1.

Mt s nh ngha
- Cc p l cc c h bng nng lng tnh, khng gy nn xung lng ln u cc.
- Ti trng thit k l gi tr ti trng do Thit k d tnh tc dng ln cc.
- Lc p nh nht (Pep)min l lc p do Thit k quy nh m bo ti trng thit k ln cc,
thng thng ly bng 150 - 200% ti trng thit k;
- Lc p ln nht (Pep)max l lc p do Thit k quy nh, khng vt qu sc chu ti ca vt
liu cc; c tnh ton theo kt qu xuyn tnh, khi khng c kt qu ny th thng ly bng
200 - 300% ti trng thit k.
2. u nhc im ca phng php thi cng p cc
Hin nay c nhiu phng php thi cng cc nh ba ng, kch p, khoan nhi... Vic la
chn v s dng phng php no ph thuc vo a cht cng trnh v v tr cng trnh. Ngoi
ra cn ph thuc vo chiu di cc, my mc thit b phc v thi cng. Mt trong cc phng
php thi cng cc l p cc bng kch p.
u im:
m, khng gy ra ting n
Khng gy ra chn ng cho cc cng trnh khc
Kh nng kim tra cht lng tt hn: tng on cc c p th di lc p v ta xc nh
c sc chu ti ca cc qua lc p cui cng.
Nhc im
Khng thi cng c cc c sc chu ti ln hoc lp t xu cc phi xuyn qua qu dy.
3. Chun b mt bng thi cng
- Phi tp kt cc trc ngy p t 1 n 2 ngy (cc c mua t cc nh my sn xut cc)
- Khu xp cc phi t ngoi khu vc p cc, ng i van chuyn cc phi bang phng,
khng g gh li lm
- Cc phi vch sn trc thun tin cho vic s dng my kinh v cn chnh
- Cn loi b nhng cc khng cht lng, khng m bo yu cu k thut
- Trc khi em cc i p i tr, phi p th nghim 1 2% s lng cc
- Phi c y cc bo co kho st a cht cng trnh, kt qu xuyn tnh.
4. V tr p cc
- V tr p cc c xc nh ng theo bn v thit k: phi y khong cch, s phn b cc
cc trong i mng vi im giao nhau gia cc trc.
- cho vic nh v thun li v chnh xc, ta cn phi ly 2 im mco nm ngoi kim tra
cc trc c th b mt trong qu trnh thi cng. Thc t, v tr cc cc c nh du bng cc
thanh thp di t 20 n 30cm
- T cc giao im cc ng tim cc, ta xc nh tm ca mng, t ta xc nh tm cc cc.
5. La chn phng n thi cng p cc
Vic thi cng p cc ngoi cng trng c nhiu phng n p, sau y l hai phng n p

ph bin:
5.1. Phng n 1
Ni dung: Tin hnh o h mng n cao trnh nh cc, sau mang my mc, thit b p n
v tin hnh p cc n su cn thit.
u im :
o h mng thun li, khng b cn tr bi cc u cc
Khng phi p m
Nhc im :
nhng ni c mc nc ngm cao, vic o h mng trc ri mi thi cng p cc kh thc
hin c
Khi thi cng p cc m gp tri ma th nht thit phi c bin php bm ht nc ra khi h
mng
Vic di chuyn my mc, thit b thi cng gp nhiu kh khn
Vi mt bng thi cng cht hp, xung quanh ang tn ti nhng cng trnh th vic thi cng
theo phng n ny gp nhiu kh khn, i khi khng thc hin c
5.2. Phng n 2
Ni dung: Tin hnh san phng mt bng tin di chuyn thit b p v vn chuyn sau tin
hnh p cc theo yu cu. Nh vy, t c cao trnh nh cc cn phi p m. Cn phi
chun b cc on cc dn bng thp hoc bng b tng ct thp cc p c ti chiu su
thit k. Sau khi p cc xong ta s tin hnh o t thi cng phn i, h ging i cc
u im:
Vic di chuyn thit b p cc v vn chuyn cc c nhiu thun li k c khi gp tri ma
Khng b ph thuc vo mc nc ngm
Tc thi cng nhanh
Nhc im:
Phi thm cc on cc dn p m
Cng tc o t h mng kh khn, phi o th cng nhiu, thi gian thi cng laua v rt kh
thi cng c gii ha
5.3. Kt lun
Cn c vo u nhc im ca 2 phng n trn, cn c vo mt bng cng trnh, phng n
o t h mng, ta s chn ra phng n thi cng p cc.
Tuy nhin, phng n 2, kt hp o h mng dng ao s kt hp c nhiu u im tin
thnh thi cng c hiu qu.
6. Cc yu cu k thut i vi on p cc
- Ct thp dc ca on cc phi hn vo vnh thp ni theo c 2 bn ca thp dc v trn sut
chiu cao vnh
- Vnh thp ni phi phng, khng c vnh
- B mt u hai on cc ni phi tip xc kht vi nhau.
- Kch thc cc bn m ng vi thit k v phi 4mm
- Trc ca on cc c ni trng vi phng nn

