ARISTAENETUS home in the country and spent the rest of his life putting the final touches to the epic and to his comedies. ‘The Orlando Furioso is a sequel to the Orlando Innamorato by Boiardo and represents the culminating point in the development of the Italian romantic epic. ‘The Carolingian and Arthurian stories had long been known in Italy. Boiardo first combined the material from both sources, introducing Arthurian amorousness into the Carolingian camp. Ariosto, in the Orlando Furioso, carried the development still further and, following certain indica- tions already present in Boiardo’s work, showed Orlando driven mad by love Angelica, the inspiration of Orlando’s passion, is not, however, the most im- portant female character in Ariosto’s work. ‘The role of heroine is here taken by Bradamante, the warrior-woman, betrothed to Ruggiero, from whose union descends the illustrious house of Este. ‘The creation of the character of Bradamante, especially the fusion of the masculine and feminine sides of her nature, and the growth of her love for Ruggiero with its attendant doubts and conflicts, is perhaps the most remark- able achievement of the whole work. As anarrator Ariosto is superb, He is at his est in episodes which require for their telling a blend of seriousness and irony, as for instance Astolfo’s journey to the moon in search of Orlando's wits, and the love of the queenly Angelica for the humble soldier, Medoro. ‘Though he can evoke emotion (notably in the stories of Olimpia and Bireno and of Isabella and Zerbino), detachment rather than intensity seems to be his aim. His descriptions, whether of events or of the external world, are remarkably concrete; and when he adorns his narration he does so normally by similes rather than by metaphor or imagery. A fairly constant feature of the work is its undercurrent of mockery. ‘The military prowess and valour of the knights, the ideals of chivalry, the war itself are all gently ridiculed, but so subtly that the reader is left in doubt as to whether Parody is intended or not. Ariosto’s minor works include love Poetry, comedies and satires, Orlando Furioso (1516; 2nd ed., rev. as to style, t321; 3rd ed. rev. again as to style and Ph Sdditional material, 1532), ed. 5. Gra ngdetti (3 vols, 1928), ed. N. Zingarelli ar SA sepi Commedie, ed. M. Patalano 192 ed.’ 1940); Opere minori, ed. G. SE loishy Stee: AoA” Marendacss (2933). Le fonti dell’ Orlando Furioso (and Rajna, [620] ed. 1900); H. Hauvette, L'4. et la poésie chevaleresque d Ferrare au début du x6e sidcle (1927); B. Croce, 4. (and ed. 1927), dy Shakespeare ¢ Corneille (1929) ; A. Mar 0, Saggio su U'Orlando Furioso (and ed. 1932)! J. E. G. Gardner, The King of Court Poets (4906 ; a useful introduction) ; E, W. Edwards, The Orlando Purioso and its predecessor (2934), Aristaenctus (fl. mid-sth-cent. ap.), Greek epistolographer, ‘of whose life nothing is known. Author of two books of letters on erotic themes, ‘The motives are mainly borrowed from Alexandrian elegy, new comedy and anecdotal tradition, ‘The treatment is often somewhat porno- graphic, and there is little attempt at characterization. The style is rhetorical and the language an Atticising pastiche. R. Hercher, Epistolographi Graect (1873), The Love Epistles of Aristaenetus, tr. N. B. Halhed and R. B. Sheridan (1771), repr. in W. K. Kelly, Erotica (1854). J. Pietzko, De Aristaeneli epistulis (1907); ‘T. Nissen, (Zur Rhythmile und | cae te Aristaenetosbriefe’, Byz. Zeitsch., 40 (1940), : RE Aristarchus (*Samothrace c. 216; tAlex- andria 144 B.c.), Greek grammarian, pupil of Aristophanes of Byzantium, whom| he succeeded as librarian of the royal lib- rary at Alexandria. Worked mainly on) Homer, of whose poems he prepared two xecensions and many exegetical studies, His criticism rested on a profound know- ledge of Homeric language and archaeology and marks the zenith of Alexandrian scholarship. It is preserved mainly in ex- tracts in the scholia on Homer. K. Lehrs, De Aristarchi studiis Homerics (grd ed. 1882); A. Ludwich, Aristarchs homerische Texthritik (2 vols, 1884-85); M.H. A. LH. van der Valk, Textual Criticim of the Odyssey (1949). RB, Aristarchus or Samos (*c. 300; }230 B.c.), Greek mathematician’ and astro- nomer. Ancient authorities say that he suggested that the sun and fixed stars are motionless, while the earth revolves round the sun and on its own axis; but The sizes and distances of the sun and moon, the only extant treatise, retains the geocentric theory. 'T. Heath, A. of Samos (1913) and A History of Grech Mathematics, II (1921). JE. Aristides, Art1s (*Asia Minor ¢. A, 1203 +189}, Greek orator, after much pro- fessional. travelling, devoted himself to curing his chronic illness by oneiromancy, ‘The story is interesting for ancient theurgie[621] ARISTOPHANES therapy and abounds in quaint situations and unconscious humour. His encomium ‘To Rome’ is an illuminating tribute. He writes a fine late Attic, but suffers from vanity and (generally) lack of originality. Fifty-five discourses, ed. W. Dindorf (1829); ed. B. Keil, only vol. II, emended text of xvit to litt (1898) A. Boulanger, Aelius Aristide (1923). Aristophanes (#c. 445; tc. 385 3B. supreme poet of Athenian Old Comedy. His dramatic career began in 427 with the lost Daitales (“Banqueters’). Of 44 plays, 4 doubtfully authentic, rz survive complete. Aristophanic comedy is a brilliant fusion of poetry, fantasy and farce with political, literary ‘and social criticism, Buffoonery and satirical abuse had a long tradition, visibly recalled in the grotesque padded costumes of the actors and the weird mag- nificence of the animal choruses; but it was Aristophanes’ immediate predecessors, notably Cratinus, who laid down the main lines he was to follow. Each play is built upon a leading idea propounded, debated and carried against opposition; the latter half, in a series of farcical scenes, displays the consequences of the main action with little dramatic development. A prominent feature of the sth-century plays is the parabasis, a direct address to the audience by the chorus. Until 421 Aristophanes was mainly occupied with political comedy. He de- plored Athens’ treatment of her allies, detested Cleon and the other popular leaders, and campaigned vigorously for peace with Sparta. In Acharnians (425) an old countryman wearied of war and public policy makes a private peace and sets up a free market in imported food; in Peace (421) the farmers free the goddess from her imprisonment by War and pro- claim plenty in the land; in both plays, as elsewhere, the feeling for the country is strong. Knights (424) is a bitter attack on Cleon, who is represented as a rascally slaye defrauding his master Demos, the people; Wasps (422) is nearer to social comedy in displaying faults in the adminis- tration of justice and their exploitation by politicians. Modern education had been the theme of Daitales; in Clouds (423: the extant version is a revision) Socrates is presented as caricature of a sophist, and beneath the fun lies serious criticism of a system of education which gave its ad- herents power without responsibility. ‘The years 420-400 show a change of emphasis. Several lost plays had themes of myth and tragic burlesque. Parody of the tragedians, especially Euripides, is con- stant with Aristophanes, and had been prominent in Acharzians; now, in Thes- mophoriazousai (‘Women at the ‘Thesmo- phoria’: 411) and in Frogs (405) we see him presented as a clever and fascinating poet whose ideas, like those of the sophists, are corrupting ‘and dangerous, and whose language is meretricious and over-subtle. Some plays seem to have dealt with the corruption of religion by foreign cults and quack soothsayers, others with the irre- sponsibility of youth as represented by Alcibiades; but Birds (414) is almost pure fantasy. Two disillusioned Athenians build ‘Cloudcuckootown’ among the birds, an ideal city with dominion over gods and men; the theme evoked some of Aristo- phanes’ finest poctry. Lyssistrate (411) is yet another plea for peace, this time brought about by a sex-strike of women, whose comic possibilities are well used. Between Frogs and Ecclesiazousai (Women at the Assembly’: 391) lies a transition from Old to Middle’ Comedy. "The women assume government and estab- lish a sort of Platonic communism; the spirit of personal political attack is replaced bya wider social interest, the style is flatter, and the role of the chorus greatly dimin= ished. In this new style. the myth- burlesque play continues, and in Ploutos (88) the god of wealth is restored to sight so that poor but just men may prosper. ‘Old Comedy was perennially opposed to reigning fashions and powers, and Aristo- phanes, with his bias towards conservatism, is no exception; but he had usually more discernment than to make all the points on one side. He has much pure and excellent poetry and a wonderful range of wit; the plays in their very nature are good theatre rather than good drama. Their interest is the greater for the insight they give on con- temporary Athenian society and thought. Ed. J. van Leeuwen (with Prolegomena and Latin comm., 12 vols, 1896-1909); B. B, Rogers (with comm, and verse tr, 12 vols 875-1917; text and tr. reissued in 3 vols, Locb Libr., 1924); V. Coulon and H. van Daele (the ‘most satisfactory text; Fr. try vols, 1923-303 some sinee revised); F. WP Hall and W. M. Geldart (2 vols, 1906-07), Among the many separate eds, see es; Acharnians, W. J. M. Starkie (909, with prose tr.); Knights, R. A. Neil (1901); Cloud M, Starlde (ro2r, with prose tr.) Wasps! M. Starkie (2897); Peace, Hi. SyeaPs (2905) Binds T. Kock and O. Schroeder (aoe, gomm., 1927}, tt G. Murray (1950); Frog tr c Radermacher’ (Ger. Tucker (1906), te Ge loz) TT. Murray’ (a9r5);| ARISTOPHANES [622] Lysistrate, U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1927, with Ger. comm.); Ploutos, IX. R. von Holsinger, Kritischexegetischer ‘Kommentar (Sitz.-Ber. Wien. Akad., CCXVIIT, 1940); Fragments, T. Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, 1 (1880); J. Demianezule, Supple ‘mentum Comicum: (x91 . A Schmid-Stilin, Garch. d a Lite Wy. i (1946), x74~441 (a most valuable systematic Beene with full piblia.) St — files shanes (1933 ; the best general intro.}; G. Nor- or Gk Comedy (1931); L. E. Lord, Aristophanes and his influence (1925: short popular account); A. Couat, Aristophane et Vancienne comédie attique (3rd ed. tgoz); M. Croiset, Aristophane et les partis & Athénes (1906, Eng, tr. 1909); V. Ehrenberg, ‘The people of Aristophanes’ (2nd ed. 1931); D. Grene, “The comic technique of Aristophanes”, in Hermathena, 50 (1937); P. Mazon, Essai sur la composition des comedies @ Aristophane (1904); T. B, L. Webster, Studies in Later Greek Comedy (1953); 'A. W. Pickard Cambridge, Dithyramb, Tr ragedy and Comedy (2929) and Greek Dramatic Festivals (1932). E.W.H. Aristophanes of Byzantium (#c. 257; te, 180B.c.), Greek grammarian. Pupil of Callimachus, Zenodotus and Eratosthenes, whom he succeeded c, 195 as librarian ‘at Alexandria, Continuing Zenodotus’ work on Homer, he also edited the tyrie poets and the Attic tragedians, His work shows a wide interest in aesthetic questions and close linguistic scholarship. fA. Nauck, Aristophanis Byzantii grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta (1848), ela P- Cauer, Grundfragen der Homerkritik (4rd $f. 2929)5 0, von Wilamowite-Moellendorft, ins in die griech. Tragddie (1921): J. E Sree pay a Class Boole | (rd 1921); M. HLA. L.A. van der V, a Criticism of the Odyssey (gag Vt Textual ey (1949). RB. Aristotle (*Stagira 384; +Chalcis 322, went first to Assos, where hy i Pythias, the tyrant Hermias? ieee io fhen to Mytilene, where he remained une accepted an invitation from Philip: of eedon to become tutor to Alena cies then aged thirteen (343). In 495 he set up @ school, which became known as the Pec? Ras: im the Lyceum at Athens." He let eho tht@t, Alexander's death in 3a5 ‘n anti-] in 5 Strong nt’ Macedonian feeling grew sc Owing to a i : series of accidents, near} Rauing he wrote for publication tay Ss The fragments that remain at is early dialogues show i Plato; but late: he, moved 3 master’s position, ‘The suit totes, are in the form of elaborate ee en written at various times during I cet revised by himself Inter, and 325000 arranged by subsequent editors. panic icularly vretatione) had a partic * influence. His method of, the bast by the syllogism provided (aft logie for some two thousand 32°, sont was 2000 Pe of His cosmology, which 35 he tig Europe in modified form 10" pjysis Galileo, is explained in WE) eet Metaphysies and other SPO, si His fundamental conceP® rnin eye dynamis, the potentialt °° his Pasa development sowards £7 5 thet tiality remains unrealized 10, pre-existent form to call "he To avoid an infinite 18 Tom, Mg of the existence of a SUPTEMS fsst us moved mover’, which #8 IC peolutt, 0 all change but itself rem the OPN v8 changed. It operates | O° which oe love’, first on the SPhOT Spy 95d B the heavenly bodies, mC Tas intermediaries on the SU" "pat the centre of the uniVerS® gios Mem Aristotle’s biologien! | on teleology: the purr of a species is to attain. ¥0 "ind iin fect form of the spec a atl eG Se parts and functions 22° {fact “yee that end, ‘They are 20h 01 God, since there is no desi@0°%j,o08 gt moved mover’, as ett effects he produces. ag Aries? ‘The most importont ng Mp bee humanistic studies 1 alysis ogy cs, Wie 01 ot og Bihics, which, gives forming bot behaviour and of ett gc ite emia aim is practical #0 ty, TM spt guide their lives co” ie! 7 is for the most part Pate rather than on etbica metaphysical spec le ion ; "The Politics is ity St ci aim and methods of the tof th, xo oh f th e that the 225;5 ;00% ox was passing (and 20 one pupil 2 ie i is PUR os oe it than it se. sof is, passing thom ded potted Aristotle still Kein Ponce Gly litical unit worth ted 3 eB gt iF PeAristotle. also produe ol es mn the consti states: all of these, He eo Constitution of Atl tent 189%" was found in Fey?"