MDBMS cng nh kin trc, thit k v truy vn i vi
mt MDBMS.
Lun vn ny c b cc thnh 5 phn chnh:
Chng I: Gii thiu chung v CSDL multimedia.
Chng II: C s d liu multimedia.
Chng III: H qun tr c s d liu multimedia Yu cu v cc vn
Chng IV: Xy dng h thng bn hng qua mng.
Kt lun

10

CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V C S D LIU A PHNG TIN
D liu multimedia c chia thnh hai lp l cc d liu lin tc v cc d liu khng
lin tc. Cc d liu lin tc bao gm cc d liu m thanh, video thay i theo thi
gian. Cc d liu khng lin tc l cc d liu khng phc thuc vo thi gian, cc loi
d liu c trng cho dng ny l cc d liu vn bn (c hoc khng c nh dng),
hnh nh tnh v cc i tng ha. Cc kiu d liu thng thng ca mt CSDL
multimedia bao gm:
D liu vn bn (c hoc khng c nh dng).
ha: l cc bn v, minh ha c m ha nh cc tp postscript.
Hnh nh: l cc hnh nh c m ha s dng cc dng thc chun nh l
JPEG hoc MPEG.
Cc hot hnh.
m thanh.
Video.
Cc c tnh chung ca d liu multimedia bao gm:
Thiu cu trc: Cc d liu multimedia c khuynh hng phi cu trc v vy
cc tc nghip qun tr d liu chun nh ch s ho, tm kim ni dung, truy
vn d liu thng l khng p dng c.
Tnh tm thi: Mt vi kiu d liu multimedia nh l Video, m thanh v hot
hnh u ph thuc vo yu t thi gian lin quan mt thit n vic lu tr,
thao tc v m t chng.
C dung lng ln: cc d liu video v m thanh thng i hi cc thit b
lu tr ln.

11

Cc ng dng h tr: cc d liu phi chun c th i hi cc quy trnh x l

phc tp nh vic s dng cc thut ton nn d liu i vi cc ng dng
CSDL multimedia.

1.1

Cc kiu truyn thng v multimedia

Truyn thng cp n cc kiu thng tin hoc cc kiu biu din thng tin, v d
nh d liu vn ch ci, hnh nh, m thanh, truyn hnh. C nhiu cch phn lp
truyn thng. Nhng cch phn loi chung c da trn nhng dng vt l v nhng
mi quan h truyn thng vi thi gian. Ta phn lp truyn thng da trn vic c hay
khng c chiu thi gian. Ngm nh ny hng ti hai lp truyn thng tnh v ng
(hoc tnh lin tc v thi gian).
Truyn thng tnh khng bao hm yu t thi gian, cc ni dung v ngha ca chng
khng ph thuc vo thi gian c biu din. Truyn thng tnh bao gm cc d liu
vn ch ci, cc th v cc nh tnh.
Truyn thng ng bao hm yu t thi gian, cc ngha v tnh chnh xc ca chng
ph thuc vo loi c biu din. Truyn thng ng gm cc hot hnh, m thanh v
video. Cc truyn thng ny c bn cht khong thng nht hoc tc ring ca
chng. Chng hn, truyn cm gic chuyn ng nhp nhng video phi thc hin
25 hnh mi giy (hoc 30 hnh ph thuc vo h thng video ang s dng). Tng
t, khi chng ta pht li mt li nhn hoc on nhc c ghi m, ch c mt loi
th hin l thch hp. Vic pht li ch nhanh hn hoc chm hn s lm mo
ngha hoc cht lng m thanh. V nhng truyn thng ny phi c pht lin tc
tc c nh m chng thng c gi l truyn thng lin tc. Chng cng cn
c gi truyn thng ng thi v mi quan h c nh gia mi n v truyn thng
v thi gian.
Truyn thng cp n mt b su tp cc kiu truyn thng s dng cng nhau.
iu c ngha l t nht c kiu truyn thng d liu l khng theo k t ch (ngha

12

l t nht c mt kiu truyn thng l nh, m thanh hoc truyn hnh). y,

multimedia c s dng nh mt tnh t v vy chng ta s ni mt cch c trng
l thng tin multimedia, d liu multimedia, h thng multimedia, lin lc multimedia,
ng dng multimedia,... D liu multimedia chnh l s biu din v cc loi truyn
thng multimedia m my tnh c th c c. Thng tin multimedia l thng tin
truyn bng cc kiu truyn thng multimedia. i khi, thng tin multimedia v d
liu multimedia c s dng c th thay cho nhau.
i khi chng ta s dng thut ng multimedia hay truyn thng v i tng nhm
ch mt thc th t tr no trong mt MIRS m c th c truy vn, truy xut v
c trnh din. Thut ng i tng c th l cha xc nh thch hp theo ngha
hng i tng (0bject Oriented). Ng cnh s lm n r rng hn d cho n c s
dng trong mt ngha chung hoc trong cch tip cn hng i tng[10].
1.1.1.

C s d liu v cc DBMS

Trong th vin, CSDL v cc DBMS i khi c s dng thay th nhau. y CSDL

hiu nh mt b su tp hoc mt kho d liu hoc nhiu mc truyn thng. Chng ta
s dng cc DBMS nh mt h thng thc th qun l CSDL.
1.1.2.

Truy tm thng tin ti liu vn bn

H thng truy tm thng tin t ng ho (IR) c pht trin gip qun l mt khi
lng vi cc ti liu khoa hc c to lp t nhng nm 1940. Chc nng chnh
ca mt h thng IR l lu tr v qun l mt s rt ln cc ti liu vn bn theo cch
sao cho cc ti liu thch hp vi vic s dng cc truy vn truy tm nhanh. Ch
rng vic truy tm thng tin t ng ca cc t cu to bng ch u ca nhng t khc
l nhm vo vic truy tm cc ti liu vn bn, mc d thut ng y l truy tm
thng tin c th hiu l truy tm mt loi thng tin no .

13

1.1.3.

Truy xut v ch s ho multimedia

Cc DBMS truy xut cc khon mc da trn s liu c cu trc khi s dng kt ni

chnh xc. IR cng c gi l truy xut da trn vn bn. Vic truy xut da vo ni
dung cp n vic truy xut da trn nhng nt c trng truyn thng hin nay nh
l mu sc, hinh th thay cho li gii thch vn bn v khon mc truyn thng .
Vic truy xut da trn ni dung l chun da trn s ng dng thay v mt kt ni
chnh xc gia mt truy vn v mt tp cc khon mc d liu.
MIRS cp n mt h thng c s cung cp vic truy xut thng tin multimedia khi
s dng mt t hp DBMS, IR v cc k thut truy xut da trn ni dung. Trong mt
MIRS, mt vi vn nh phin bn v iu khin an ton c th khng thc hin
c y . Mt MIRS bn lnh ra i c gi l MDBMS.
1.1.4.

Trch rt c trng, biu din ni dung v ch s ho

Trong cc MIRS, mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht l trch rt c trng hoc
biu din ni dung (ci g l nhng nt c trng hoc ni dung chnh trong mt khon
mc multimedia). Trch rt c trng c th l qu trnh t ng hay bn t ng.
Trong mt vi ti liu truy xut da vo ni dung, trch rt c trng cng c gi l
ch s ho. Sau y, chng ta theo quy c chung. Khi m thut ng ch s c s
dng nh mt danh t, iu c ngha l cp ti cu trc d liu hoc vic t chc
nhng c trng c trch rt nghin cu c hiu qu v truy xut.

1.2

S cn thit i vi MIRS

S cn thit i vi MIRS c th c gii thch bng ba yu t sau:

Trc ht, d liu multimedia ang c dng ngy cng nhiu v ang c ch .
s dng thng tin (cha trong d liu ), i hi c mt h thng truy xut v
ch s ho hiu qu v c hiu lc. Th hai, d liu multimedia c nhng c tnh v
nhng yu cu c bit m li khc nhau ng k t s liu bng ch ci. Bi vy,

14

DBMS truyn thng khng thch hp cho vic x l d liu multimedia. Th ba, mc
d cc k thut IR c th gip chng ta trong vic truy xut multimedia nhng ch mt
mnh chng th cha x l d liu multimedia mt cch c hiu qu[10].
1.2.1.

S pht trin v d liu multimedia v cc c trng ca n

Hin nay chng ta ang tp trung khai ph thng tin multimedia. V d, mt s lng
ln hnh nh v video ang c to lp v lu tr trn internet. Nhiu ho s v bc
tranh trong nhiu kiu in ra l ang c chuyn sang dng k thut s cho d x l,
phn phi v bo tn. Cc bc tranh t cc bn tin trn v tuyn v trn bo cng c
chuyn sang dng k thut s d bo tr v bo tn. Mt s ln cc hnh nh y t
ang c tp trung hng ngy v cc v tinh ang c sn xut nhiu hn. Khuynh
hng ny c nh tip tc nng cp vic lu tr v cc cng ngh k thut s. Vic
lp ra mt ch cha i vi lng ln thng tin multimedia ngy cng tng nh vy
cn c t s dng. iu ny s khng th s dng y thng tin multimedia ny
tr khi n c t chc truy xut nhanh theo yu cu.
Khng ch l ang tng v s lng d liu ang c lu tr, m cn c cc kiu d
liu v cc c trng ca chng l khc nhau t d liu k t ch.
C nhng c trng chnh ca d liu multimedia nh sau:
D liu multimedia, nht l m thanh v video, l d liu c s lng ln. V
d, mt video 10 trung bnh chim 1,5 GB cha nn.
m thanh v video c chiu thi gian v chng khi biu din s chim t l c
nh hot ng c hiu qu nh yu cu
m thanh s, nh v video c trnh din theo mt lot gi tr n c th v
thiu cu trc ng ngha r rng cho my tnh t ng ho nhn bit ni dung
Nhiu ng dng multimedia i hi vic biu din ng thi cc kiu truyn
thng a nng theo cch kt hp khng gian v thi gian

15

nghia ca d liu multimedia i khi rt m v c tnh ch quan. V d, mi

ngi c cch gii thch cng 1 bc tranh theo cch khc nhau hon ton ring
D liu multimedia l giu v thng tin, nhiu tham s c i hi mi trnh
din ni dung ca n.
1.2.2.

Cc DBMS v vai tr ca chng trong vic x l d liu

multimedia

Cc DBMS ngy nay c xy dng kh tt v c s dng rng ri i vi d liu

c cu trc. Cc DBMS tri nht l cc h qun tr d liu quan h (RDBMS). Trong
RDBMS, thng tin dc t chc thnh bng hoc cc quan h. Cc dng ca bng
tng ng vi cc khon mc thng tin hoc cc record, trong khi cc ct tng
ng vi cc thuc tnh. Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc (SQL) c s dng to ra
cc bng nh th v chn v truy xut thng tin t cc bng [11].
Chng ta dng mt v d n gin d minh ho cch s dng SQL to lp mt bng
v chn, truy xut thng tin t . Gi s chng ta mun lp mt bng cha cc bn
ghi v sinh vin bao gm s hiu sinh vin, tn v a ch. Ta c lnh sau:
Create table STUDENT(
stu# integer,
name char(20),
address char(100));

Khi chng ta mun chn cc bn ghi v sinh vin vo bng, chng ta s dng lnh chn
SQL nh sau:
Insert
into STUDENT
Churchill, australia");

values(10,"Lew,

Lnh trn s chn mt dng vo bng STuDeNT

Tom","2

Main

St.,

16

Thng tin trong bng c truy xut khi s dng cu lnh SELECT ca SQL. V d,
nu mun truy xut tn ca sinh vin vi sinh vin s 32, ta s dng lnh truy vn sau:
Select Name
From STUDENT
Where Stu#=32

Cc thuc tnh trong RDBMS c nh kiu v rng. Trong v d trn, thuc tnh
Stu# la kiu integer vi di c nh l 32 bit. Nh vy, RDBMS l thch hp x
l d liu s v dng k t ngn.
h tr cho cc trng c gi tr ln trong RDBMS, mt khi nim c gi l i
tng rng hoc nhi phn (BLOB) s c gii thiu. Mt BLOB l mt xu bit ln
cc di bin. V d, nu ta mun lu bc tranh ca sinh vin trong bn ghi bng
STUDENT trn, chng ta c th to ra mt bng khi s dng lnh sau:
Create table STUDENT(
Stu# integer,
Name char(20),
address char(100),
Picture BLOB);

Cc BLOB bnh thng ch l xu bit v hot ng bng vic so snh ch khng mang
chng ra ngoi. l v RDBMS khng bit ni dung hoc ng ngha ca mt BLOB.
Tt c BLOB hiu nh mt khi d liu.
Mt dng khc ca cc DBMS l h thng qun tr CSDL

hng i tng

(OODBMS). Cc OODBMS kt ni cc kh nng ca c s d liu (nh lu tr v

tm kim) v cc c trng hng i tng (tm lc, s tha k, tnh ng nht i
tng). Mt phng php tip cn chung l kt ni cc c im hng i tng vi
c s d liu quan h. H thng c kt ni th c gi l mt h thng c s d

17

liu i tng quan h. Trong mt h thng nh vy, cc i tng c xc nh mt

cch thch hp trong hng i tng. Trong mi i tng cha cc c tnh hoc
thuc tnh v cc phng php hoc cc hm c s dng ch tc ra cc c tnh
khc. V d, chng ta c th nh ngha mt loi nh sau:
Create type IMAGE(
Private
Size integer,
Resolution integer,
Content float[ ],
publlic
...
);

Sau khai bo cc tranh bi kiu IMAGE c th c s dng trong mt bng

nh sau:
Create table STUDENT(
Stu# integer,
Name char(20),
Address char(100)
Picture IMAGE);

im khc bit chnh gia BLOB v cc i tng l i tng th c nh r mt

cch thch ng, bao gm cc c tnh v cho php chng c tc dng, trong khi th
BLOB th khng.
Cc khi nim v cc BLOB v cc i tng l mt bc gn vi x l d liu
multimedia . Nhng cc BLOB c s dng ch lu d liu c khi lng ln.
Trong khi cc i tng cha vi thuc tnh n gin, nhiu chc nng hn nn c

18

pht trin x l vic truy xut multimedia da vo ni dung. Mt vi cc kh nng

c yu cu nh sau:
Cc cng c, t ng ho hoc bn t ng trch rt cc ni dung v cc c
trng trong d liu multimedia ;
Cc cu trc ch s ho a chiu, iu khin cc vector multimedia
Cc o tng ng, nhm truy xut multimedia thay v kt ni mt cch
chnh xc
Lu tr cc h thng ph, thit k li nhm p ng cc yu cu ca bng tn
cao vi c ln, tho mn nhng i hi theo kiu thi gian thc
Giao din s dng, c thit k cho php cc cu hi a dng trong nhiu kiu
truyn thng a dng v cung cp cc trnh din multimedia
1.2.3.