- Kim tra kch thc ng hn so vi thit k, ng hn ni cc phi c trn c 4 mt ca

cc. Trn mi mt cc, chiu di ng hn khng nh hn 10cm
7. Yu cu k thut vi thit b p cc
- Lc p danh nh ln nht ca thit b khng nh hn 1,4 ln lc p ln nht
- Pp max yu cu theo quy nh thit k
- Lc nn ca kch phi m bo tc dng dc trc cc khi p nh, khng gy lc ngang khi p
- Chuyn ng ca pittng kch phi u, v khng ch c tc p
- ng h o p lc phi tng xng vi khong lc o
- Thit b p cc phi m bo iu kin vn hnh theo ng quy nh v an ton lao ng khi
thi cng
- Gi tr o p lc ln nht ca ng h khng vt qu 2 ln p lc o khi p cc
- Ch huy ng t (0,7 0,8) kh nng ti a ca thit b p cc
- Trong qu trnh p cc phi lm ch c tc p m bo cc yu cu k thut
8. Tnh ton chn cu phc v
Cn c vo trng lng bn thn ca cc, ca i trng v cao nng cu cn thit chn cu
thi cng p cc
- Sc nng Qmax/Qmin
- Tm vi Rmax/Rmin
- Chiu cao nng: Hmax/Hmin
- di cn chnh L
- di cn ph
- Thi gian
- Vn tc quay cn
9. Phng php p cc v chn my p cc
p cc thng dng 2 phng php:
p nh
p cc
9.1. p nh
Lc p c tc dng t nh cc n cc xung
u im
Ton b lc p do kch thy lc to ra c truyn trc tip ln u cc chuyn thnh hiu qu
p. Khi p qua cc lp t c ma st ni tng i cao nh ct, st do cng... lc p c th
thng lc cn do ma st h cc xung su d dng.
Nhc im
Cn phi c hai h khung gi. H khung gi c nh v h khung gi di ng, vi chiu cao
tng cng ca hai h khung gi ny phi ln hn chiu di mt on cc: nu 1 on cc di 6m
th khung gi phi t 7 8m mi c th p c cc. V vy khi thit k cc p, chiu di mt
on cc phi khng ch bi chiu cao gi p trong khong 6 8m

9.2. p m
Lc p c tc dng t hai bn hng cc do chu ma st to nn p cc xung
u im
Do bin php p t 2 bn hng ca cc, my p khng cn phi c h khung gi di ng, chiu
di on cc p c th di hn.
Nhc im
p cc t hai bn hng cc thng qua 2 chu ma st do do khi p qua cc lp ma st c ni ma
st tng i cao nh st, st do cng... lc p hng thng khng th thng c lc cn do
ma st tng h cc xung su.
Ni chung, phng php ny khng c s dng rng ri bng phng php p nh
9.3. Cc b phn ca my p cc (p nh)
i trng
Trm bm thy lc gm c:
ng c in
Bm thy lc ngn ko
ng tuy- thy lc v gic thy lc
Dn my p cc: gm c khung dn vi gi xi lanh, khung dn l mt lng thp c hn thnh
khung bi cc thanh thp gc v tm thp dy. B dn h 2 u cc c th i t trn xung
di. Khung dn gn vi ng c ca xi-lanh, khung dn c th ln xung theo trc hnh trnh
ca xi-lanh
Dn my c th di chuyn nh ch l bt cc bulng
B my p cc gm 2 thanh thp hnh ch I loi ln lin kt vi dn my ng vi khong cch
hai hng cc c th ng ti 1 v tr p c nhiu cc m khng cn phi di chuyn b my.
C th p mt lc nhiu cc bng cch ni bulng y dn my sang v tr p cc khc b tr
trong cng mt hng cc.
My p cc cn c lc p P gm 2 kch thu lc mi kch c Pmax = P/2 (T)