(623] ARMSTRONG In i ee Helcdarée and Poetics he turns his prantion to the arts. ‘The Rhetoric gives tical advice on persuasive ‘orato enectirviving figment of the Poets di Ba cee’ and epie poetry: the analysis iliant and original. mate oie's method is tentative, undog- Passonn amazingly eonscientiow his tnd on £0" precision leads him to difficult nothfranah unpalatable conclusions, but judige® i,88erificed to sentiment or Pre~ Pellngg yun’ tesult isa coherent and com: -w of the world which explained Baiee appemat vations then made and ‘saved the fo) es’. His school was perhaps un~ stunate in havi nemeate in having so great a master: his schol . an ban eoBhastus ‘was a considerable ut none ofthe rest of his followers ota ene their inheritance until the tmentator Alexander of Aphre- orb OM that time onwards Aristotle ingly read and understood, and influenced the course o! a5 i Profound oH i Greet, Philosophy and science, No Steck ean Phil Fistogy a claim greater importance in the p vests ‘uropean thought. RD pth comm.: De Anna, ede and te omingtac ks (£907); H. H. Joachim, of om Morice af Passing aay (2922) Meta- Rachegg 4 W- D. Ross (2 vols, 19280; Nice Stewart, nefits ed. J. Burnet (1890) aching Netes on the NB. (a vols, 892); Wr votes on the NE. (2950); Pasi edt Hter Cages, (2930); Poetics, ed, and & eed: A: Guideman (2nd ed. 1048); tr Benen Newman vols, 1887 ies negettter (1946); Prior and Posters” GM. Cope WY: D. Ross (1949); Rhelort ed. GeBtitusioy, 04 TE. Sandys (3 vols, 1887)5 Th of Athens, ed. F. G- Kenyon The Oxy nth ld Transtatin of Arial Je Loeb Ce; D- Ross (roo8—31); text and 2m Gydsssical Libr. ; Commentaria in Aris & PPtemennet, (23. vols, Berlin, 882-1909) mn r8fPlemennee ten “Aristoteticum (3) Vols Berlia, 085, 4. (1923; best genet Tg Buhom, Le Systime dt ed,“ E: Taylor, 4. (1919)3 W- Jace a 48); JM. Le Blond, Logigue, Aitlitadtes Avistoie (a930); Baa oteles (4nd Zufall in der "Philosophie des poRique paz); A Mansion, Introduction & hate Arisiotdticienne (1040); F- NUveay ie onan Ma “icone (04) io 2948); "Thoma je Bonheur ches Aristo (1948), ti, Wilpers Heath, Mathematics #2 A. (1949)5 Sle abe fiet Aristotle Frisch Agee melve(ro49)3 J. ES GreStox 7 TRL NMUS (WTarentum 6 379 BEY cone ge dosopher and musicel ‘theorist. ing tg Vlantinea and Corinth before thens where he joined the school of Aristotle. Three books of his Harmonics survive and part of his Elements of Riythn. Wrote also about tragic danc- ing and lives of philosophers, etc. R. Westphal, A. (1893); H, S. Macran, A. (agea, with tr. and comm); F. Webrli, 4. (1045, with comm.). TBLW. “Ariwara No Nanrsmea (#8253 to VII 880), Japanese poet. A court noble, known for hie amorous adventures, he composed poems remarkable for their unrestrained Pootionalism and skilful technique. ‘The Gmaditional ascription to him of the com- position of the Ise monogatari (q.v.) is un certain. ‘A, Miyamori, Masterpieces of Japanese Poctry (1936). E.B.C. ‘Arjona y de Cubas, Manvet De (*Osuna sare; fhtadrid 1820), Spanish poet; canon TT eecille and co-founder of the Sevillian Sleadomia de Buenas Letras. Most of his eaters characteristic of Spanish neo- Nieiicism, a the celebrated, | though eretorieal Las Ruinas de Roma (1808). La crane el Bosque, however, With its interest diese netrical novelties, is an example of early romanticism. Bibl, Autores Esp., 635 Lit. y Artes, 3.and 4- or AnJaN Mat (4A. 1581; 41606), AxpPSich Guru or pontif, compiled she fifth Granth, the original bible of the Sikh, (ar ollecting extracts from the hymns of ¥ cece predecessors and other saints, bis JGland Moslem. He was put to death ‘or Jaliingir for com- the Mogul emper angi f heity jn the rebellion of prince Khusri- M.A. Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion (6 vols, 1909) H.G.R. ‘Avmand, pseud. of STRUBE ‘ARMAND. Armin, London dramatist, write ballads, His jest (1600), was enlarged 9s (1608). Works, ed. Grosart (1880). ‘Armstrong, Joan (iCastleran ¢ 1700! ‘London 7 IX 1779) Scottish, physician Teprroats Brecasedqan London Any physician in Germany, 1760-63. An inti- pee ensior Jabs (homeo and the painter Fuseli, with whom he toured the ae nent ug TE MEE ee eeeeey. OER js a didactic poo The Art of Preserving Health (1744) # remarkable example of Rey. de Ciencias RMN. Arjun; yERG, FRIEDRICH Roser (#Kings Lynn c. 1568; XI 1615), English comic actor, ‘uriter of verse, pamphlets and ‘book, ‘Fool upon Fool "a Nest of Ninnies BLJ. |ee | ARNASON [624] the Augustan talent for raising prosaic and technical themes to ornate poetry. ‘The Cconomy of Love (1736); Sketches or Essays on various Subjects, by Launcelot Temple (3758); Miscellanies (1776). 1K. Arnason, Jn (*Hof, Skagastrénd 17 VIII 1819; 001866 Katrin borvaldsdéttir; +4 1X 1888), Icelandic folklorist. ‘The son of a parson, Arnason became a teacher and later alibrarian, He was active in literary work of all kinds and was co-founder (with Sigurdur Gudmundsson) of the Icelandic antiquarian collection (fslenzkt forn- &ripasafn) and began in this way his work as a collector of folk-tales. Ltenzk cefintyri (2852); fslenckar Pibdsogur 2g afintyri (1862-64; Icelandic Legends, tt. G. E. J; Powell and'E. Magnusson, 2 vols, 1864); Lslenzkar gdtur, skemtanir, vikivakar og dulur (4 vols, with ©. Davidsson, 1887-1993). Amauld, Atom, called “Le Grand’ (¢Paris 8 I 1612; {Brussels 7 VIII 1694), French theologian. A leading member of a distinguished family of theologinns end polemisis, Antoine (III) Arnauld was ea early convert to Jansenisin and championed that doctrine against the Jesuits thronetent his life. “His influence at Port Rosal of which his sister Angélique was the cobece Was considerable both as theolosian sedi educator. He took refuge in the Nether- Jands in 1679 and died in exile, De la fréquente communion (1643) ; Logique de Port-Royal (266r, with esas La logie du nage de France et des catholiques @ Angleterre ( 1); Réflexions sur Ia Nature et la Grace $O55-89)—Gluares compites (43 volo, Spee "A. Gaties,. Hist Janseniste (2 voi, doctrine de Port-R ire générale du mouvement + 1922); J. Laporte, La eval, (1923), GB, Arnaut Daniel (6, 1180-1210), Provengal Houbadour; nobleman from Ribérae (Dee, dogne). His 16 cantos and the sme (probably his own invention i of ‘consummate formal skill, 2 hip, rich rhymes. hs paradoxy of his poetry, his faculty for resolving mental conflict by treating face Problem of poetic form made hint in the fyes of Dante and Petrarch the undispated @ modern surreal Ganaut addressed his Sau de Bouvilla and finally became a pits Conello, La vitae le pore del trovatore aniello 883); Ro Lavaud, “Pe ae or, potsies dA. D. (xo10)—H. J. Chit ss, troubadours of Dante (3992); Boe “The origin of the seston in UM Notes, 25 (1910): A. Jeanroy, deel ie Day ot les oc nes de bse in Romania, 42 (1913) ‘ 180), Prov Arnaut de Mareuil (fi. a of troubadour from the PETEOr Cogs origin, but teamed. THs counts G addressed particularly to th yim Blacatz who Tater abandon! val jealous and more power! {ve fens an m0 ga a @amor, are the work of & Stein ge sensuously Ianguishing ®° jescril smooth and graceful lines Te fe beauty, charm and refiners natl for whom he longed 8° PI wad i C. Chabaneau, ‘Potsies int oat ci in Re muses romaness 29°F alii ip ee de lee li eta ee heegorragender, Tre Erle ie _ ree auspabe der Gedichte UE pas hritischen Ausgabe a Ee ohms Be A. de M, (1930); RC; Tig, (93% Ipriques du troubadour A. 4 ia, ROE posit Fia0% Arndt, Ernst Monara (*5¢ 1817 60) 26 XI 37695 © (2) Bonn, 2 yet Maria Schisiermod professor ng wl | He rceRat utterance alii Ri songs, and power of Cease (Cars t ngs into a telling p>! Ce) feelings into a jae Dem the Deutschlands Strom, HCH adind Grenze’) rendered ib yeratiO™ figure in the wars of Hi revered in old 28> jo Le Versuch einer Geschiai's,, jn Pommern und Bilger oly? die Menschenbildwat Gg 8 4 is he Times, ore oer eee eof the Ti iesjert sh Teutsche (1813 5 €0- Laisa Erinnerungen aus dem @ Ware noo" od b 5 egeihtel 81 Fy MI, Kircheisen, 10°7)5 ja ont9), sli aaarciait dom Teich D sejec$iO 90h He aI ach 9) lh Reach ana i ietene Core fis % 6 ner and R. Hl 2 Tesanbita in Briefe, pai 4 G Geerds (1808). aun Det H. Polag, Arndts We sazs (on6); ©, SPs C ‘ Reliionsplatosophie , Mtionaly al ed. | Pundt, Arnde and the th, Bi Germany (oss): ¥ROP vi vélkischer Dichter 0) IY gels eosin Anim, Barroy/ ‘seit ‘am Brentano (*Frankfurt Son ur von PGs corr IIT 181x Achint ‘Cjom 20 I 18g9), sisterdau; ae of Goethe's early love Maxi lant, Sie la Roche. Wayward and bril- adoration, peste Goethe with reverent ae pees her passion. a on social-political matters, but her Rent ions, memoirs best show her Goether Bri or coi Briefcechsel mit einem Kinde (18355 th ee with @ child, 1837); Die dem Rg To 861); Diet Bich sehart intra fad 5, Clemens Brentanos. Pri BSc Gea Brefcecsel mit Ari, 8 Peereanses) rahe! mt Goethe, od. {2 vols, 1853), (1927).—Sdimtliche Schriften ). 3), ed. W. Oehlke (7 vols, 1920— Hilde wy Romantid woah etinas Stelling, awitchen der Germain dem Jungen Deutschland (1935)5 » Goethe et Bettina (1939). BAP. Pee. # a, Lupw: erlin 1G Joacuim (AcrIM) VON, Brentano; qi7a j corr IIT 1811 Bettina Geman | yhiViegersdort ax 1831), GBtingenPOE Studied at, Halle and Riendehin’ quiere, he formed lifelong teh ae Brentano. After travels (rgnderhorn a9 he produced Des Knaben {iy aj ith Brentano in Heidelberg WY formed: ¢fontinuation in 1808, when Mungee Reames, centte of group of the not idler? ae and edited ‘Zeitung fir 1820 rach ;£8 importance asa poet iss sition of fae is own verse as in Dis col- mention rac songs, which, by directing tell untold *Ziches of popular tradition, DPLtation G_,influence, Otherwise hit 8 fogs OMEN ae upon his historical novel Novel; hter (2 vols, 1817, 1854) and cl ye mrt . iy (hon lunatere dertorn (x806-08; tr, sel- Reiiag Arils” Oper ord) i ds, ‘Liebeleben 81g) Sehnne emearEe (1804); Aromut, Gre Per teifd fd Busse der Grajin Dolores 4p (t81g (ole Invalide auf dem Fort Rato®- 5 Schregiiabella von Agypten (38125, nin’ Collected 2227) Die ‘Majoratsherrer: mi Ged works’ yar vol, 1830-57) ‘gi fom makestanden: ‘Briefioechsel B. Brentano und mit den Briidern Re Steig (vols, 1894, 195)! 1 vnim in den coiss. und Pi iets Literlen seiner Zeit (1922); Th R. 7h of pe Titicism and romani theory Irnim (1937). AP. Potente bing Bonttical” Vc. 300), Christian writer of8 Reaen’ Cxpogik Adearsus Gentes it seven Beliene'S the folly and obscenity 0 Sand rites, ‘The Work Me ed in the Renaissance: TR? BARS, a ‘otherwise has little merit tt Reigge Telli (1816-17) ; Min! Patr. Lat.» ayesha sGe7) MnSript Beal ARNOLD E, Lafstedt, Arnobiana, Texthritische und sprachliche Studien (Lund, 1917); F. Gabarrou, “‘Arnobe, son quvre and ie tie ‘a Arnobe (1920). JAW. ‘Arnold, Six Epwi (*Gravesend 10 VI 1832; 1897 Tama Kurokawa; {London 24 III 1904), English poet and journalist, Sshose oriental studies bore fruit in his epic Light of Asia (1879) and the foreign policy of the Daily ‘Telegraph under his editorship. India Revisited (1886); The Light of th en ae } ee Arnold, Gorrrnmp (*Annaberg_ 5 1X 4666; {Perleberg 30 V_x714), German Inystic, ecclesiastical historian and_poet- TE was one of the pioneers of pietism and the author of numerous devotional and Historical works which had a wide influence pewthe x8th century in Germany and inerica. Some of his hymns have found place in Baglish hymnals. His Ketzer~ jidiorie assures him of a place in German Pistoriography; it influenced Frederick the Great and Goethe. ‘vensi: Gétiliche Liebesfm Feuer der Liebe Gottes it sprungen (2. vols, 1698-1708 dnd Liebesspriiche (3700). id Lacesie erste Lice . . . das ist Wahre “Abbildung_der ersten Cliristen (1696); Unpar- id Ketzerhistorie (3 vols, der_géttlichen theyische Kirchen- wn yeryxs); Das Geheimnis ed. E, Seeberg x won (xqee) ; selected works, O34) atns, G. A.