H thng IR v vai tr ca n trong vic truy xut multimedia

Ngoi cc DBMS, c loi h thng qun l thng tin khc tp trung vo vic truy xut
ti liu vn bn. Loi h thng ny c gi l h thng truy xut thng tin (IR).
K ngh IR kh quan trng trong h thng qun l thng tin multimedia v hai l do
chnh. Mt l chng tn ti mt lng ln cc vn bn trong nhiu dng t chc, v d
nh cc th vin. Vn bn l mt ngun thng tin quan trng trong bt k mt t chc
no. s dng cc thng tin c lu tr trong cc ti liu ny, cn c mt h
thng IR hiu qu. Hai l, vn bn c th c s dng ch gii cc truyn thng
khc nh m thanh, hnh nh, video. Thng thng th cc k ngh IR c th dc s
dng cho vic phuc hi thng tin a truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng ch x l
d liu truyn thng phi tun theo cc gii hn sau:
Vic ch gii nhn chung phi lm bng tay v tiu tn thi gian
Vn bn ch gii cha y v cn mang tnh ch quan
Cc k ngh IR khng th iu khin cc cu hi t vn bn khc (nh m
thanh v nh).

19

Mt vi c tnh ca multimedia nh b cc hnh nh v cc dng i tng l

khc nhau, nu khng th cng ch l cng m t mt vn bn.
1.2.4.

Cch tip cn tch hp vic truy xut v ch s ho thng tin

multimedia

T tho lun trn chng ta c th thy rng cc DBMS v IR khng th p ng y

cc yu cu v ch s ho va truy xut multimedia, v vy cn c cc cng ngh mi
vn dng nhng c trng ring ca multimedia... Tuy vy, vn nhn thy rng cc
DBMS v IR vn ng vai tr quan trng trong cc MDBMS. Cc phn ca d liu
multimedia nh ngy v tc gi to lp ca ti liu multimedia l c cu trc. D liu
c kt cu ny c th c iu khin bng cc k ngh DBMS. Vn bn ch gii vn
l phng php hiu lc trong vic ghi li ni dung.
Tom li, mt cch tip cn tch hp t hp cc DBMS vi IR, v cc k thut c t
x l d liu multimedia c i hi pht trin MIRS hiu qu v c hiu lc.

1.3

Tng quan v MIRS

Cc mc thng tin trong c s d liu c x l trc rt ra cc c trng v

ni dung ng ngha, c ch r da trn cc c trng v ng ngha ny. Trong sut
qu trnh phc hi thng tin, mt cu hi ca ngi s dng c x l v c im
chnh c rt ra. Cc c trng ny sau c chun b cng vi cc c trng hoc
ch th ca mi mc thng tin trong c s d liu. Cc c trng ca mc thng tin l
hu ht u tng ng cc cu hi c gi ra trc ngi s dng

20

Hnh 1.1 : Mt mu truy xut thng tin tng qut

C rt nhiu n bn uc vit theo mu trn trn. V d, Cc mc thng tin c th
c kt ni bt k vi cc loi truyn thng. Lm th no rt ra c nhng c
trng t cc tin tc truyn thng ny? Phi lu v xy dng c cc c trng ny
nh th no vic truy tm c hiu qu? Phi o tng ng nh th no gia
hai tin tc truyn thng? Cn phi lm g giao din s dng c th m nhn c
nhng cu hi phc tp, ri rm, linh hot? Phi so snh nh nh th no v vic biu
din cc qu trnh truy tm gia cc MIRS khc nhau? Lm th no ap ng cc
yu cu tm thi trong sut qu trnh truyn v biu din d liu multimedia?

1.4

Cc ng dng ni chung v kh nng mong i ca MIRS

MIRS c cho rng hiu qu v linh hot. Kh nng ca n c mimh ho trn cc

dng cu hi m chng c th h tr. Cc kiu cu hi mong i c dng sau:
Cu hi da trn metadata: y l cu hi ch ra nhng thuc tnh thng thng
ca cc mc c s d liu nh tn tc gi v ngy to lp. Mt V d l cu hi

21

theo yu cu trn video (VOD) c th l lit k tn cc phim c sn xut

vo nm 1997. Loi ny c vn dng bng DBMS
Cc cu hi da trn ch gii: y l cu hi ch ra cc m t dng vn bn
trong ni dung ca c s d liu. Cc cu hi u trong t kho hoc tronng
phn vn bn min ph v vic truy tm da trn s tong ng gia cu hi va
phn ch gii. V d, cu hi c th l Ch ra phn on quay video khi din
vin nam ang p xe p. Loi cu hi gi nh ny c ch gii thch ng
v x l bi k ngh IR
Cu hi da trn mu d liu hoc tnh nng: y l cu hi ch ra thng tin
dng thng k, nh: m thanh, mu, mn. Mt v d: Ch ra nh video vi
s phn b mu nh THIS tr li dang cu hi nay, thng tin lit k v mc
c s d liu nn c su tp trc v lu tr
Cu hi v d
y l cu hi trong cc i tng a truyn thng nh hinh nh, phc tho, on m
thanh. V d: ch ra 1 b phim v cc cnh tng t nh Bc tranh ny. Loi cu
hi ny c th b lm ri ln bi mi lin h v khng gian v thi gian gia cc i
tng
Cc cu hi ng dng ring
Cc cu hi ng dng ring c rt nhiu loi. V d, cu hi da trn thng tin chi tit
v c th nh kch c 1 i tng v qu trnh gi ho ca 1 ngi.
Cc MIRS c mong mi c th a ra nhiu loi cu hi khc nhau, do c ng
dng rng ri, bao gm:
Thuc. Mt bc s a ra nh chp sng siu m mi v mun tm li nh vi
mc c th so snh c ca s phnh tm tht tri t mt nh chp siu m
c s

22

Bo mt. Mt cnh st a ra h thng vi mt bc tranh v mt ngi v mun

phc hi li nhng hnh nh khc vo h s hin thi ca nhng ngi ging
vi bc tranh ny t c s thng tin bo mt
Gio dc. Mt sinh vin qut chp mt tranh ng vt v mun truy tm tt c
cc thng tin (bao gm m thanh, hnh nh, vn bn m t). Tip theo, mt sinh
vin khc thm m thanh cho con vt v mun khi phc li bc tranh v thng
tin m t loi ng vt ny
Bo ch. Mt bo co vin vit mt bai bo v mt ngi v mun truy tm bc
tranh ca ngi v cc thng tin tng hp xut hin trn cc bo v tivi
20 nm trc
Gii tr. Mt quan st vin mun truy tm mt oan bng tng t vi nhng g
m anh ta xem trn mt c s d liu video ln hn
ng k nhn hiu. Mt cn b gia cng mt nhan hiu ng k no mun
quyt inh xem c mt cai nhn hiu no trc ging nh vy c
ng k cha. lm iu ny, anh ta cn mt c s d liu v nhn hiu so
snh cc nhn hiu ging nhau nht hin c lm ra mt nhn hiu hon ton
mi
Cui cng, cc MIRS s tp trung vo chnh thng tin thay th cc loi truyn thng
v vic miu t chng c th c sp xp hoc dch ra t loi truyn thng ny n
loi truyn thng khc. V d, mt video tai liu cn phi c s dng video, hnh
nh, vn t, m thanh, li ni v nhng th tng t nh vy. V vy phng tin d
tm phi kt ni cc cu hi (d liu) vi cc mc c s d liu.
Cc loi truyn thng khc nhau cn cc k ngh phc hi v cch biu th khc nhau.
Cc k ngh khc nhau c s dng cho tng loi truyn thng khc nhau. Ngi s
dng c th thy thch nhng thng tin xc ng m bt chp s khc nhau v cc
loi truyn thng. Vn l lm th no tch hp c cc loi k ngh khc nhau
tuy tm thng tin cn tm trong vic tr li cc cu hi ca ngi s dng. C rt

23

nhiu cc n phm c vit gii quyt vn ny, nh ghi r cu hi v x l,

khon ph cp thm tng xng, ghp cc miu t i tng.
vic truy tm c hiu qu, cn c mt cu trc cc khon mc hp l. Bi v cc
vector c tnh u a dng v kch c v vic truy tm cc khon mc trong cc
MIRS da trn s tng ng thay cho vic kt ni chnh xc, cu trc mc lc c
s dung trong cc DBMS khng thch hp vi cc MIRS.
Khuynh hng ca cc yu cu bao gm h s tr v git, gi l cht lng dch
v (QoS), cn c trong vic truyn v m t d liu truyn thng.
Trong cc DBMS, tin hnh chnh lin quan n hiu qu (thi gian tr li cu hi).
N rt quan trng bi kch c ln ca multimedia. Ngoi ra, hiu qu truy tm cng rt
quan trng (kh nng truy tm cc mc thch hp v kh nng loi b cc mc khng
cn n). Bi cc MIRS truy tm cc mc chn da trn c s o s tng ng, s
dng lut tng ng thay th cho kt ni chnh xc. Tr khi n tr nn qu kh i vi
vic thit k cc o tng ng th cn xc nh mt cach chnh xc bng c phn
on ca con ngi, ging nh mt vi khon mc c h thng xc nh l thch hp
nhng ngi dng li cho l khng thich hp v mt s mc thch hp li khng c
truy xut.

24

CHNG 2
C S D LIU A PHNG TIN (Multimedia Database)
Khi thit k mt h thng CSDL multimedia m t cc loi d liu multimedia khc
nhau, chng ta bt buc phi i din vi mt s cu hi quan trng c t ra v
cch thc t chc h trng nh:
Vic t chc v mt ni dung i vi d liu ca cc loi d liu
multimedia.
Vic lu tr vt l ca cc d liu ny trn cc thit b lu tr nh th
no.
tr li cho cc cu hi ny, trc tin chng ta xem xt ti kha cnh t chc ni
dung

25

2.1 Kin trc cho vic t chc ni dung

y chng ta xem xt ti 3 kin trc p dng cho vic t chc ni dung ca mt h
thng CSDL multimedia
2.4.1 Nguyn l t tr
Nguyn l ny cp ti vic chng ta nhm tt c cc d liu nh, d liu video v tt
c cc d liu vn bn v ch s ha chng theo nguyn tc ti a ha hiu sut ca tt
c cc loi truy nhp i vi cc loi d liu m chng ta d nh. Nguyn l ny m
bo rng vi mi loi d liu (nh, video, vn bn) chng u c t chc vi mt
cch thc c trng ph hp vi mi loi d liu ny[18].

Hnh 2.1: M t nguyn l t tr

26

2.4.2 Nguyn l ng nht

Mt nguyn l kin trc khc m chng ta c th la chn l nguyn l ng nht,
nguyn l ny gip chng ta tm c mt cu trc tm tt chung cho tt c cc loi d
liu. Cu trc ny c th c dng trong vic ch s ha tt c cc loi d liu qua
to ra mt ch s thng nht m chng ta c th dng truy cp ti cc i tng
khc nhau. Hay ni mt cch khc l chng ta c th trnh by tt c cc i tng
khc nhau( nh, video, m thanh, vn bn) trong mt cu trc d liu duy nht v qua
pht trin cc thut ton truy vn cu trc d liu ny[18].

Hnh 2.2: M t nguyn l ng nht

27

2.4.3 Nguyn l lai ghp

tng ca nguyn l ny l da trn s kt hp ca 2 nguyn l trnh by trn.
Kt qu ca nguyn l ny l mt kiu d liu no s dng ch s (index) ring ca
chng, trong khi cc kiu d liu khc s s dng mt ch s (Index) thng nht.
Loi d liu no s dng kiu ch s no s ph thuc vo cc c tnh khc nhau s
c ni n phn sau[18].