Hnh 1. My p cc

9.4. Nguyn l lm vic

Dn my c lp rp vi b my bng 2 cht nh vy c th di chuyn p mt s cc khi b
my c nh ti mt ch, gim s ln cu i trng
ng th cc c 2 xilanh nng ln h xung, nng lng thy lc truyn i t trm bm qua
xilanh qua ng th cc v qua gi u cc truyn sang cc, vi i trng nng lng s bin
thnh lc dc trc p cc xung t.
9.5. Chn my p cc
Chn my p cc a cc xung chiu su thit k, cc phi qua cc tng a cht khc nhau
ty theo iu kin c th ca a cht cng trnh.
Mun cho cc qua c nhng a tng th lc p cc phi t gi tr:

Pep K.Pc
Trong :
Pep lc p cn thit cc i su vo t nn ti su thit k
K h s K > 1; c th ly K = 1,5 2 ph thuc vo loi t v tit din cc
Pc tng sc khng tc thi ca nn t, Pc = Pmui + Pmasat
Pmui : phn khng mi cc
Pmasat : ma st thn cc
Nh vy, p c cc xung chiu su thit k cn phi c mt lc thng c lc ma st bn
ca cc v ph v cu trc ca lp t di mi cc. Lc p bng trng lng bn thn cc
v lc p bng thy lc. Lc p cc ch yu do kch thy lc to ra.
V d: Cc 300 x 300mm
Cc c tit din 300x300, chiu di on cc C1=7m; on C2 v C3 = 8m
Sc chu ti ca cc: Pcoc = PCPT = 79,215T
m bo cho cc c p n su thit k, lc p ca my phi tha mn iu kin:
Pep min 1,5Pcoc = 1,5 x 79,215 = 108,8T
V ch nn s dng 0,8 0,9 kh nng lm vic ti a ca my p cc, cho nn ta chn my p
thy lc c lc nn ln nht 120T
Vy trng lng i trng mi bn: P Pep/2 = 120/2 =60T, dng mi bn 12 i trng b
tng ct thp, trng lng mi khi nng 5T c kch thc 1x1x2m
Nhng ch tiu k thut ch yu ca thit b p :
+ Chn ng knh piton thy lc du (thng dng 2 piton) :

D=\sqrt{\frac{2P_{ep}}{\pi*P_{dau}}} border=0>
+ Ly Pdau = 150 kg/cm2
D=\sqrt{\frac{2P_{ep}}{\pi*P_{dau}}=\frac{2.120.10 00}{3,14.150}=22,57cm} border=0>
Chn D=25cm
Vi l = 1200mm, l l lch trnh ca piton thy lc
L lch my phi c cc bn c thm quyn kim tra kim nh cc c trng k thut
Lu lng du ca my bm (lt/pht)
p lc bm du ln nht (kg/cm2)
Hnh trnh pittng ca kch (cm)
Din tch y pittng ca kch (cm2)
Phiu kim nh ng h o p lc du v cc van chu lc do c quan c thm quyn cp
9.6. Tnh s my p cc cho cng trnh
T s lng cc cn p v nh mc ca my (theo M 24-2005), ta tnh ra s ca my cn thit
cho vic thi cng cng trnh. Nu s ca my qu ln, ta c th chn tng s my p ln: 2 my,
hoc 3 my...