(1873)3 W. von Schroder, ‘srriteniou den devischareAMystikern des 27. Fe (1927); E. Seebere, G. A. (1923); F. Gundolf, Gor tige deutscher Geschichtsclyennnes (2938)3 PERE. Dietonary of Hemmoleny 893), shen aus dem grossen Christo Jesu ent ); Poetisehe Lob- (*Laleham 24 XII old, MarrHew Ammoldarsst Franoes, Lucy Wightman; TV 1888), English poet and iverpool 15, Mes Penold’s mind was formed in the crit fag moral atmosphere of Rugby, where Pie father was headmaster, and the gra- i ity of Oxford. | From 1851 to it eof schools. Much spent in the pedestrian and Shilling round of its duties, but he was fiso professor of poetry at Oxford (1857- 67) and his study of educttr abro: nd him in contact with continental ‘Sainte-Beuve who in- fluenced him. profoundly. Education in Be widest sense uyesigne saalnreone of Thmold’s thought: his official reports constructive contribu- i but his larger concern was with the cultural state of the of his life was| ARNOLD [626] nation as a whole. Cosmopolitan and humanistic in outlook, he castigated con- temporary society for its provinciality and materialism under the famous classifica- tion, “Barbarians, Philistines and Popu- lace’. His literary criticism has deeply affected modern thought in its insistence upon the absolute value of great literature, and his central ideas—the best as the touchstone of excellence, Hebraism and Hellenism, sweetness and light—are still operative in the phrases his lucid, per- suasive prose coined for them. Arnoldl’s poetry is distinguished by a reflective quality which makes it directly what he wished it to be, ‘a criticism of life’. ‘The pressure of spiritual desolation in an age of dissolving faiths is poignantly expressed in language deliberately plain and muted; and many specifically poetic gifts are at the service of this sober content—exquisite Iyrical sense, metrical skill, natural de. scription, and the power’ of personal affirmation, Verse: The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems, by ‘A? (1849); Empedacles on Etna and Other Poems, by ‘A? (1852); Poems. A New Edition (2 vols, 1833); Poenis. Second Series (855); Merope. A Tragedy (1858); New Poems (1867); Collected Poems (2 vels, 1869); Poetical Works, ed. C. B. "Tinker and Ht Lowry (1950).—Prose: On Translating Homer (3861); A French Bton (864); Essays in Criticism, st Series (1865); On the Study of (atic Literature (1867); Culture and Anarchy, (3869 ; ed. J. Dover Wilson, 1931); St Paul aay Protestantism (1870); Friendship’s Garland (5874) Literature and Dogma (1873); Cadet the Bible (1875); Last Essays on Chuck ont Religion (1877); Mixed Essays (870)¢ Ind Pisa (2882); Kesays in Criticism, sind Seat (1838); Peper $4 Elementary Schools 1852 «Marvin (1908); Letters 13.48— 7888, ed. & w. E. Russell @ vols, 1895) ers to Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. HL Lowry (1932); Notebook A The Work oks (1902).~T} = OFM. A. (5 Vole, tgog egy” Work » M. A. iL. ‘i M.A, (1930)3€. Biker a ep ling, fhe Postry of M. 4., 4 Commentary (040); Bik Chgmbers, Md, A Stuy Cyeey: Raleigh, Some Authors (to23); Wi Ker, The Art of Poetry (1923); Ho W. G: Hr and the Critciem of Life (aguas rete Criticism and the toth Coutery (ioe, we Arnold, Tuomas (*Isle of Wight 33 VI 77953 1820 Mary Penrose: tRugby 12.NI 1842), distinguished English schece Roxby and scholar, whose headship of Rugby {aansformed public school educa. ional frame- language ent#oduced mathematics, modern nal and history. Of inspiring per- ‘achieved his aim of charadier. ith bis with building by personal contact stl Bupil . orm (0838)5 Mey Pe A B52 ue Traveling. Journals ee “1 Cort ate 4 vols, 1844). Gust Arnoldus Geilhovem) 0 pr Bee (*Rotterdam ; +Groonendae a sn I 31 VIII 1442), ao Giienns. Aes Bologna, Padua and ae a sary entered the monastery Tare he regular at Groenendaal Pt a several works on ecclesia cones i ps sive speculum 4 (Bin. ing Gnotosolitos i: the only one that was era 2 1476), Remissorinum juris oo cordantia juris (1417 or, ag ce authoritative work i 8 Dat nium Doctrinale, a aa which the names Crtioned- eet Boccaccio wer a a ff, A. Rivier in Zeitsch “piggr, ual (geap, Neem can de New TD >. Ypes, 7 gas (0934) He Cf ia Immesse jays ie ee kat German Ps tbe ell He ‘Alfeld oe Einbecks FC ..y ot fos thor of the Miracle ee ith atte Redemption, sel begs 28 Oe ol ‘he angels and COMET Som os oft ge ee rophets at Solomon $1, not a to contemporary events, : whole rfl the solemnity of the pon se ig : a nme, PT WF eedrch Kease G2e nals h ds i Untersuchungen 0 1 Marbure, Seeicede Stud. (1952) faa Weis i liad | a pp Lisiew™ | cated Sy oy Arnulf of ie eduetccettt e ‘ French enclsint ned 100 Sigs Rome. He supper © co Eph ti-pope, bes oe" oP eth ie Ue Lisiews in rat fo, Ia ah if Louis VII on orusits dist esiasteal correspondence Wi" Gc é y d ages he pleaded £01 Ss Hii occasional ¥eF3e, Eat yt religious and inc So Pair. Lats on Gg Blot Cigat i Tap mensem episcopin 2G, / Germ. Hist, Libel ite Arolas, JuAN 1849), Spanish PO[627] the a Escolapios order. His sensual, amor- State, aes was ill-suited to his religious inet Be died in an asylum, | Strongly cm, Be ey French and English romanti- arene BOetY abounds in medieval and ll of ebe™es, superficially treated though delicgeg UOU- More interesting are his : » amorous poems. ? tas (3 halle ‘es, 1840-43); Posts recone estas ence ft@torias y orientales (1860); Gea (aga fate od. Luis L. Rowclig Jord (1898)7927)-—J. Lomba Pedraja, EI P. RMN. B2P. Jaw vars he . pean 17th-cent. Dutch writer of lociengepe Of the, chamber ‘In liefde is works? ater of the “Muziekkamer’s nena Title value "igen . Boertigne *e Klucht ‘van droucke Goosen (1639) + nea flucht ean Claes Klick. a Bind ogee; Het Nederlandsche Kluchtspel lichen IC 877)3 J. Bolte, Die Singspicle der “omddianten (1893). A.M.B.W. Dera iS az Heogy BOR (Beja 1530 2; Coimbra Gisied ghey ortuguese moralist. Having caiMelite mony at Coimbra he entered the GRE court Sestery in Lisbon. . He be- S78) fang Pfeacher to King ‘Sebastian ben, DHlogos later bishop of Portalegre. (AED a melensist OF ten ‘conversations him C9) melancholy, romantic character pal, The Xi vatious people who vist optical gna) vere, which treats, of ‘moral, lassical pre ligious subjects, is a model (_Rlalogag 4 oTDEBESE POSE. mds Tey, Ae, Dom Frei Amador Ariaiz LR qed augmented ed. 1604) ‘selec= Seveho, Figueiredo, 1944). T-P-W- Ay = Ae I \aNbuns Cunistensan (#/Er0skob- RO Winghgl S161 Else Jorgensdatters Age gg Came E12 TIL 1697), Danish post. bene thingy bop of Trondheim at the Lunitiour pone: Because of his frivolous Moible pone Yas expelled, but got @ as rector at Vordingbors: 18 are his translations of the is long religious poem JP entitled Hexaémeron. Ay riging a poem by du Bartas, if we Ff the’ ‘Diality ‘and is one of the main Iv, Davig, Danish renaissance. I Odany, Esalter (1623); Hexaémera Borda (169) J ns 5 Mest one vols, Tasty ter Arvebos Leones Wc. 95% xy birth, Agee Te, where, Xeno- Arrianus) (’ s re Writer, Roman Moggine he"*e of Cappadocia ing jj tetizement in Athens: Msclf superficially °° ARVERS phon, he published the philosophical lec~ tures of his master Epictetus from short hand notes, and wrote several historical and geographical works, of which the prin- Cipal is his Anabasis Alevandri, a sober account of Alexander the Great's eastern campaigns. H. Schenkl, Epicteti Dissertationes ab Arriano digestae (and ed. 1916); A. G. Roos, Flavis Arian’ quae exstant omnia (2_ vols, 1907-28); E. I. Robson, Arrian (Loeb Libr., 2 vol. roai-33),—Tr.: T. Falconer, Arrian’s Voyage round the Execine Sea (1803); W, Dan- sey, (1831); J. W. MeCrindle, The Chinnock, Arrian’s 2 RB, irian on Coursing ‘age of Nearkhos (1879). inabasis (1893)- Arriaza y Superviela, Juan Bautista (Madrid 1770; fibid. 1837), Spanish poet. iter serving in the navy he became a diplomat in Paris and London. His facile, pre-romantic poetry abounds in patriotic, Porous and satirical themes. His best pnoan poem, Terpstcore, is an interesting poetiealsrhythmical description of the Hotes, He translated in verse (2807) Boileau’s Art Poetique, Bibl. Autores Esp., 67; Terpsicore o las grants de bail (2996), The Vain Resolution, gragiers and Poetry of Europe (N. X, 1888). MI. Menéndez y Pelayo, Historia de las. ideas estéticas en Espaiia, 3 (1947) RMN. ‘Arteaga, Estsnan DE (Moraleja de Coca, Segovia 17475 TPanis 1799), Spanish critic Segovinolar.. Expelled as a Jesuit in 1767, nM of ehe Order in 769 and lived mainly he Wily. His treatises on beauty and on in ie make him one of the most original Spanish thinkers on aesthetics He wrote Spgmanish and Italian and was well known in France and Germany. stigacionesflosdficas sobre la ellexa ideal, cottlre Hones objeto de todas Uas arts de itaeiin (2780), e4. S- J. Miguel Batllori ime Le, Rivolusiont del Teatro Musicale (15955 Janta sua. origine fino al presente (2 Tea 5), Memorias para serra la Eitri elt rasica'eaiola (1789); Della infers degli Arab ull ovine dolla poesia moderna in wuropa (X79) av : urn AT Pivien y Pelayo, Hittoria de las ideas estéticas, 3, 5 (2047)3 V. Cian, ia Mem. R.Aee- Scienze, Torino (1895). MN. cera, Atexia Bésrx (*Poris 23 VII 18065 ibid. 7 I 1850), French weir. Watvers Preece known for the calebeated sonnet — is bifed by Marie Nodier—which begins in ee Aone a son secret, ma vie a son Ame as also a dandy, a man ofARYASURA [628] Mes heures perdues (1833); En attendant (1835); Dever matiresces 836); Cos dames patronesses (1837); Rose et Blanche (1837). Ch. Glinel, Le poste F. A. (809) Fon Aryasiira (c. a.p. 300), Sanskrit author of the Jatake Mala (Garland of Buddhist birth stories’). HGR. Asadi, Aut wN-1 AnMap-1 Test, r1th- century Persian poet and lexicographer. He is the author of Garshash-Nama (ed. J. Yaamai, 1938), an epic poem of 10,000 verses on the model of Firdowsi’s Shai Nameh. Wis Lugat-i Furs (ed. P, Horn, Gottingen, 1897), the oldest Persian dictionary, has special literary importance for its quotations from 76 old Persian poets, EY. Asai Rv61 (*Edo (=Tokyo) 3610? or before; Kyoto 1690), Japanese author, Before he was twenty, he entered Budd. histic orders, living firstly in Edo, and, after 1657, in Kyoto. He was a prolific writer on many subjects: biographies, fairy-stories, moral tales, travel guides, novels etc. Some scholars have held that there were two writers of the same name (the other "1640; +29 X 1709), whose writings are confused. Fekaidd meishoki (2660); Edo meishohi (66a); Kok6 monogatari (1660); Otogi boko 1666). E.B.C, Asaki, Gurorcur (*Hertza 1788; tlassy x869 or 71), Moldavian poet,’ playwright and novelist. With no. great literary talent, Asaki deserves to be remembercd the dramatic society © Monic dramatic’. “He translated much of his own work into French, Italian aed German. Culegere de poeaii (3854); Anul now 1857 ix Moldova (:857; his own Ws te of this porn t, included in N. Torgn’s Anthologie det hit g® ture roumaine, x920); Fabule (186a)s Le Ger, Jour du Municipium Lassiorun (1869), E. Lovinescu, A. (2927). AVW. EN (Ais ia 15 1 1812; fibid. 5 1 xOagh AS Wegian folklorist. Asbjornsen, together ith Jorgen Moe, collected and Bave writ- _imetous folktales which ince made their names houses Words in Norway. Moe's sense of style Asbjernsen, Persr Curis icioo tradi and Asbjornsen’s instinct for of zs provided a happy combinalet gi succesful compromise Rete Dae tales ani ut : 1 Norwegian language render inde vice to the development of a! Norwegian riksr son Norske Folkeeventyr (184° pulat Ty with J. E, Moe; Eng. tt. in 1as9, from the Norse, G, We Disne a8 Hot Sram she Bel, is. G. Water A the Yule Loa, 'tr, He Le. BEY esvonh wegian Fairy Tales, tt Ae vip, the, Fan Pelee from. the is Pap ‘ alee eo Taaay Norske Hedy and J. Gade, 1924); sth cde ee i Folkesagn (2845-48); Sam “ie 949) sinding-Larsem, P Lies Poi iografisk shisse (1872)i Be ES ‘og livsverket (1947) ile Mut eraile D Ascdsubi, HiLarto ee cae ori Belle-Ville) 1807+ if 875) aca gaucho literature (4: Rosas, he fied to MS During the siege he pu other popular verse forme ganda’ aginst Res jaucho point of VieW. 0 uetey i evice after his retuse cours als 852, and his success $F conto fies an-epie on an 1800 csay Santos Vega, who ath \ legend. so beaten series oO The Monsees gest a wulino olf Plata. cantando combate Gt l ublicas Arge? a 851 iy fhe! Bl gael! lection: Aniceto el C? peuchi-pocia argenting; los mellizos de 1a aot (Paris, 1872)+ sk Kindy Pa Rocer ORT wei 1 SOUT rasa Marearet "oo i = jars Boat ees ele ee ata secretary 77 oq for ses Ascham is best K20 my The works, Towmp ila amet Mal | igh is English lette! H i. Ae heeanedl and ae snootitae os i; Tosophilus, the holst hat ast") Be Mor gf E. Asber, 1898); 2 pinatisl P gelay B E, Arber, 1895)3 7H sige OM 2 Wright (1904). ke os The se jf saplacke Padasos ase, 0 a Weiseoann, R- 1 uae OM Bei Bidg, anneal and D.R.