Hnh 2.3: M t nguyn l lai ghp

C ba loi nguyn l trn u c nhng u im v nhc im ring ca mnh. Kin
trc da trn nguyn l t tr i hi vic to ra cc thut ton v cu trc d liu ca
mi kiu d liu, ngoi ra n cng i hi cc k thut h tr cho vic lin kt cho
gia cc cu trc d liu khc nhau ny. Cc cng vic ny i hi tnh phc tp cao
v i hi mt lng thi gian ln cho vic pht trin. Bn cnh cc nhc im trn,
vic xy dng cc cu trc c c bit ha ti u cho vic truy xut dn tng loi d

28

liu khc nhau, CSDL multimedia c t chc theo nguyn l ny thng em li

hiu qu cao trong vic x l tm kim. i vi cc ngn hng d liu c xy
dng sn, ni m cc thut ton v cc cu trc d liu c s dng c hiu qu th
vic p dng nguyn l t tr l m hnh kin trc thch hp nht. Cc k thut hng
i tng chnh l cng c c lc nht h tr cho vic trin khai theo nguyn l ny
bng cch xem mi loi d liu ngun l mt i tng m cc phng thc ca n c
th truy cp c t mt CSDL multimedia tng th.
Tri ngc vi nguyn l t tr, nguyn l ng nht i hi chng ta phi tm ra c
mt cu trc d liu chung m c th dng lu tr cc thng tin v ni dung ca
hnh nh, video, vn bn, m thanh v cc loi d liu khc. iu ny i hi chng ta
phi phn tch ni dung ca mi kiu d liu v tm tt c phn chung ca chng,
qua xy dng mt b ch s da trn cc yu t chung c xc nh ny. u
im ni bt ca nguyn l ng nht l d dng trin khai v cc thut ton thng
c thc hin rt nhanh. Nhc im chnh ca nguyn l ny l cc s ch gii phi
c to ra theo mt cch ring no , thng l c to ra mt cch th cng hoc
l t ng, vic to ra cc ch gii mt cch th cng thng i hi nhiu v mt thi
gian cng nh chi ph, mt khc trong qu trnh to cc ch gii ny thng sy ra s
mt mt thng tin nu ngn ng dng ch gii khng trnh by ht c cc kha
cnh ca ni dung. C th a ra y mt s v d nh ngn ng ch gii ni dung ca
hnh nh c th lm mt cc thng tin v b mt ca mt im nh (pixel) hoc mt
nhm im nh. Tng t nh vy ngn ng ch gii ni dung ca m thanh c th
lm mt cc thng tin v bin , tn s ca tn hiu ti mt thi im no .
Nguyn l lai to tp hp c cc u im ca c hai nguyn l nu trn, ng thi
gim thiu c mt s cc nhc im ca chng. Gi s chng ta mun to ra mt
CSDL multimedia bao gm cc kiu d liu M1,.,Mn, chng ta bt u bng vic
phn chia tp ny thnh 2 phn:

29

Phn 1: bao gm cc loi d liu k tha t cc ngun d liu c sn, tn ti sn

cc ch s v cc thut ton thao tc vi ch s. Vi vic b tr ny chng ta
tn dng c li th ca cc ch s v m ngun sn c.
Phn 2: bao gm cc d liu khng c k tha t bt k ngun no v do
khng c sn cc ch s ca mnh (iu ny ng ngha vi vic l cng khng
c bt k thut ton no c th thao tc vi tp ch s). Trong trng hp ny
vic tip cn xy dng h thng theo nguyn l ng nht l cch thc thch hp
nht ngay c khi l cch tip cn ny c th ny sinh ra vic gy mt mt cc
thng tin vt l chi tit.
Sau khi tin hnh xong vic phn chia, chng ta bt u tin hnh vic xy dng cc
thut ton cn thit kt hp cc ngun d liu khc nhau li bng vic s dng cc
tp ch s ring ca chng. Cch tip cn ny gip chng ta tha k c ti a cc ti
nguyn c sn, ng thi gim thiu c cc cng vic phi thc hin thm bi v cc
tp ch s ring c sn i vi mi loi d liu c tn dng. Gi s, mt ngi
dng mun a ra mt cu hi Hy tm tt c cc hnh nh v cc an video m
trong ng ch ca di tng A c mt v trao i vi i tng B. Cu hi ny
bao gm mt s kt hp gia cc tp ch s ca cc loi d liu khc nhau, chng s
truy cp n CSDL hnh nh (thng qua tp ch s ca d liu hnh nh), n CSDL m
thanh (thng qua tp ch s m thanh) v n mt CSDL quan h (thng qua tp ch s
quan h), cu hi ny c th c din t nh sau:
SELECT Name, Image, Audio
From Employee E, Image I, Audio A
Where E.Name= A AND
I contains E.boss and
A contains E.boss AND
A CONTAINS B

30

2.2 T chc d liu multimedia da trn nguyn l ng nht.

Xt v d sau:
Bc nh photo1.gif c s xut hin ca i tng A, i tng B v mt i
tng cha c xc nh c chp ti thnh ph C thuc nc D vo ngy
10/01/1990.
on video video1.mpg c hnh nh ca i tng A a cho i tng B mt
chic vali (trong frames 50-100). on video ny thu c t s theo di nh
ca i tng B ti thnh ph E thuc nc F vo thng 1- 1991.
Vn bn B.txt c cha cc thng tin chi tit v di tng B c thu thp t d
liu ca c quan an ninh.
Bn thn mi i tng trn cng ni ln phn no ni dung ca tng i tng c
th (hnh nh, video, vn bn), tuy nhin thng tin a ra y ch ni ln ni dung v
mt ng ngha hn l cp n cc tnh cht c th ca mi loi i tng, cc tnh
cht loi ny c gi l cc c trng bc thp (lower-level). Mt cch tip cn hiu
qu nht i vi CSDL multimedia v c s dng rng ri trong thc t l s
dng cc i tng c pht biu trn nh l siu d liu (metadata).
Theo trn, gi s chng ta c mt tp cc i tng media o1,..,on chng ta kt hp
mt vi metadata md(o1) vi mi i tng media o1 (nh dng chnh xc ca
metadata ny s c trnh by sau), tng t nh vy cc metadata kt hp vi cc
i tng media 01,.0n tng ng s l md(o1),,md(on), Chng ta s tin hnh
vic ch s ha cc metadata ny vi mt cch thc nhm cung cp cc phng thc
trin khai hiu qu i vi cc yu cu truy cp t pha ngi dng.
C th r rng thy rng, s thnh cng ca phng php ny ph thuc c bn vo
vic chng ta m bo c rng vi mi i tng media 0i th metadata tng ng
ca n md(oi) l c ng v phn nh ng ch nhng g m ngi dng yu cu[18].
Vi mt s lng ti thiu cc metadata c dng r rng l chng ta s d dng hn
trong vic ch s ha cng nh l thc hin cc thao tc khai thc d liu, tuy nhin

31

bn cnh nu s lng metadata s dng t th c th ngi s dng s phi mt thi

gian hn trong vic thit lp cc cu hi ca mnh. C th ly trng hp sau lm v
d:
Ngi dng: hy tm cho ti tt c cc on video hoc nh chp m i tng
A v i tng B (xem phn trn) trao i vi nhau mt gi hnh l.
H thng: Khng tm c (mc d h thng c on video ghi li i tng
A v i tng B trao i vi nhau mt chic vali nhng h thng vn tr li l
khng tm thy v n khng hiu rng mt chic vali cng c th coi l mt gi
hnh l).
Ngi dng: hy tm cho ti tt c cc on video hoc nh chp m i tng
A v i tng B (xem phn trn) trao i vi nhau mt vt g .
H thng: tm thy. frames 50-100 ca on video video1.mpg tha mn yu
cu ca bn.
Mc d c mt vi nhc im nh s dng metadata khng biu din ht c cc
kha cnh ca i tng media trong CSDL nhng cch tip cn da trn nguyn l
ng nht c mt s u im ni tri sau:
Metadata thng c lu tr di dng cc cu trc c lin quan n tnh cht
quan h hoc hng i tng v c th truy vn mt cch d dng thng qua
vic m rng cc ngn ng (chng hn nh SQL).
Vic vit m thao tc vi metadata thng l d dng.
Vic vit cc chng trnh to ra metadata l n gin i vi cc lp trnh
vin c nng lc
Chng ta xem xt n ni dung ca d liu media di cc dng khc nhau, mt cu
hi t ra y l u l phn chung nht ca cc loi d liu ny? Mc ch ca
chng ta l tm kim mt cu trc chung nht cho tt c cc loi d liu m qua n ta
c th th hin c ni dung ca cc loi d liu . Tm tt media l mt cu trc

32

ton hc cho php din t ni dung ca cc media ny, s tm tt media c th c

trin khai thng qua mt cu trc d liu duy nht.

2.3 Cu trc tm tt media

Cu trc media tm tt c nh ngha nh sau:
Mt cu trc media tm tt l mt tp gm 8 tuple (S, fe, ATTR, , R, F, Var1, Var2)
Trong
S l mt tp cc i tng gi l cc trng thi.
Fe l mt tp cc i tng gi l cc c trng.
ATTR l mt tp cc i tng gi l cc gi tr thuc tnh.
: S--> 2fe l mt nh x t cc trng thi sang tp cc c trng.
R l mt tp cc quan h trn fei x ATTRj x S vi i,j 0.
F l mt tp cc quan h ca S.
Var1 l mt tp cc i tng gi l cc bin, thuc S
Var2 l mt tp cc bin, thuc fe.
Mt trng thi l on (chunk) nh nht ca d liu media m ta mong mun.
V d nh trong mt CSDL hnh nh, mi nh c th c xem nh l mt
trng thi. Nu quan im ny c chp nhn, chng ta s coi nh tt c cc
nh nh l cc i tng n l c bn v tt c cc c tnh ca n s c
quan tm v khi chng ta s khng quan tm n cc c tnh n l nh l
cc c tnh ca tng im nh. Trong trng hp d liu video, mt trng
thi c th c xem l mt chui lin tip cc frame c dng (10 x i, 10 x
(i+1)) th hin mt on gm 10 frame bt u t frame c s th t chia ht
cho 10.
Mt c trng l bt k i tng no trong mt trng thi m n s c quan
tm. Mt c trng c th gao gm c cc i tng v cc phm vi ca n.
V d nh chng ta xem xt mt bc nh gm 3 i tng A, B v mt i

33

tng cha c nhn bit th cc c trng c quan tm n y l A, B

v i tng C no . Tng t nh vy nu chng ta phn tch on video
t frame 50-100 th cc c trng c quan tm y l A, B v ci vali.
Cc c trng xut hin trong mt trng thi c th c cc thuc tnh ca
mnh, v d nh i tng A bc ra khi chic xe t ca mnh th cc thuc
tnh ca chic xe t (loi xe, mu sc, bin s) cng cn phi c ghi nhn.
Tng t nh vy, mt i tng media cng c th c mt vi thuc tnh cn
c quan tm nh ngy, thi gian v a im chp bc nh .
l mt nh x c trng rt gn cho php ta bit c trng no xut hin
trong nhng trng thi no. c th l mt GUI cho php ngi s dng
tng tc nhm mc ch nhn bit c ni dung ca mt i tng media.
R l mt tp cc quan h trn fei x ATTRj x S cc quan h ny ph thuc vo
trng thi. V d nu xem xt mt bc nh nh photo1.gif th y c th c
mt quan h ph thuc vo trng thi gi l left.of bao gm mt b ba c dng
(i tng A, i tng B, photo1.gif). tng t nh vy chng ta cng c th
c mt quan h khc gi l background bao gm mt cp c dng (photo1.gif,
White_House).
F c th cha cc lin kt kt hp 2 trng thi chng hn nh lin kt c trc,
nu chng ta c 2 bc nh (photo1.gif, photo2.gif) m gia chng tn ti lin
kt c trc th khi c ngha l bc nh 1 c chp trc bc nh 2 v
tip tc nh vy[18].
nm r hn, chng ta xem xt mt s v d p dng trn mt s loi i tng
media sau
2.4.1 D liu nh nh l mt tm tt media.
Gi s chng ta xem mt CSDL hnh nh n gin gm c 7 bc nh, CSDL ny s
tng ng vi media tru tng sau:

34

Tp cc trng thi bao gm (pic1.gif,.,pic7.gif).

Tp cc c trng bao gm tn ca cc i tng xut hin trong cc bc nh
tng ng l Bob, Jim, Bill, Charlic v Ed.
nh x thu gn cho chng ta bit vi mi trng thi c nhng c trng no
xut hin trong n. Bng sau s m t cho vn ny
Trng thi

c trng

Pic1.gif

Bob.Jim

Pic2.gif

Jim

Pic3.gif

Bob

Pic4.gif

Bill

Pic5.gif

Charlie

Pic6.gif

Ed, Bill

Pic7.gif

Ed

Bng 2.1: Lin h gia c trng v trng thi cho hnh nh

Mt im cn ch y l chng ta dng bng trn m t cho nhng cch thc
ch s ho m chng ta s dng c th khc i.
Tp cc quan h ch cha 2 quan h: mt quan h ph thuc vo trng thi gi l
left_of v mt quan h khng ph thuc vo trng thi gi l father.
Tp cc quan h ni ti c th trng
2.4.2 D liu video nh l mt tm tt media.
Tp cc trng thi bao gm 5 frames video t frame 1 n frame 5.
Tp cc c trng bao gm Jane Shady, Denis Dopeman, ngi nh ca
Dopeman v chic valy.

35

nh x rt gn c m t bng sau
State

Feature

Frame1 Dopemanhouse,briefcase,JaneShady
Frame2 Dopemanhouse,briefcase,JaneShady,DenisDopeman
Frame3 Dopemanhouse,briefcase,JaneShady,DenisDopeman
Frame4 Dopemanhouse_briefcase,JaneShady,DenisDopeman
Frame5 Dopemanhouse,JaneShady

Bng 2.2: Lin h gia c trng v trng thi cho video

Cng ging nh trng hp p dng i vi CSDL hnh nh, nh dng c th
ca nh x c th khc i ti u ho cho qu trnh ch s ho v khai thc.
Chng ta c th c mt s quan h ph thuc vo trng thi sau:
o Quan h c (have) l mt quan h ph thuc vo trng thi xc nh
chic valy (i tng) xut hin cng vi nhn vt no trong trng
thi no? Quan h ny c c m t nh sau:
Person

Object

State

JaneShady

Briefcase

JaneShady

briefcase

JaneShady

briefcase

DenisDopeman

briefcase

Bng 2.3: Quan h Have

o Quan h v chng (spouse) l mt quan h ph thuc vo trng thi
ch ra tn v (hoc chng) ca mt i tng no . Quan h ny c
th c m t nh sau

36

Person

Spouse

JaneShady

PeterShady

JaneShady

PeterShady

DenisDopeman

DebraDopewoman

Bng 2.4: Quan h v- chng

y c th ch c mt quan h ni ti ca trng thi gi l before (s1,s2)
ch ra rng trng thi s1 c trc trng thi s2.
Cng tng t nh trn, chng ta c th d dng thy rng cc kiu media khc nhau
chng hn nh d liu m thanh hoc d liu vn bn c th c m t nh l mt
trng hp ca kiu media tm tt tng qut. Vi cu trc n gin cp trn, mt
CSDL Multimedia l mt tp bao gm cc media tm tt.
2.4.3 nh ngha v mt CSDL Multimedia n gin
Mt CSDL Multimedia n gin l mt tp hu hn M ca cc media tm tt.
V d, mt CSDL Multimedia n gin c th cha tp vidoe video1.mpg v mt tp
nh photo1.gif, trong trng hp ny CSDL c cha hai trng hp ca media tm tt.
Tuy nhin mt CSDL Multimedia n gin t ra qu n gin v km hiu qu nu xt
thm mt s kha cnh. V d, mt media tm tt c th lit k nh th l mt c
trng, tuy nhin khi chng ta tm kim vi c trng l thnh ng th c th s
khng tm thy nh th v h thng khng th hiu c rng nh th v thnh
ng l tng t nhau. Cc hn ch v mt t ng ngha ny cng thng rt hay
xy ra i vi CSDL vn bn. Mt vn na m chng ta cng cn phi quan tm l
ngi dng thng hay tm kim cc i tng c cha mt hoc nhiu cc c trng
khc nhau v mt thc t l mc d sau mt s ln chnh sa li cu hi ca mnh mt

37

cch hon chnh th cc kt qu tr v tng ng vi cu hi vn cha chnh xc vi

nhng g ngi dng thc s mong mun, iu ny c th hin r nht trong trng
hp chng ta tm kin trn web s dng cc cng c tm kim nh Google hoc
AltaVista.
Ngc li, y cng tn ti cc trng hp khi ngi dng mun m rng kh nng
tm kim (tm kim mt cch chnh xc hn bng cch khai bo cu hi r rng hn)
th c th s khng thu c kt qu no, trong khi nu n gin ho bt cu hi th
li tm c cc thng tin mnh mong mun.
Cui cng, khi ngi dng a ra cu hi c dng hy tm tt c cc hnh nh m
Jane Shady v Denis Dopeman c mt ti a im A, nu kt qu tm kim tr v l
trng th ngi dng c th suy ngh l a im A c th tng t nh a im B
v sa li cu hi bng cch thay th vic tm kim ti a im A bng vic tm kim
ti a im B, iu ny dn n vic chnh sa li cu hi bng cch thay th mt
hng s c th ny bng mt hng s khc. Cc v d trn a n vic thc y vic
tm ra mt cu trc khc xc nh CSDL Multimedia h tr c cc vn d v ng
ngha cng nh k tha c mi quan h gia cc c trng.
2.4.4 nh ngha v mt CSDL Multimedia c cu trc
Mt CSDL Multimedia c cu trc l mt tp gm c 5 thuc tinh
({M1,..,Mn),,,inh,subst) trong :

l mt quan h tng ong trn

l mt th t b phn trn tp

l mt media tm tt.
.
ca cc lp tng ng trn F.

