Design of Selar Thermal Systems Moustafa M. Elsayed Mechanical Engineering Department, King Abdulazia University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Ibrahim. Taha Jaffar A, Sabbagh ‘Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Assuit University, Assiut, Egypt King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia B/2d42 621.47 Ve) Scientific Publishing Centre ‘King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 1540, Jeddah 21441 Saudi Arabia,Cuarrer 2 ‘Thermal Radiation 2.1 Introduction aves is called radiation. Radiation O° ad particle asitreturnsto. lower ene ‘cic, are different forms of r2dif- _qne transfer of energy by lestromagne ‘es from an energy source oF fFom an Tate Thermal radiation, X-rays, eles teas with, different frequencies and eraveles gehts of0.38.and 0.76 um, and Fy = veg solar radiation outside the atmosphere of Me urfacet isin the range Of0.3102 "Thermal radiation is carface ofa body a5 8 result of its tompers “The wavelength range of radiation ta body depends on its temperature, Bovis ier vemperature emit most a ae peng at shorter wavelength than bosies at ower temperature. 2.2 Radiation Properties ‘Radiation impinging on thesurface ofa body an 7 absorbed, reflected or trns= Mat int say, the total radiation Qis ¥en PY = 2,42,42 -n@ Qate the absorbed, the reflected. andthe Wet alr are the absorptance. the reflectance 292 and are defined as the fractions energy that are absorbed, refiec}ed or respectively. then ‘A body which absorbs a sonprivity that equals unity amountof ener) eds black body. It has ‘at thermal equilitDesig of Ser Perales -Boltzman constant which is equ emissive power E,_, (Wim? jum) is Max-Planck’ law, given as follows 22) } @3) A is the wavelength (iim), and 7'is the absolute temperature The value of ht and K are 6.6236 x 10" J -s and 13802 10" ly. The wavelength at which the monochromi sion power for a black body is maximum is computed by equating the det E,,, with respect to A to zero. The result is known as Wien’s displacement law which isgiven as Ago T= 2898 um. K 24) where Aq, is in an and Tis in K. The variation of E, (2.2) is shown in Fig. 2.1 for various values of 7. The total emissive power of a black body £, can be estimated from E, , as. W/m? pm) dpm Fic: 2.1 Variation ofthe monochromaticemisive power E, wavelength at various temperature, Thema! Rison s E,= SJ E,,di=or @5) In some instances, itis required to determine the thermal radiation percent ween tivo values of wavelength, as in the apf ing, and greenhouses. In such cases, the r aan 26) fom perfect radiators or black black body is called the fa surface to that y &, is defined as E/E, en ‘The emissive power ofa real surface is then Ee f By 28) _ The total emissivity of a real surface eis now defined as follows Se Ey es) mn of e, with the wavelength is shown in Fig, 2.2 for different surfaces. 1.0)Desig of Solar Thermal Sens constant over th emir range ofa wavelength and equalto eda ray surface, The emisive power ofa prey suas gh depends on the wave total directional em) 12) \c angle 8 for electrical conductors and nonconductors are figure, in the case: je ‘02 Gos 006 O08 010 Electric conductors ca conductors and norconductos 13) ‘Therma Ration ” ‘where a, is the monochromatic absorptivity and G, is the incident radiation on the surface per unit time, per unit area, and per unit wavelength. As a result of Kir- chhoff's law a, = ¢, and Eq (2.13) becomes LAG dn a= 21a) rau “The above equations lead to the following two results. Fist, for a gray surface itis, clear that @ = «, Second, a depends on both the temperature of source and the type of surface, * Example 2.1 ‘= 2m and4 ym fora black total emissive power of the body. Estimate the monochromatic emissive power body temperature of 10000K. Also, Solution Using Eqs. (2.2) and (2.3) gives . 3.74 x 108 (ay = 12 x10" win? Fa.2 = Sp pnasy x 10") @ x TOOo)) 1 NT 10" Wim’ «pm g, = ye = BH 10 We = a exp [1.499 % 10°F ( x 10000)] — sing the Stefan-Boltzman law gives By = aT! = 5.67 x 10% x (30000) = 5.67 x 108 Win? 2.3 Opaque and Non-Opaque MatePRETTIEST A 8 Design of alr Ther Stns YD Actual Reflection Uniform Diffuse Reflection Specular Reflection Fig. 24 Reflection of dition from surface mn absorbing surface must have ‘wave length range A < 2.5 jum. able prop- le are shown in Table 2.1. Most materials with high radiation are good emitter-absorber for rpose is glass. Glas vantage of glass sits high cost and ability o break. Plastic cov. aterialscan also be used. The transmittance of some transpa Fig. 2.5 against the wavelength, Comparing the eurves in lass is more opaque to infrared radiation than other transpa- Thema Rediation » ‘Taste 2.1 Normal enisvity of various sees, ‘Temperature range pre-solar | 250-550 | a0-107c stuminum: polished oxs-00 | 009-007 | a.0%s-n.08 xine 012-018 out snodized 042 098 ride 063-042 copper + polishes ons aos-ons | 096-003 rized 058-07 036 025-045 | 008-0145 0.06 09 08s o89 028 015 on 07 093 09 09 oa 095 on 096 ons 090 095 0.96 leon miro Fic, 25 Transmisiviy of seve parent materia 2.4 Selective Surfaces An opaque surface is called selective in solar energy applications ifitis a very bad reflector, i.e. a good abso‘ber, in the wavelength range of the solar spectram, and aETT 20 sien of lr Terma Sms lector, -¢. bad absorber and emitter ata longer wavelength as illustrated in . [see Murr 1980}. Selective surfaces have very important applications for 1ce ean be made a good absorber for radiation below A = 2.5 diation above this wavelength. Solar radiation has a spectrum below A = 2, while the spectrum for radiation from the re: Isat wavelengths above 2. at wavelengt {atively low temperature surfaces 10 Practical abort ick inum oxide fon copper os Heat profile 10 20 Wavelength» jim Reflectance Fo, 26 Monochromatic reflectance of anes and poctial selective surface. Single Material is obtained by using single materials such as heavily doped semiconduc- see Fig. 2.7. The figure shows the departure of material reflectance acteristic ofa selective surface. Suggested materials for future de~ fare hafanium carbide, tungsten, molybdenum trioxide, dieuropium \ioxide, and vanadium pentaoxide a 1.0) 08} 06} 0. Reflectance a2| a2 05 1 2 5 0 50 Wavelength (microns ) bat ofan ead meta and heavily Ro. 2.7 Reflectance ofan ideal selective absorber compared ‘doped semiconductor. b. Optical Traping socrohen cout by optical traping of energy by surface roughness whi Seley ar one enon of te sort nave, ee Fg 2-8 I te infrared regio is considerably larger than the spaces of the matrix wind the surface is considered smooth with poor absorption and emission proper Some of the developed surfaces are shown inthe following tabulation with the e tance given atthe sun temperature and at 26°C. sfc type Solar os 8 099 Agena There are two me 1p, and resonant seat we geometry, and select ‘comparison with2 rai of Solar Parma Stems Solar Radiation and a passive overcoat is necessar ‘conductor layers in use are cor * to form filters which absorb radiation of spe sare used. The fist one is polished metal strate covered by an opaque metal layer reflective of infrared. The second and fourth Jectric, and the third isa thin metallic layer. An example ofthis {a semi-transparent molybdenum layer sandwiched between lumninum oxide-of molybdenum substrate. Ultra ‘of metals of 20 10 30 A, fand semiconductors 100 10 500 A ean also be used to produce coating that have high ‘absorption of shortwave radiation and low emittance of infrared radi | | consi f, Heat Mirror for Coating collector covers oF photovoltaic cell ean be used, (ee for shortwave radiation and high reflec 9. Heat mirror coating can be semi yer semiconductors. Some of the suc- srl coating are tin doped indium oxide IN,O3 , flourine doped stannic oxide vranivm dioxide-silver TIO,/Ag multilayer films of silver silicon dioxide of 06 04 0.2 o2 05 «1 2 5 10 50 Wavelength (microns) 29 eae et ier wang oon “The limit of effecivenes ofa selective surface can be determined bythe apie rate following two equations The ist equation shows thatthe itl heat los eas tnesutace feat to the sum ofthe condsetion and convection plus the net fat exchange by the surface and the surroundings, Le. | = U(T-T) + €o (7-7) e Jined conduction and convection heat transfer coefficient, T is, he savrounding temperature mde isaneffectivecmis ou where Uis the2.5 Net Radiation Leaving a Gray Surface caving a black surface is estimated by the Stefan-Bolteman equa- 2.19) issvity and pis the reflectivity (p ~ 1 -a = 1 ~6). Substituting for gives. Jee = AU-T—*) = 2A = {4-9 n= 2.20) + emits in a diffuse manner. Also, where Ris the radiation resistance whichis given as follows 