El Dogma Central de la Biologa Molecular describe un proceso de

dos pasos, la transcripcin y la traduccin, por el cual la informacin

contenida en los genes se transforma en protenas.
ADN

ARN

protenas

DNA

TRANSCRIPCION

mRNA
Ribosoma
TRADUCCION
Polipeptido

celula procariotica

Envoltura
Nuclear

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
PROCESAMIENTO RNA

mRNA

Ribosoma
TRADUCCION
Polipeptido

Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPCION

DNA

mRNA
Ribosoma
TRADUCCION
Polipeptido

Celula Procariotica

LE 17-3-5

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide

Prokaryotic cell

Nuclear
envelope

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide

Eukaryotic cell

Gen 2
DNA
molecula
Gen 1

Gen 3

DNA cadena
(templada)

TRANSCRIPCION

mRNA

3
Codon

TRADUCCION

Proteina

Amino acido

Promotor
Unidad Transcripcion

5
3

3
5

DNA
Punto de iniciacion
RNA polimerasa

Iniciacion

Elongacion
5
3

No-templada
Cadena devDNA

3
5
RNA
transcript

Unwound
DNA

RNA nucleotidos

Template strand
of DNA

RNA
polimerasa

Elongacion
3
3 end
Rewound
DNA

5
3

3
5
5
RNA
transcripto

Direccion de transcripcion
(downstream)

Terminacion
Nuevo RNA

5
3

3
5
5

3
Completo RNA transcript

Cadena templado
ADN

LE 17-8
Promoter

Eukaryotic promoters

5
3

3
5
TATA box

Start point

Template
DNA strand
Several transcription
factors

Transcription
factors

5
3

3
5
Additional transcription
factors

RNA polymerase II

5
3

Transcription factors

3
5

RNA transcript
Transcription initiation complex

LE 17-11

RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

5

Exon 1

Intron

Exon 2

Protein
Other proteins

snRNA
snRNPs
Spliceosome

Spliceosome
components

Cut-out
intron
mRNA

Exon 1

Exon 2

RNA transcripto (pre-mRNA)

5
Exon 1

Intron

Exon 2

Proteina
Otras proteinas

snRNA
snRNPs

Spliceosoma

Spliceosoma

componentes
Spliceosoma
Corte-out
intron
mRNA

5
Exon 1

Exon 2

Gen
DNA
Exon 1

Intron

Exon 2

Intron

Exon 3

Transcripcion

Procesamiento RNA
Traduccion

Dominio 3

Dominio 2
Dominio 1

Polipeptido

LE 17-9

Protein-coding segment

Polyadenylation signal

5 Cap

5 UTR

Start codon

Stop codon

3 UTR

Poly-A tail

LE 17-10

5 Exon Intron
Pre-mRNA

Exon

Intron

Exon

5 Cap

Poly-A tail

30

31
Coding
segment

104

105

146

Introns cut out and

exons spliced together

Poly-A tail

5 Cap
5 UTR

146
3 UTR

Codn iniciacin

Gua
(no traducido)

Codn

Fragmento lectura
(traducido)

Codn Stop

Cola
(no traducido)

LE 17-13

Amino
acids

Polypeptide

tRNA with
amino acid
attached
Ribosome

tRNA
Anticodon

Codons

5
mRNA

3
Sitio de union
Amino acido
5

Puentes
Hydrogeno

Anticodon
estructura dos dimensiones
Sitio de union
Amino acido

5
3

Puentes
Hidrogeno

3
Anticodon
Estructura tres dimensiones

5
Anticodon

Simbolo usado

Amino acido

Aminoacil-tRNA
sintetasa (enzima)

Pirofosfato
Fosfatos
tRNA

AMP

Aminoacil tRNA
(un activado
amino acido)

sitio P (Sitio ligadura

Peptidil-tRNA)
Sitio A (sitio de ligadura
Aminoacyl-tRNA)

sitio E
(sitio salida)
E

Sitio ligadura
mRNA

Schematic model showing binding sites

Subunidad
mayor
Subunidad
menor

Third mRNA base (3 end)