38

inh:

gi s

cho bit

Nh vy inh l

mt nh x kt hp vi mi c trng f mt tp cc c trng bn di f y
theo th t trn c trng.
Subst l mt nh x t

hiu r hn, chng ta xem xt v d sau:

Mt CSDL Multimedia c cha 3 loi media tru tng l hnh nh, m thanh v video
c lit k di y

Media

Object

Part_frame

Feature_s)

image

Photo1.gif

Church,durnstein,danube,subrahmanian

image

Photo2.gif

Cathedral,melk,subrahmanian

image

Photo3.gif

Church,st.paul,rome

Video

Video1.mpg

1-5

Church,durnstein,stream

Video

Video1.mpg

6-10

stream

Audio

Audio1.wav

1-20

St.peters,tiber,rome

Bng 2.5
Tp cc c trng F c cha: church, durnstein, danube, subrahmanian,
cathedral, melk, st. paul. Rome. Stream. Restaurant, st.peters, tiber.
cho bit :
o Church cathedral.
o River Stream

39

Quan h cho bit

Hnh 2.4
C ngha l
[tiber] [river], [danube] [river].
[st.paul] [church], [st.peter] [church].
Cch nh ngha trn tuy cung cp y hn cc thng tin hu ch cho vic tm kim
v trnh by cu trc n gin ca mt h CSDL Multimedia c cu trc nhng n vn
cha cung cp c mt cu trc ch s ho m h thng CSDL Multimedia dng t
chc v lu tr d liu. Trc khi a ra mt cu trc ch s ho thch hp, chng ta s
c ra mt ngn ng truy vn n gin dng truy vn d liu Multimedia. y
chng ta trnh by ngn ng truy vn trc v chng ta ch c c mt cu trc ch s
ho c hiu qu khi m chng ta ti u c cc kiu truy vn m ngi s dng
mong mun .

2.4 Ngn ng truy vn khai thc d liu multimedia

Trong phn ny, chng ta s trnh by mt ngn ng truy vn n gin c xy dng
da trn SQL dng khai thc d liu Multimedia. Chng ta ch ra c rng mt
media tm tt c th c dng m t cc loi d liu media khc nhau s dng
kin trc m t ng nht. Vic m rng ngn ng truy vn SQL s dng cho vic truy
vn d liu c xy dng bi kin trc m t ng nht s l tin chng ta tip
tc m rng ngn ng truy vn dng cho vic khai thc cc d liu media c xy
dng theo kin trc lai ghp

40

2.4.1 Truy vn SMDSs (m t ng nht)

Cc hm c bn ca SMDSs bao gm:
FindType(Obj): hm ny s dng i tng media Obj lm u vo v s tr v
kiu ca i tng, v d:
o FindType(image1.gif) = gif.
o FindType(movie1.mpg) = mpg.
FindObjWithFeature(f): hm ny s dng c trng f l gi tr u vo v tr v
mt tp tt c cc loi i tng media m c cha c trng f, v d
.

o
o

FindObjWithFeatureAttr(f,a,v): hm ny s dng c trng f, mt thuc tnh tn

a kt hp vi c trng ny v mt gi tr v l u vo. Gi tr tr v s l tt c
cc i tng o c cha c trng v gi tr ca thuc tnh a trong i tng o l
v. V d:
: cu hi ny i hi tm

tt c cc i tng media m c s xut hin ca Jane Shady trong chic

o mu blue.
cu hi ny i hi tm tt c

cc i tng media m mt con voi c mang mt ci n mu xut

hin.
FindFeaturesInObj(Obj): cu hi ny i hi phi tm tt c cc c trng c
mt trong mt i tng media cho. Kt qu tr v l mt tp bao gm tt c
cc c trng. V d:
o

cu hi ny yu cu tr v tt c cc c
trng c trong file nh im1.gif.

41

cu hi ny yu cu tr v tt c cc

c trng c trong 5 frame u tin ca file video video1.mpg.

FindFeatureandAttrinObj(Obj): hm ny cng c chc nng tng t nh hm
trc ngoi tr vic n tr v mt quan h c schema nh sau: (Feature,
Attribute,Value) trong cp 3 (f,a,v) xut hin trong quan h u ra nu thuc
tnh a ca c trng f c xc nh v c gi tr l v. V d:
c th tr v kt qu c m t bng

o
sau
Feature

Attribute

John

age

John

address

Mary

age

Mary

address

Mary

Value
32
32 PicoLane.Mclean.VA 22050.
46
16 ShawRoad.Dumfries.VA 2290s.

employer

Mary

XYZCorp.

boss

David
Bng 2.6

SMDS-SQL m rng ca chng ta s bao gm tt c cc cu lnh chun ca SQL c

b sung thm mt s c trng ca d liu Multimedia vo SQL (b sung thm vo
Select, From, Where)
Tuyn b Select c th cha thc th media. Mt thc th media c nh
ngha nh sau:
o Nu m l mt i tng media lin tc, i v j l 2 s nguyn khi m
: [i,j] l mt thc th media th hin mt tp tt c cc frame ca i
tng media m nm trong (v ch trong) khong i v j.
o Nu m khng phi l mt i tng media lin tc th khi m l mt
thc th media.

42

o Nu m l mt thc th media v a l mt thuc tnh ca m th khi d

m.a l mt thc th media.
Tuyn b From c th c cc thc th theo mu sau: (media) (source) (M), c
ngha l ch c cc i tng media kt hp vi tn ca kiu media v tn ca
d liu ngun c xem xt dn khi thc hin cu hi v M l mt bin c
xp loi trn cc i tng media .
Tuyn b Where cho php c cc biu thc c dng term In func.call. Trong :
o Term c th l mt bin (trong trng hp ny c sp xp trn kiu tr
v ca func.call) hoc l mt i tng c kiu u ra ging nh
func.call.
o Func.call k mt trong 5 hm nu ra trn.
Chng ta cng xem xt mt vi v d
Tm tt c cc i tng nh hoc video c cha c Jane Shady v Denis
Dopeman.
SELECT M

Select M
FROM smds source M
WHERE (FindType(M)= Video OR FindType(M)=Image
AND
M IN FindObjWithFeatureand(Jane Shady) And
M IN FindObjWithFeatureand(Denis Dopeman)

Tm tt c cc nh v video m i tng Jane Shady mc o vt mu tm

SELECT M
FROM smds source M
WHERE FindType(M)=Video OR FindType(M)=Image
AND
M IN FindObjWithFeatureandAttr(Jane
Shady,suit,purple)

Tm tt c cc nh c cha c Jane Shady v Denis Dopeman v Jane ng bn

tri Denis

43

SELECT M
FROM smds source M
WHERE FindType(M)=Image AND
M IN FindObjWithFeature(Denis Dopeman) AND
M IN FindObjWithFeature(Jane Shady) AND
Left (jane Shady,Denis Dopeman.M)

y c mt ch l quan h left c s dng trn l mt quan h media

tm tt ca CSDL hnh nh
Tm tt c cc nh c Jane Shady cng vi i tng xut hin trong on
Video cng vi Denis Hopeman. Khc vi cu hi trc, cu hi ny i hi
phi c cc thao tc kt hp gia cc loi d liu khc nhau. thc hin c
cu hi ny, chng ta phi s dng cc bin m rng nh l Person, bin ny
c dng tham chiu n i tng cha xc nh c danh tnh trong
on bng video.

2.4.2 Truy vn d liu multimedia m t di kin trc lai to.

Trong phn trc, chng ta trnh by ngn ng SMDS-SQL nh l mt m hnh
truy vn cc di tng Multimedia lu tr trong kin trc thng nht. Trong kin trc

44

ng nht, tt c cc d liu ngun c truy vn u l SMDSs, trong khi trong kin

trc lai to cc cch thc m t khc (non-SMDS) cng c s dng. Cch thc m t
d liu kiu lai to thng c hai phn chnh:
Mt tp cc i tng media c m t di dng ng nht.
Mt tp cc kiu media khc nhau m c cu trc truy nhp v truy vn
ring.
m rng ngn ng truy vn SMDS-SQL thnh ngn ng c th truy vn c cc
d liu c m t di dng lai to (HM-SQL) cc yu cu sau bt buc phi c:
HM-SQL phi c kh nng thc hin tt c cc cu hi s dng ngn ng ring
i vi ngun d liu khng ng nht ny.
HM-SQL phi c c ch joins hoc cc thao tc i s nh phn c trch
nhim joins gia 2 ngun d liu SMDS v non-SMDS.
Ngn ng HM-SQL cng tng t nh ngn ng SQL chun ngoi tr cc mnh
Select, From. Where c m rng nh sau:
Mnh SELECT v WHERE c m rng ging nh vi ngn ng SMDSSQL.
Tuyn b Where cho php s c mt ca biu thc c dng Term IN MS :
func_call trong :
o Term:c th l mt bin hoc l mt i tng c kiu u ra ging ht
vi ca func_call c nh ngha trong media gc v .
o Nu MS=SMDS hoc h func_call thuc 1 trong 5 hm inh ngha
trn hoc
o MS khng phi l mt ngun SDMS v func_call l mt cu hi trong
QL(MS).
Khi c 2 s khc nhau gia SMDS-SQL v HM-SQL l:
o func_call xut hin trong mnh where cn c ch thch mt cch
tng minh vi media gc km theo v

45

o Cc cu hi c xy dng t cc ngn ng hi p ca tng loi d liu

non-SMDS c th c nhng vo bn trong cu lnh truy vn ca HMSQL. iu ny lm cho HM_SQL tr nn ht sc mnh m v linh hot.
Cn c vo iu ny chng ta c th thc thi cc cu hi i vi cc
ngun d liu khc nhau.
Xt mt s v d sau:
Gi s chng ta c 2 ngun d liu video video1 v video2, ngun video1 c
trin khai qua hnh thc SDMS, ngun video2 c trin khai qua hnh thc
non-SDMS (gi l videob). Cu hi ca chng ta y l hy tm tt c cc
video clip c mt Denis Hopeman t c 2 ngun d liu video1 v video2. Cu
hi ny c th c din t bng ngn ng HM-SQL nh sau:

Trong cu hi ny, chng ta tm kim tt c cc Ms m chng tr v kt qu

mong mun t c 2 ngun d liu (SDMS v non-SDMS).
Cng vi cu hi trn nhng y chng ta thm vo mt ngun d liu mi l
d liu hnh nh (idb) c trin khai di hnh thc non-SDMS v gi s d
liu hnh nh ny c ring chc nng tm kim getpic(obj) vi tham s u vo
l obj v kt qu tr v l mt cp bao gm mt nh (file nh) v th t c lin
quan. Gi s chng ta mun tm kim trn c 3 loi d liu ny (video1, video2,
idb) c mt ca i tng Denis Hopeman th cu hi din t bng ngn ng
HM-SQL c th nh sau:
Select M
From sdms Video1, vieob Video2

46

Where M IN sdms: FindObjWithFeature(Denis

Hopeman) OR
M IN videodb: FindVideoWithObj(Denis Dopeman)
UNION
(Select M.file
From imagedb idb M
Where M In imagedb:getpic(Denis Dopeman)

Gi s chng ta mun tm tt c cc i tng c mt cng vi Denis Dopeman

trong tt c cc ngun d liu (video1, video2, idb), cu hi s nh sau

2.4.3 Ch s ho SMDS vi ch s o.
Trong cc phn trc, chng ta trnh by cc cch thc truy vn CSDL
multimedia di c 2 hnh thc m t l ng nht v lai to. Cc ngun d liu nonSMDS c ch s ho bi cc c ch ring ca chng, y chng ta i su vo tm
hiu cch thc ch s ho i vi cc ngun d liu SDMS.
Gi s chng ta c trc mt SMDS c dng:

47

trong
Chng ta phi ch ra c mt cch thc ch s ho c hiu qu d liu ny, tng c
bn y l:
Featuretable: y l mt bng bm c cha tt c cc c trng c trong

Mi bng bm v tr I c cha mt i din featurenodes c bm n v tr i.