2.6. Intensity of Radiation Leaving a Gray Surface ni Teavinga gray surface is defined as the source and per ut aw. ‘Consider now the gray surfaces dA, and dA, where dA, isa part of ahemisphere erected above A, as shown in Fig. 2.10. The rate of radiation leaving dA, and reach- Fic. 2.10 Rdiaton leaving surface 4A, and reaching surtace intensity leaving surface dA, , according to ing dA,is is given by the following expression the definition’ Quays ay {Gay 605 8) - do (2.2) where dais the solid angle made by dA, at d4,. By definition the solid angle dais given'as follows “Lamberts law states that ifthe surface difese then the intensity of adationTeavingthesrfaceiscon- “Sant in the hemiaphercal space above the surface.sen of Soler Teel Sen (2.23) Quays day = 27 iy dA, sin 8 cos @ dO Integrating over the hemisphere, the rate of radiation leaving surface A, becomes Qin, = rida, * sin @cos 640 = dA, i, Since Oyq, = 1 dA, then the previous equation gives 2 224) Fora black surface, J, ~ By é jy — En qa 25) 2.7 Radiation Exchange between Gray Surfaces 2.7.1 Exchange between Two Surfaces Consider now the two gray surfaces A, and A, shown in Fig. 2. iat es Ay and A, shown in Fig. 2.11. The radiation leaving the clement dA, and reaching dA, is —— 7 Po. 2.11 Radiation exchange Hetwsen yo surtaces, ‘ema Raion Qurysany = fy (4A, 6088)» (de) aA, cos = i, (4A, 008 poet) 026) Using Eq (2.24), the rate of radiation leaving A, and reaching A, becomes Og LF hy eos, cond, day day ea ‘Similarly, the rate of radiation leaving A, and reaching A, becomes Ort Sf Ay eosd, - e090, dA; day (2.28) ao” Lets now define the shape factor F,_, between surface A, and A, as the fraction of energy leaving surface A, and reaching surface A, With this deBnition Eq (2.27) be- Qa A Pah ff Ay eos, cos, dA, day Similarly, we can write 1 Q.=hahreh SoS 008 0; - cos 8, dA, dA, Equations (2.29) and (2:30) lead tothe following AyFi2 = A:Fia= Sf hy cos0, e086; dA, day a4 exchanged between A, and A, is now given as follows: surface, is black, J is then replaced by Ey ‘0 give 0.9 ARs (En 2) Equation (2.31) can be peneralzed for surfaces A, and Ato give ARG OAR (2.29) (2.30) 31) (2.32) 33% Design of Slr Thal Stone ‘The previous equation is known as the reciprocity relationship. Equation (2.32) can also be rewritten in the following form 2.35) mn exchanged between any two surfaces values ofthese four unknowns are to be de- 238) = 2.37) Ba 7 Ad Aah AB oh AVF sy (2.38) = Ady AVF a ~ Ap Fy hy ~ Ay Faia de = A Focal 039) By the detersin Jh,,and Jy sthe net adatom exchanged between any two surfac Eq neers have been computed and tabulated in many heat transfer text s00ks, see for example, Kreith and Black (1980), Mackey etal, (1943), Howel 1969), and Adams and Roge ‘Values of the shape factors for some of ns are shown in Table 2.2. In addition, several important relations can help in the determination ofthe shape factor. One ofthese isthe reciprocity relationship given by Eq. (2.34). Another rela- Treat Rein Fro, 2.2 quia sion is that for an n-surface enclosure. This i given as, Some special cases of sider a two gray surface enclosure faces is estimated from the equivalent Oi" =e re aA Ite donsier vow two Ae AA and Eq (2:41) becomes Bhs lect rei for foor sueaceenelosure ee (2.40) ns are discussed here. Cont yged between the two sus! at)De ft Ta Spee era aon m a, = Aer Gmat a 242) A, = inner surface of outer eylinder ate er tinder 2 of annulus at end of cylinders tangle with an edge common to A, angle perpendicular to rectangle Ay tan Lj tant” L= ? + 2)" tan! é a ' ee +€+) 3 a+e+e ih +H OMe w A = finite rectangle parallel to A, ‘A, = finite rectangle identical to A, and directly opposed to Ay ge kere E(t)" tan = ‘ (aan) aA eet T Lasugf Seer Ter Sens = tan! §— 9 tan a} im Fa=(+hyr—t Ota infinite plate infinite plate Laven A, = disk of radius, parallel to disk 4, A, = diskof radi» dretly opposed to A, separated by distanced a= ame Fg 05 b-Gi-4 "| cose VI |A\ = portion ofthe infinite inde paral to cinder A, andseen by A, ‘A, = portion of the infinite cylinder ical to cylinder A, and seen by A, the case of a horizontal surfacé facing large surface A, isa black body, ie. €= ‘hema Releon 2 radiation is received by the concentrator. Neglect the heat transfer by convection radiation ron, Assume the sky temperarre (in K) tobe given by the relation Ty = 0.0859 T° where Tis the ambient temperature in K. Solution "Assuming the glass cover tobe non-transparent fr long wavelengths, then ican be treated asa gray surface. Asshown in the figure below, the total radiation thermal resistance is given as follows Dyn = Ory = HRM Te) But Tyy = 0.0559 (30 + 273)'* = 294.8 K T, = 300+ 273 = STK Boa = Bacay © SELSAT csr - 294s) = 1651Wie!* Design of Solar Thermal Sysierns But aA Do ay = Sig, TA Tay) = eyo (TS ~ rer, + om Aeo = (2948)! + — 1S 1? 1X 0.6 x 5.67 x 10" Ty = 486.6 K = 233.6C 2.8 Absorption and Emission of Radiation ‘of CO, and H,O with the wavelength is shown in Fig, 2.13 Monochromatic absorptivity, cx, Tey) ° 5 10 15 20 Apm ic. 2.11 Monochronaicahsorpon chef shsoepton coffin for HO and CO, a various wavelengths 25 ‘Themal Raion 38 ‘To estimate the transmissivity ofa gas layer of thickness L, let us assume that the rate of decrease in the monochromatic radiation intensity di, is proportional to the fact ofthe thickness of the layer dy, and the monochromatic radiation intensity am) wnochromatie absorption coefficient of the gas. Integrating Eq thickness L gives {should be noted that the absorption and emission ina layer also depend on the| sure and shape of the container. Also, in the case of two or more gases, if there lap ats certain wavelength band, the total abso:ption and emission are not added. 219 Radiation Exchange between Two Gray Surfaces ‘Through Absorbing and Transmitting Medioms 2.9.1 One Absorbing and Transmitting Medium Consider the two parallel infinite gry surfaces of areas A, and A, as shown in Fig 258) A transparenvabsorbing mecium 5 of area A, exists between the two faoee, Assume thatthe medium s is non-reflecting, Le atnregtyel 2.46) “The net radiation exchanged between A, and Ais then given as follows Dy = VA Fin 4) “a 7 4 es where Eq (2.46) is used. A radiation balance on medium s gives I= 6B 24) Since the medium is non-eflectng, the net radiation exchanged between A, and Ay is then given as follows B,._; = radiation leaving A, and reaching Ay ~ radiation leaving A, and absorbed by A, = AF ade7 AF %Consider now two non-reflecting absorbing-transmitting mediums. andy between tion exchanged between A, and A, through He 1 “ea ERS Fe Fo. 2.14 Radition exchan 7 14 Rac 1 between two gray surfaces through one transparent abrbing medi, Using Eq (2.48) and since a, = ¢, , the previous equation becomes Dear = A Fis Ba A Fie ey yas hough wo wana boring mee esb Fic. 215 Radiation exchange between 0 £8 Ey — J, (2.49) ion ecge bwin een ts Lente oe ooh (2.528) (2.50) Equation (2.51) therefore becomes 3nd (2.50) the equivalent electri circuit can be constructedDesig of oer Thema! yes i - ) 4) (1-6) 2.53) transmitting medium, the net radiation ex- (2.54) 7 2.55) ‘exchanged between A, and mediums y and sis given as fol Ba h) ey (2.36) (Ey- 4) 6-8) esr) exchanged between mecdiums s and yis estimated as follows saving A, and absorbed by A, (2.58) ircuit can be constructed as showa ve power of ablack body, Wim? - um lack body, Wim? 1 plates 1 and 2, having em! | ae 2a he in ose Booed horizontal plane. The absorber plate "The glass cover has an emissivity OF sy the ambient temperature is 25°C. cite radiation transfer from the absorber plate tothe glass cover. | The net radiation transfer from the glass cover tothe surroundings. Neglect the transmissivity of the glass cover for long-vave radiation 23 Eetimate the percentage change in the heat exchanged by radiation betwee eae el plates of emissivities 0.8 and 0.9 when they are separated by 8 ‘nd blte wath emissivity foc both sides equalto0.8,0.1, 010.05. Neglect convection fand conduction transfer for the third plate, | "24 A pipe of outer diameter of 1,00 cm anc length of 1 mis installed concent cally nsdea pipe ofthe same length and oftane diameter 1.Sem. Theinnr sae cake outer pipe (surface 1) has an emissivity of 0.1, while the outer surace ofthe fof 0.9. The annular space between the 14 jon exchanged between surfaces 1 sand 300°C, respectively. °25 Estimate the net rate of radiation transmitted per unit area between two paral: tel infinite plates of emissivitese, = 0.9 and ¢, = 0.1 and of constant temperatures” wea and T, 40°C. The ow plates are separated by an absorbing transmits Ton rchceting late of emissivity e,~ 0.1. Also, estimate the temperature 7, of the man Tatting eneet neglecting heat transfer by convection and conduction, | “2.6 Two identical pipeseach of 3 em outside diameter and ofinfinite length cated parallel to each other and at a distance H between the cent pipes. One pipe cartes hot uid, while the other Piper temperatures ofthe hot and cold pipes tobe 90 and °C, respectively, estimpte the net radiation! ed (per unit length) from the hot pipe to the col pipe foF ='10 and 20m. Assume thatthe two pipes are black bodies. 