V d: tit din cc 250 x 250mm, tng s chiu di cc p 5000m, tra nh mc tit din cc
25x25cm v my p < 150T, nh mc l 3,05ca/100m cc
Vy, s my cn thit :
Vy, nu thi cng ton b s cc trn cn t nht 5 thng. Nu ta dng 2 my p cc th thi gian
thi cng s gim xung 1/2. V s ngy cng cho 2 my: 77 ngy, sau khi c s ngy, s my th
ta s thit k c s p cc chnh thc.
9.7. Tnh ton chn cu phc v p cc
10. Tin hnh p cc
10.1. Chun b mt bng thi cng v cc
Vic b tr mt bng thi cng p cc nh hng trc tip n tin thi cng nhanh hay chm
ca cng trnh. Vic b tr mt bng thi cng phi hp l cc cng vic khng b chng cho,
cn tr ln nhau, gip y nhanh tin thi cng, rt ngn thi gian thc hin cng trnh.
Cc phi c b tr trn mt bng sao cho thun li cho vic thi cng m vn khng cn tr
my mc thi cng
V tr cc cc phi c nh du sn trn mt bng bng cc ct mc chc chn, d nhn.
Cc phi c vch sn cc ng trc s dng my ngm kinh v
10.1.1. Gic i cc trn mt bng
Ngi thi cng phi kt hp vi ngi lm cng tc o c. Trn bn v tng mt bng thi cng
phi xc nh y v tr ca tng hng mc cng trnh, ghi r cch xc nh li to , da
vo cc mc chun c sn hay da vo mc quc gia, chuyn mc vo a im xy dng
Thc hin cc bin php nh du trc mng, ch n mi dc taluy ca h mng
10.1.2. Gic cc trong mng
Gic mng xong, ta xc nh c v tr ca i, ta tin hnh xc nh v tr cc trong i
phn mng trn mt bng, ta xc nh c tim i nh cc im chun. Cc im ny
c nh du bng cc mc
Cng dy trn cc mc, ly thng bng, sau t tim o ra cc khong cch xc nh v tr tim
cc theo thit k
Xc nh tim cc bng phng php th cng, dng qu di th t cc giao im trn dy
xc nh tim cc xc nh tim cc thc di t, nh du cc v tr ny
10.2. Cng tc chun b p cc
Cc p sau nn thi im bt u p cc tu thuc vo s tho thun gia thit k ch cng trnh
v ngi thi cng p cc
Vn chuyn v lp rp thit b p cc vo v tr p m bo an ton
Chnh my cc ng trc ca khung my, ng trc kch v ng trcj ca cc ng thng
v nm trong mt mt phng, mt phng ny phi vung gc vi t phng chun nm ngang (mt
phng chun i mng). nghing ca n khng qu 5%
Kim tra 2 mc cu ca dn my tht cn thn kim tra 2 cht ngang lin kt dm my v lp
dn ln b my bng 2 my
Khi cu i trng, dn phi c k tht phng, khng nghing lch, kim tra cc cht vt tht an
ton.

 Ln lt cu cc i trng ln dm khung sao cho mt phng cha trng tm 2 i trng trng

vi trng tm ng th cc. Trong trng hp i trng t ngoi dm th phi k chc chn
Dng cu t hnh cu trm bm n gn dn my, ni cc gic thu lc vo gic trm bm, bt
u cho my hot ng
Chy th my p kim tra n nh ca thit b (chy khng ti v c ti)
Kim tra cc v vn chuyn cc vo v tr cc trc khi p
10.2.1. Kim tra cc chi tit ni cc v my hn
Trc khi p cc i tr, phi tin hnh p lm th nghim nn tnh cc ti nhng im c
iu kin a cht tiu biu nhm la chn ng n loi cc, thit b thi cng v iu chnh
n thit k, s lng cn kim tra vi th nghim nn tnh l 1% tng s cc p nhng khng t
hn 3 cc.
10.2.2. Chun b ti liu
Phi kim tra loi b cc cc khng t yu cu k thut
Phi c y cc bn bo co kho st a cht cng trnh, biu xuyn tnh, bn cc
cng trnh ngm.
C bn v mt bng b tr li cc trong khi thi cng
C phiu kim nghim cp phi, tnh cht c l ca thp v b tng cc
Bin bn kim tra cc
H s thit b s dng p cc
10.3. Lp on cc u tin
10.3.1. Chun b
on cc u tin phi c lp chnh xc, phi cn chnh trc ca C1 trng vi ng trc
ca kch v i qua im nh v cc sai lch khng qu 1cm
u trn ca cc c gn vo thanh nh hng ca khung my
Nu on cc C1 b nghing s dn n hu qu ca ton b cc b nghing
10.3.2. Tin hnh thi cng p cc
Khi y kch (hoc nh pittong) tip xc vi nh cc th iu chnh van tng dn p lc,
nhng giy u tin p lc du tng dn u, on cc C1 cm su dn vo t vi vn tc xuyn
1m/s.
Trong qu trnh p dng 2 my kinh v t vung gc vi nhau kim tra thng ng ca
cc lc xuyn xung. Nu xc nh cc nghing th dng li iu chnh ngay.
Khi u cc C1 cch mt t 0,3 0,5m th tin hnh lp on cc C2, kim tra v mt 2 u
cc C2 sa cha sao cho tht phng.
Kim tra cc chi tit ni cc v my hn.
Lp on cc C2 vo v tr p, cn chnh ng trc cc C2 trng vi trc kch v trc on
cc C1, nghing 1%
Tc ng ln cc C2 1 lc to tip xc sao cho p lc mt tip xc khong 3 4kg/cm2 ri
mi tin hnh ni 2 on cc theo thit k
Lm tng t vi cc on cc sau
10.3.3. Thao tc p m
Trong qu trnh p cc, khi p cc ti on cui cng, ta phi c bin php a u cc xung