Statetable: l mt bng bm cha tt c cc trng thi thuc

. Cng ging

nh featuretable, statetable cng cha mt i din ca statenotes c bm

n v tr xc nh.
Featurenodes: mi featurenodes bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
o Tn ca c trng (v d Denis Dopeman).
o Mt danh sch cc nt con (nu f1 v f2 l cc c trng trong
chng ta ni rng f2 l con ca f1 nu f2f1 v khng c mt c trng f3
khc (

) m f2<f3<f1.

o Mt danh sch con tr tr ti statenodes c cha cc c trng lin quan

(v d trong trng hp CSDL hnh nh n c th l mt con tr tr n
node kt hp vi hnh nh c cha c trng c nu ra trong cu hi
(VD Denis Hopeman).
o Mt tp cc con tr tr n featurenodes khc thch hp thay th cho
featurenodes trong cu hi.
Statenodes: Mt statenodes ch cha 2 thnh phn bao gm:
o Mt con tr tr n file c cha i tng media (hnh nh, video, audio
) m trng thi c quy n trong cu hi.

48

o Mt danh sch cc mi quan h m thnh vin ca n tr n

featurenodes, bng trc gic chng ta c th thy c l c mt con tr
tr n featurenodes f nu c trng c trong cu hi trng thi .
Cu trc d liu ca SMDS c m t nh sau:
Type featurenode = record of
name: String ;/* Tn ca c trng */
children: ^ node1; /* tr n danh sch cc on tr tr n nodes con */
statelist: ^ node2 ;/* tr n danh sch cc on tr tr n cc trng thi c cha c trng

ny */

replacelt: ^ node3; /* tr n mt danh sch bao gm cc con chu kt hp vi cc

trng thi c th cho l c c trng kt hp vi node

*/

end record;
type node1 = record of
element: ^ featurenode; /* tr n node con ca mt featurenode */
next: ^ node1; /* tr n nod con tip theo */
end record;
type node2 = record of
state: ^ statenode; /* tr n danh sch kt hp vi trng thi */
link: ^ node2; /* node tip theo */
end record;
type node3 = record of
feat: ^ featurenode; /* tr n mt node m c th cho l c c trng
*/
link1: ^ node3;
end record;

kt hp vi node hin thi

49

type statenode = record of

rep: framerep;
flist: ^ node4;
end record;
type node4 = record of
f: ^ featurenode;
link2: ^ node4;
end record;

Hnh 2.5: V d v statetable

50

Chng ta hy xem xt mt v d ca SDMS bao gm 3 media tru tng bo gm : d

liu nh, video v m thanh (audio) c ni dung nh sau
Media tru tng
Img

Video

Audio

Trng thi

Cc c trng

Im1

john, mary

Im2

john, mary, lizt

Im3

lizt, mary

Vid1: [1,10]

john, singing

Vid1: [11,20]

john, mary, dancing

Vid1: [21,40]

john, mary, lizt, singing, dancing

Vid2: [1,20]

ed, speaking

Vid2: [21,30]

man, speaking

Disk1: [1,20]

John, singing

Disk1: [21,40]

woman, speaking

Bng 2.7
Hnh 2.5 cho chng ta thy mt v d v statetable ( n gin chng ta khng
cp n cc hm bm c s dng) v d v mt featuretable. Mt trong 10
trng thi lit k trn c lu tr trong statetable cng vi 9 c trng.
Trong trng hp ny phi ch l singing v dancing c xem nh l
cc c trng.
Th t trn cc c trng c th hin hnh di

Hnh 2.6
Chng ta ch ra c s kt hp ca featurelist vi cc trng thi im1 v
disk1: [1,20], cc featurelist khc khng c th hin ra y nhm mc ch
n gin ho.

51

Tng t nh vy chng ta ch ra statelist kt hp vi cc c trng man v lizt.

Mi lin h kt hp gia cc media tru tng ny c th lu tr trong mt
CSDL quan h chun.

52

CHNG 3
H QUN TR C S D LIU A PHONG TIN YU
CU V CC VN
Trung tm ca mt h thng thng tin multimedia chnh l h qun tr CSDL
MULTIMEDIA (MDBMS). Theo truyn thng, mt CSDL bao gm mt b cc d c
lin quan v mt thc th cho trc hoc mt h qun tr CSDL (DBMS) l mt b cc
d liu c lin quan n nhau vi mt tp hp cc chng trnh c dng khai bo,
to lp, lu tr, truy cp v truy vn CSDL. Tng t nh vy, chng ta c th xem
mt CSDL MULTIMEDIA l mt tp cc loi d liu multimedia nh vn bn, hnh
nh, video, m thanh, cc i tng ho.Mt h qun tr CSDL MULTIMEDIA
(MDBMS) cung cp h tr cho cc loi d liu MULTIMEDIA trong vic to lp, lu
tr, truy cp, truy vn v kim sot.
S khc nhau ca cc kiu d liu trong CSDL MULTIMEDIA c th i hi cc
phng thc c bit ti u ho vic lu tr, truy cp, ch s ho v khai thc.
MDBMS cn phi cung cp cc yu cu c bit ny bng cch cung cp cc c ch
tm tt bc cao qun l cc kiu d liu khc nhau cng nh cc giao din thch hp
th hin chng.

3.1 Mc ch ca MDBMS
Mt MDBMS cung cp mt mi trng thch hp s dng v qun l cc thng tin
CSDL MULTIMEDIA. V vy, n phi h tr cc kiu d liu MULTIMEDIA khc
nhau bn cnh vic phi cung cp y cc chc nng ca mt DBMS truyn thng
nh khai bo v to lp CSDL, khai thc d liu, truy cp v t chc d liu, c lp
d liu, tnh ring, ton vn d liu, kim sot phin bn. Cc chc nng ca MDBMS
c bn tng t nh cc chc nng ca DBMS, tuy nhin, bn cht ca thng tin

53

MULTIMEDIA to ra cc i hi mi. Bng cch s dng cc chc nng tng qut

ca DBMS chng ta c th trnh by mc ch ca MDBMS nh sau[1]:
S thng nht: bo m rng mt d liu khng phi to li khi cc chng
trnh khc nhau i hi d liu .
c lp d liu: m bo s tch ri gia CSDL v cc chc nng qun tr t
cc chng trnh ng dng.
iu khin nht qun: m bo s ton vn ca CSDL MULTIMEDIA thng
qua cc quy tc dc p dng trn cc giao dch ng thi.
S tn ti: bo m cc i tng d liu tn ti qua cc giao dch khc nhau
cng nh cc yu cu ca chng trnh.
Tnh ring: ngn chn cc truy cp v sa cha cc d liu c lu tr mt
cch tri php.
Kim sot s ton vn; bo m s ton vn ca CSDL mt giao dch ny sang
mt giao dch khc thng qua vic p t cc rng buc.
Kh nng phc hi: phi c cc phng thc cn thit m bo rng kt qu
ca cc giao dch tht bi khng lm nh hng n d liu lu tr.
H tr truy vn: bo m cc c ch truy vn ph hp vi d liu
MULTIMEDIA.
Kim sot phin bn: t chc v qun l cc phin bn khc nhau ca cc i
tng lu tr c th c yu cu bi cc ng dng.

54

Hnh3.1: Kin trc bc cao cho mt MDBMS p ng cc yu cu cho d liu

MULTIMEDIA
i vi vic iu khin nht qun, mt giao dch l mt chui cc hng dn c
thc thi mt cch hon ton hoc khng hon ton, i vi trng hp khng hon
ton CSDL s c khi phc li trng thi trc , vic a ra c mt c ch
tng ng m bo cho vic nht qun l mt vn kh khn i vi CSDL
MULTIMEDIA. Cc CSDL quan h truyn thng s dng mt bn ghi hoc mt bng
duy nht nh l mt n v nht qun. CSDL MULTIMEDIA thng s dng mt i
tng n l (hoc i tng ghp) nh l mt n v logic ca truy cp. Nh vy mt
i tng MULTIMEDIA n l c th to thnh n v nht qun[14].
i vi vn lu tr, mt phng thc n gin l lu tr cc tp MULTIMEDIA
trong cc tp tng ng ca h iu hnh. Tuy nhin vi c th l dung lng ln, cc
d liu MULTIMEDIA l cho chi ph trin khai theo cch thc ny tr nn tn km.
Hn na, h thng cng cn phi lu tr cc metadata MULTIMEDIA v c th c cc
i tng MULTIMEDIA tng hp. V vy, hu ht cc MDBMS phn loi thnh 2
phn l c nh v tm thi v ch lu tr cc d liu c nh sau khi cc giao dch

55

c cp nht. Cc d liu tm thi ch c dng trong cc chng trnh hoc cc

giao dch khi chng c thc thi v c loi b sau .
Thng thng, mt cu hi s la chn mt tp con ca cc i tng d liu da trn
cc m t ca ngi dng (thng l thng qua cc ngn ng truy vn) v truy nhp d
liu no. Mt cu hi thng c nhiu thuc tnh khc nhau, c th l da trn t kho
hoc hng theo ni dung v thng l tc ng ln nhau. V vy, cc chc nng cho
phn hi c lin quan, cng thc ca cu hi, cc kt qu tng t, v c ch th hin
kt qu r rng l rt quan trng trong MDBMS.
Khi cc ng dng cn truy cp n cc trng thi khc nhau ca mt i tng th vn
kim sot phin bn i vi i tng MULTIMEDIA khi chng c truy cp
hoc sa cha tr nn rt quan trng. Mt DBMS cung cp cc kh nng truy cp nh
vy thng qua cc phin bn ca cc i tng lu tr, i MDBMS khi m phi lu
tr mt khi lng d liu khng l th vn kim sot phin bn cng tr nn quan
trng. Mt khc, vic qun l phin bn khng ch p dng cho mt i tng ring l
m

n cn c

p dng qun l cc i tng phc tp to nn CSDL

MULTIMEDIA[1].
Cc tnh cht c bit ca d liu MULTIMEDIA cng i hi phi c cc tnh nng
c bit mi h tr cho n nh kt hp v phn r cc i tng, qun tr dung
lng khng l d liu MULTIMEDIA, lu tr v khai thc hiu qu, c kh nng lm
vic c vi cc i tng d liu tm thi hoc mt phn ca chng.

3.2 Cc yu cu ca mt MDBMS
c c mt MDBMS p ng c cc yu cu nu ra trn, chng ta cn
phi c c mt s cc yu cu c th cho n, cc yu cu y bao gm:
y cc kh nng ca mt DBMS truyn thng.
C kh nng lu tr ln.
C kh nng khai thc d liu thun tin.

56

C kh nng tch hp, tng hp v th hin.

H tr truy vn multimedia.
C giao din multimedia v tng tc.
Bn cnh cc yu cu va nu, cho h thng hot ng c th hot ng tt chng ta
cng cn phi gi quyt cc vn sau:
H thng CSDL MULTIMEDIA s c xy dng nh th no c th bao
gm cc lnh vc ng dng khc nhau.
Xy dng phn ht nhn cho vic phn r , lu tr v qun l thng tin mc
no? Cc cng ngh, cu trc nn tng c sp xp v s dng nh th no?
Cc kin thc v tng hp d liu i vi CSDL MULTIMEDIA, lm th no
c th pht trin c mt ngn ng truy vn ng tin cy v c hiu qu
h tr cho v s phng thc truy nhp v cc kiu i tng khc nhau. Lm
th no ngn ng truy vn h tr c cc c tnh v hnh thi khc nhau
ca d liu MULTIMEDIA.
Xc nh c h tng th hin no m mt h thng MULTIMEDIA phi c
t c cc yu cu v cch thc th hin khc nhau. Lm cch no h tr
vic ng b ho vic th hin cc d liu tm thi cng nh cc d liu b
phn ca cc d liu MULTIMEDIA khc nhau.
Gi s cc kiu media khc nhau c cc yu cu cp nht v sa i thng tin
khc nhau th h thng s cp nht cc thnh phn ny nh th no.
Nh hnh 3.1 chng ta thy kin trc bc cao dnh cho mt MDBMS ch ra c
mt s cc yu cu cn phi t c. Kin trc ny bao gm hu ht cc khi chc
nng v qun l i km vi DBMS truyn thng.. Ngoi ra, n cng bao gm mt s
modul c bit phc v cho vic qun tr d liu MULTIMEDIA nh tch hp cc
phng tin v qun l cc i tng. Tuy nhin hu ht cc chc nng thm vo
DBMS truyn thng u nm ngoi phn li ca MDBMS bao gm th hin, giao din,
v qun l cu hnh[1].

57

3.2.1 Kh nng qun tr lu tr ln

Hnh 3.2
Cc yu cu v kh nng lu tr ca cc h thng MULTIMEDIA c th c c
trng bi kh nng lu tr ln v cch thc t chc theo th bc (dng kim t thp)
ca h thng lu tr. Vic lu tr theo th bc t cc i tng d liu
MULTIMEDIA trong mt h thng phn bc bao gm cc thit b khc nhau, c th l
trc tuyn (online), khng trc tuyn (offline). Mt cch tng qut, mc cao nht ca
h thng s cho ta hiu sut cao nht, kh nng lu tr nh nht, chi ph cao nht v s
c nh t nht. Cc lp cao trong h thng phn cp ny c th s dng lu tr cc
i tng tm tt nh hn ca mt d liu MULTIMEDIA hon chnh vi mc ch
cung cp kh nng duyt v xem trc nhanh i vi ni dung ca d liu. Chi ph v
hiu sut (tnh v mt thi gan) s gim dn nu ta i xung cc lp pha di ca h
thng phn cp, cng vi iu ny l s tng ca kh nng lu tr v tnh c nh.
Thng thng trong hu ht cc h thng lu tr MULTIMEDIA, mc cao nht ca

58

lu tr thng l RAM, tip theo l a t, cc thit b ny cung cp cc dch v

trc tuyn (online services). Cc thit b lu tr quang hc cung cp mc lu tr tip
theo, khi nim trc tuyn y c th hiu l gn nh, tiu biu cho cc thit b lu
tr kiu ny l cc jukebox (CD-DVD jukebox). Mc thp nht trong h thng lu tr
phn cp c th l cc thit b nh bng t, a quang hoc cc thit b tng t, cc
thit b ny cung cp kh nng lu tr offline v c th khng cn kt ni trc tip vi
my tnh. Chng cung cp kh nng lu tr v tnh c nh cao hn nhng cng c
hiu sut km nht v thi gian truy nhp. V nhng l do trn, mt MDBMS phi
qun l v t chc vic lu tr i vi bt k mc no ca h thng phn cp, n phi
c c ch t ng chuyn cc i tng d liu MULTIMEDIA t mt mc ny
ca h thng lu tr phn cp sang mc khc, vic chuyn cp ny phi da trn tn
sut s dng ca d liu MULTIMEDIA. Trong trng hp d liu MULTIMEDIA
c lu tr cc thit b offline th MDBMS cng phi c c cc thng tin tr gip
cho vic d dng xc nh cc thit b c th c cha cc thng tin cn truy xut.
3.2.2 H tr truy vn v khai thcd liu.
Truy vn i vi d liu MULTIMEDIA bao gm cc kiu d liu khc nhau, cc t
kho, thuc tnh, ni dung vvDo ngi dng c th c cc cch suy ngh khc nhau
v d liu MULTIMEDIA v vy kt qu thu c t vic truy vn d liu
MULTIMEDIA c th khng hon ton chnh xc v c th ch l cc kt qu tng t
hoc l mt phn ca kt qu hn l cc kt qu chun xc. Do vic c th kt qu l
khng chnh xc nn chng ta phi c kh nng phn hng cc kt qu thu c sao
cho chng gn vi yu cu truy vn nht, tng t nh vy chng ta cng phi c cc
phng thc loi b bt nhng kt qu khng tho mn yu cu truy vn. Vic lm
ny s gim thiu cc sai st v mt tnh ton trong qu trnh tm kim.