[629] Asclepi: ey pides of Samos (early 3rd century nigr iRO Called Sicelidas and mentioned We eptit Bame by ‘Theoeritus. Forty- Herts survive, mostly erotic. W. ‘adtmiller, Anthologia Graeca (1894) WHR tilapia Grasca (2916, wih NW. Mackail, Select Epigrams from the Anthology (xox1, with tr. and os T.BLW. Ascoli tian” pREIDO, sata, (#1820; +1902) chin gist and or chivio lowolseeo atone " G. Pulle, G. Re |. (1907). BR. oni a Romantts Pedianus (°9 n.c.; | A. 70) 0 Cicer mmarian, wrote 2 commentary Un Pisonog, ‘Beeches, extant only in part Comaign Mt, 870 Seauro, pro Milone, pro “hove Knorr ee candid ‘Asconits Dt the [on CURE of all Cicero's works ex- BLA CUers to Astous, {C5 Cieronds ark (1907); T. Stan, Scliaes 29), "pyr ations (2912); C. Giarratano, meniarin, Madvig, De Asconii Pediant is (1828), JAW. Senj, jo Barbi, Barbieri: see Barprert, F. Aspa ei, Ponda, ges (*Wores, 25 ILL 16593 nicknamed 4.2738), English pamphletecr, Dates for pranslated Asgill” by contern- hlet pais eccentric but pithily written Rel Met, ae Christians need not die. (hrrecrignMordhosis of Man by the Death and wean of Janus Crt from the Dead ment Gre, Moire oe Es a its and Bete Argument (W875, yi Teg sntass lence sot Evermnas (#152025 12360 is pad Lidia, pegs eoclesiastic famed for angel of pay bttising the Virgin Mary. It aepjctting nous symbolism, and is most Taidgitions “gay “xPression of the religious Ayyile ageg M4 conceptions of the Jate eyeTk off iP Teoland. Tt stands bigh 28 Rees (ye Oe With its free ‘and simple calg tay freellmination of the develop tb (quy.jro™ the artificial style of lite Su : eds Meson a 5 original and Be: te AL, Asha xt os in gSth-7th century), Arabic PORE, onTOug "Sp.lescription of wine: ,AS.2h° Wet’ in yjsfOPelen, especially Pettey le tyes Poetry show, he had comet th Sruilization 5 it is Oe ie le rig isa jan. [e wit- Nae of Talon and according *© ASHI tradition even composed a poem in praise ‘of Mohammed—without, however, accept- ing the new faith. Ch. Lyall, ‘The Mu‘allaga of Maimun al- ‘Asha, rendered into English in the metre of Fenn errr Ontontal Studies presented fo E.G. Browne (1922)- SMS. Asher ben Yehiel, or Asheri, ‘Rost’ (®Germany ¢. 1250; +Toledo 31 X 1327), Spanish Hebrew religious writer. For a while principal rabbi of Germany, he emi- grated 1304 to Spain, where he became etpbi of Toledo and head of all Spanish Jowish communities, One of the greatest JP the ‘decisors’ of Jewish las, he took an Sitive part in the controversy over the Guide of Maimonides. He wrote com- oats on many parts of the Talmud, and mien go00 responsa (replies to. legal questions). Responsa (Venice 15 (Constantinople 157) gnstyeimann, ‘Ascher, ben Jechiel’, in Jafnb. Jad, Lit. Ges. XIL(x919)- CR. Ashi (43523 1 ‘Aramaic religious 1-23); Pisge ha-Rosh Sura 427), Iraqi Hebrew- ‘writer, was from 375 to Acarigad of te Talmudical seademy, at £27 PO close to the coutt of Yezdegerd I, Gute oP Perca, He was the final redactor Ming Pylonian Talmud. ‘This is asum- oe egal discussions held in. the mary ofan echools on the. basis of the Babyonice Tuba the Prince) between ‘Misia rj goo. The text of the, dis; AD 250 Gia. Aramaic, the traditional cussion on which itis based isin Hebrew, materi Gp a very abbreviated style, with she whet ressions, homilies. and legends ay greek be sare of Atl #4 ed. real and many remarks lactone ras Incr worked over by DEAE glass ealled Saboracans, an roUP seneral recognition throughout Jewry given Be efforts of the Geonim, heads shroud Jpylonian schools until Hat Gaon (¢1038)- Babylonian Taluud (1st complete ed. Venice 1$20-235 Der Babylonische Talmud, Yeniss. L: Goldschmiat, 9 vols, 1933-35 The Get an Talmud, 12- ke Epstein, 3 oy T933-48)3 S- Levy, Treasures of (ip; A. Cohen, Rverymar Talmud (2932); G9 E crbach, The Babylonian Talmud in tion (2946)- i See £940) aeroduction to Talmud and Weed Comin Vad aeneape Hees RE, Hexford, Tala “Apocrypha (i933); A. L. Williams, ‘Talmudic Judaism (2933); 8. Funls ‘Die Juden in Babylonien (293315 vole, 190% 08); NN Glatzer, 20008 eer taleutschen Zeit (1937). CR.ASHIQ Ashiq of Isfahan, Aga Mvnamman (+1767-68), Persian lyric poet. Divan (Tehran, 1939). EY. Ashkenazi, Jacon pen Yirzcriox (#Yanof ? Poland ¢. 1350; +Prague 1628), Yiddish writer. Tseena Ou-reena (tr. of the Bible, incorporae- ing post-biblical legends and commentarie: Fist pub, 1590; sed cd, Bose 1622; Latin tr, John Siebert, Helmstedt, 1660; French tr. 1846; Ger, tr,’ torr f.); Hamaid (Prague, 1576); Meilite Yosher (Amsterdam, "609. Ashmole, Evias (*Lichficld 23 V 1617; 418 V 1692), English antiquarian: founder of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1683). Ashmole’s treatise on the Order of the Garter is exhaustive. His Memoirs con. tain useful historical material, The Institutions, Laces, and Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter (1672); Memoirs (17175 crit. ed, R. T. Gunther, 1927), W.AA, A. L. Humphreys, 4, (1923), Asinius Pollio: see Potuio, Asjadi, Apu Nazar app aL-Aziz (*Marv, x1th century), Persian court-poet of the Quznavid period, EY. Askel6f, Jouan Cimusrorren (#Ingelatorp £3 I 1787; +Stockholm 12 VII 1848), Swedish journalist, editor of several peri cdicals, literary and political, above. all (2830-48) Svenska Minerva, ‘an anti. land, Traly) and writer, commended as such Ett och annat uy (1834). tidningen Svenska Minerva Erdmann, Svenska Minerva (r915). BMEM.; AHLJ.K: Asnyk, Apam Pror (*Kalisz rx IX 38. 85 ‘}Cracow 2 VIIT 1897), Polish Poet, ‘eee wright and short-story writer unsuccessful 1863 risin, and Germany, where he studied phil fe From 1870 he lived at Cracow? espe express his various moods and deen philo- sophical reflexions. ‘Though he belonged to the positivist movement of his geneue tion, at the end of his creative Period he listened to the heart. With M, Konopnicka he is the best Polish lyricist in the second half of the roth century. Hie historical apa social plays jack dramatic strength Sah not formal beauty. ‘Gumapce%e (4, series, 1865-945 some ty, Hy Gtreplomice, Hees 1868 94 Gedicnte, 7). Pays: Coler Rienzi (1874) ; Zyd (18957 [630] Nett ta Bane Se Kiojstut (2878; Ger, vase Plana (5 vole, 1898) sanyh wil epoki (1931; with biblio.). 15201 ae Asselijn, THosas oe so ‘Amsterdam VII 1701), Duell a bookbinder and artisan, dis Ay “but fy His dramas were unsuccess til i emaine’ si comedic 8 ea es felt themselves Tent eve ba realistic, full of coy ee arse Op- em ondergang 20 fe ysineee ye He Trenbate 9 Kankcaeel hese (1684); Stiefvaer om de A, de Jager, A's Worp, “T. A. in idee? Lett. y, Sees Ned. Tartufie-bewer wids, 31; J. van ve Kluchispel, 111 (2m Assenede, Dispenty Dutch poet. His A soni adapted from the French ne 8 a Blancheflor, Vater arene 10 til the 7 hats tf which was reprinted Um! ober E 5 . Pe Leendert I ease ae H.C. Ronse Sani ja ve A. Alberdingk es Talon 850 sh monk ee ny Welsl : pee ties > Sherborhes gant 02) and. scholarly Ailfred. Ps Asser's eo ae fe Stevenson (ago4 BOE. 6 ‘of genu 5 al Gateraith, storia 2 Oe England (1951) psa?‘ pott ise Assouci, CHARLES CO French Holy seomctparis, 1679) esd ies 16084 econ ‘of bw le ; orderly lite and bis! che ie authors belong, *..t9. ¥ oh against classical url is an vets ON yt Sv cheeceitil Paris C650), Hag ( e Oviide en Belle janet Ses Proserpine (2653), youn (1677), ed. B CORT Ts ) Fo ron E. Henriot, Le Asteropherus 1647), Swedish[631] Aerepherus, who lived for a time at 1609 os otable for having written, in Srey TOTO: one of the earliest dramas in ie i iterature, viz. Tishe, a curious, ee play, provided with a Tisbe, od. B. ae E Ker tur intl 189, Meyer (1999). iming, Sveriges dramatiska litter- 5 (1863-79) Astya, B.M.E. A.HJ.K. Boots, at name of two Athenian tragic n wag gt and son. ‘The more famous It vere UH! of Isocrates and wor his Was celery 372 B.C. His vietory of 340 rated by a statue in the theatre. Nauck, 7 (toa) SNE Tragicorum Graecorun Fragment Haigh, Tragic Drama of the MLC; T.BL.W. Vay udp, the greatest of the Mahayana Ruch ener, yeas born at Saketa in vas ‘the preceptor of the hom patmnpetor Kanishka (4.0, 120-62), Bon, Te Ded to draw up the Mahayana Taaita® the author of the earliest ra rama, the Sdriputra- Works 2% and of numerous * nilesophical 8, Budgne ems the most famous being whi Books intita (tr. EB, Cowell, Tt was uy of the East, XLIX, 1894), tthe of sgused by Sir Edwin Arnold in his sia (2879), HGR. a8 Mali za aes Juvayni, Ava‘_at-Din iaglan’ aN, Azerbaijan 6 TIT 1283), of ats. “Ag orian, statesman and mano! Fithe’yi28 9 youth he entered the serviee thited jyg80l rulers of Persia and twice apg, Mongolia accompanying ‘Argan, inpointeg eet, Hing. In 1262 he was ‘fovemor of Bagdad. Finally he Seoteh, and: spleasure of the ‘Mongol ind died from an apoplectic aft Tiscateg’* all his property had beer Of gf Tarik: Kathe (tei Jahan-Gusha (‘the History oR 2269) je gCoMAuErOr”, Le. Genghis trait Mon yet indispensable for the history fiybhigg "80s, the Assassins and Khorez- Teed cach literary style has greatly n- Gigs 9, fern historical tradition. Ag ae. ‘than-Gusha, ed, M. M. Quaint ba . Browne, 1912-37): EY. choy; Mi See S Boconoy (#Baja x0 VI 1820 Rue Re of VIII 1858), Serbian writer de Raragghe Most fervent suPPOre ° etieg Ee peegtd bis linguistic reforms. owes ang?OeNs, books of travel res Sue his Novela, the latter tO BNF Oh gg Ost successful WOK IES: Bunievka (1851)3 east, Darak ATHANASIUS Srpkinji. (2 vols, 1845-46).—Nover: Dua Fae sea cutee poner arene rah Athanasius (*Egypt ¢. 295/300; 1373): Greek ecclesiastical writer. "Athanasius was probably of Egyptian rather than Greek extraction; he seems to have spoken and written Coptic. He accompanied the patriarch Alexander of Alexandria to the Council of Nicaea in 325 and was in 328 clected his successor. ‘The eastern church (vas divided at this time by a christological dispute, the Nicene party maintaining that the nature of the Father and the Son was the same, the Arians that the Son was inferior to and created by the Father. ‘Athanasius was @ courageous and un- compromising defender of the Nicene faith, resisting bishops and emperors alike. ie was five times deposed from his see and spent 17 years in exile or in hiding. Only SPlor 366 did he. have unchellenged tenure of his patriarchate: Most of his weitings—which present many problems of | authenticity—are nine jeal and topical. He shows mastery polgebate, superb skill in the handling of Clidenee, and scrupulous pursuit of his Surpose., ‘The principal of these are the PAeB ogy against the Arians’, the “Apology to Constantius’, and the ‘Apology on his Hight’, In his dogmatic writings against {he Arians, of which the principal are three Beeeches” against the Arians’, Re is less saeesSful, Bis letters include many long efemioal treaties in epistolary form, such Bolte «Letter to the Monks concerning the Shatory of the Arians’, and the series of Bait jetters which survive only in a Syriae fpslation. Also in letter form is bis ‘Life traptantony’, the founder of Egyptian gnonasticism. This strange mixture of Zopular Christian piety, and philosophic jeism enjoyed immense success pean ascot pense sucee pagan fhe, pattem for Christian agio- eee who wrote in {Po vas natural with one " haste and often in anger, Athanasius took ast? ought for literary form. His works el aluable as sources for the history of BE times, but have to be used with great bls Hpecause of their tendentious presenta fion—or suppression—of the i iene, Pate, Gln, asaba, Athanasiy! Wake 14H. G, Opitz, (3 vols, 1934-36); Werke, con, The Resial Lelters of A (2848); W. Bright, A., the Oration’ against the Arians (3873) and ‘Phe Historical Writings of A. (1881) ; FE. Fialon, Athanast ‘pros ton Basilea Konstan- 0 7892); W. Ried] and tion apologia GP" “Canons of A. of A., the WE Gad Coptic versions | (1904); G. Ludwig, Athanast Epistula ad EpictetunATHENAEUS [632] episcopum Corinth (1911); F. C. Cross, Oratio de incarnatione Verbi (1939)——T RAN: Lations: J. B. McLaughlin, The Life of St Anthony the Hermit; A. Robertson, Discourse on the Incarnation (2nd ed. 1891); A. Robert- son, Select Writings and Letters of A. (1892); H. Newman, Select Treatises of A. (2 vols, and ed. 1900), C. R. B. Shapland, Tie Letters &f St A. concerning the Holy Spirit (1951). . E. Schwartz, ‘Zur Geschichte des Athan- asius’, in Géttinger Nachrichten (1904, 1905, 1968,” r911); F. Lauchert, Das Leben des heiligen A. (111); N. W.’ Sharpe, ‘A. the Copt and his Times’, Biblia Sacra, 72 (1915); H. I, Bell, ‘Athanasius’, Congreg. Qu., 2 (925); G. "Bardy, Saint’ Athanase (and ed 1925); J. List, Das Antoniusleben des heiligen A. (1930); HG. Opitz, Untersuchungen sur Ueberlicferung der Schrifien des A. (29; J, A. Mohler, A. der Grosse (and ed. 1944); F. L. Cross,’ The Study of A. (1943).— Miller, Lexicon Athanasianum (1944 D., R Athenaeus, Greek writer from Naucratis (fl. A.D. 200). His Deipnosophistai repre- sents a Banquet of Sophists. Of the original 30 books we have 15 and an abridgement. ‘The conversations are a disguised encyclo- paedia, which has preserved for us a great tany quotations from classical authors and @ store of information about everyday life. G. Kaibel, Athenaei Deipnosophistai (1887); ob Sate, hens emia 87) with tr.).—S.'P. Peppink, Observationes (1936). Atherstone, Epwin (#17 IV 1788; +Bath 29 I 1872), English versifier and prose- Writer, whose copious and grandiose epics and romances, inspired by the painter John latin, Won ephemeral applause. Evics: Israel in Egypt (1861); The Fall of Nineveh (30 bls, heh Rouances The landuoriting on the Wall (7858). R.MLH. Attar, Farip at-Dry apu Hanup, SHAYKH @*Nishabur, 1119 ?; ibid. 1230), Persian Poet, writer and mystic. A physician by profession, he travelled extensively and apparently visited Egypt, Damascus, Mecca, India and ‘Turkistan, Finally he settled in his native town, where he is said to have been killed during the Mongol invasion. Attar is regarded as one of the three main Persian mystic poets, the other two being Sanai and Mawlavi.’ His works are almost entirely consecrated to the cause of ‘fis. His copious poctical output, in- cluding odes, sonnets and quatrains, com- ‘pass Mainly poems in couplet form, His ozhirat al-Awliya (Memoirs of the Leydeg aft, B- A. Nicholson, 2 vols, mand London, r905-07), written in prose and outstanding in sensitiveness and purity of style, is one of the main works on Sufism. Pand-Nameh, ed. and Fr. tr, Silvestre de Sacy (1819); 'Mantiq al-Tayr (18575 Le Langage des Oiscaux, Pr. tr. Garcin de 1863; Eng. abr. tr. R. P. Masani, 1924) Elahi-Nameh, ed. H. Ritter (Istanbul, 1940) Diva Attar (Tehran, 1940); Kulliyati Attar (Lucknow, 1877). _M. Smith, Attar (1932); S. Naficy, Ahval va Asar-i Attar (Tehvan, 1941); see also Muham- mad-i Qazvini’s intro. to the above ed. of Tazkirat al-Avwliya, Ee Atterbom, Per Danie: Amapzus (*Asbo 19 I 1790; {Stockholm ar VII 1855), Swedish poet and critic. Atterbom was the leader of the ‘Fosforister’, a group of romantic innovators banded together in the society known as ‘Aurora’, who took their name from their periodical Phosphorus, Atterbom, an introspective and diffident man, son of a clergyman, and later professor at Uppsala, indulged less in polemics than did the majority of the group, but more than any of them he exemplified the new: romanticism in his own works. In the prologue to Phosphorus (1810) he stated the new romantic ideas and ideals, calling especially for a revival of ‘true’ ot ‘pure! poetry. ‘He was much influenced by the nature-philosophy of Schelling a3 is shown, for example, in Blommorna (1812 37).. His most important works are tyo (undramatic and unactable) poetic dramas, the fragment Fagel Bld, and Lycksalighe. tens O (1824-27), in which he expresses his later, maturer, belief that men can win truth and happiness only through un- selfishness and suffering. ‘The ideas are expressed by a symbolism that is often obscure, but the conclusion, a resigned renunciation of earthly joy, is plain. Both works contain poetry of a very high order, Samlade dikter (6 vols, x854-63); Samilade shrifter ¢ obunden stil (7 vols, 1850-70); Valda shrifter, ed. I. Bok (6 vols, 1927-29): ‘Brey sll Schelling’, ed. R.'G. Berg, n Semleren, 3938. °F, Vettcrlund,, Fégel Bld (2900-02) and Lycksalighetens O (1924); C. Santesson, As ungdomsdiktning (x920) and. Atterboristudier Groga); A. Nilsson, Soens, Romanti (2336 HL Frykenstedt, 4.3 Lycksalighetens © (1951). = BMEMSAHTR, Atterbury, Francts, bishop of Rochester (*Milton “Keynes 6 IIT 1662; 1696 Katherine Osborn; France 15 IL 1732), English divine, a religious and political con- troversialist, who ably vindicated High Church principles and privileges, dying in exile. "[633] An Answer to some Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther, and the Originals of the Reformation (1687); Rights and Privileges of an English Convocation stated and vindicated (1700); Miscellaneous Works, ed. J. Nichols (§ vols, 1789-98). R.F, Williams, Memoirs and Correspondence of A. (2 vols, 1869); H. C. Becel (909). & Atticus, Tirus Pompontus (#109; +32 B.C), the friend of Cicero; took no part in politics, but was friendly with all the lead~ ing men of Rome. His large houschold of slaves was devoted largely to publishing books, including most of Cicero’s works. Cicero’s correspondence with him is of the greatest value: his own letters have perished. G. Boissier, Cicero and his Friends (1897, with Eng. tr.); life by Cornelius Nepos tr. J.C. Rolfe (Loeb Libr., 929). JAW. Aubanel, Tufopore (*Avignon 26 III 1829; ibid. 31 X 1886), Provengal poet and writer. “Aubanel was the son of a printer in Avignon and worked at his “father’s trade. He was the friend of Mistral and of Roumanille and one of the founders of the Félibrige (the group re- sponsible for the 19th-century Provengal literary renaissance). He wrote, in Pro- vengal, a number of fine lyrics, in which Christian feeling is combined with a pagan sensuality. They bear witness to a deep and painful experience of love. Vense: La micugrano entreduberto (1860); Li fiho d’Avignoun (2885); Low reire-souleu (1899)-—PLay: Lou pan déu pecat (1878). EB. Ripert, La Renaissance provengale (1918); J, Vincent, 7. A., (x924); C. Maurras, T. A. (2928); A.'H. Chastain, 7. 4. (1929). M.G.; LPR. Aubignac, Francors Hépruin, Appt D’ (*Paris 4 VIII 1604; +Nemours 25 VII 3676), French critic and dramatist; a nephew of Richelieu. His writings on the theory of tragedy invoked the authority of Aristotle and were important in establishing the doctrine of the unities, His Histoire du temps ou relation du royaume de Coquetterie (1654) contains the first printed example of the word précieuse. Piays : Cyminde (1642) ; Zénobie (1647); Le martyre de Ste Catherine (1650),—CRvTic1sM ? Terence justifié (2656); La pratique du thédtre G vols, 1657), erit. ed. P. Martino (Algiers, sean) Conjectures académiques (1715), ed. V- fagnien (1925), C, Amaud, L’abbé a’, (1887) ; R. Bray, La formation de a doctrine classique (927) Aubigné, Tr¥oporr Acrrrra p’ (*Pons, Saintonge 8 II 1551; +Geneva 9 IV 1630), AUDEFROIL French poet. Brought up by his father as a classical scholar and militant Protestant, d’Aubigné spent many years of active soldiering in the wars of religion, He became the outspoken comrade-in-arms of Henry of Navarre and spent his last years (x620-30) as an honoured citizen of Geneva. He was the grandfather of Mme de Maintenon. He left unpublished his earliest poetry, Le Printemps, love-poems in Ronsard’s Petrarchan vein inspired by Diane Salviati, the niece of Ronsard’s ‘Cas- sandre’. Les Tragiques, which makes him France’s greatest Protestant poet and one of her greatest religious poets, was nearly 4o years in the writing (1577-1616). This long poem of religious and political inspiration in 7 books reveals the fanaticism and misery of the wars of religion, a mind steeped in the Bible, and rises to passages of apocalyptic grandeur. D*Aubigné’s prose Histoire universelle traces the Protes- tant struggle from 1553 on. He left also pamphlets and Mémoires for the edification of his children. Les Tragiques (x6x6, 1619), crit. ed. A. Gamier and J. Plattard (4 vols, 1933); L Histoire universelle (3 vols, 1616-20), ed. A. de Ruble and J. Plattard (rx vols, 1886-1925) ; Mémoires (Sa vie & ses enfants)’ (1729), pub» Gallimard (r0928).—@uvres, ed. E. Réaume and F. de Caussade (6 vols, 1877-92). ‘A, Garnier, DA. et le parti protestant (3 vols, xo28) and ‘Le Texte des Tragiques’, in Rev. du 16e sitcle (r930) ; S. Rocheblave, 4. @'A, (1931); J. Plattard, A. d’A. (1935). G.B. Aubrey, Jou (*Easton Piers 12 III 16263 +Oxford VI 1697), English antiquarian and biographer. Aubrey was an accurate but unsystematic investigator whose shrewd biographical notes have proved more valuable than his ambitious antiquarian surveys of Wiltshire and Surrey, The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey (x719);" Wiltshire. The Topographical Collections of Fohn Aubrey, ed. J. E. Jackson (1862); Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark (x898; still the standard ed.); Aubrey’s Brief Lives, ed. O. L. Dick (1949). J. Britton, Memoir of A, (1845); A. Powel Aland has riende Goad)s ie WALA. e Audefroi le Bastart (ff, Arras? carly r3th cent,), French lyric poet. He addressed lytics to Jean I of Nesle (sce Bronpet) and Michel IIT de Harnes (t1231). Of his extant poems, to are conventional courtly chansons, the other 6 are imitations of the r2th-century chanson de wwile (Iyrico-narrative poems built round a sentimental crisis seen from the hers’ standpoint and related in a styleand mecAUDELAY similar to that of the chansons de geste). Although clever pastiches, Audefroi’s poems are more elaborate than their originals, are in rhyme instead of in assonance, are slower in movement, and show the obvious influence of courtly poetry. Ed. A, Cullmann (1914); El. Petersen Dygave, Trowatres et Protectetrs (1942). Audelay or Awdelay, Jons (fl. 15th cen tury), English writer of a number of didactic and religious poems in the West Midland dialect. Poems, ed. E, K. Whiting (1931). R.W.B. Auerbach, Berrotp (*Nordstetten 28 I 1812; +Cannes 8 IT 1882), German novel- ist. Auerbach was intended for a rabbi, but in 1836 arrest for supposed revolution. ary student activities changed the direction of his career. He translated Spinoza and his first novels treated Jewish themes, but his reputation rests" upon his Dorf seschichten, which fluently paint a some- What idealized picture of peasant life in the Black Forest. He was among the first to exploit what was to become a fruitful field. The combined sentimental, progressive and moralizing flavour of his work was in tune with his age and brought it wide popularity. Das Ghetto: Spinoza (1837 ; tr. B. N; 882); Dichter und Kaine ag. Brooks, 1877); Schway: ‘icholson ufmann (1839; tr, C.'T. rzwalder Dorfeeschichten G vols, 1843-54; tr. C. Goe p, Black Forest Village "Stories, " 1860); Volkskalenders “Dep Gevattersmann (1845-46); Barfiissele (1856; Filtle Barefoot, er. 1. W. Duleken, (85): Ail der Hohe (885; tc, FE, Bunnett, On 4a Herghis, 1867); Gesammelte Schriften (oo cle 1863-64), ° A. Bettelheim, Berthold Auerbach Biographenwege (xoray; M. Guo bachs sozialpolitischer tn mus (1933). Auersperg, (2907), wick, Auer nd ethischer Liberalis- Grar: see Grin, Anastasius, Augier, Guittaume Vicron Butte (#Val- gree 17 IX 1820; +Croissy 25 X 48%) French dramatist.” Augier, combining te ‘echnical brilliance of Seribe with the ey of ideas’, is a precursor of Dumas fis i ay eld of social drama, and representative of the school of bon sens in the theatre, His Plays, even those in verse, are anti- prokintic in spirit and deal’ with tach Fees 88. divorce (Madame Caroerlon 1820) Jllegitimacy (Les Fourchambaute, Pest), ‘lass distinction (Le Gende de M. *his masterpiece, written in eollabor: (634] ation with Jules Sandeau, 18 : tion (Lions et Renards, 1869) 8 yar significance of the courtes® @’Olympe, 1855)- B os La. Cigue (184. Avent over (a a Cigué (184 , Gabrielle (1849); 1 Me ane cote }) ean de Thommeray (1874)+ aba P! Moriliot, Z. 4. (1990); ast 2 et la comédie sociale (1910), rf ahier et d’aujourd' hui (192! hot Augustijnken van Dordly jan of ae Dutch poet, at the court OF fale Count of Beaumont, author fone poems in the courtly sty! ati cal poems. cone GO idelacmse do un; 5 : ten, ia Gutsche ‘waren saint 430) tyen COE i ageian mater ose a father and Chien has sg porter hile. holding in 383. ks rhetoric at Milan. converted to Chi to Africa in 388, later became bishoP 5 ee voluminous writings Pe gucttiath theological, exegetio Am ut tises, sermons, Jerterost i eich work. Among tpooks: of ie ol i Coenen eo in 22 books, © is works fo finest of is, Wore RELICS, Augustinus, At Numidia 354 He was 4 8 treatise. we pe man of attractive P intellectual power la was heavily indebte Migne Po eh us cor SE nession®®n, 9) goss Setbe 0a Bel? 5) oto, HF Dpriolle (192555 (2 +O ep Be Benbere, A. ial 362% ect eos igg0)- _gsthit J. Healey (16101 £2 Gos) i0)- al PSE Bhar Cnseb LE” suly fanm-CATHS te 8 i Aulnoy, Manse CArrevills ol , ge Te Jorgel #1666 gett 6513 Hote a oneal, French Write Blue Frog 48, of ime maemais Ode : England ae RO snd oe mhthes, sho ater?"(635) hush; and by accusing him of high treason, Ut hi fl hi Tyg? SueVived until his natural death in Noven : Hip QML: Hibpolyte, comte de Douglas (369). aie sates Les illustres fées (1698); Les wgeynemeaus ou les fées dla mode (3 vols, Pairy F1)-—Coll. ec. Jouaust (1881); The tes of Madama d'duluoy, te) with dy (Thackeray Ritchie | (1S92)— ces aig Oe le mia, det foes nee 7e, 18e et x9e sidcles (1902). (aoic); Hete-Govau, La vie ot la hte (tg45)° “+ Lauttre,’ Mme d'd. er sa mére Aurelin, GB. tmperor aay AReUs (#121; 180), Roman fitted his fa Stoic philosopher. He suc Us, inp father (by adoption), Antoninus ‘a theton he, gifter preliminary taining Us, Wrote, e devoted himself to Stoicism aatfitations; hi Greek, twelve books of » in Htation’s aad she 8 is theme fs human conduct thingy Fpcesity of sing above worldly a teSty and fea: himself full of sincerity, Philosopher “ns but lacks originality as R. Haine, GpSirontlsines Coch Libr); A, S. Ea Far 2 dncony Meditations of the Emperor EV, Qttoninus (944). Scdamiet gtd: Raman Stoicism (x11); HD» reli et Goes)! DJ. ius 360 @ py ietOr, Roman historian, wrote winst@Rtine, ae of the emperors down to weNoUt Tiger ease on good sources, but Ue have gfottY merit. “Under his name Yon to tye, Eadiome Gmperil history cont De G,pSodasius the Great, 395), ¢ De piatio ane Gonaie Romanae (an inept ie Minis 77,08 Roman prehistory) and 4 eaphigg bus (condensed republican Worke;, The authorship of these Si ip guuncertain, “Shréter (182 19-31); F. Pichimayr y pAW. tga A IneytSPa, tome ei gtovanan, originally G. Pichu- toggle, 2) tFerrara 1459), Tealian uy Wllege He was one of the earliest Negi hjozeek MSS, which he picked totopie, "a¥els to” Chios and Con Mon? empehOr @ time he was secrete Wsh™ he eer John Paleotogus, with No" Yaluagitvelled back to Ttaly, laden ite aches, MSS, which he later sole is sPetrarg tele at Bologna, Florence 'pils, "Lorenzo Valla was one Sane 60, “dini, Carteggia di G. A. 0931 atten nt 5) Ms, "ag lmgiy Bolts Maawus (*e. 3403 16 of m thetorician and _ pect: ar anand ammar and rhetoric, he Was AUSTEN appointed tutor at Trier to Gratien, son of the emperor Valentinian. ‘His tenure of the consulate (379) occasioned the com- position of the only considerable extant Specimen of his prose, the Gratiarum Actio. ‘After the murder of Gratian (83) he Jetired to his native Bordeaux. Ausonius? poetical works are multitudinous and (ritten in various metres. ‘They range from verse-catalogues praising his relatives and ancestors, the professors of Bordeaux, the Caesars etc., and epigrams, scholarly {rifles and Virgilian centos to Christian prayers. All these have an interest more Ristorie than poetic. More successful are the Tayilia, of which the most famous is the Mosella, a delightful poem in hexa- teters, which describes, with many ‘a journey up that interesting digressions, river. Ed, K. Schenk), in Mon, Germ, Hist. 5.2 gay); ed. R. Peiper (1886); H. G. Evelyn (rE Seb Libra 2 vols, 1929-21); Movella, ta. C, Hosius (rd ed. 1926). Ey Byrne, Prolegomenca fo an edition of .