2:7 A non-reflecting transmitting medium separates two infinite, parallel qar- aces, One ofthe two surfaces x gray surface and the other isa bla i sivity ofthe gray surface is 0.1, while that of the transmi Steadly state conditions estimate the temperature of the fray surface is maintained at 500°C and the black surface is maintained at 30°C aay sihet no heat is added or rejected from the transmitting medium other thap by radiationeign of Sola Thermal yes are loceted ina very large room, the which are maintained at27°C. The plates exchange heat with each other and room, but only the plate surfaces facing each other are to be considered analysis. Find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Aboukhashaba, A. Saag, J snd EES Bul. 3. aerials Science, Academic Press, NY, ‘ompact Table of Black-body Raciation Functions, Am. Me ‘Selective Surfaces an Th Cuarrer 3 Solar Radiation 3.1 Introduction ‘the rays during their passage throug wing angles are defined : setween the solar ray and between the solar ray and: the ray on a horizontal plane (plane tangent to the earth surface), Le. a= idence angle, the angle between the normal the surface and the he angle inthe equatorial plane between the projections ‘certain time and that ing positive (e.g. a= 1S°at and @ = ~30° at 10:00 AM solar time). solar azimuth angle, the angle between north and the horizontal projec- tion of the solar ray, measured clockwise before solar noon and counter clockwise after solar noon. Atsolarnoon, A= mif5<,A =0i8> 6,esos or 1 95 peo 3 Dec 31, meses (Collares-Pereira and Rabl, 8 = BA45sinB where Bh ome ne Jolin :ee Soler Reston 6 “ eso of Stor Tema Ses 1 B= By + 0.087 sin By + 1.872 cos By = tT, @n) = 0.0182 sin (2B,) + 0.00831 c0s (2B) 2a) Ik should be noted that the solar angles are specified in the solar time. The solar n+ 284 time ris calculated by adding to the standard civil ‘2 correction forthe difer- By = 30 56524) 2B) are between the actual longitude L and the longitude at which the standard time is Set, L,, plusa factor. This factor is known asthe equation of time E.O-T. tnd tls {Squall the difference between the apparent solar time and the mean ster time (fable 3.1). Therefore, . “Tague 31 Equation oftime for hour Greenwich vi ime (US Naval Observatory 188) and both B and By ate in degrees. “The hour angle w is caleulated from the following expression 360 on ue ) = 15 (6-12) 63) me Leon] ime measured from midnight (at solar noon f= 12). The solar al~ a : sept 1 0 stmined from the following mathematical relation sina = sin 5 sin @ + cos 8 cos. cos» 4) Fora surface of slope s with surface azimuth angle y, the solar incidence angle is de- termined from the following expression Art cos 8 = (cos s sing - sin s.cos cos y) sin 5 2 + (e085 cos & + sin sin. €0s 9) cos 8 cosw solar time = standard civil time + B.0.T. #8" (Ly E) + 08 sins sin y sin w es te ‘Tre slczenihangle is determined rom he pres cxpreson whee = a8 per + E07. #4 (L,-L) e. s=0, thus - “ where the last term in the correction is in minutes (4 minutesidegres) ands taken a4 05 0, = sin g sin 8 + cos 60s B 005 @ 66) ese inthe western hemisphere. Figure 3.4 also shows a plot forthe variation o hich isthe same expression as that given by Eq (3.4) where a = 90-8, ‘The solar 5 azimuth angle is determined from the following expression gs el «lal El 2 nA = pata en ae ye ale [Atsunst 0 90 and thus Eq .6) ves a: a] el BAKE sin $ sin 8 + cos 6 c0s 8 cos w,, = 0 Eos zl 2/3 were, she hour angle at sunset. Thus, gen 8 follows ae yaya wo, = cos {~ tan g tan 8} 68) ‘sl 4 a) el 3) “The number of hours of day time 7, then becomes 20 — ct i” a ‘; cy 20 cad ty = 2 «= Koos! {- tang sand} 69) olen day, 9 Als, the jm and the solar sunset ime are then given a follows pro.34 Vato of equation of ne within ay. the E.0.T., minutes, may be calealated from E.O.T. with the day of the year. the following expression Sele - Sy G.10)“6 Desig of Sole Thermal ters E.0.T. = 9.87 sin 2B — 7.53 cos B ~ 1.5 sin B (3.13) where p= 20 (n= 81 Gay x and n is the day of the year (Julian day). Example 3.1 Caleulate the following for Jeddah city (= 21.5° north) at9:30 AM solar time on <4. solar azimuth angle. Solution na + B+ 9= 68 8 = 23.45 sin [30 (284 + 68)] = - 5.2" S @ = 155-12) sin a = sin (~5.2) sin (21.5) + eos (~ 5.2) cos (21.5) 0s (~ 37.5) = 0.7019 a = 44.6" = solar altitude angle 6, = 90 ~ @ = 45.4" = solar zenith angle = 5 y= 4s <3 cos @ = | cos (30) (21.8) ~ sin (30) 0s (21.5) cos (~45) } sin (5.2) + [608 (30) c0s (21.5) + sin (21.5) sin (30) cos (~ 45) Jeos (5.2) cos (37.5) + 00s (- 5.2) sin (30) sin ( 45) sin (37.5) 605 @ = 0.00147 + 0.739 + 0.2143 = 0.9548 ie 6 = 17.29 = solarincidence angle tan 4 = —__=sinlo|___ Sind 605 w ~ cos @ tan 7 =sin|—375 Sin BI.3) 537.5) — eos CLS) tan SD) ~~ NL A = 121.67 east of north = solar azimuth angle ‘Example 3.2 Calculate the following for Jeddah city ( = 21.5 north) on June 21: a. solar zenith angle at 2:24" PM civil time b. solar azimuth angle at 2:24 PM civi cc. sunrise and sunset times (in standard civil time). Solution Civil time = ff = 1428" For Jeddah L = 39.5° cast Lig = AS? east From Table (3.1), E.O-T. = =1':25" w= 15x (497 19) = 30146 pas + 2431 +304 N+ AIM 8 = 2345 sin (38 es + 1] = mas cos, = snd sin + co cn con = sin 1.3) sin 3.45) + cos 1.5) 82345 8 00.146 = osss = 2187 = slash age sino tan A = Sp cos w - cond tan B (30.1 - Sin @15) cos (0.146) ~ cos (B15) tan AS) ~ *79S A = 80.2° west of north = solar azimuth angle 2 1, = & cos" { ~ tang tand } tan A= = Z cost {tan Q1.S) tan (3.45)} = 1331 br ge w-Lx a= sa¢= sia 2f= 12+ px 131 = 18239" 8 =, BOT +4 (1, = 5:20:24 + and L) + 4° (45.39.5) = 5:43: 49" 4, = 18:39:18" + Ls 25" + 4° (45-39.5) = 19: 02: 4s" Example 3.3 Determine the critical for the following &: ide after which the day light hours continue for 24hours a. Jans B. May 25 © Nov Station =2 1 = Beas [tan tan8 ] 5x24 tan = ~ cos - (B44) -1 1 ian 3) mJ 13 Janis 1s | -a2 Mayas | 143 |” 2092 Novi | 30s | ~i536 3.3 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation pnts average extaerental solar adation eeivedby the earth outset atmos. 's called the solar constant G,. T sum leads to variation of about = 5% in mosphere. About 99% of ther 0.15 and 4 um, Approximate ‘Sot Ration * 0.35 ym), 4 nin the isle spectra (0.35 < 1< 0.75pm) and 46% Bi : ie 9. 3.5. The fi-) Fase Eo ee capenturect neve Teed teoperatae ofthe sun, ssoming that its from the Stefan Boltzan aw as fllows | oT AGA, 6 4 where isthe aveaof the sus surface, Gs the solar constant, and Ayisthe Sper ae isag the sun at the meandstance between the sun and the arth Fret pe pelos equation te effective temperatore willbe Z,,= 5163.7 K mnapiance W/m? pm ho. 35 Btn a spectra irae ‘The soar irradiance Gis now defined a the instantaneous radiation received bya surface per unt area ofthe surface per unittime. The extraterrestrial solar irradi ‘aries with the distance between the sun and the earth, In a normal surface fain the direction ofthe solar radiation, the value ofthe normal extraterrestrial sola i radiance G,, is then given by the expression Ba 6. (4 + 0.088 ene 3502 16 Ge (1 + 0.033 cos 32) oo0 Deg of Ser Thermal Syme ‘where nisthe Julian day. The extraterrestrial solariadiance on ahorizontal surface 4G, thus becomes G, = G,, £080, = G,, (1 + 0.033 os 322 ) cos 8, @.17) where 8, is the solar zenith angle. Substituting for the expression of cos 9, from Eq 3.6) then gives, . jn = Gy (1+ 0033 cos 3S ) (sin sind + cos. cos cos.w) (3.18) ‘extraterrestrial radiation received by a horizontal surface , is thus given R= f Ga (1 + 0.033 cos 9" ) (sin sin 8 + cos 6 cos 5 cos) dt 3.19) are the solar time at the starting and ending of the hour period. In corresponding hour angles a, and a, the expression for I, then becomes x60 1, =BOEIDO FG _(1 + 0.033 cos OB) (sin sin 5 + cos 6 008508.) do = 12x 3600 360m y gm = 2X 8000 6. (1 + 0.033 cos 3602) {5% (wen) sin sind + c05 6 cos 8 (sino ~ sin 0, )} 6.20) where «, and ware given in degrees. The! ly extraterrestrial radiation received by a horizontal surface, H,, is estimated as fl f Godt 21) ate the sunrise and sunset solar times, respectively of the solar sunset hour angle «,, and substituting by the expression for Gy the expression for, becomes ey