59

3.2.3 Tch hp cc phng tin, tng hp v th hin

Gi s tnh a dng ca cc kiu d liu c h tr, mt MDBMS cng phi cung
cp kh nng tch hp cc loi d liu ny to nn cc kiu d liu
MULTIMEDIA mi v th hin cc d liu ny khi c yu cu trong mt khung thi
gian yu cu. phc tp ca vic tch hp, tng hp v th hin b tng thm bi cc
c tnh c bn ca d liu MULTIMEDIA nh tnh lin tc (tm thi) ca d liu
MULTIMEDIA c bit l vi cc kiu d liu nh video, hot hnh hoc m thanh.
Hn na, mt vi ng dng c th nh cc h thng thng tin a l c th i hi
MDBMS cung cp cc thng tin b phn (v mt vng, min no ). Tt c cc yu t
ny kt hp vi nhau lm cho vic tng hp v th hin MULTIMEDIA tr thnh mt
quy trnh phc tp m MDBMS phi cung cp p ng cc yu cu m ngi dng
i hi.
Cc vn v tch hp c th c ci thin trong mt s trng hp, c bit l khi
cc h thng CSDL MULTIMEDIA c xy dng nhm phc v cho cc cng ng
ngi dng xc nh trc. Trong cc trng hp c bit ny, MDBMS c th h tr
mt s tnh nng m cc ng dng khc khng cn n.
3.2.4 Giao din v tng tc.
S khc nhau v bn cht ca cc d liu MULTIMEDIA i hi phi c cc giao din
khc nhau tng tc vi d liu. Thng thng, mi loi d liu c cc phng thc
truy nhp v th hin ring ca mnh, v d nh d liu video v m thanh s i hi
cc giao din ngi dng khc nhau th hin v truy vn. i vi mt vi ng dng
Multimedia, c bit l s c mt ca cc loi d liu c tnh lin tc ngi dng
thng i hi phi c cc kh nng tng tc vi d liu ( chng hn nh i vi d
liu VCR th ngi dng thng mong mun c chc nng nh tua ln (fast forward)
hoc tua ngc li (reverse)). Khi m mt h thng Multimedia cung cp cc dch v

60

nh vy th n phi c lin kt vo CSDL c bit l vic khai thc cc i tng,

tng hp v ng b chng.
3.2.5 Hiu sut.
Hiu sut l mt vn quan trng cn c xem xt i vi mt MDBMS. Cc h
thng CSDL MULTIMEDIA to ra hiu sut da trn s ti u ho vic truy nhp ti
cc media, lu tr, ch s ho, khai thc v truy vn . S c tham gia ca nhiu kiu d
liu khc nhau trong CSDL MULTIMEDIA c th i hi mt s phng thc c bit
ti u ho vic truy cp, lu tr, ch s ho v khai thc. Cc yu cu ny bao gm
hiu qu, tnh n nh, m bo v ng b vic trao i d liu, cht lng ca dch
v (QoS).

3.3 Cc vn ca MDBMS
p ng c cc yu cu nu ra phn trn, MDBMS cn phi xc nh c
mt s vn quan trng bao gm:
M hnh ho d liu MULTIMEDIA.
Lu tr i tng multimedia.
Tch hp, trnh din, cht lng dch v multimedia.
Ch s ho, khai thc v duyt.
H tr truy vn multimedia.
Qun tr d liu MULTIMEDIA phn tn.
H tr ca h thng.
3.3.1 M hnh ho d liu MULTIMEDIA
M hnh d liu l n v trung tm ca mt h thng CSDL MULTIMEDIA. Mt m
hnh d liu cn phi tch ri ngi dng ra khi chi tit ca vic qun l cc thit b
lu tr v cu trc lu tr. iu ny i hi phi pht trin cc m hnh d liu tng

61

ng t chc cc kiu d liu khc nhau tng gp trong cc h thng CSDL

MULTIMEDIA.
Cc m hnh d liu MULTIMEDIA (cng ging nh cc m hnh d liu truyn
thng khc) nm bt cc c tnh c nh cng nh ng ca ni dung CSDL v v vy
n cung cp cc khun mu c bn cho vic pht trin cc cng c cn thit s dng
d liu MULTIMEDIA. Cc thuc tnh c nh c th bao gm cc i tng to nn
d liu MULTIMEDIA, mi lin h gia cc i tng, thuc tnh ca cc i tng
Cc c tnh ng bao gm s tng tc gia cc i tng, s hot ng trn i
tng, cc tng tc ca ngi dng.
Tuy nhin, do cc tnh cht c bit ca mnh, d liu MULTIMEDIA i hi phi c
cc quan tm mi khi chn la m hnh d liu. V d, mt vi kiu d liu
MULTIMEDIA (chng hn video) hoc mt nhm cc kiu (video v hnh nh) c th
i hi cc m hnh d liu c bit ci thin hiu qu v tnh mm do. Hn na,
do tm quan trng ca vic tng tc trong cc h thng MULTIMEDIA nn vic n
c h tr bi cc m hnh d liu tr nn quan trng.
Rt nhiu cc m hnh d liu khc nhau nh l mng li, lin h, ng ngha, v
hng i tng ang tn ti v mt vi s trong chng c xem xt thit lp
CSDL MULTIMEDIA. C hai cch tip cn c bn trong vic m hnh ho d liu
MULTIMEDIA l:
Phng php th nht: xy dng mt m hnh d liu MULTIMEDIA trn nn
tng ca m hnh d liu ca mt CSDL truyn thng (thng l CSDL quan
h hoc CSDL hng i tng) bng cch s dng cc giao din tng ng
i vi d liu MULTIMEDIA. Cc vn ny sinh vi cch tip cn ny l
cc cu trc bn di (ca CSDL truyn thng) khng c thit k dnh cho
d liu MULTIMEDIA, hn na s khc bit c bn cc yu cu ca mt
CSDL truyn thng i vi CSDL MULTIMEDIA khin cho giao din tr

62

thnh ni nghn c chai trong ton b h thng. Cc vn ny dn ti cch

tip cn th hai.
Phng php th hai: pht trin cc m hnh d liu thc th dnh cho d liu
MULTIMEDIA t u ch khng xy dng trn c s ca cc CSDL truyn
thng, tuy nhin mi ngi u nht tr rng cc n lc nh vy u phi da
trn k thut hng i tng.
3.3.2 Lu tr i tng MULTIMEDIA
Lu tr vt l cc d liu multimedia i hi cc phng thc chuyn i, qun l,
trao i v phn phi mt s lng d liu khng l, cc h thng multimedia thng
thng s dng phng thc phn cp i vi cc thit b lu tr. Cc thit b lu tr
online c tc cao nh RAM, HDD lu tr cc d liu ang c x l trong khi
cc thit b lu tr offline (c tc chm) dng lu tr cc d liu c tnh cht di
hn, c nh. Khi , hiu sut s ph thuc vo kh nng ca c ch chuyn i cc
d liu multimedia tng ng vi mc ti u ho trong h thng lu tr phn cp.
Cc c ch nn d liu kt hp vi cc c ch chuyn i d liu gip phn lm gim
cc yu cu khng l v mt lu tr, phng thc c bn c s dng y l
chuyn i d liu multimedia sang mt s vng chuyn i loi b s d tha ca
d liu gc, cc qu trnh gii nn s lm nhim v chuyn i ngc cc d liu ny
v dng gc ca n. Qu trnh ny s dn n vic mt mt d liu, tuy nhin vic mt
mt ny c hu ht cc ng dng multimedia cho php.
Ph thuc vo mc ca ht nhn m mt i tng multimedia c th th hin ton
b hoc mt phn on video, mt frame, mt hnh nh ring l thm ch c tng i
tng c th trong mt nh hoc mt on video. Vn chnh t ra y l kh
nng lu tr c hn, bng thng hn ch ca h thng lu tr cc knh truyn thng, t
l sn sng ca cc loi d liu multimedia. T l sn sng ca d liu ch ra s lng
d liu ti thiu cn thit i vi mi n v thi gian cn p ng i vi cc i hi

63

v yu cu cht lng trong qu trnh th hin cc i tng multimedia. ng t quan

im ny, cc yu cu v lu tr ca d liu multimedia c gii quyt bng cch
phn chia d liu thnh cc i tng multimedia nh hn c th lu tr trong cc
n v lu tr nh hn.
Vi vic sp xp lu tr phn cp, cc i tng multimedia c th c lu tr cc
mc khc nhau, khi m t l s dng cc i tng d liu multimedia thay i cc
i tng ny cn phi c phn phi li c th l c lu tr trn cc thit b khc,
ti cc mc khc nhau ca h thng lu tr. Vn cn gii quyt lc ny ch l tm ra
gii php ti u cho vic phn r, phn phi v ti phn phi cc i tng multimedia.
3.3.3 Tch hp multimedia, th hin v cht lng ca dch v (QoS)
Khc vi cc d liu truyn thng, d liu multimedia i hi cc rng buc v s th
hin iu ny bt ngun t c tnh lin tc ca mt s kiu d liu multimedia m
chng i hi th hin mt s lng nht nh d liu trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh m kt qu em lai cho ngi dng vn phi m bo c c trng ca cc kiu
d liu . Khi m d liu multimedia c b tr phn tn v truyn i trn mng th
cc vn v th hin cng tr nn cp thit hn, chng ta bt gp iu ny trong
trng hp bng thng hn ch. Cc d liu lin tc c nh ngha l phc thuc vo
thi gian, v vy thi gian tr thnh mt yu t quan trng trong vic phn pht v th
hin chng. V vy trong MDBMS, thi gian hi p i vi mt cu hi thng c
nh gi bi c tnh chnh xc v cht lng i vi cc kt qu khai thc.
ng t quan im ca ngi dng, cht lng, mc chp nhn c v hiu sut
ca cc loi dch v khc nhau c cung cp bi h thng multimedia v c th nh
hng n kt qu ca vic th hin multimedia. V vy, h tr cho vic th hin
multimedia trong iu kin ngi dng c th xc nh cc mc QoS khc nhau i
vi cc dch v khc nhau, MDBMS cn phi h tr cc mc QoS v mt dch v qun

64

l QoS, chng thng thng c thc hin bng cch cung cp mt nh x tng ng
t QoS ca ngi dng sang QoS ca h thng v ngc li.
Khi th hin cc loi d liu multimedia khc nhau chng hn video v m thanh cng
vi nhau cc vn v tch hp v ng b cc loi phng tin tr nn ht sc quan
trng. MDBMS cn phi cung cp mt c ch m bo s ng b trong vic th
hin cng nh p ng c cc yu cu khc nh t l sn sng ca d liu v QoS.
Trong mt vi trng hp, MDBMS c th phi da vo mt c ch qun l ng b
ho m bo c s ng b vi mt kiu d liu cho trc hoc gia cc kiu d
liu khc nhau.
3.3.4 Ch s ho multimedia
Cng nh trong cc CSDL truyn thng, cc d liu multimedia c th c khai thc
thng qua cc nh danh, cc thuc tnh, cc t kho v s lin kt gia chng. Cc t
kho

l phng thc chim u th trong vic s dng ch s ho d liu

multimedia. Con ngi thng chn cc t kho t mt tp cc t vng nht nh, iu

ny to ra mt s kh khn khi p dng i vi d liu multimedia v chng thng
c lm mt cch th cng v rt tn thi gian v cc kt qu thng l ch quan v
rt hn ch ph thuc vo t vng.
Mt phng thc khc c s dng da trn vic truy cp ni dung, n xem xt n
ni dung thc s ca d liu multimedia hoc xut pht t ng cnh ca thng tin.
Trong thi gian gn y, vic nghin cu ch s ho da trn ni dung c tin
hnh ht sc mnh m vi mc ch l ch s ho d liu multimedia da trn cc c
trng xc nh thu c trc tip t d liu. Cc c trng khc nhau nh mu sc,
hnh dng, kt cu b mt, cc chui c trng v cc c trng khc c dng
ch s ho cc nh.
thu c cc c trng ny i hi phi phn tch t ng d liu multimedia, cc
phng thc chnh c s dng i vi d liu nh v d liu video l x l nh,