LE 17-5
Second mRNA base

LE 17-16
tRNA
molecules

Growing
polypeptide

Exit tunnel

Large
subunit

E P
A

Small
subunit
5

3
mRNA
Computer model of functioning ribosome
P site (Peptidyl-tRNA
binding site)

A site (AminoacyltRNA binding site)

E site
(Exit site)
E

mRNA
binding site

Large
subunit
Small
subunit

Schematic model showing binding sites

Growing polypeptide

Amino end

Next amino acid

to be added to
polypeptide chain
E

tRNA

mRNA

3
Codons

Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA

LE 17-16a

tRNA
molecules

Growing
polypeptide

Exit tunnel

Large
subunit
E P
A
Small
subunit
5

3
mRNA
Computer model of functioning ribosome

INICIACION

Large
ribosomal
subunit
P site

Initiator tRNA

GTP

GDP
E

mRNA

Start codon
mRNA binding site

Small
ribosomal
subunit

Translation initiation complex

LE 17-16c

Amino end

Growing polypeptide
Next amino acid
to be added to
polypeptide chain
E

tRNA

mRNA

Codons

Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA

ELONGACION
Amino end
of polypeptide

mRNA
Ribosome ready for
next aminoacyl tRNA

P A
site site

GTP
2 GDP

GDP

GTP

TERMINACION

Release
factor

Free
polypeptide

5
3

3
3

5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
When a ribosome reaches a stop
codon on mRNA, the A site of the
ribosome accepts a protein called
a release factor instead of tRNA.

The release factor hydrolyzes the

bond between the tRNA in the
P site and the last amino acid of the
polypeptide chain. The polypeptide
is thus freed from the ribosome.

The two ribosomal subunits

and the other components
of the assembly dissociate.

LE 17-20
Completed
polypeptides

Growing
polypeptides
Incoming
ribosomal
subunits

Start of
mRNA
(5 end)

End of
mRNA
(3 end)
An mRNA molecule is generally translated simultaneously
by several ribosomes in clusters called polyribosomes.

Ribosomes
mRNA

0.1 m m
This micrograph shows a large polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell (TEM).

LE 17-20a

Growing
polypeptides

Completed
polypeptide

Incoming
ribosomal
subunits

Start of
mRNA
(5 end)

End of
mRNA
(3 end)
An mRNA molecule is generally translated simultaneously
by several ribosomes in clusters called polyribosomes.

LE 17-20b

Ribosomes

mRNA

0.1 m m
This micrograph shows a large polyribosome in a prokaryotic cell (TEM).

LE 17-21

Ribosomes

mRNA
Signal
peptide
Signalrecognition
particle SRP
(SRP)
receptor
protein
CYTOSOL
ER LUMEN

Translocation
complex

ER
membrane
Signal
peptide
removed

Protein

LE 17-22

RNA polymerase

DNA
mRNA
Polyribosome

RNA
polymerase

Direction of
transcription

0.25 m m

DNA

Polyribosome
Polypeptide
(amino end)
Ribosome
mRNA (5 end)

Las bases moleculares de la enfermedad anemia falciforme

Hemoglobina DNA normal

3

Hemoglobina DNA mutante

5

mRNA

mRNA

Hemoglobina normal

Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Cualquier cambio en la secuencia de los nucletidos del ADN se denomina

MUTACION

normal

mRNA
5
Proteina

Stop

Amino terminal

Carboxyl terminal

substitucion par-base
No afecta la secuencia de aminoacidos
U en lugar de C

Stop
Missense
A en lugar de G

Stop
Nonsense
U en lugar de A

Stop

Wild type
mRNA 5
Protein

3
Stop
Carboxyl terminal

Amino terminal

Insercion o perdida de un par -base

Frameshift causing immediate nonsense
Extra U

Stop
Frameshift causing
extensive missense

Missing

Insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides:

no frameshift but extra or missing amino acid
Missing

Stop

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA

RNA
polymerase

RNA
transcript
RNA PROCESSING

Exon
RNA transcript
(pre-mRNA)
Intron
Aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase
NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

FORMATION OF
INITIATION COMPLEX

Amino
acid

AMINO ACID ACTIVATION

tRNA

mRNA

Growing
polypeptide
Activated
amino acid

A
P
E

Ribosomal
subunits

5
TRANSLATION

Codon
Ribosome

Anticodon