-« Adnndis (ag16); Re Pichon, jin Les, derniers corte profanes (1906); B. 3K. Rand, ‘ Deci- cere Rtngnus Ausonis, the frst French poet’, in Proc. Class. Ass. (1927). ASD. ‘Austen, Jane (*Steventon 16 XII 17753 Winchester 18 VII 1817), English novel- ‘Daughter of a country clergyman, ‘ie Austen passed her uneventful life in Hine srele of her large family and friends in the couth of England. ‘That the scope of the sowelsis confined to this limited sphere berrowever, mainly, due to her conscious eforences as an artist. In her early work, preffrriesque stories and plays written for the fy amusement and the two novels first famiyyed for publication, Northanger compleind Sense and Sensibility, she tide Abbe) oe absurdities and extravagances, of cules Gporncy terary fashion, notably cote aE Mrs Raddlifie, and establishes ber those fe upon the basic principles of nature own Stpbability. Fler mature novels apply this extieism fo social life, setting falsity, rity anc yretentiousness gal wulaerY, ged. standards of human be- fetiour. Her plots trace & love story havioub everyday incidents to @ Bappy jaues her characters are ordinary. rather ‘than exceptional. ‘Yet from this apparently Ujght material she builds up rich and stig] world in which the smallest details of action acquire deep aa Her xt netration, sense psychological pert hy wit, her meticulous .dy and lively of omership perfected by long considera- 1 contribute to the tion and revision, all ont tion Spe appeal of her work. Her lastAUSTIN novel, Persuasion, published posthumously, creates a gentler, more mellowed impres- sion: the sharp satirical brilliance of Pride and Prejudice and Emma is diminished, and sympathy replaces criticism. Novets: Sense and Sensibility (1811); Pride and Prejudice (1813); Mansfield Park (1814); Emma (1816); Northanger Abbey and Persuasion (1818) ; The Novels of 7. A. (standard ed, R. W. Chapman, 5 vols, “1923)—JUVENILIA AND ove and Freindship (i.e. ‘Volume 1922); Lady Susan (1925); Sanditon (1925); The Watsons (1927); Volume the First (1933); Volume the Third (1951). Letters, ed. R. W. Chapman (2 vols, 1932). G, Keynes, J. A., A Bibliography (1929).— J. E. Austen-Leigh, 4 Memoir of 7. A. (870; repr. 1871 with parts of J. As uns finished work); C. Hill, 7. 4., Her Home and her Friends (x902); W.and R, A. Austen-Leigh, HA. Her Life'and Letters (1913); C. 12 Thomson, J. A. (1929); M. Lascelles, J. A. and her Art (best and most scholarly crit, study, 1939); R. W. Chapman, J. A, Facts and Prob- dems (1948). AV. Scott, rev. of Emma, in Quart. Rey. xiv (4816); A. C. Bradley, ‘f. A.) in Essays and Studies of the English ‘Association, II (2911); ¥.Woolf, J. AW, in The Common Reader(1925); Lord D. Cecil, 9. . (Leslie Stephen Lecture: 1935); E. M. Forster, 'J. A.:1.’The Six Novels, 2. Sanditon. 3. The Letters", in Abinger Har- -F vest (1936), Austin, Hesry (fl, 1613), English verse Writer, accused of plagiarism by Thomas Heywood. The Scourge of Venus, or The Wanton Lady (16135 1614; 1620; ed. Grosart, 1876). BLJ. Joun (*Creeting Mill, Suffolk Bag 17925 ©1820 Sarah ‘Taylor; +Wey. XII 1859), English jurist.’ He brought definition ‘to English juris- Riatence, | His analytical approach caused Vs {tYOUr codification and under- value historical method. Province of Gurisprudence Determi : Lectures, ed.S. Austin (2 vel, en SY ‘ Austin, Wintiam (#1584; +London t (#15845 16 I 1634), English barrister and miscellaneous writer, learned in patristies, Nurse: Devotions Augustinianae Fi (1633; 1637); tr. Cato Maj eer oes Sai? lajor (2nd ed, 1671; BL. Austin, WittraMt (fl. 1662; 1Southwark Raglish writer of verse and prose, einen} Scholar, of interest to readers of Dens he Anatomy of the Pestilence (x66); Cegeoticks and most effectual meanes a a Auton, Jean n° (# a a, . 14655 +1528), French Shronicler. “Abbot of Age (Poitou) and [636] Lene friend of Jean Bouchet and Je cat He is chiefly known for his POY at du roy Loys XHe (150) than eye-witness account of 6% paign. His poetry in 000 ats from that of the eth a Complaincte de Gennes (15 Genes, ed. H. Kiahnholt@ de outs Xi ea. B. de MOU vols, 1889-95). C, Knuth, Beitrdge schreibers J. d'. (1889) 8 Poésie Frangaise au 160 5 ille Autran, Josep (*Marsel “Hbid. 6 Ill 1877) arg his : en dramatist, Autean SPOR joes Se je wr , vence where hi eigen Fee ict te eae a on the verse of classied “rile Wa pseudo-Greek tragedy; 40. cable ti i si (1848), brought him cOnsh ‘gr the © He was in the main ow ote art's sake’ movement: a oy es Poles de la Mer 083°) pt-pt 0s Sy, Laboureurs et cae (8 sos tide La Fis ete ani 858); 2 : ree CE Plladins Oa che i? (1859)3 Gilg G. Ancey and E. we et ses ceuvres (1906) Pa TAL. pot Auvergne, Mant) ya art tx3_-V_ 1508), Fron’ parley, be 1 officer of the (160-050 Hanes Pamour OA git fi of of short stories on PEs C rules nt the ted according £0,tB? FecumteMin 1 Sed og customs of the 48s, "an Distthe gh serious vein, includes, and ot Tes Vigies deChartes Hi as de la Vierge are. et fluenced by A. C! a Gi, its Artis damait roll fader 8 See rhs ¥y puttone? oie siecle (r970)3 V- (2943). Gest Liest nai felt ol | xgo), eatlieSt y nano Ben 20) the rele ea an Christ, Antichrist 2% A section on t int ( SPATE, ABT Ed, F. Piper, 25: giadie? of id ER OO ait Avancint, Nico-AESI), ye ? eolat “Be eel(6371 I Fetus and wrote some go plays, of which e velo} ; ; ® ditection of To Foal esis ran : Vices tgmatica (2 vols, 1675):, Pielas ning Costantinus Magins, ed. W. Blem- in Bean Das Ordensdrama (19303 Deutsche Lit. wicklungsreihen). Scheid, “4. als Dramatiker (2923). LWP. Avell: ish geatelas ALonso FrawAwors Dr, Span- the sham ra The name of the author of Tarragona, 1604) part of Don Quixote (pub. Many on’, £64) is probably a pseudonym. ientey ness attempts have been made to With Git. His sequel eannot compare Coazge, antes’, but it is lively although & 5 Seound ass a’ Gaon del ingenioso hidalgo Don Qui 8 vince puttiation of the Comical History of anchg, sreerious Knight, Don Quixote de la ip Mane GiPt J, Stevens (3705, (eee in Benge iyo) “El Quote de Avel- ADEE. Cot tudios de critica literaria, R 1934), ~°tarelo y Mori, Sobre el uijte de Vella: EM. rn Sone Baa Grrrrupis Gomez DB: se VELLANEDA, G. Ven Pace; see Ipn-Bayya. vents 2yBtinny 1877; fRoe Jouanacns (*Abensberg 4 Vil HiManisg CeNsburg g T 1534), German pefodlony, AM, historian, | the «Bavarian Igpy Mame “g, oH! Rame "Turmair, latin- (827 offic fO™ birthplace. Appointed Riga! Mode, Bavarian historian, A foun- L4G Pad: ‘bt historiography, he wrote # AEC: Motayfele history of Bavaria up *0 anit pole for learning and critical in- Praigeg PY many poets as a Source, nae SPY Goethe,” nes ao, ‘ Peiggiahe Color tibré VI (final ed. 1582); ae er (2036) (1533, pub. 1366), abt. G- ph ttbogeh Works, od. S. Rizterand M. lef Wegeiels, dentin und sine Zeis (2877)+ Rea ‘oh. Aventin (1890). “See Iny-Rusup. Gh. i Wout: @ ap, goo), Latin fabulist sts \abated sfetty on the Greek flees jag Avitnus'eleging mete FF Ted Vernal rectly GOvidian, but aft ls borate. Used extensively lat! Fabulas ot nay Meee, ed, Ellis (68823 fi Nig na Pe CME Le on; *See Gasrrot. AVVAKUM Avicenna: see Ipn-SINA. Avienus, Rurius Festus (4th century Ap.) of Vulsinii in Etruria, Latin post. Gidactie poems in hexameters and iambic metre, written in an attractive style, are mainly translations of the geographical Works of Dionysius Periegetes and of the Prognostica and Phaenoniena of Aratus. Ed. A. Holder (1887). Descriptio Orbis Torrae in Geographi Graeci Minores, vol. 2, ed. C. Miller (1861); Ora Maritima, ed. SS Schatten-P. Bosch-Gimpera (1922)) A. Berthelot (1934) ; Aratea, ed. A. Breysig (1882). Joan pe (*Almodévar del Campo 1500; fMontilla 1569), Spanish religious writer; studied at the universities BF Salamanca and Alcalé, took orders and Spent his life preaching in Andalusia. He Spent mprisoned for suspected heresy in Wg by. the Inquisition but no serious prought against him. His Avila, Burssep charge was brought, m Sragntnm opts, Audi flia (135657) is based on Psalm x! 7; in it he preached an on frie, Christianity in which mysticism pact nly occasional expression, the main bod sis being on the vanity of earthly cee and the despisingof self. He corres Banded with Ignatius Loyola, St Terese ‘The collection Luis de Granada, and Fray Tas sfall of advice for all sorts of Tetters is fea I iffoulties and is among the most spirits in Spanish. His prose is economi; famoul effective; from time to time he used cal ansgorous images. He was beatified ip 1804 °4- Jorio expiritual, Biblioteca Autores peek: cletion by G. de Diego (1912)5 is, ed. J, Femande Monit Grate 1 901) H Fermin) cabinet full of spiritual The gud Rie ert Naeehews, St Omer, 1620); enacts (Rove, 1639); The er fart (tt. 1032) 1g of i San Juan, Vida del Meee de A. (1915) : EMW. Vasix GRIGORYEVICH vs : Agr) Russian author. He be- (018425 the group of reactionary writers of the period. ae Techny put (1875)3 Skraahet: Euboony oda; ge OeLbn i aeoee Siena sockineniy (12 vols, 1904-05)+ Le s is “awvakum (Petrovich), protepopeor ars ANS (RGrigorovo 16203, TMesco tf Vv P62), was the author of the ‘autobiography 82, ae a onan im sarin Rapi~ ee ee aerajgoe ot rember Of pole, sannoye Cra ana germons. Bs leader of sical Pit feld believers or raskolriké who thesorsttke sieual reforms introduced byAWDELEY Patriarch Nikon, he seceded from the official church and spent years in exile, first in Siberia, then in the arctic north, but remained undaunted and defiant, until he was put to death at the stake. Most of his experiences, as well as his pride and faith, have found a striking expression in his autobiography which he wrote not in the literary Church-Slavonic but in the racy spoken Russian of the 17th century. Sochineniya Avvakuma Petrova (1916); Zhitie Avvahwna im samim napisannoye (1916) ; Kniga besed protopopa Avvakuna (1917): Zhitie prot, Avvakuma i drugie ego sochineniya (intro. and commentaries by N. K. Gudzy, 1934); The Life of the Archpriest Acvakum, b> Himsdlf, te. J. Blarrison and H. Mirrlees (1924). AK. Borozdin, Protopope Avvakum (1900); S. P. Melgunov, ‘Velihiy podvizhnik: Protopop Avvakum (1907); P. Pascal, Avvakum et les débuts du raskol (1938); N. K. Gudz ', History of Early Russian Literature (1949). yL. Avwdeley, Joun (fl, 1559-77), English printer and miscellaneous writer of popular literature. The Fraternitye of Vagabondes ed. Viles and Furnivall, 1869). Awfi, Munamman, 13th-century Persian writer and biographer. Awfi spent his early life in Persia, but the Mongol in- vasion drove him to India, where he wrote his two main works: Lubab al-Albab (1203 27), the oldest known biography of Persian Poets, and Favdmu al-Hikdyat, a collection of stories, Lubab al-Albab (2 vols, with intro. by M. luhammed Qazvini, London, 1903-06) ; Muntakhab-i javémi* il-Hekayat Babar, Tehrany pga), “PAA Ge. ML. (21562; 15675 BL. Ayala: see Lopez pp AYALA. Aylett, Romer (#, 1583; A R » 15835 $1655 2), Eng lish zchgious writer of prose andl La member of ‘Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Divine and Moral Speculations (1654 Aylmer, Isapeita (*England y 12908), novelist. “Although she wae rook ably never in New Zealand she wrote ego is probably the first New Zealand nora Distant Homes (1862), based an family _ letters. mare Avrenhoff, Konvetius Horatas vox jenna a8 V 17335 4ibid. 15 VIIT 1819) Nattian dramatist. An army officer. bo GQuBRE in the Seven Years’ War, ath ently Bsing to field marshal, Fj ig Sgedies in the French man; Without’ distinction, His comedy Ate [638] jte wit vourite Postaug (1769) was a favourl Frederick the Great a) Tracupies: Aurelius (1760) FO Thusnelda (1768) ; Irene (17815 4G, ot Kleopatra und Antonis (1783) ire ep gelatrte Pro (37 Sanit WE "W. Montag, C. von A. (190°) x ingham 1 Ayres, Pamir (Cortney fi : x Tancotss writer and eranstater FPS. verse, including Géngor®- |g, sail . G. 3, ec. Ge» eri Emblems of Love (3695 °4: voine bury in Minor poets of the Cito 906); Ly ts, taf roeb): Lar Pome cc death of Pope ‘Alexander % Somers Tracts, VIII, rt? A. Thomas, ‘The Embler ‘The Library (1910); G-! Av, in The Bibliograp! pre? 334 Ayrer, Jaxon (#Nurcm re ist ite 26 III 1603), German * 70 comedies, tragedies