65

on nhn nh v phn tch chui video. i vi d liu video, chui video trc tin
c phn tch thnh cc chui hp thnh, sau cc c trng tm tt (thng l cc
frame kho) s c la chn c trng cho mi chui. Vic ch s ho tip theo i
vi d liu video cng da trn cc frame kho cng ging nh i vi d liu nh
i vi d liu m thanh, vic ch s ho da trn ni dung c th c s tham gia ca
vic phn tch tn hiu, t ng nhn bit li ni cng vi vic ch s ho da trn t
kho. Mt khc, vic ch s ho c th da trn cc thng tin khc ph thuc vo kiu
ca d liu m thanh, v d mt vi nh pht trin s dng cc c trng v nhp
iu, hp m v giai iu cho vic ch s ho da trn ni dung i vi d liu m
thanh. Tng t nh vy, vic tm kim v khai thc d liu m thanh da trn ni
dung c xut da trn cc c tnh ca d liu m thanh nh c ch ra
qua cc c trng v m hc v gic quan..
Vic ch s ho da trn ni dung cng gi ra mt vi vn cn quan tm. Trc ht,
cng vi mt d liu multimedia nhng mi ngi c th hiu theo mt cch khc
nhau. Th hai, ngi dng thng cn cc thng tin thay i khc nhau, v vy mt c
trng duy nht c th l khng ch s ho hon ton mt kiu d liu multimedia
cho trc. Mt vn khc cn phi xem xt l vn hiu qu, vic ch s ho phi
nhanh v cc ch s ny phi c lu tr mt cch hiu qu phc v cho vic truy
cp d dng khi m s lng cc d liu multimedia c lu tr l rt ln. Bi v c
tnh vn c ca d liu multimedia l rt khc nhau nn vic ch s ho khng th tin
hnh mt cch hon ton t ng, n c nh my tnh c th phn tch d dng mt
bc nh c cha cc tc phm ngh thut, nhng n gn nh khng th t ng xc
nh c ngha ca tc phm , iu ch c con ngi lm c.
3.3.5 H tr truy vn multimedia, khai thc v duyt qua.
Cc cu hi ca ngi dng thng c x l s dng cc ch s c sn, tuy nhin
khc vi CSDL truyn thng tnh chnh xc trong tm kim i vi d liu multimedia

66

khng phi l chnh xc tuyt i. Thng thng khi so snh hai d liu multimedia th
kt qu thu c thng l gn ng hoc tng t, gi s trong trng hp cc d
liu ny c cng d liu u vo th kt qu thu c t mt cu hi c th sinh ra rt
nhiu gi tr. c rt nhiu cc nghin cu i su vo vic tm ra mt phng thc
thch hp tr gip cho ngi dng c c mt kh nng hiu qu khai thc cc d
liu multimedia, chng hn thng qua vic cung cp cc giao din thch hp ngi
dng c th duyt mt cch thun li cc kt qu c c t qu trnh tm kim. Vic
h tr duyt mt cch trc tip cho php ngi s dng c th khai thc bt k thng
tin no c kh nng lin quan n kt qu hin thi bng cch la chn cc mc d liu
tng ng cn quan tm su hn.
Truy vn bng v d (Query-by-Example) l mt phng thc chnh c s dng
nhp cc cu hi i vi CSDL multimedia, c bit l i vi d liu nh. y
ngi dng a ra cc yu cu bng cch s dng mt mu c sn (v d nh mt nh
tng t), v vy giao din c s dng nhp cu hi vo h thng tr thnh mt
vn cn phi quan tm. Do tnh cht a dng ca cc kiu d liu multimedia nn
mi kiu d liu multimedia c th phi c cc giao din truy vn khc nhau, vn
cn c xem xt y l lm th no tch hp c cc giao din khc nhau vo
mt h thng tch hp CSDL multimedia. Mt vn khc cng cn phi gii quyt l
vic bao gm truy vn cc d liu khng gian hoc truy vn cc d liu tm thi i
hi phi c cc thng tin khng gian hoc tm thi.
3.3.6 Qun tr CSDL multimedia phn tn
MDBMS phn tn c th c hiu l mt b cc MDBMS c lp (cc MDBMS ny
c th rt khc nhau) nm ti cc v tr khc nhau m c th giao tip hoc trao i d
liu multimedia vi nhau thng qua mng. Cc h thng multimedia thng c phn
tn vi quan nim mt s tng tc multimedia n l thng lin quan n vic d
liu thu c t cc ngun thng tin phn tn khc nhau. iu ny thng thy trong

67

cc mi trng multimedia cng tc khi m cc ngi dng c th t cc a im vt

l khc nhau thao tc v l ngi to ra cng mt ti liu multimedia. Ngoi ra, cc vn
v lu tr v pht sinh d liu bt buc cc nh thit k h thng multimedia phi
b tr d liu multimedia cc a im khc nhau.
h tr cho vic truy vn trong mi trng phn tn v cng tc ny , mt MDBMS
phn tn phi xc nh c cc vn tng qut ca CSDL phn tn nh x l truy
vn phn tn v song song, qun tr cc giao dch phn tn , s trong sut d liu, an
ton d liu.. Ngoi ra cc vn v h thng mng nh bng thng hoc tr cng
l cc vn quan trng cn phi lu tm nht l khi chng c xu hng bt li i vi
vic h tr QoS.
Khng ging nh DBMS truyn thng, vic ti to d liu thng khng c khuyn
khch trong MDBMS phn tn do s lng d liu khng l. M hnh tnh ton
Khch-Ch (client-server), trong cc dch v ng dng ca my ch phc v cho
nhiu ng dng khch khc nhau (cc dch v ca server v cc ng dng client c th
nm cc my khc nhau) c chng minh l thch hp nht cho cc cc h thng
multimedia trong c trng hp tng qut cng nh i vi MDBMS phn tn.
3.3.7 S h tr ca h thng
Cc ng dng multimedia v cc h thng CSDl multimedia phn tn t ra cc yu
cu mi i vi tt c cc kha cnh ca h thng my tnh, t cc yu cu v h iu
hnh, h thng mng cng nh cc yu cu v phn cng. Hu ht cc h iu hnh
hin ti cha h tr cc x l mang tnh thi gian thc. Mt vi d liu multimedia
chng hn nh cc d liu c tnh lin tc c th i hi cc tnh nng phn pht v th
hin thi gian thc mc d cc yu cu v thi gian thc ny c th khng nghim ngt
nh i vi cc yu cu v thi gian thc thng bt gp i vi phn cng. V vy,
cc h thng CSDL multimedia khng th cung cp y cc tnh nng cn thit theo

68

yu cu tr khi cc h tr thi gian thc cho cc thit b multimedia tr thnh mt

phn khng th thiu ca h iu hnh.
Cc c tnh khc ca multimedia chng hn nh s lng ln d liu cn phi lu tr
c th i hi mt s rng buc c bit i vi h thng v mt qun l b nh, hiu
sut ca CPU. Cc vn khc cng cn phi xem xt n y bao gm vic qun l
c ch vo/ra (I/O) ca phn cng nhm mc ch h tr cho cc kiu khc nhau c
mt trong CSDL multimedia, h thng mng vin thng cng phi m bo cho vic
truyn ti d liu cho cc mi trng multimedia phn tn p ng cc i hi nghim
ngt ca QoS i vi cc ng dng c th

69

CHNG 4
XY DNG H THNG MUA BN HNG QUA MNG
4.2.1. Gii thiu
Thng mi in t ting Anh l Electronic Commerce hay thng vit tt l
eCommerce. Khi ni n thng mi in t l ngi ta hay ngh n vic s dng
Internet tr gip cho cng vic kinh doanh. Trn thc t, thng mi in t c vai tr
quan trng hn nhiu.
Vy chng ta hiu thng mi in t nh th no?. C mt s kin cho rng:
thng mi in t l mi hnh thc giao dch c h tr bi cc phng tin in t.
Ni nh vy c ngha l tt c mi hot ng kinh doanh hin nay u l thng mi
in t v u s dng in thoi, fax hay email... v tt c u l phng tin in t?.
Trc ht, thut ng thng mi in t ch mi c s dng khi c mt s
ngi thc hin c vic mua bn qua mng Internet bng cch tr tin bng mt
loi tin c m ho.
Vy thng mi in t ch c th thc hin c qua Internet hay h thng cc
my tnh ni mng?. ng nh vy, nhng khng phi giao dch no trn Internet cng
c gi l thng mi in t. Cc ng dng kinh doanh trn Internet c chia l 4
mc khc nhau:
Brochureware: Qung co trn Internet
eCommerce: Thng mi in t
eBusiness: Kinh doanh in t
eEnterprise: Doanh nghip in t

70

Trong nhng nm gn y, vi s bng n ca Internet, thng mi in t cng

pht trin mnh m trn ton th gii. Ti cc nc ang pht trin nh M, Canada,
lin minh Chu u (EU) thng mi in t c p dng rt rng ri v mang li
nhiu li ch cho c ngi s dng cng nh cc nh cung cp.
H thng bn hng qua mng d nh xy dng bao gm nhng mc tiu chnh sau
Mc ch: H thng c thit k v xy dng theo m hnh B2C, B2B. Vic
xy dng h thng bao gm cc cng vic: xy dng h thng thc hin vic
ng k gii thiu, qung b cc hng ho sn phm ca doanh nghip, qun l
cc loi hng ha sn phm, qun l vic kinh doanh hng ho v thc hin mua
bn hng ho sn phm.
Phm vi: Trn mng Internet, m hnh Client-Server. H thng c hosting
trn mt ISP (nh cung cp dch v) trong nc
ng dng cng ngh mi: p dng cc k thut a phng tin tin tin nhm
mc ch nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ca h thng.

4.2.2. ng dng CSDL a phng tin vo h thng bn hng qua

mng
Vic xy dng h thng bn hng qua mng c tin hnh qua 2 giai on
Giai on 1: tin hnh xy dng cc chc nng c bn, cn thit cho mt
h thng B2C, B2B. Sau khi giai on ny kt thc, ngi dng c th
s dng c cc chc nng c bn ca mt h thng bn hng qua
mng, cc doanh nghip cng c c cc chc nng ch yu c th
tin hnh cc giao dch thng mi vi nhau.
Giai on 2: ng dng cng ngh a phng tin nhm nng cao hiu
qu cng nh p ng cc i hi cao cp ca khch hng. C th giai
on ny s tin hnh ng dng cng ngh 2D, 3D trong vic h tr hin
th v tm kim cc sn phm, hng ha

71

4.2.1. Xy dng kho d liu hnh nh 2D v 3D

Vic xy dng kho d liu 2D v 3D i vi cc sn phm hng ha s c tin hnh
theo 2 cch:
i vi cc hnh nh 2D: cc sn phm, hng ha s c s ha thng
qua vic chp hnh bng my nh s (s dng my nh s cht lng
cao), hoc dng my qut (Flatbed Scan) s ha cc nh chp c
sn. nh dng ca cc nh ny l .JPG.
Cc sn phm, hng ha cn lu di dng 3D s c qut trc tip
bng my qut 3D chuyn dng, kch thc ti a v chiu cao ca vt
th c qut l 1.2m v ti thiu l 10cm. Sau khi c x l, cc vt
th 3D ny s c lu di dng vector VRM
S d chng ti chn 2 nh dng ny lu tr v chng l cc nh dng ph bin v
c h tr tt nht i vi vic xy dng cc ng dng da trn nn web.
4.2.2. Xy dng c ch truy vn i vi kho d liu hnh nh
Vic xy dng c ch truy vn i vi kho d liu nh c chia lm hai phn[15]
Xy dng giao din truy vn cho ngi dng: giao din truy vn cho ngi
dng s c xy dng di dng component ActiveX c th plugin vo web
browser ca ngi dng. Mi khi truy vn n kho d liu hnh nh 2D v 3 D
ngi dng s thao tc thng qua giao din ny.
Xy dng c ch truy vn ti server: c ch truy vn ny s tip nhn yu cu
truy vn t pha ngi dng, x l v tr li kt qu mong mun cho ngi
dng.

72

Hnh 4.1 s minh ha cho vic xy dng v vn hnh c ch truy vn ny

Hnh 4.1 C ch truy vn kho d liu hnh nh 2D,3D

Gii thch m hnh: trong c ch truy vn, ngi dng c th truy xut n cc hnh
nh mong mun bng cch cung cp cc nh mu, cc nh mu ny c th l ton b
hoc mt phn ca ca nh gc. Ngi dng c th tm kim thng qua mu sc hoc
tm kin thng qua hnh dng. Cc bc truy vn c din ra nh sau:
Bc 1: ngi dng chn nh mu (mt phn hoc ton b), chn kiu truy vn
(theo mu sc, theo hnh dng) sau gi cu hi n server.
Bc 2: khi c ch truy vn trn server nhn c cu hi, n s chuyn nh
mu v cc yu cu km theo n phn trch rt c trng v n c ch hc
mt cch ring bit.

73

Bc 3: sau khi trch rt c cc c trng, c ch trch rt c trng s gi

cc thng tin c trng ca nh truy vn n c ch o tng ng v c ch
lc.
Bc 4: da vo cc thng tin c trng, c ch qun l file s ly cc nh c
lin quan phc v cho vic o tng ng mt cch chi tit.
Bc 5: c ch o tng ng s o tng ng gia cc thng tin c
trng ca nh mu truy vn vi c s d liu hnh nh v tr cc kt qu thu
c v c ch hc.
Bc 6: C ch hc s sp xp kt qu vi th t u tin cc nh thuc c s d
liu hnh nh tng ng nht vi nh mu truy vn, sau tr kt qu v
cho c ch truy vn (ID ca cc nh trong CSDL)
Bc 7: c ch truy vn s tr kt qu v cho giao din ca pha client.

4.2.3. H thng bn hng qua mng

4.3.1. M hnh h thng
Hnh 4.2 l m hnh h thng c la chn. Theo thit k, Trung tm Thng tin B
Thng mi (Trung tm) ng vai tr trung tm giao dch. Ti y s xy dng mt
Web site mua bn hng ho. Cc siu th s cung cp danh mc hng, thng tin v
doanh nghip cng cc thng tin lin quan. Thng qua Web site, khch hng s tm
kim, chn hng, t mua hng, ... Cc thng tin ny s c kim tra v xy dng
thnh cc n hng v c chuyn v cho cc siu th tng ng. Khi nhn c
n hng do Trung tm gi n, cc siu th s kim tra v gi li thng tin xc nhn
n hng cng cch thc thanh ton v giao hng cho Trung tm. Khi nhn c cc
thng tin ny Trung tm s gi v cho khch hng. Trong cng vic thanh ton, ngi
s dng c th la chn hnh thc thanh ton bng tin mt hoc thanh ton qua ngn
hng. Trong trng hp thanh ton bng tin mt, khch hng c th thanh ton ti

74

nh hay thng qua mt vn phng i din. Trong trng hp thanh ton qua ngn
hng h thng s lin kt n h thng thanh ton qua mng ca Ngn hng cng
thng Vit Nam.