tieexpresion =» 180x360 “ fn = 2x MOXREO TG (1 + 00m ow) (snd sins + cas 6 cos 8 cos w): duo 2) _ 24x 3600 H, 380 G1 + 0.035 cos SEE) (Tap sing sin 8 + cos @ cos 6 sin w,,) 23) where m, isin degrees. ation by ‘summer and a partial reduction in insolation in winter. Example3.4 Calculate the daily solar 1 sence of atmosphere on Jun« anaes ‘Solution | From Example 3.2 we have n= 12, Ty= 133i hr , p= 215° north oy 2x 13x 15 = 98ae , 8 = BAS ‘Ten, using Eq (2.25 eves 7 360 9.) } [TE sing sin i, = AAD G,, [1 + 0.083 008 (365 D1 Fgg sine sind + cos g cos 8 sin w,, | 2X 99.83 gin (21,5) A220 y353 [1 + 0.088 eos (3E8 * 17 $30 sin (23.45) + cos (21.5) cos (23.45) sin (99.83)] = 3.6 x 107 [0.254 + 0.841] = 39.42 3.4 Depletion of Solar Radiation Solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface after itis partially absorbed and tered in the atmosphere [Kondratyev 1969, Thekackara 1974)2 Design of Solar Themal yen Inetiozted 7, Long wave emission From earth surtece Fi. 3.6 Attenuation of beam 1g phenomenon, the radiation is absorbed by causes the molecules ‘ons, but at the same waveleng ing coetficie ules ofthe dry air vibrate and to emit the radi This is known as Raleigh sc mal to A~, short wave radiation is n. For aerosols with particles larger than the air pour molecules, scattering does not folow this rule, and for sufficiently tering. The blue colour of the sky is attributed to the scattering of solar rays atthe blue-and violet end of the spec- ‘rum as they make their way through the atmosphere. When the atmosphere con- tins large numberof imps fuse reflection oceursin addition to scattering, ‘making the colour of the sky more whitish. The red colour of the sunset is attributed to the depletion of short wave light near the violet end of the spect ing, the atmosphere can be calculated from the @.24), is the ing. The value of 7, iscaleulated from 3.25) the solar ray is ig. 3.7, then Eq (3.25) becomes 3.26) inclined by an angle 0, to the zeni es, y= te = where m i the optical path and is equal to m sec 8, Defining the relative airmass, =a G27 then the relation between Eas (3.25) and (3.26) is that =¢ G28) Zenith Top of ‘atmosphere | Bottomot ‘atmos phere iy, | Fhe. 37 Tension sr ean he amore _A similar transmissivity fr setering can be defined as follows mt fair at wavelength d, N e under stanto Desi Slr hart ens the height of the homogeneous atmosphere. Using Eq (3.24, the mono- ic transmissivity then becomes Gr = Gad Gad = GI 3.32) issvity is, therefore, given as follows (3.33) For further jon are available inthe i Beckman (1974), ‘b¥o components is called the total or ates approximately the reflection and absorp. less sky. The figure mosphere. This 17% i of reflected to incident radiation on a tha refi ‘ofthe earth atmosphere system increases, ‘ ive material such as, the amount of radi- 3.5 Estimation of Solar Radiation Received by a Horizontal Surface fadiation moves through the atmosphere, itis scattered, reflected, and as deseribed in the previous section. Direct solar radiation can be esti- ition after accounting for atmospheric transmit. lance. Several empirical formulas for the ind Page 1978), These factors of solar radiation’ duration ir angles such as the solar angle of \dcover rial formulas used.to estimate the average total solar radiation 3.24). Ech of these formulas utilizes one or more of the above ‘Solr Radon s ily solr ration ona horizontal plane. yo _| _Baaton eee 1 | ease + use VEST Meson 96 1, Acero Poet 2 | #-Rceree 3 | gemaxG Swarnan966 4 | He KasosTya-02 Resgio7t 238 i ng: 5 | = 1s Kew (FG GS-7 Te sabbagh 5 “Tae 3.28 Values ot erento tr samen yg poz 3 4 soo oo mB | od Wy 128 138 154 177 205 250 248 DAT 236 1 Lak LT Gout 9 146 127 205 235 205 205 240 257 2M 156 160 Ld wy to) ist_200 257 225 226 24 20 200 1g Le Lo [sity 4 10 ist 200 27 295 226 228 29 ay) Ik ty ‘The notations for Table (3.2A) are as follows ues depend on the location jon onahorizontal surface, van ibe Tle Oe ny iy vy ené} Mn? eee snd stations, coastal stations, and hilly stations, respectively j = 1,2,3,... 12for January to December; values of are given Table (3.28).% Design of Soler Example 3.5 . and (5) of Table (3.2) to predict the January-average received by a horizontal surface at Jeddah. Consider the H = 2512 + 1.57 VPPF S2aT, = 2512 + 157 VOXOF SIRT = 20.31 Mim? Third equation in Table (3.2A) Sy « (aay? = 2145 Mim" tion in Tal (32a) A= K(1 +087) @-o2syR '3.2B) as 1.46 (coastal). The coefficient Kis 9 ) + 1.46 00s 21.5} = 5.89 M3/m? FT = 5.89 (1 + 0.8 x 0.85) (1 — 0.2 x 0.03)/0.60 = 16.39 Mi/m? Fifth equation in Table (3.2A) wax x2 = 153» 589 exp( 2221S (2 lear now that the estimated value H for January varies between 11.7202. ‘Mim? depending on which correlation is used. Each correlation depends ont mate and location where it is developed. 7 oo ing sbsestons,mmel modes ate gent pred inte fs de a vento pedi th at a taationeavedbyahotuonalsre tte cartawstee fiat een sky models ae presented. Second, models for conditions that deviate from clear sky models are given. Inthe presentation of these models, the following notation is used ‘The subscripts b and d refer to beam and diffuse ra neither b or dis used, the quantity wil refer to global r rand frefet to normal surface to direct radiation and surface tilted to th ‘vith slope 4, respectively, A horizontal surface has no subscripts. In addi subscript o refers to extraterrestrial radiation. 3.5.1 Clear Sky Models 3.5.1.1 ASHRAE Model (clear sky) ‘The solar irradiance received by a horizontal surface G is modeled by the AS: HRAE (1981) as follows | G = Gy, 008 0, + Gy 34) where G,, and G, are the direct normal beam and diffuse irradiance, respectively mated from the following expressions G,=CG,, 6.36) where A is the apparent solar irradiance at air mass zero, B isthe atmosphere extine: tion c0¢ ‘The values of A, B and Cvary with seasons, and the atmospheric cor ‘constants at clear sky conditions for the 21st day of each month (ASHRAE 198! “Tanue 33 Values of the constants A, Band C [om | A. tan 21 Feb cc May In Jal Ave Sep os Nov Dee 21ad Design of Seer Thermal Sere Example 3.6 Use the ASHRAE model for clear sky to estimate the hourly global (total) radia- tion received by a horizontal surface located at Jeddah (¢ = 21.5°N, L = 39.5") for the 21st of June. Solution = 15N n= 314% +4344 MID From Example 3.2 we have B= 2345", 1, = S34hour , 4, = 18.66hour From Table (3.3), we get A = 1088 Win? , B = 0.205 , C = 0.134 ‘The hourly global radiation on a horizontal surface is calculated from the following equation G = {Aexp (-Bleos 6,) } { cos 0, + C} ‘where 0 isthe solar zenith angle calculated from Eq, (3.6). The value of Gis caleu- lated for various ivl times where the relation between the civil and solar time is Biven by he following expression (see Example 3.2) pers 039 ‘The hourly radiation is then estimated from the relation T= Gx 3600 ‘where Gis the iradiance atthe midpoint ofthe hour under consideration ‘The computer program “ASHRAE", which employs the ASHRAE model to est ‘mate the global irradiance G and the hourly radiation GH received by a horizont surface at Jeddah for any day, is given below. The results of the program for June 21st are also given, 3.5.1.2 Hottel Model Another model for iggested by Hottel (1976). Unlike the ASHRAE, model, which gi ‘mode! is capable of. lowing expression to estimate the direct bes ag a7 wtae where G, is the ext zenith angle, and ap, a) v) ture, ) Excluding the effect of the ‘values of the constants 03,4 the altitude of the location, A, in km above sea level the clarity of the sky, or vis content, CO, comtent, dust content, ...eiC. ‘the climate type of the location under consideration. ind A” which are expressed as follows PROGRAM ASHRAE SHARE HOCEL FOR CLEAR SKY RontzenTaL SURFACE OPEN (2sFILE = 'OUTI™ STATUSS' NEW"? soroets SONA or ne rata EOE caer CER CRS Ne Ee Ee BU REIS Bou monarion aren Eien ee Ig Feh hn se ne ove os 10 sa Wy of the sky, whieh in turn depends on the mois- fate type, Hottel found that gp, ay, and k take the oes. b Warte 2920 Te. Te THETAT,G-aH ve wean wean pls.2,a4 69.2.3 7-2,380FB.2) Sha+ 25 kom visibility haze model EF asta + noms (6s ae I HK = 02711 + 0.01858 (2.5 - Aye 638) 5 km visibility haze model a = 0.2538 - 0.0063 (6 - A? a) = 0.7678 + 0.0010 (6.5 - A? K = 0289 + 0.081 (25-4) oe he alte above sea evel ink and with A = 2.56 km, Hotel divided four classes to account for the climate type, and the relations bet are shown in Table (3.4) . “Tame 3.4 Relation between constants ay 2, an ivenby Hotel (1978), : ale, imaterype aim | sem | av foe sity | wisitey 095 092 098 1 095 0.96 099) im 09 098 099 to as 108 Lor too Solu Raion a Example 3.7 Calculate the clear sky direct (beam) solar irradiance received by @ horizontal sur- face located at Jeddah at 1:30 PM solar time on the 21st of June using a) ASHRAE model i) Hote model. Sottion From Example36 peasy, bende, nai 4 cites Wine | B= 00s | C= 01M then at¢= 1:30 PM we have @ = 15x (3512 = 2S" c08 6, = sin 21.5). sin (23.45) + cos (21.5). 