plays by him writ extant, ion Rae historically, they are in Hans Sachs tradition “often Comedians, and, thoug ng, Sri readable and eer ese e i Phaenicia resemble Sor ing, ya and Much sao ‘os Jasch zr eis “ie Cypern an‘ a fae saad is stantinopel trea 4 ne tan Machin’s Dumb Knight o ae Tragedy. vols, 6% phaetis Opus, Theatricur’ Oe 465) spel yf ae Keller & ig Cob Sha akg idea, repr. in A- (1865). Ay. Wodicks, 4's oO} Bildung J. A.’s (2935 , sux RoBeE GS Gl Sandon 110378) 58 ie Cenc eiced ©, On ye igh “te sActnd to tae Knighted 1649 ih ni serv © B me: ie all the wits of his iF gcots Pop yf Gio? Shp se ar Ans f eae Drain 9 vest 50%, is one of the eatlies’ ysis 61 Aytoun, Wit Bons ea burgh 2x VE 1864 jy s805 tosh idle ‘son; tElgin 4 VP ne SON gated Uy ween eited Seo! Sie contributor Blac pet 3836; professor Of "845 Iottres, Edinburly(630) stitie, and the au Pee and Sea aaah ae ballad (pune, Homer , and other Poems (1832); Lays lads oie Comaliers (3849); Bon Gaultier Spa with T. Martin (848); Pirnitians Poon tie Tragedy (854); Bottaceld (1836); Ban, Gotti, wih, Marcin (1839); Ni Scotland (1870); Poems (192%). Re Martin, Leah GG OK. » Vi P 1912), ee (Pola de Lena 1851; {Madrid Mediga Panish poet and dramatist. A his profemitctitioner, he later abandoned Beis onion in favour of a literary career Poems thas erobeted less for his festival pes and oe his witty plays on popular femme customs, With their, quick, Bet saineys ment they are nearer to the one- tas tan 12 the comedy plsy. SEE 874); ‘adrid! (x895) ; ; Basta de matemdti- Berenson Cagrasenen eure (1890) ; Aprobados » Pevagueyd 1879); La reboticn (6th ed. 193 Poet Taye. Stratton (Chicago, n.d). and 33 (1922), “RMN Neelio, a4 IASSIMO D’: see D’AZEGLIO. ‘Veg 37; os Awoizio pp (Maranhiio 1 wv Dovel, NeRO8 Ales 2x T 1913), Brazilian xia c initiated the trend towards ‘ally dated © appearance: of which is heared ed 1881, when bis O mulato BH his Gite cleale with social problems fom the [ek characters are drawn mostly Teale er classes, He is a mordant thelist dese occasionally extreme in his ‘atre,“UPtion, He also wrote for the Menor esp Orias de aig Bug WH condenmnado (ox: 4 condessa bengal? Amaya, Mysterio da Tijuca (or Giran- Ooo? (rags, es, 1882, in serial form); Casa 46 H, Wty Gl seviel form); 4 cor (1889) Gags Browne} 2 eramiian “Tenement, : >, 1926); Lioro de um aa Xuma, Sa. Marg : Acuy, TO: see Kapa AZUMAMARO- ‘ara *see Zorara, 2a B Brgy Shem Tov, Iorast;, abbr: yg boch COkopy . 17003 {Miedzhy- tion, OF poo 272: Russian Hebrew Shady he yPOot origins and ‘without edu- ig (py Worked for some time 3 Ba‘al MjmmireyeseSsor of the Divine Name yy ~ fParis 1535)» BY ae by his latitudinarian tr. us’), Jose Ore establishes js press be rns of the classic’ her humanis@ da impress ade iat §, Rea f bli. des 4 8)3 asf ceuvres de J. B.A. (3 vols 19 aris ag Baena, Juan ALFONSO century), Spanish poet t His verses are mediocre ological interest. logy of 576 poems, for John IT of Castile. yrnte et Tiumanisne , i pe tat and ce ‘d only © “oath? He compiles Bas | the Cantor es il ‘ et Perta! Ls 10» / by Imperial, Villasandine 4 sa! ss Jerena, Sancher Calaver® Oyo an Ribera, of the late 4th gin 3448 att centuries, and wa a courtly antholo: ne a one in Castilian, thous, gene poems are included. Thy who rather monotonous, cary a landmark in Sp! d. Cancionero de Bacnay 6%, Leipzig, 1860) ; fac. © 1926). Baerle, Caspar, 1584; 21610 Barbar: 14 1 1648), Dut Remonstrant pat in 1617, dismisse faith; professor at Amsterdam in 163 orator and poet in LO” ne his re pide sy the Bt oe ‘ 30! gh vanish 1itex®™ pao van CAST Pe yon 1 io Bae ad nee ey ps ch and ss peo e son, PI din werponne ¢ 632. in he was famous ek KRING). Poémata 6 Rerum per Octet gestarum sub pracfe Comitis (26. gedichten (x65 P. §, Scbull J. A. Worp, O' Baermann, JOH 19 V 17853 fibid. playwright and Germ sents the noxth.¢ his civic patriot! in which appea anthem of Ham’ der Elbe Ave? on 5p . oan Ses Hh g-Hrollaeds s ice eek Medictt ia 6, in BIT, ure Tie rar sole) i so i size soi Us por Bey jn BEE ye pi 08 3 nse os 9 the Sorad® pe Ed io.(643] ing plays dealing with peasant life i = Kwatern (1821) is the best. Fe ina in Zs, Ver, Hamburg. Gea Tk? Ronenr (*Darley, Derby 29 IT Thay 72754 tTamworth 1 TX 1801), wigush novelist influenced by Rousseat om orks, later edited by Walter Seot rina Eu extensive mowledge and Mount F reat Henneth (1781); Man as he is (1792) 'sprong, or Man as he is not ine RMH. Bagel] cept Wate (*Langport 3 II 1826; Englay pliza Wilson; bid. 24 IIL 1877), agehige goitic, and political | theorist: eastudied mathematies and law and Stimulating’ shipowner and journalist. A ®Pplic, outer and original thinker, he olutionary theory to politics am » neste literary criticism, being histor~ Among etc” and technical analyst. ckens US Dest studies are those of Scott, i tn nd Tennyson, wudier "Studies (2 vols, 1879); Biographical Con Co R. EL Hlutton aR Te Brats Rorband Wi 867); Phssies and Politics (1872)5 REA. Hugteet (2873); Economic Studies, ed FB 0d. 90 (1880). The Works and Life of ed. hb Lette R. Barrington (10 vols, 1915)5 Ww of whiel 91 T qecters of W. B, and Bliza Wilson BH. je22Fington (1933). Basser, ne (aga * y 1 Vga CARL Cristian (#Copenhagen 73 92837 Thora Alvilds Fiedler} %§,X, 1846), Danish poet, a re is poems only a few are jambered, such as pen engelshe wonky 2d some poems for childsen: ret ategchovel, Min Broders Leunet (1835) Bande etl for its crudity, but is nor Sa pioneer work of Danis a 5 ad UB SE (834); Digininger, gamle, of 2% Dee Ig, 1860-67)5 Boeg, enfligel, CB. (1907). EB: 14987645 JENS (Lnacanunt) (#KO‘s0F 15 2209 Fea 24799. Sophie na) (aller; ty) PHagpise (Fanny) Magdelaine Rey- enh we 3 X 1826), ‘Danish poet nohtlatity, wen he soon gained great aneility, ¥> Particularly with the German Ky wtitteg af Several volumes of his poetry atta 2 German, His admiration RrtevetgniMadont the name! ancl. ees filled extensively. and settled i io Wigs Degas Years. TTA ope wth lene om b Mechig net whi fellin chegers “eer whe converted BAHA’U'LLAH him to romanticism, but when the spell was broken he embarked on a long and futile feud with Ochlenschliger and his Supporters. His last years were clouded by. sorrows and poverty. Baggesen’s poetey ranges from humorous narratives to Sentimental, nostalgic and elegiac poems. His charming travel book Labyrinthen, an impressionistic arabesque in the style of Sterne, is of lasting value. ‘Vans: Comiske Forteellinger (1783); Ung- domsarbeider (2 vols, 1791); Gedichte (2 vols, 1802); Parthenais (1803) ‘Sktemtsomme Riim- Free ts806); Giengangeren og han selv (1807); Nye blandede Digte (2807) ; Heideblumen (1808); Poetiske Epistler (1814)- Danske Veerker (12 Yols, 1827-32); Poetische Werke (3 vols, 1836); Poetiske Skrifter (5 ‘vols, 1889-1903).—PROSE = Labyrinthen (2 vols, 1792-935 new ed. 1909). A Baggesen, B. Biografi (4 vols, 1843-36); K. Arentzen, B. og Ochlenschliger (8 vols, Wore): J. Clausen, J. B. (1895); Richard Heo 70). og Sofie ©. Haller (3902); C. E. FSB. und die deutsche Philosophie (914) Hessrumert, Elskovs Labyrinther (1926) EB. wwuccto Dt. (*Pisa? c. 12503 Pawceo), Tuscan poet; a follower of Leytace arezo. Besides some ‘pro- Gui? love=poetry there survives of his vensaiesne. menting the Ghibelline ‘scondancy in Pisa (1285). is wri sit é-toscani del Dugento. Serie Ta, Rimatori sat tind A. Pardueci (1915). ed. G, Zaceag soni, I Duccento (and ed. 1930) G. Bertoni 50) Bagno, Pai Bahadur Shah Ul (*1837; 11858), the BahMpogul emperor, @ prolific writer of Persian lyrical poetry: HGR. Bahd’w'llah, Monza Husans Aut (*Tebran Bale, 1817; tBabit, Acre 29. V 892), 32. Jan prophet and founder of Babaism. sian Pig minister of the crown, he em= pred the proscribed Babi faith, and Damar imprisoned (1852) became conscious wpilge mission. Successively, exiled to of tad, Constantinople and Adrianop/e, Paste finally consigned to the prison-ciy he Nive (1868). Prior to his second exe, of Aurin declared himself (a2 TV 1863) Babi eliverer promised to all faiths which fre eer proclaimed in letters to sovercign authorities. He wrote in Persian. ear 7 0, 1899); Kitab-i Tgan Kitabri Aadas OP Geritude, tx. Shoughi Gadog;, The Book of, i 00k ii Baha Ullah (1890); Indendi, 1944); (MET aime (inc, Tone Les Préceptes ‘du rr ecepeet gH. Dreytus, 1906); Haft Vadi, Israel Ss 2 Sun Valleys and The Fou, Gooyn tee Abcluli Khan, 2936); Kalimat-¢ ‘Maknunch (Paris 19°53 ‘The Hidden Words, tr. Soughi Effendi, 1944)-BAHYA IBN PAQUDA 644] EB, G. Browne, Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion (1918); H. Dreyfus, Essat sur le Beéhaisme (1900); J ‘lemont, Bahaullah and the New Eva (1923). Bahya Ibn Paquda, or Banya nEN Josten (fSaragossa? ¢. 1080), Spanish Hebrew poet and Arabic philosopher. ‘Nothing is known of his life except that he was a religious judge. His Hidayah ila fardid al-qulib” (Hebrew: Hovoth ha- ‘Levavoth), a treatise on personal religion containing scholastic and neo-platonist ele- ments, has enjoyed lasting popularity. He is a minor liturgical poet. Hidayah (Arab. orig. ed. A. S. Yahuda, 1912; Duties of the Heart, tr. M. Hyamson, 1, 1925; Introduction aux devoirs des caeurs, tr. A’ Chouraqui, 1950). I. Husik, History of mediaeval Jewish Philos, (1946); J. M. Mitlas Vallicrosa, La poesta sagrada hebraicoespatol. 7G. Vajda, La ihdologie arcdtique de B. be Pi ogy) ek ique de B. ibn P.(1947). C.R. Baja, Jeréximo, 17th-century Portuguese Poet, one of the most accomplished of those included in the Fénix Renascida. In conformity with contemporary taste his verse is characterized by conceits and word- play, at times used to excess but often with great brilliance. HL. Cidade, 4 poesia Urica cultista e concep- tista (1942). T.P.W. Baif, Jean-Awrorne pr (#Venice 19 II 1532; }Paris X 1589), French poet anid humanist, son of L. de Baif, A pupil of Dorat, he became one of the most active members of Ronsard’s group and was a tireless experimentalist, particularly inter, ested in the musical qualities of poetry. He was one of the first users of the alexandrine (before _Ronsard), wrote quantitative verse in French, invented a rg-syllable line, the daifin, snd a system of phonetic spelling, which he used in his Eurtnes de poésie fransobze an vers mexurés. pap IpOEHE gift was inferior to his fertile Le Brave (1567, come i Phaseas' tle Gris) adaptation of (1572-73); Mimes, enseignements et ‘groveriae (1§76-97).—uores completes, ed. ©, Marty- Laveaux (5 vols, 1881-90) ; Podsies choisies eh L, Becq de Fouquitres (1874). ne M. Augé-Chiquet, J.-A. de B. (1909), Gl Baif, Lazare pz (*La Fléche e Apes 1547), French humanist and 1496; trans. He made the first French trans lation of So; phocles (Electre, 15. Pinauited, before Amyot, cotta wot 1 ach’s Lives, still unpublished, . Pinvert, L. de B. (1900). GB. iley, Pump Janes (* Bailey, Pruuip Jaoses (SNowih who, nee Festus (183! hes 1816; 001863. 2 1902), rhe The nglish poe Goethe’s Faust, wrote 08 Angel World, and other Bei Hye (1867). (goth Seer Hortnightly Rev: COKE ae. (Rede pail Baillie, Lavy Grizel. Berwickshire 1665 5 6 XIT 1746), Scottish P .cter, who 3s heroic chara me his intrig in 1685, and s of two fine pathetic love G.__Eyre-Todd, XVIIth Century, Baillie, Joanna Hampstead 23 TT 1851 dramatist, a close admired in her day- Passions (1798-1812) pressive in style pleasing writer of Miscellaneous Plc (1821); Poetic Misce! Bain, ALEXANDER ( cor835 Fran para Forbes; tibi fe philosopher. deen 1860-81, 3 of his work. Bai exponents of @ PSYC an account of phys! powerful influence, sophical thought Mind (1876). The Senses a” Enotions and the Science (1868) 5 W. L. Davidson» (1904). Bajza, Jozer Tondc ( +Bratisiava_ + ST “The Adventures Young Man scenes with dese! conditions in Si René middenca Py I. Kotvan, ‘J- Linguistiea Slovac™ Baker, SixRu English miso lator, A devote Will (383 Laie (808. (a873)5 Autodiogr and’, ppilO® Ren SHARD elianeou fr scottish Pe (1892). well ceBorbwelt ‘3 e the Tt 19 ca a siptio? jovakia~ ‘of the xpsed 830), 3 wee the And poet, Wet Oy Pei it Od + Bi 9H sis oct: nis id her ‘5 a ke Pete ballads. fend 1) are ber very UP cots: but teas 3 Oo = (1836) ies (1829) ¥ enverdeo™ 2a ces wigs 03) id. x 182: nic Joa adi a wes Of syobolo ni yet sas elie a oh a yo) Mi shy? J vel ee jel ci ses po aia ge PS of leds ite fat id ‘or fe a if fh ie ih ff le, th i ob Fi Pe ee[645] of the sta ; Published aes Prynne remained un- Chronicle of the Ki cle of the Kings of England (1643); heatrum Redies rngland (1643); 1662; 20 Redivioan, or the Theatre intetbed $8 Theatrun Triumphans, 1670). Bal Do, Tiomas (Lanchester, Co. 1140), En IX 1656; }Cambridge 2 VII cleo english author and antiquarian, J Bellow ( St. John’s College, Cambridge. Juror OY (2680-90), he resigned as a non ailing’ iend of men like Strype and ave bac Baker's vast MSS collections eeth Wilized by later historians of the on ead ef Cambridge. His Reflections Mige if denigrate r7th-century science, Museum) in Harleian collection _ (British brag) #84 in” Cambridge "University LJ. Bakhui 01 a van den Brink, Reiter mies alt mpeterdam 38 IL 18105 crtigt lig, Simon, 01858 Johanna Doh’ ir; fhe Hague, 15 VII 1865), sisi es His literary ri to gave together with Potgieter, a the are gomantie movernent, inspired by PP Vided nett? His studies jin archives retical e terial for his life’s work: short 50 he recssa¥8 ina grand style, After ieGrtong ‘Organized the Dutch archives. Voty ort Poor de geschied. van de or], wrij- ec Ce Nel aoe eens h biblio.) ; Briefevisseling, 5E Tota iG, G Poteieter, Leven van B. v. d- ein, jg genio, B. v. d. Br. (1950); J. M. HOSD se, BIDL “der ‘Neder. Lettrer, XU efit en xeyr'sken Huet, “B. v. d. Br’ in tit: Nattukie fale 1115 C. G.N, de Vooys, Niet Balwe TTaetterk: kritieken van B, v, 6, Br im Care ees Be van B. : Meta an in Poa, th a 33267, M. OPS: qipgp NUD | AnnoLsant (#Istanbul Saday Muyes 2620), Turkish poet. ‘The som ligeler, “gate he was apprenticed °° SqmtV cing. studied Taw, frequent font¥™ay Ges, and was, introduced. 