Trao i thm cc thng tin khc

My tnh
khch

Tm kim,
chn hng,
mua hng, hi
thng tin hng,

Thng bo
v thanh
ton, giao
h

My ch ca
doanh nghip
(siu th)

n hng, yu
cu d liu, ...

My ch ti
Trung tm
Thng tin B
Thng mi

Thng tin xc
nhn n hng,
cch thc giao
hng, cp nht

Hnh 4.2. M hnh h thng bn hng qua mng

M hnh gip cho nhiu doanh nghip c th nhanh chng tham gia vo h thng
thng mi in t vi ch ph thp. Khi mt doanh nghip mun tham gia vo h thng
ch cn ng k thng qua B Thng mi. i vi doanh nghip va v nh, vic trao
i, cp nht thng tin ln h thng c th c thc hin thng qua th in t hay kt
ni modem qua ng in thoi thng thng. i vi ngi s dng, y l m hnh
giao dch mt ca, m hnh gip ngi s dng c nhiu thng tin v iu kin so snh,
la chn, t hng ti nhiu cng ty trong cng mt giao dch iu ny rt thun tin
cho khch hng khi mua hng ca nhiu doanh nghip (khch hng khng phi thc
hin ring tng giao dch (lp n hng, thanh ton, nhn hng,...) vi tng doanh
nghip).

75

4.3.2. Cc chc nng c bn ca h thng

H thng c thit k vi cc chc nng c bn :
Trang Web cho php doanh nghip thng qua c th nhp thng tin v cc loi
hng ha sn phm m h mun ng k gii thiu v thc hin kinh doanh.
Cp nht thng tin v cc sn phm, hng ho vo c s d liu ca h thng khi
doanh nghip c yu cu sa i, thm thng tin mi v hng ha.
Qun l hng: Qun l cc loi hng ho, sn phm xut i ca doanh nghip, lu
tr cc thng tin c th m t cc thuc tnh (hnh nh, tn model, cng dng, cc
ch tiu k thut, thi gian sn xut, hng sn xut...), s lng hin c, s lng
bn ca cc model ca tng loi hng ho, cc thng tin thi gian xut, thng
tin ca hng sn xut hng...
Qun l thng tin ca cc phin giao dch thc hin nh n hng, tn, a ch
khch hng, ni giao nhn, thi gian t hng, thi gian xut hng,...
Qun l thng tin ca cc phin giao dch ang thc hin phc v vic theo di v
tnh hnh cc phin giao dch ang c thc hin nh s tin m khch hng tr
trc, s lng hng ho giao nhn, thi gian d kin kt thc giao dch, c
nh gi tin thc hin...
Qun l gi c kinh doanh: qun l cc thng tin v gi bn ra ca tng loi hng
ho theo thi gian.
Xy dng chc nng qun l khch hng.
Xy dng trang Web gii thiu, qung co cc loi sn phm hng ha, a cc
m t chi tit v cc thuc tnh ca cc model ca tng loi hng ho, gi c tnh
theo loi tin m khch hng la chn.
Tm kim hng ho theo mt hoc nhiu m t thuc tnh hng ho nh tn hng,
tn hng sn xut, gi c... Lit k hin th kt qu tm kim.

76

To lp gi mua hng: chc nng cho php khch hng chn v qun l cc hng
m khch chn.
To lp ho n t hng: to ho n t hng, tnh gi thnh ca n hng.
Cho php khch hng theo di qu trnh thc hin n hng.
Thanh ton v giao hng:
Thanh ton trc tip hoc kt hp vi Ngn hng thanh ton qua ngn hng.
Phng thc giao hng: tu thuc iu kin c th m thng bo giao hng ti
nh hay ti tng ca hng.
C kh nng lin kt ti cc Web site ring ca doanh nghip.
Thc hin cc dch v khch hng: Dch v hng dn khch hng mua bn cc
sn phm hng ho; dch v khuyn mi hng ho; dch v gii thiu, qung co
cc loi hng ho mi; dch v tr li cu hi v ly kin gp ca khch hng;
H thng tr gip dch v bo hnh, bo tr sn phm.
4.3.3. Cc cng c pht trin h thng
My ch: Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server SP4.
Web Server: IIS 6.
Database: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition SP3.
Cng c pht trin: Microsfot Visual Studio.NET 2003

77

4.3.4. Quy trnh thc hin giao dch ca h thng

Hnh 4.3 Quy trnh thc hin giao dch ca h thng

Hnh 4.3 l quy trnh thc hin giao dch ca h thng. Cc cng vic thc hin trong
tng giai on:
Tm kim: thc hin cc cng vic lit k, tm kim, la chn hng.
Gi hng: cung cp cc thng tin v hng; ly thng tin v s lng hng;
tnh gi s b cho cc mt hng c trong gi hng.
t hng: hi cc thng tin v hng; hi thng tin a im, thi gian giao
hng; xc nhn thng tin v s lng hng; tnh gi ton b dn hng.
Kim tra kh nng thanh ton: kim tra kh nng thanh ton ca khch hng
thng qua ti khon ca khch hng ti ngn hng hoc th tn dng.
Phn chia n hng: tch n hng tng thnh cc n hng ring cho tng
siu th.
Kim tra thc hin n hng: kim tra kh nng cung cp hng ca tng siu
th.

78

Lin h vi khch hng: tha thun thi gian, a im giao hng; tha thun
phng thc thanh ton.
Thc hin n hng: xc nhn cc giao dch; xc nhn vic hon tt n
hng; cp nht n hng.
4.3.5. Ci t h thng
H thng c thit k theo m hnh khch/ch trn Internet (hnh 5) theo cng ngh
ca Microsoft [Ramesh Chandak, Purshottam Chandak, 1998]. My trm cung cp
dch v duyt web, trnh by gii thiu sn phm, giao dch vi khch hng. My ch
Trung tm c nhim v: qun l cc CSDL: cng ty, hng ho, khch hng, giao
dch,...; cung cp cc dch v internet, dch v qung b thng tin, tm kim thng tin,
giao dch vi khch hng v doanh nghip. My ch ti siu th c chc nng cung cp
thng tin; nhn v x l cc thng tin (n hng, yu cu cp nht d liu,...) do my
ch trung tm gi ti; cung cp, tr li cc yu cu cho my ch Trung tm.

My khch

Trung tm
Cc yu cu

Trnh duyt
Web

Trang
HTML
kt qu

Siu th
n hng

Dch v
Web

Trnh
TMT 1

Xc nhn
n hng,
yu cu
cp nht
hng, ...

CSDL
TMT

4.4. M hnh thit k ci t h thng

Dch v
Web

Trnh
TMT 2

CSDL hng
ca siu th

79

Trnh duyt Web trn my khch c b xung mt s tnh nng kim tra,
trnh din sn phm nh ActiveX, Flash, ...
C s d liu thng mi in t cha thng tin v cc cng ty v cc mt hng,
thng tin khch hng, thng tin giao dch,... c xy dng trn h qun tr c
s d liu SQL Server.
C s d liu hng ca siu th lu tr thng tin v hng ha ca siu th c
xy dng trn h qun tr c s d liu SQL Server hay Access.
Trnh thng mi in t 1 trn my ch Trung tm bao gm nhiu mun
chng trnh c nhim v chnh:
o X l yu cu tm kim thng tin, chn hng, t mua hng,... ca khch
hng v xy dng cc HTML trang kt qu.
o Xy dng n hng.
o Gi n hng v cc siu th tng ng.
o Tip nhn v x l thng tin t cc siu th.
o Qun l khch hng.
o Qun l giao dch,...
Trnh thng mi in t 2 trn my ch ca siu th bao gm nhiu mun
chng trnh c nhim v chnh:
o Tip nhn n hng.
o X l n hng.
o Gi yu cu cp nht hng ho cho Trung tm.
Cc trnh thng mi in t c xy dng bng ASP.NET, ADO.NET, kt
hp vi lp trnh m rng dch v Web ca Microsoft. Vi vic la chn trn
gip cho vic m rng hay tch hp vi cc mi trng CSDL khc c thun
li.

80

4.4. Gii php tch hp cc h thng khc

4.4.1. H thng qun l v cp pht chng ch s (CA)
CA l mt tp tin in t dng trong cc giao dich trn mi trng mng hoc Internet
chng thc cc i tng s dng, m bo an ton v bo mt thng tin, cung cp
bng chng php l nu xy ra tranh chp.
Hin ti c ba loi chng ch s:
Chng ch s cho c nhn
Chng ch s cho my ch (server)
Chng ch s cho nh pht trin phn mm
Trong ti liu ny chng ti ch nu h thng chng ch s cho my ch. H thng CA
ny nhm bo mt cho Website:
m bo vi khch hng khi tham gia h thng v tnh xc thc v tnh hp
php ca Website
Cho php trao i thng tin an ton v bo mt gia Website vi nhng khch
hng, nhn vin v i tc thng qua giao thc SSL (giao thc truyn tin c bo
mt)
H thng ny c xy dng da trn cng ngh PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) - mt
trong nhng cng ngh an ton bo mt quan trng nht hin nay, c dng lm nn
tng cho nhiu cc ng dng trn mng, CA trnh c cc nguy c mt an ton thng
tin thng xy ra trong cc giao dch quan trng trn cc h thng mng. Ngi s
dng c th hon ton yn tm v an ton nu bn ang giao dch vi mt ngi
hoc mt doanh nghip c cp chng ch s CA.

81

Ngi dng cui (end-user): gm nhng ngi thc hin cc giao dch qua Internet,
gi-nhn cc yu cu trao i, mua bn hng ha, thng tin c th trnh c cc nguy
c mt an ton thng tin trong qu trnh giao dch in t vi vic s dng chng ch
s CA.
4.4.2. H thng thanh ton trc tuyn (VASC Payment)

NCC gateway

VASC gateway

Database

Database
H thng ca NCC

VASC Payment

M hnh trao i gia 2 h thng Application Server

Hnh trn l m trao i thng tin gia VASC Payment v NCC. Qu trnh trao i ny
din ra thng xuyn. VASC Payment s nhn cc lnh thanh ton t NCC v cp nht
trang thi ca tng lnh thanh ton ho n ngay sau khi nhn c phn hi tr v t
ngn hng i tc.
Qu trnh trao i trn din ra c lp vi qu trnh trao i trn Web.
Cc hnh thc trao i: Bng Socket theo giao thc TCP/IP (tham kho phng n k
thut kt ni bng Socket TCP/IP)
Cc nghip v chnh bao gm:
Nhn lnh thanh ton ho n
o VASC Payment s nhn lnh thanh ton do NCC chuyn n. Lnh thanh
ton ny c xem nh mt y nhim chi bao gm: Thng tin ngi tr
tin; thng tin ti khon tr; thng tin ho n: s ho n, s tin; thng
tin v ngi nhn v ti khon nhn. Ngoi ra xc thc i tng

82

ngi gi v bo mt thng tin d liu ny c m ho bi kho ring

ca NCC.
o Lnh thanh ton ny s c VASC payment chuyn n NH tng ng
thc hin chuyn khon. Nu gi thnh cng, VASC Payment s
thng bo cho NCC.
Cp nht trng thi lnh thanh ton: Vi mi lnh thanh ton gi sang VASC
Payment s c gn mt trng thi ng vi tnh trng hin ti. Cc trng thi
gm c:
o A: Gi lnh thnh cng sang VASC Payment
o W: ang ch NH x l
o R: Lnh thanh ton khng thc hin c
o D: Lnh thanh ton c thc hin thnh cng.
VASC Payment thng xuyn cp nht cc trng thi lnh thanh ton cho nh
cung cp. Cn c trn trng thi ca lnh thanh ton NCC s tin hnh x l n hng.

83

4.5. Mt s giao din chnh ca h thng

Hnh 4.5 Trang ch ca h thng

84

Hnh 4.6 Trang ch ca mt siu th thnh vin

Hnh 4.6 Thng tin v mt chng loi sn phm

85

Hnh 4.7 H thng h tr a ng Vit - Anh

86

KT LUN
CSDL multimedia v cc vn khc c lin quan n n nh vic t chc, khai thc
ni dung thng tin vv.. v ang l nhng vn mang tnh thi s ca CNTT. Bn
lun vn ny cp c mt s vn mang tnh cht c s ca c s d liu a
phng tin nh cch thc v m hnh lu tr d liu, cch thc ch s ho cng nh
cc yu cu v cc vn cn c gii quyt i vi mt h thng qun tr c s d
liu a phng tin (MDBMS). Bn lun vn cng cp n vic xy dng mt h
thng bn hng qua mng, cc thnh phn v cc yu cu c bn ca mt h thng bn
hng qua mng lm c s cho vic tip tc ng dng cc cng ngh a phng tin cho
vic cung cp cc sn phm, dch v qua mng Internet.
Do s eo hp v thi gian cng nh hn ch v ti liu cng nh s thiu thn v cc
thit b multimedia hin c ti Vit nam nn bn lun vn cha th i su vo vic
trin khai mt m hnh kh thi p dng cc k thut v multimedia nh mong mun.
Tuy nhin sau bn lun vn ny, cc hng nghin cu tip theo s c tc gi trin
khai tip tc:
Xy dng mt h thng qun tr ni dung multimedia (multimedia Content
management system) da trn chun MPEG-7 nhm phc v cho cc dch v v
truyn thanh, truyn hnh (video on demand).
Nghin cu mt s k thut trch rt ni dung t ng t d liu multimedia
ng dng cng ngh 3D trong vic bn hng qua mng.

87

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Anh
[1].

Adjeroh D., Nwosu K.; "Multimedia Databases Management - Requirements

and Issues", IEEE Multimedia, July- September 1997.

[2].

Berra B., Nwosu K., Thuraisingham B.; "Multimedia Database Systems - A

New Frontier", IEEE Multimedia, July-September 1997.

[3].

Chen C.Y.R. , Design of a Multimedia Object- Oriented DBMS, Multimedia

Systems, Vol. 3, No. 5-6, 1995, pp. 217-227.

[4].

Flickner.M,

Sawhney.H,

Niblack.W,

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