008 (23.45) €08 (22.5) 6, = 2086 Using Eqs @.34) and (3.35) gives G, = A.exp (-Bloos 6). 008 0, . = 1088 exp (-0.205icos 20.86. (cos 20,86) = 816 Win? [Now using Hottel's model and considering Jeddah tobe atsealevel, ie. A =0,then «a, = 0.4237 ~ 0,00821(6)? = 0.12814 a; = 0.5055 + 0.00595(6.5) = 0.75689 K = 0.2711 + 0.018582.5)° = 0.38723 “Assuming Jeddah climate to be lose to the tropical type climate, then using Ta G44) gives a, = 0.95 x 0.12814 = 0.1237 a, = 0.98 x 0.75689 = 0.74175 k= 1.02 x 0.38723 = 0.39497 Using Eq @.37) gives Gb = (0.107 + 0.74178 exp (-0.39491160820.86)) = 0.6078 ‘The extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface is estimated from Eq (3.17) 3s follows (Gg 1959 (1 + 0.088 cos (22 jx con (2086) = 1223 Wi? Gy = 3223 x 0.6078 = 743 Wim?« Desig of Solar Thermal yen 43.5.2 Models Dependant on Local Solar Measurements dels were given to estimate solar the location. Experimental verification by y-average daily solar radiation (total, beam, or diffuse) on a horizon surface ata given location based on a smi ‘of solar measurements made ‘at that location. Some of these models are presented in the following section. 3.5.2. Hourly Radiation (A) Using Measurements of Daily.Solar Radiation. Smietana etal. (1984) showed lobal irradiance may be represented by a sine curve of the following form = sin (7 G=G6, ( Tr ) (3.40) sehere Gite global irradiance at solar noon, Ts the day lengthin hous, andi the hours after sunrise. Integrating the previous cquation over the day ives 1 Tr, Hu sin (SL) qe = 2 £ Gm sin (FE) ar = Teg, Ou ait oa where His the diy global radiation, Similarly, integrating overone hou period and Substiting for by (r- 1, ives I= & Gy {e081 cop | 2195) T, 180 (4-1, = 1B foo: 1 = 5H [eos ( G42) where t, and t, are the: ime and the final solar time of the one hour period Solar sunrise, 1979) developed the fol ms of the daily global r ing correlation to predict £08 = 08 a, HO G+ heme) ay ora, Ga) where a, isthe sunset hour ange (in degrees) and wis the hour angle (in degrees) at she midpoint ofthehourn question The contatseandbaredctne etching Ser Raion a= 0.409 + 0.5016 sin (w,~60) 6.48) b = 0.6609 ~ 0.4767 sin (o, ~ 60) 6. ‘They also developed a correla iffuse radiation in terms} the daily diffuse radiation. The: 4 7 H, ~ 24 sinw, — (ro, J180) 008 @, ‘who found tha uch simpler form of Eq (3.43) is achieved by Newell (1983) Amie GBs est tora ge yeh 7 plating (72 ( ‘against ((~ 12/(T,/2) the resultant curve can be eaiily fitted by a parabola 0 ‘cosine curve. For éxample, a parabola fit gives H 72 : where ris the solar time in hours, and B isa constant. The integration ofthe pres ‘equation from sunrise to sunset gives “ a 1 . -(E2 Fy a 6 fobnew= f oo-g Br 2 m= 8-2 where © ges Lat “Therefore, Eq (3.47) becomes 13 p(y no ir, "-(qa?! ‘When a cosine curve is used, one can drive the following expression he goml ‘Newell (1983) compared both the parabola and the cosine curves to the Cotes Pereira and Rable equation and found that both the parabola and cosine fittings reasonable accuracy as compared to Eq (3.43)- “The prediction of the hourly diffuse radiation given by Eq (3.46) can similach given by either ofthe following two equations ven in the following “| 608 w= 008 Hy 64 Lon=a(i-(eRyy G4) 180 x @=12) 5 60) 6 of if D a beDesig of Soar hema Syms @s1) m 180 x (t~ 12) mo caen) } oh the daily global radiation is known, then the hourly global radiation using Eq 3.42), 3.43), (3.49), oF (3.50). Also, ifthe daily diffuse “atlation s known then the hourly diffuse radiation ean be predicted using (3.46), Example 3.8 Estimate the hourly global ration tesied by a hoigntl surface between 1 and2 PM soar meat Jah onthe DL of Ine themeasuredanly gloslaa, ton received by horional surface 31.6 lin. Compare the sessed en the following models rene Msobrained 8) Using Bq (3.42) ) Using Eg (3.43) ©) Using Eq @.49) 4) Using Eq (3.50) Solution From Example 3.7 o=25N n= at 1.30 PM solar time, w = 22.5° From Example 3.2 , 0 B= 23.45" T= 133th, a, = 99.85 4 = 534 br 6, = 18.66 br (a) Using Bq (3.42) FA 1 gog 4 180% (13.5.3 180 x Fe 2 Leo ST cos ( OES 387 9 119 130.110 x 316 = 3.49 Mim? (©) Using £4 (3.43) 4 = 0.409 + 0.5016 sin (99.83.60) = 0.730 = 0.6609 ~ 0.4767 sin (99.8360) = 0.3586 tle H ~ 34 0730 + 0.3556 cos (2.5) | x —_e08 22.5 — 00s 99.83 sin 99.83 — m 99-83 5 eos 98.83 ‘global radiation is 3.50 MS/m?. Soar Raaion 6 FX 1059 x EO = ons T= 0.18 x 31.6 = 3.74 Mila? (6) Using Ea (3.49) no repa OCR T= 0.107 x 31.6 = 3.38 Mim? (4d) Using Eq (3.50) | 19015 Ton - He” eisai 8 (sar = Ot 1 = QML x 31.6 = 3.51 Mi/m? (B) Using Hourly Global Measurements. ‘The original form ofthe correlation de~ ‘veloped by Liu and Jordan (1960) has been corrected by several investigators to suit YY) = 0.107 USA locations, and Desnica e al. (1984) for Yugosk Spencer (1982) corrected his correlation to generalize it for various parts of the, ‘world. The correlation has the following form Ill =a » 0< M1, < 035 = baci.) 0.35 < 1/1, < 0.75 es =a + TM, > 0.15 where » = 0940 + 00118016 < 7%) | fe xe co) 6 = 1185 + 00135014 x =| a = b-03¢ a= b-015 and isthe latitude angle in degrees. Example 3.9 Estimate the hourly diftse radiation received by horizontal surface at Jedi ‘between 1:00 and 2:00 PM solar time on the 21st of June if the measured hoully« q Design of Soa Thermal yen Solution From Example 3.2 $= 2LSN n= b= 2345" Then, 1:00 PM 0, = 15 2:00 PM a= 30 Using Eq (3.20) gives _ ax 1, = 12% 3600 x 1383 [1 + 0.085 cos (300.172 ie Fp OAS) sin 215 % sin 23.45 + €08 21.5 €0s 23.45 (sin 30 — sin 15)] = 18 % 100.038 + 0.206) = 4:39 Mim? 123.50. T7459 7 8 > ie > 075 Using Eq (3.54) gives b= 0.940 + O.on180 x 21.5% = Ta ~ OO © = 1185 + 0.0135 x 21.5% = 1.5 5, = 1.190 d= 0.944 ~ 0.75 x 1.190 = 0.0515 Using Eq (3.53) I, = 00515 x 3.5 = 0.180 MI/m? 3.5.2.2 Models to Estimate Daily Radiation Several models have been develoy Seria a developed in the literature to predict daily radiation, vee of Day Suhine Hours ; rs. Menturements of edo redial lbalor dfs redo ingen. HIH, = a + WOT) + ATI Ty? bs Solar Radon HylH = d+ (T/T) + $0ITSP rela defined 2s the ratio of the daily global radiation to th HylH = 0+ OK, + eK; + aR + eK ~ ave been developed by many researchers for different pars of vate, the previous correlation isfound to belinear, ie. é ds and various US sites. Inthe study of Erbs er to the value of the sunset hour angle, as follows winterif o, < 814° spring and fllif81.4 = = 0, < 98.6 summerif o> 98.6" Heo, <814° (Le. winter) H,/H = 3.0 ~ O2T27K, + 295K; ~ 11.9514K; 4+ 9.3879 KS, Ky < 0.715 fe, 281 spring, fal, or summer) HylH = 1.0 + 02832 K, ~ 2.5557 K} 4 0.848 KD, K, < 0.72 = 0.115, K, = 072 Example 3.10 Estimate the daily diffuse radiation received by a horizontal the 21st of June if the daily global radiation is 31.6 MJ/m?, Solution From Example 3.4, Hy = 39.42 MU/m?, @, = 99.83° then K,= HUH, = 31.639.42 = 0.802 where 7 isthe maximum possible daily hours ofsunshine and, b, 6 4 6 and fare ea ante which depend on the location under consideration. In man presented by Eqs (3.55) and (3.56) are found to be linea rai? Examples of these correlations can be found in Dullic and Beckman ing Measurements of the Daily Clearess Index Ky. The (HIM), both on a horizontal surface, Correlations o the correlations that have been prepared are those of Collare-P¢ (4719), Ess et al. (1982), Vignola and McDaniels (1984), and Rso ‘a seasonal classification was carried out according Depending onthe value of w,, Erbs eral developed the following correlations 657) the world. In many ‘eare zeros. Among, 3.58) (G.59A) 8.598) surface at Jeddah“ Design 9f Sola Thema! Sens Using Eq (3.59B) gives H,IH = OATS * 31.6 = 5.53 Mim? 3.5.2.3 Models o Estimate the Monthly-Average Daily Radiation (A) Measurement of the Monthly-Average Daily Sunshine Hours, T, .Severaleor- ‘elations have been developed in the form i 1, Faase(t 3.60) : Pp G00) where H, and Tare ues of Hand Hare Duffie and Beckman ( world average values of Hand T,., respectively. The val- at the mean day of each month shown in Table (3.5). ited values of a and b for several locations around the ‘TABLE 3.5 Mean dy’ ofeach month, sn 17 May 15 Sept Fe 16 June 1 0 Mar 16 say 17 Ne Apr 1s ‘Aug 16 D “Le the ay that as the same ae the verge dy extra a (B) Measurement of the Monthly-Average Daily Clearness In ‘of K; is used in several correlations