mt ct m no so vi ct t nhin. C th dng 2 phng php

Phng php 1: Dng cc ph
Dng mt cc BTCT ph c chi di ln hn chiu cao t nh c trong i n mt t t
nhin mt on (1 1,5m) p h u cc xung cao trnh ct m cn thit.
Thao tc: Khi p ti on cui cng, ta hn ni tip mt on cc ph di 2,5m ln u cc,
nh du ln thn cc ph chiu su cn p xung khi p cc u cc s tng i u nhau,
khng xy ra tnh trng nhp nh khng bng nhau, gip thi cng p u cc v lin kt vi i
thun li hn. xc nh su ny cn dng my kinh v t ln mt trn ca dm thp ch I
xc nh cao trnh thc t ca dm thp vi ct 0,00, tnh ton xc nh c chiu su
cn p v nh du ln thn cc ph (chiu su ny thay i theo tng v tr mt t ca i m ta
t dm thp ca my p cc). Tin hnh thi cng cc ph nhn cc chnh ti chiu su vch
sn trn thn cc ph
u im: khng phi dng cc p m nhng phi ch to th s mt di cc BTCT lm cc
dn, thi cng xong s p i gy tn km, hiu qu kinh t khng cao.
Phng php 2: Phng php p m
Phng php ny dng mt on cc dn p cc xung ct m thit k sau li rt cc dn
ln p cho cc khc, cu to cc p m do cn b thi cng thit k v ch to.
Cc p m c th l bng BTCT hoc thp
V hnh trnh ca pitng my p ch p c cch mt t t nhin khong 0,6 0,7m, do vy
chiu di cc c ly t cao trnh nh cc trong i n mt t t nhin cng thm mt on
0,7m l hnh trnh pitng nh trn, c th ly ra thm 0,5m na gip thao tc p d dng hn.
u im: Khng phi dng cc ph BTCT, hiu qu kinh t cao hn, cc dn lc ny tr thnh
cc cng c trong vic h cc xung ct m thit k.
Nhc im: thao tc vi cc dn phi thn trng trnh lm nghing u cc chnh v cc dn
ch lin kt khp tm thi vi u cc chnh (chp m u cc ln u cc). Vic thi cng nhng
cng trnh c tng hm, su y i ln hn thi cng dn kh hn, khi p xong rt cc ln kh
khn hn, nhiu trng hp cc p chnh b nghing.
10.4. Kt thc cng vic p cc
Cc c coi l p xong khi tho mn 2 iu kin:
Chiu Lmax Lc di cc p vo t nn trong khong Lmin
Trong :
Lmin , Lmax l chiu di ngn nht v di nht ca cc c thit k d bo theo tnh hnh
bin ng ca nn t trong khu vc
Lc l chiu di cc h vo trong t so vi ct thit k;
Lc p trc khi dng trong khong (Pep) min (Pep)max(Pep)KT
Trong :
(Pep) min l lc p nh nht do thit k quy nh;
(Pep)max l lc p ln nht do thit k quy nh;
(Pep)KT l lc p ti thi im kt thc p cc, tr s ny c duy tr vi vn tc xuyn khng
qu 1cm/s trn chiu su khng t hn ba ln ng knh ( hoc cnh) cc.

Trng hp khng t 2 iu kin trn ngi thi cng phi bo cho ch cng trnh v thit k
s l kp thi khi cn thit, lm kho st t b sung, lm th nghim kim tra c c s l lun
s l.
10.5. Cc im cn ch trong thi gian p cc
Vic ghi chp lc p theo nht k p cc nn tin hnh cho tng mt chiu di cc cho ti khi t
ti (Pep)min, bt u t su ny nn ghi cho tng 20cm cho ti khi kt thc, hoc theo yu
cu c th ca T vn, Thit k.
Ghi chp lc p u tin khi mi cc cm su vo lng t t 0,3 0,5m th ghi ch s lc p
u tin sau c mi ln cc xuyn c 1m th ghi ch s lc p ti thi im vo nht l
p cc
Nu thy ng h o p lc tng ln hoc gim xung 1 cch t ngt th phi ghi vo nht k p
cc s thay i .
Nht k phi y cc s kin p cc c s chng kin ca cc bn c lin quan.