to prediet the ratio of monthly fuse radiation to global radiation H,/ H. From among the several correlations avail. we aall adopt hee the correlation devloped by Colles 179), that is = i, : He ons + 0.0006 Gj, - 5 } on ~ (0.505 + 0.00455 (, ~ 90)}. cos [115 Ky ~ 103) where K = Ti/H, anda, isthe sunset hour angle in degrees. The value of H, ses timated a the mean day ofthe month, shown in Table (3.5) sample 11 The monly asrage diy ation sve orzo sf a dais 303 Ml for ne, Esti facto ofa sage daly eae ah satten Ung Table 3.5, he erage ay fume is Joe 1, Len = 12 8 2345 sin Meat + 10] ~ 2509 Solr Ration Ba, = cos! [tan (21.5). tan (23.09)] = 99.66" ‘Using Eq (3.23) gives so. Fy = ME200 5 3901 + 009 er (38 x 109 (AB sin (21.5) sin (23.09) + cos (21.5) cos (23.09) sin (99.66)] = 37.2 % 10% x 0.969 x (0.284 + 0.787) = 39.44 MII? x,-H- 3 -on TT, 39.44 Hs — 9.715 + 0.00606 (99.66-90) i = 10.505 + 00455 (99.66-90)} cos (115 x 0.77 ~ 103) = 0834-0532 = 0.303 Fi, = 0.303 x 30.3 = 9.18 M¥/m* 3.6 Estimation of Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface “The solar irradiance received by a tilted surface with slope sis given by the follow ing relation G,= G+ Ge + Gye op where G, © totaeradianc received by a tied surface Gi, = beam radiance received by a G,_, = sy fuse radiance recived by G.,_, = qobaliraiance reflected bythe ground andrecsivedbyatitedsurk A iorizontal Sur ners ofthe global, beam, and diffuse radiances received by horizontal Necanmadel Go, Oy sand Gy asfolows The vale of G.,sestmated the llowing reilon Got (Gles) = 6, Ste Gm 6... = 6, Be where mis the ratio of beam irradiance received by atited surface to that receive ‘horizontal surface. The value of rs determined 2s follows n= sso | if w 1. Whens = Othe equations for w and &,, respectively. " The daily radiation received by a tilted surface is also given as follows jor. + Gy.) at (3.80) H,= I (G,, + G, where 4, and t, are the solar sunrise and sunset times for a horizontal surface. For isotropié modeling ofthe sky radiation Eq (3.80) gives ” Hog Tag 5 ecg ct ii Fh) Fa + by sin (5) + Fleas? (5) Gar) 1 of the monthly average daily radiation received by a tilted sur- ned byahorontal suace. The epression fr fy sen sfllows 82a) ~ (608 8m sin 9) (C05 Wp ~ £08 0 6.928) R, = 2 (cosd cos 8 sina, + =T w, sing sin 5) G20) 180 where is the surface azimuth angle. Solution Since G,/G = 0.1, then the anisotropic mode! is used, The Eq (3.69) gives Sater Raton F = 1-017 = 0.99 From Example 3.6 we have we Rs , = 208 , 6= 2345 Using Eq (3.5) gives 05.0 = {cos 30 sin 21.5 ~ sin 30 cos 21.5 c0s (- 45) sin 23.45 “+ foos 30 cos 21.5 + sin 21.5 sin 30 cos (- 45)] cos 23.45 cos 22.5, + 0s 23.45 sin 30 sin (~ 45) sin 22.5 cos @ = ~ 0,046 + 0.793 - 0.124 = 0.664 8 = 48.36" “Assuring ground reflectivity of 0.2, Eq (3.71) gives Gy ayy 5855 + 02 aint & - q-oy SB + 028 1 cost fh 099% si? 15] f1 + 099 cs (836) «si! D4) 2 Gedo Costas oy x 1017 x 1020 = 0.789 Example 3.13 FRatimate the ratio of hourly radiation received by a tilted surface bby a horizontal surface between 1:00 and 2:00 PM solar time. The slope of 30 and is oriented 45° east of south, Assume the rati adiation to the global radiation on the horizontal surface is 4) surface is located at Jeddah on the 24st of June. Solution gous, seme yaa From Example 32, 8 = 73.45", @, = ~99.82", (= 99.82" Using Ea (3.79) gives 4 = sin (23.45) [sin 21,5 008 3000s 2.5 in 30 05 ( 45)] = =0,086 b= cos (23:45) {cos 21.5 £0830 + sin 2.5 sin 30 0s ( 45)) = 0.858 = €0823.4Ssin 30 sin (45) = ~0.324 @ = ((0.858) + 0.32493)" = 0917 ‘Then aD = 0.0050, oD = 0.353 jie: Bq (3.78) can be used, and the results are as follows ‘ei, = —arcc0s (+ 0,005) + are sin (~ 0.353) = ~ 110.38° 16, = are.cos (+ 0.005) + are sin (~ 0.353) = 69.04"7 4 Design of Soa Themal Sens at 00PM , a, = 15° at 2:00PM | a, = 30° Equation (3.77) then leads to the following. oy, =, = IS 0, = 4 = From Exomple 3.11 we have a w= ms, 8 = 2.86 ‘Using Eq (3.76) gives “R= O19 * cos 48:36 6 30-15 cos 20.86 From Eq (3.73) we have F,= 1 (0.1F=0.99 Equation (3.74) now yields 1 = om (1-01) 0.711 + 0.2 x sin? 15 4.1 cost 18 1+ 098 sin? 15] (1 #09 co 48.36? = 0.640 + 0.013 + 0.093 x 1.066 x 1.020 = 0.754 eee) 3.7 Atmospheric Radiation Atmospheric radiation occurs from wavelength gre: Tong wave radi wave radiation. [Atmosphere or sy thermal aston i main ation i mainly caused by the emission of heat trom te water vapor carbon done andre cxsing nthe atmosphere, Theat son due tothe healing of jon and conver ‘vapor pressure andlor temperature plus the cloud cover. ‘oper menu andor temperate the clow cover. Bran (98) prepared he Ga, = oT! @ + 8 VR) hay = OT, (@ + BVP, G84) were Gis atmospheric (0 ky) radiance in W iradiance in Wi’ a and are constans, and is the pala pressre of water vapourin mn Hg. Brunt suggested the values of 0.53 Sol Ration 1s ‘and 0,056 for a and b, respectively. To account for the cloud cover, Ea (3. 83) is cor rected tothe following form Guy = oT) (@ + BVP, 10+ kD) G85) whe kis acoeticient that depends onthe type and hejght ofthe cloud and 96 aera he value off les between 0.025 and 0.04 and ni 1.0 for complet co ti 6 0.9 fr broken clouds, and 0.1 100.5 for satered cloud. overeat 8 Pinger 1963) used a moifed form of Brant formula to predic the daily atmospheric (sky) radiation, ‘H(kiim? - day) | = Sit x 10*TH(€ +0317) 8) vapor pressure ratio of measured ter than 35°C, ¢ is where T, is the ambient temperature in Kelvin a tnm-He, ‘The value of ¢ depends on the perature and wn to clcar sky radiation. For air temperatures g ‘An equivalent alu ofthe sky temperature canbe usdasuming esky bat body ina formula ofthe form Gy, = oy a tocstimate the atmospheric (sky) irradiance, The equivalent sky temperature is es tated from the following expression (Duffie and Beckman 1974) Ty, = 0.05597, where 7, the ambient temperature and both T, and Tare in Kelvin G8) 3.8 Measurements of Solar Radiation ‘Total solar radiation — direct plos diffuse ~ is measured pyranometers. These pyranometers ean measure diffuser from the dicect beam. The nts which measure direct pyranometer where element, In more sensi- jon is measured by measuring the tempera and thermopiles. An example of such an instrument isthe ‘nown Eppley pyranometer which is composed of silver rings or wedges coped ‘ck and white. The rings oF wedges are enclosed in hemispheyical { them fromm the effects of convection and wind. The temperqture i sence between the reflective white parts and absorptive black parts indicatesthe mount of radiation received by the instrument's surface. Another instrument ofthis type is the Moll-Gorezynski solar ‘which thermopiles measure the are difference between the side of the instrument exposed to solar radiation, and® Datgn of oer Temal Sens the shaded side. There are other th which respond f detectors which are more sensitive, or 2, such as Bolometers and pyroeletric detectors, lar radiation measurement is sunshine duration. Most world have been measuring sunshine duration for a ‘common instrument is the Campbell 969 by the W.M.P. as a standard referen: a spherical lens which causes a burning trace ona specially designed paper card be fitted under the lens. The length ofthe burning trace gives an indication 1 of sunshine. Kondratyev (1969) gives more details of instruments for ‘Nomenclature A solarazimuth angle, also constant B constant, C constant E.0.T. equation of time G solar irradiance; subscripts: o ~ extraterrestrial, b = beam component, d=diffuse component, n = on normal surface, = on tilted surface, on| horizontal surface is without subscript. daily radiation; subscript: 0 = extraterrestrial, b= beam component, <= diffuse component, n = on normal surface, = on tilted surface, subscript = on horizontal surface. erage daily radiation; subscript: o = extraterrestr ‘component, d= diffuse component, n = on normal surface, t~ 0 surface, without subscript = on horizontal surface. hourly radiation; subscripts: o = extraterrestrial, b= beam component, d= diffuse component, n = on normal surface, = on tilted surface, ressindex = H/H, werage daily clearness index, = AVF, ee ted day, i.e. number of day in the year counted from Jan. 1 9 hourly beam radiation received by a tilted surface to that received by ahorizontal surface ratio of daily beam radiation received by. by ahorizontal surface ratio of beam irradiance received by a tilted surface to that received by a horizontal surface surface tlt angle (surface slope) ‘day length in hours ited surface to that received a Poa y 3 nN 6 8 ‘ ° hour angle oy sunrise hour angle for horizontal surface ox susethour angle forhorizontal surface o,, sunrise hour angle Gm sunsethourangle Problems 3.1. Calculate the following for Cairo city at 11:00 AM civil time on the 2nd of April. ©. so thangle a. sol rice angle on the following surfaces 45° east of south orientation 45° west of south orientation facing north. 3.2. Estimate the sunrise and sunset following cities on July 2ist and Dec. es and the day length in hours f Dissar 8) caro Riga Sem, uniaa 9 lxansia <3 ima ‘London’ §) Tes. 3.3. Prepare @ computer program to predict the following : ‘a, ‘The variation of the declination angle with the day of the year. '. The variation of the number of hours of day light with the day of the year8 Design of Sar Paral Sytem irradiation received by a horizontal surface be- for Jeddah on April 15h restril solar irradiance received by ahorizontal surface th of May at 10:00 AM solar time for the following cities b) Jeddah e) Paris ©) Amman £) Toronto, ved by a horizontal surface ing cities ©) New York 4) Sydney 3.7. Use the ASHRAE clear sky model to estimate the daily beam, e) Athens. fase, and \diation received by a horizontal surface located in Cairo on the 21st of 7 ‘of December. shesteretiane aseied bya onal sac Tate in Jed the Ht ‘June, and 21st of December. heel tine on the 2nd of uly Compare te fe shh ret of ASHRAE cl sy mel, Cone sue tobe fateain 2) Cairo b) New Orleans ©) London, {otal radiation measured on a horizontal surface (in Cairo) on the found to be equal (o28 MJ/m? with 15% diffuse radiation. Esti 3.11 The hourly global radiation measured on a hor ‘ween 10:00-11:00 AM civil time on the Sth of Augus 'm:, Fstimate the hourly beam radiation received at tal surface in Jeddah bet- found to be equal to 3.2 MII : at period. “The daily global radiation measured on a horizontal surf ‘on & horizontal surface in Cairo on the 21st of August is found to be equal to 27 MI/in?. Estimate the diffuse radiation re- ceived on that day, st Racers een eee ans b) Cairo ©) Sydney Solr Redision ” 3.14 Estimate the ratio of hourly radiation received by a tilted surface to that re~ cecived by a horizontal surface between 4:00 and 5:00 PM solartime on the 21stof Au- gust in Cairo. The hourly global radiation measured on a horizontal surface is found ‘equal to 1,80 Mi/m?, Consider the following tilted surfaces a) 60° tilt, 60° east of south °) 30 <) 60" tlt, 60" west of south. 3.15 The ratio of the monthly average dey total radiation on a ited surface to Jat on @ horizontal surface (R = H/F) is found to depend on ‘© the month the tilt angle ofthe surface, = «the surface azimuth, ee 1 the monthiy-average daily clearness index, K,- (= H/F) « the latitude angle, 6. Prepare a computer program to predict the variation of R with the 12 months th year in Jeddab for the following cases @s=2 , y=0 and K, = 0.4,0.6,08 Qs =P | Kp= 06 | andy) =~ 135%, 457,05 135° Orv=0 , Kp=06 , ands = 0°, 20°, 45°, 90°. 3.16 Use the Hottel clear sky model to estimate the beam solar radiation receive by a tilted surface of 30 tilt angle withthe horizontal, and oriented 45° east of sou PM solar time. Consider the surface to be located in Jeddah on the 3rd of Fel dat Jeddah (p= 21.5°N, L = 39.5°B). daily radiation was 35000 kS/m?. plate is oriented to the equator. Prove the that solar incidence angle 8 and ‘solar zenith angle 8, are respectively given by the following expressions muary: 3.17 Caleulate the civil time on sunrise and sunset at Jeddah (¢ = 21.5°N) on 20¢ of Feb, Also, calculate the solar azimuth angle and the solar incidence angle on plate tilted by 20° to the horizontal and oriented at 30° west of south, at 11:00 AM vil time, 3.18 Estimate the sunrise and sunset civil times in the 4th of March for a horizon surface a 1d surface of 30° tlt angle and oriented at 150° east of north, Bot 43.19 Calculate the hourly beam and diffuse radiations received in Jeddah between surface, oftitt angle 10.5" are located the latitude angle , anda # Design ef Soler Tart Sens cos @ = cos 8 60s w 0s ¢ cos 8 (cos « ~ cos a) Vil asic Nocthwet, Solr 1984) Applicat of Liu-Jrdan Correlation in Yugotovia, Thermal Processes, Joh Wile and Sons, N.Y 1 Emvzonment John Hopkins Univ Res, Proje RP, BakCuarrer 4 Optical Properties of Materials and Radiation Characteristics of Surfaces ‘The geometry of N-paralle! partially applications and architectural struct purpose of ‘geometry may often be placed paral sic collectors. Engineers dealing with the ent plates is usu “Three techniques are available inthe literature for analyzing the cover absorber stem, These are as follows | ‘The Ray-tracing Technique is technique, tracing ofthe ray is cartied out through the cover and absorber | anduie effective absorptance and transmittance in each clement can be estimated. ‘The Net Radiation Technique technique, the incoming radiation andthe outgoing radiation are equated st each interface, The geometry is governed by 2N simultaneous equation is covers. Solution of these 2N equ flux for each ele tive absorptance anc 1 collector plate can be! 1974), and Wijeysund 5). The technique is hinique and leads toa set of equations that can be easily caleulated by computer (i). The Bmbedding Technique “This technique was ist introduced by Edwards (1977) who made use of 1 pedaing concept. The technique imagines, a system consisting ofa stack of N =s Design of Ser Peel ens ment covers an absorber plate, and derives the effect of adding another cover plate ‘The technique is even simpler than the net radiation technique. In the present chapter, combinati 4.2 Reflectances and Transmittances of Interfaces and Plates 4.2.1 Interface and Material Properties ‘Consider the interface between medium (1) and medium ( According tothe Fresnel formulae for radiation passing fr illustrated by Fig. 4.1 ‘medium (1) tomedium medium 4 Interface medium 2 Te Flo, 4. Interface refesion and material tassmisivity. there are two components of the terface reflectance. The first component ris the perpen Of the incident radiation, while the second component r isin the parallel plane to the plane of the incident radiation, The values ofr and r are determined from the Fresnel formula as follows _ sm? (= 4) sin? (@ ¥ 8) 90> 9,>0 ay p= m6) iar (@ 5) ny ~ 2, rere (mle nem 42) index of some selected materials are given in Table 4.1 index for some lected materia. Plexiglass Polyearbonate “The tfansmissivity ofthe material (after absorption) at any depth «from the interface is given by Bouguer’s aw as follows = ehh 99> 0,20 3) ‘where Kis the extinction coefficient and is assumed constant in the: “The values of K for some selected transparent materials ae given in ar spectrum le. “Taate 42 Value of extinction soeficientK for some transparent materi Material Example 4.1 1 solar radiation falling on a glass surface active indices of the ai and the glass are resp dence angle of 30°. 141,526, and the ex- ‘the two components of the interface reflectanc he average reflectance of the interface : 7 1e glass at 1 cm depth.7 Design of Solar Thermal Ses n2 U9.13=30) go 13 + 30) > 00? from above and below for one interface). ive radiation transmitted by the a7.0-n) Co) (4.5), and (4.7) are now solved to determine the unknowns 4}, 93, 4. The results are as foliows (48) opie Proper of Matra nd Raton Characters. 1a) Net radiation method for o plate ‘ refetios st e) the two suraces oft as ). Dein of Str Tormal Sem (4.5), and (4.6) gives (4.10) ie component (perpendi incidence onboth the ou parallel) of the surfacesof reflectances of the plate from its outer surface and inner su iven by the following expressions “ Lo Git Ko } ‘The average effective transmittance of the plate becomes 1 Cotas 12) “The average effective absorptance of the i : when raintonis received oni The arerage flesine borptnc ofthe late whenraaionicaved ont outer (43) ion on its inner surface the average effective b oy (4.18) A glass plate of thickness 1 cm and of extinction coefficient 0.0S/em receives solar pon outer surface a an incidence ange of 30". Calculate the average et ince, transmittance, and absorptance of the plate. =F = 0,062 = 0.028 1, = 0.948 ‘The effective reflectance components are determined from Eq (4.8) as follows : Pg = 0.062 + (1-0.062)" (0,948)? _ 0.062 (10.9887 X 0,062 0.060) ~ 9" Opal Proper f Masa an Rion Oharctris. ‘The average reflectance is then given as follows lg eeyjel 1 = Leg + Ha) = 1.111 + 0.052) = 0.081 ro hie + Ho) 5 MIL + 0.052) = 0. “The effective transmittance components are determined from Eq (4.10) as follows 0.948 (1-0,028)_ = 9.396 10.948 0.0287) ‘The average effective transmittance then becomes 1,7 5 @.887 + 0.896) = 0.867 “The average effective absorptance is now determined from Eq (4.13) as follows a, = 1 ~ 0.081 ~ 0.867 = 0.052 | 4 | 4.3 Effective Properties of a Stack af Plates 4.3.1 Incident Radiation on the Outer Surface ofthe Stack Figure 43 shows a stack of N partially transparent plates. The stack receives sl Fo. 43 Ratiaton through a sack of ¥parlly ansparet pts: incidence on outer ia)” Das of Solar Therma Sms radiation at the outer surface at flux qy , ,, = Lin theinward direction. Employing 1877)one may now consider the effect of adding late, Assuming r, , yandr, .. are the effective ‘and outer surfaces ofa stack of N plates respec- (4.5) th plate with inner inci- Nth plate. The above (4.17) (4244) soe Gwen 2 thw (4.248) -The average effective properties ofthe perpendicular (4.25) r (4.26) «an (4.28) (4.284) 4.3.2 Incident Radiation on the inner Surface of the Stack the stack receives radiation from its inner surface as illustrated in Fig. 4-4, then ee he |e, 4/4 Radiation throug stack of N-partlly transparent ples: nedence om nner surface;2 Desig of Salar Thermal Ses the previous one would give the following ff the inner surface of the 4 stack consisting of the top .29) and (4.30) lead to the following 31) (432) ‘Also, the effective eflectance of the stack, consisting of the first to N-th elements, is given by 4.33) jon flux components of the th element are, respec- (4.38) (4.39) ‘component inthe j-th element of the stack becomes | (6.40) ‘Plot the variation ofthe effective transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance of incidence angle. Also, plotthe variation of thé ye with the incidence angle. Base your caleu! 1 6 elements or Gelomens ficient ines the clement tikes, Ke 1b) The product o 0.0125. ‘Repeat the calculation for stacks with elements with Kx = 0.0524 Solution Calculations are carried outusing the computer program listed in ection 4.6. Main _program STACK and subroutines SURF, SLAB, and CONF? are used. The resus Of the computer runs are plotted in Fig. 4.5-8. — Bxample 4.4 |A stack consists of four glass plates Jach of thickness } em and extinction ot Fic. 4.5 Incidence angle dependance ofthe absorptanceof each element ofa tack of Nelemens ‘2.0128 per piste)Opa Properties of Mateland Radon Characeits a Design of Soler Perma Sytem | * 0s 7 wp oe . # | > i i ° 1 3 : o : I , - z : BL ee } = me} Ewe et ne 5 : os L_———— ) o2| : i \Y & : | . . a | oo ° ° : - L ° 50 90 0 so 9 0 so 90 o 30 90 °o 0 90 ° 50, 90 er ey a ® eo Fic. 4.8 Incidence angle dependance of the effective transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance: of al eps Sens tae 008 prpit). Fic. 46 Incidence angle dependance ofthe absorp 0 8). 1c clement ofa tack of Neements (Ke cient 0.05 per em. The stack receives solar radiation from its outer surface at an inc ence angle of 30°. Calculate the average effective reflectance and transmittance the stack. Compare the results with those obtained from Fig. 4.7 and 4.8. Solution ‘Since the glass plates are identical, then using Example 4.2 gives = 0.1 = 0.052 = 0.896 ¢.j = 1,2,3, 084, Equation (4.20)is now used using the reflectance of 7 the reflectance of cle renee of ack. hy ecive abepbnee of as yy — > / Stack, The results ofthe calculations are summarized in the tabulation at the end of the example. The average effective reflectance of the ¢plate stack is then given £ q (4.25) a8 follows 0 0 rane = 1 (0289 + 0.185) » 0202 0 0 90 ° 5 90 4 ® a |The top-ofstack transmittance js calculated from Eq (4.21) with j = 2,3, 0r “The results are given inthe tabulation below. The average effective transmittance the d-plate stack is then given by Eqs (4.24B) and (4.28) respectively 28 follows = 0.837 x 0.847 x 0.855 x 0.861 = 0.522 angle dependance of thee elements (Ke = 0.0125 per96 Design of Soar Themal Ser tig = 01896 * 0,898 0.900 x 0,902 = 0.653 tae = 5 (0.52 + 0.653) = 0.588 “the same values ofr, «= 0.222 and ry «= 0.588 can be btai Ba ame ucla ig. (8.7) wth Ke = 0.0125 ad Fig a rer eit eah igre at, = 30" and N= 4 (4s) hy ha | oss 0896 Ose 0888 449 Fi A Aas) cers to either the perpendicular or the parallel plane he The total transferred radiation then becomes al oa 0.855 0,900 0.155 0.861 0.902, 44 Effective Properties of an Absorber Plate with N-Cover: Incident Radiation on the Absorber Plate 4.4.1. An Absorber Plate with One Cover (4.48) “Consider the absorber covered by a single partially transparent plate as lustrated by Fin, (49). The absorber receives a unit radiation from an imaginary radiation (449) 4.4.2 Am Absorber Plate with N Covers Consider now the absorber plate with covers, asi {* ated in Fig. 410. The ab- ° 1 sy Jabs Fe. 49 Anabober plat and one cove wih nin rdation on te absciber lt jon transmitted from a cover system). The fluxes of radiation ofthe guration are depicted in the figure. The net radiation method an) v.40 Anstoter ean Ncove nen aii cate tar as apt Popes Manes ed Ration Chere. » {nary source. The transferred radi- aad = iiaaiaad ‘Using Eq (4.46) we get oe 09 fee a = 091 (4.50) Gi FOANG-OS) doe. _0.9___ = 0,905 q, 10052(1-09) average effective absorptance = st) (42) 4.5 Effective Properties of an Absorber Plate with N-Cover: Incident Radiation on the Top Cover | Consider now the configuration denoted by “orginal configuration” or configury | Goat ntng 4 11-The configuration consss ofan absorber plate covered by stack syrnt —|s mal fs | as) ron 1 as 1 . a. = Eat ass) cantigecton 1 + Configuration =! , -configaration of an absorber and cover system to aocount for diffuse Gn = Mog * nd 56) = ° of. partial iansparent parallel plates. None ofthe previous techniques (a af radiation, or embedding technique) can be applied tothe Pr _ pointed ont by E ‘As shown in the original configura beam radiation is A part of thisbears Seat a rite of (4,)pe Part is absorbed in the sip, saat he reat (gy ransmited through tne cover stem to the absorber plat. "e arabes plate reects a part of the transmitted beam radiation in diffuses menperconfiguration can be divided into configurations Configuration Il consists ofthe cover system without properties wil be calculated forthe incidence angle 0, at the outer surface of the stuek. This configuration is similar to the configuration jon @,. The absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of culated using the analysis of sections 4.3.2 and 4.4.2. sum ofthe absorp- sn and IIT refer to the configuration number. from the j-th element of the stack become (4.58) (4.59) (4.60) (4.61) ‘Accounting for both the perpendicular and the parallel components of the un- polarized inden radiation, the average elective properties are then given by the following expressions a 30+ ah 42) =e tw (4.63) lach= 3 lthe * Gch (4.64) lh =} 4, + jh (4655) pial Poperies of Marian Radiation Carcteri = LR, + Ra (4h = = leh (6n | "To demonstrate the above analysis, caeul ter program listed in section 4.6 for an absor ‘of 1,2, 4, or 6 partially transparent covers plate. Figure 4,12 predicts the dependence 10 Re absorber plate A of effective phe 2 tse ne depends oe fet borin Saal ke 0013) fecrane of stack Rand of effective abeorptance of og ansortance ofthe aberber plate A, the effective eflectance ofthe tack Ry et bonptane ofthe stack A, for cover plates of Ke = 0.0125 per plate Fr gure 413 iosiilr to Fig. 4.12 but for Ke ~ 0.052 ‘| it is assumed that oI ‘The previous calculations ean be tremendously simplified perpendicular ané ‘effective average properties of cover can be used instead of parallel components. Referring to Fig. 4.14 we can now write Go = (= tate) 91,1 (4.68) Wa = Fo.0 Tan * Iwo Tod a “here rig, yi the effective average reflectance of the stack when radiation is 1 Teed obthe inner surface and 7, i the effective average transmittance ¥! fadiation is received on the outer surface. Equations (4.68) and (4.69) are Feaf- ranged to giveFrio. 4.16 An absorber plate with W plate cover. ope Proper of Merit nd Radiation Cherri 13 “The radiation absorbed by the absorber plate is given as follows Game = San Vi an ‘Using Eq (4.70) yields A, = fis = St an) T= Oe) Taam where A, isthe effective average absorptance ofthe absor erage reflectance from the eover-absorber system is eval wt Ives Cea R= a a7) _ ware estimated for diffuse ile the values Of ry.» mn the outer surface ication of the previ- and of the Neplate cover. The following example illustrates th ous approximate technique. Example 4.6 “Estimate the effective average absorptance: wo glass covers eat Kx = 0,04 x 0.6 = 0.024 “Using Figs. 47 and 4.8 the values ofthe effective transmissivity ofa stack consist | inof 2 covers at 0, = 45° is given as follows ake = 00125 + tor = 0800» Tuas = 0165 at Kx = 040524 Tetons | £0) = 010 | _ By interpolation we et S atk = 00M = Teor OTB + Muar = 0158 _Fordiffuse radiation falling on the inner surface of the cover, ie. = 60°, Figs. 4 dd Bene atKx = 0.025: tz 7 075 atKr = 0.0524 tig = 0.67 ian OB nun = OD