10 leg the ¢Re, Magnificent, A master the “0B of poets” cleilfully_assimi~ Htbo-Persian prosody Sa tics are_ more polishec Se deceeling. ‘Nevertheless Mate} pith of Siileyman ig a master expreit& majesty of style to @ a ae of profound sorrow Oral, cd Baki's Divan, Ghazalijjat, ed 1908); Bake Divan ed S. Ni }3 Selections in B. J. W- Gibb, 4 toman Poetry (Vol. 3» 2994) 8 ep BAKIN M. F. Képrila, Dican Edebiyati Antolojisi (1934). 1 Rypka, Baki als Ghazeldielter (1926); J. Rypka, ‘Sieben Ghazele aus Bakis Divan’, jn Annall Inst. Orient. di Napoli (1940). F. Bakin (also Kyoxurst Bakin), pseud, of Taxizawa OKIKUNI, later known as ‘Taki- gawa Tokura (*Edo (=Tokyo) 4 VII 17673 1793; tEdo 1 NIT 1848), Japanese noveler, From an early age he showed Iterary talent but had & restless and in tolerant nature, Leaving home when thirteen, he turned from one occupation to Another but was unable to settle in any; in ten years he studied haiku poetry (see Basnd), Chinese Jearning, Confucianism and. medicine under a succession of holars, but when, in 1790 the novelist Santo Kydden took him into his home he Fonally determined to be a novelist. Tsukai Jinnachite nibw ydgen (1790) was the be- Mnning of a steady flow of books, which giMiblished bis fame as one of Japan's Greatest novelists. He produced over 300 Bmvarate works, many of them being of sePRiderable length. Apart from to SBaptations (Suikoden and Saiyihi) of famous Chinese stories, his best, mown famous xe Chinsetsu Yuanihariaukt (1805 worthought by some to be his best), 10) uehi zenden Nanka no yume (807, 8 eof fairyland), Musdbyde ocho mona, sto (.bob-s0, an allegorical novel iP 8 gatar gus, satirical style), Shichiya no erg hus yanss Satomi hakhenden (x8t4-42), 2 anny of eight dogs representing #e eight Story OF whch (like many of his books) wes published in instalments: iS composition Jasted over almost. ‘thirty years, and hhe went. lind before he finished, it. His fiction, pital on the model of Santo ‘Kyoden, is Dassationa] in the extravagance® and im- probabilities of the plots, but is romantic protealistic in tone, offering & contrast to the degenerate tendencies ‘of contemporary light literature which led to 4 government, Leet e 1842. He relied extensively” Chinese and Japanes® legends, BED Cn folkdore and wrote 1 cleat and Stagane tyle, composed in & rhythmical form. ‘Suikoden |Shui-las-ch' ans inese Chine suki, summary 1 in Yumiharist st ae, Yen erate 180: sn, A History re Reo Saban (ne eRe n Hsictechiy (290%) eens sande Nt Ce ite vary and partial tf, 10 'K. Florenz, Geschichte Tae Yapanischon ¥ eratur (3906); Kuemo no de at ik) (28084, EME. Greey, The CapHiee ‘of Love, Boston, 1886); Musdbyde Rock® Snonogatari (Dream story of ‘Mussbyoe, Eng. Te Mordwin, Yokohama, (theBAKUNIN [646] 1881); Shichiva no hura (1810); Nansd Satomi hakkenden, summarized Eng. tr. in Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, Introduction to Classic Fapanese Literature (1948). E.B.C. Bakunin, Mixnait ALExaNpRovicn (*T ver district 18 V 1814; tAscona 1 VII 1876), Russian anarchist.’ In 1840 he emigrated but in 1849 was arrested in Germany and handed over to the Russian authorities. In 1861 he escaped from Siberia to London where he joined the staff of Herzen’s Russian periodical Kolokol. In _ his writings he preached the abolition of the state. He opposed Marx’s idea of a proletarian dictatorship and advocated a free, anarchic federalism of the masses instead. His ideas found a considerable following in France (where his Guvres appeared in 6 vols, 1895-1913), Italy and Spain. A good ‘edition “of 'Bakunin's works and letters, Sobranie sochineniy i pisem, was published in Moscow in 1934-35 (4 vols). God and State (orig. written in French; Eng. tr. B. R. Tucker, 194). : Meso EtPbacher, Mars “und B. (1922); Materialy diya biografii Bakunina (3 vols, 1923-33); L. Grossman, Spor o Bakunine i Dostovecshone (x93); N. Rosselli, Mazzint ¢ Bakounine (1927); ¥. “M. Steklov, iV. A. Behunin (1927); 1, W. Cari, MB. (r037); 2. lalpérine-Kaminsky, Michel Bakounine (1938); J. Vozka, Michdl Bakunin, véény revoluctond? Go47): ee ee eee Balaguer, Vicror (#1832 ; 1901), Catalan Poet, playwright, mewesiiel’ Megtice and. politician, four times a cabinet minister. Ceeginate 4 great contribution to the Gatalan renaissance. While in exile in ance (2867) he made personal friend ships with the Provencal poets and helped to forge the close ties which have since existed between the Catalans and Pro- Yensals. He published Poesies Cata- lanes (2 vols, 1868), two collections of tragedies (1876, 1878) of romantic inspira- tion, and a Historia de Catalufia (5 vols, 1860). IMBiR. Bal’ami, Munammap, Anv Aut (}27 IIT 974%), Persian historian and statesman, fe was vizir to several Samanid rulers, and wrote the Persian version of 'Tabari’s History of the World, the oldest historical Work in Persian and of remarkable linguistic and stylistic interest. qarithei Balani (Lucknow, 18745 wt jaPami (Lucknow, 1874; Chro- ig Abu Dighar Taber, tx. Fh. Zoten 7 4,%ols, Paris 186774). vageatthold, Turkes yeun to the Mong Ineasion (oad tan down t0 the Mongot Balassi (Baas yom 9 X 1554; 1584 Krisztina Dobé; }Esztergom 26 V 1504), Hungarian poet. The greatest lyric poet of his age, Balassi was a product of contemporary humanism, His verse consisted of sacred poetry, war- songs and love lyrics reflecting his un- happy love affairs. His new verse-forms were largely copied by succeeding poets, B. B. minden munkdi, ed. Déeasi (2 vols, 1923) A. Szikidy, B. B. kélteményei (3879); 8. Rekhardt, 2 ismeretlen B. B. (1941), Balbi, Grroramo (*Venice? mid-1sth- cent.;' te. 1535), Italian ‘humanist. A wandering scholar, he settled in Paris ¢, 1485 which he was compelled to leave under suspicion of heresy in 1496 after a literary- religious polemic with Tardif and Angelini, An exile in Britain, he eventually joined the church, became a diplomatist and, bishop of Pressburg. A. successful pro~ moter of humanism and Italian culture beyond the Alps, he left two volumes of, Opera poetica oratoria ac politico-moralia (Vienna, 1791-92). Pa Balbin, Boxustav (*Hradec Krilové 5 XII 1621; +Prague 29 XI 1688), Czech, historian and poet. Balbin was a Jesuit who furthered the interests of the Counter- Reformation in Bohemia by missionary and educational work, His writings, all in Latin, are remarkable for the warmth of their national feeling and had considerable influence in the Czech national revival of the late 18th century. Epitome rerum bohemicarum . . . (1677); De regni Bohemiae felicé quondam nunc calamiteso statu. . . (1672-735 ed. F. M. Pelel as Disser~ tatio apologetica ‘pro lingua slavica, praecipue bohemica, 1773). W. Bobek, B: (1932). RAL Balbo, Cesare (#Turin 27 XI 17803 ibid, 3 VI 1853), Italian historian. His first historical work, Delle Speranze d'Italia (Paris, 1843) was dedicated to Vincenzo Gioberti, the author of Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani and champion of neo- Guelf ideology. Balbo did not, however, subscribe to all Gioberti’s ideas, e.g, his anti-French sentiments, and he considered it inadvisable to look’ to the papacy for Italian political regeneration. He pre- dicted that Italy would form an alliance with France and foresaw the possibility of the Crimean war and the part that Piedmont might take in it, His predictions were held by some to be extravagant and his book was mockingly re-named Le| | {647] disperanze d’Italia. Nevertheless it proved influential during the Risorgimento, par- ticularly in Piedmont. Balbo’s master- piece is his Sommarto della Storia d'Italia (first written as an article for an encyclo- pacdia and reprinted separately in 1846). In 1848 he was appointed president of the first constitutional ministry of Piedmont, of which he was also minister for war. Balbo was also the author of a Vita di Dante (1839), which is inexact in detail and interprets Dante’s works in terms of rgth-century aspirations. Opere (1854-60); Sommario della Storia d@Italia, ed. A. Solmi (1927); Le speras d@Italia, ed. F. Landogna (1930). E, Passamonti, C. B. e ? suoi tempi (1923); S. De Simone, C. B, (1932). BR. Balbuena, Brnnanvo pr (*Valdepefias 1568; +Puerto Rico 1627), Spanish poet. He went to Mexico as a youth, studied there and at Sigtienza (Spain); and later became an abbot in Jamaica (1608) and bishop of Puerto Rico (x620). His literary works were all written in Mexico. His Grandeza mexicana (1604) is a spirited description in tercets of life in the capital; his Siglo de oro (1607) is a pastoral novel with some good eclogues in it. His epic Zl Bernardo (1624) is an imitation of Ariosto; the hero, Bernardo del Carpio, defeats Charle- magne’s army at Roncevaux. With its many digressions and allegories the poem is a confused but interesting work. Siglo de oro (1821); El Bernardo, Bibl. Autores Esp., XVII; La grandeca mexicana, ed. Van Horne (1930). M. J. Quintana, Sobre la poesia épica castel- lana (1833); M. Fernandez Junco, Don B. de B., obispo de’ Puerto Rico (1884): J. Van Horne, El Bernardo of B. de B. (1927) and B. de B., biografia y critica (1940); F. Pierce, ‘L’Allé- gorie poétique au XVie siécle’, ’in Bull. Hispanique, 52 (1950). EMW. Balcescu, Necurat (*Bucharest29 VI 18193 {Palermo x6 XI 1852), Rumanian historian and patriot. With A, T. Laurian he brought out the periodical Magazin istoric pentru Dacia (1845~47). Exiled by the ‘Turks for having taken part in the 1848 revolution he went to live in France, In 1852 his health compelled him to retire to Palermo, where he died of tuberculosis. Puterea armata la Roméni (1844); Questions économiques des Principautés danubiennes (1850) 3 Istoria Romdnilor sub Mihai Vodd Viteazul (5 vols, 1851-52) ; Cantarea Romaniei (Paris 1851; a poem in prose which Balcescu pretended he had found in an old monastery in Rumania, but which undoubtedly is his own work). G. G. Tocilescu, B., Viega, timput si operele sale (1876); 1. Ghiea, Aminpiri din pribegie BALE dupa 1848 (1887); N. Jorga, *B., biografia’, in Revista ‘Noua, IV (2893); 'P. PB. Panaitescu, Contribusie lao biografie lut B. (1922). Ww. Balde, Jaxon (*Ensisheim 4 I 1604; +Neu- burg a. Donau 9 VIII 1668), German Latin He was the foremost Jesuit poet of fter Sarbievius, with a European reputation as the ‘German Horace’. He excels in the religious, secular and festal lyric and ode, though he also wrote a drama, Jephithias (1654). Gryphius adap- ted a number of his poems and Herder called attention to him, His influence was felt in Bavaria until the beginning of the present century. Lyrica (1643-46, Ger. tr. J. B. Neubig 1828-43 and J. Aigner 1831); Sileae (1643); Opera (8 vols, 1660) G. Westermayer, 7. B. (868); L. Spach, Mdlanges decritique littéraire, smesérie (1870) ; Josef Bach, 7. B. (1904); A. Henrich, ‘Die Iyrischen Dichtungen ¥. Bs (1925); K. Vidtor reschichte der deutschen Ode (1923). L.W.F. Baldi, Brrnarvivo (*Urbino 1553; 41617), Italian scholar and poet. “Fis principal work is La Nautica (1590), a didactic poem, dedicated to Ferrante Gonzaga, on the subject of ship-building, navigation and sea-commerce. La Nautica, ed. G. Bonifacio (2 vols, 1919). G. Zaccagnini, B. B. nella vita e nelle opere (@ vols, 1908-18). BR. Baldwin, Wiiu1am (fl. 1547-60), English poct and printer, whose prose Treatise of Morall Philosophie (2347) was popular for a century. As corrector of press to Edward Whitchurch, Baldwin ‘superin- tended the first edition of A Myrroure for Magistrates(1559),to which he contributed. His Canticles or Balades of Salomon (1549) show great metrical variety. BLL J. A Myrroure for Magistrates, ed. Williarn Baldwin (1559), ed. L. B. Campbell (1038). E, I. Feasey, “W. Baldwin’, in Mod. Lang. Rev. (1925). TRB. Bale, Jon, bishop of Ossory (*Cove, nr Dunwich 21 XI 1495} coDorothy ?; {XI 1563), English playwright, of uncom- promising, often irascible temper, who asserted his reformed beliefs in his marriage, in objection to consecration in his see by the Romish rite (1553), in his controversial writings and in the production of plays at Kilkenny market-cross on Sunday after noons. His King John and God’s Promises show talent and “powerful feeling, Tig catalogue anticipates a later generat scholars. verstich, Dramatic Writings, ed. J. Farmer (2909),BALLANTYNE Controversial Writings: A Selection, ed. H. Christmas (1849).—Index Britanniae Serip- torum, ed. R. L. Poole and M. Borman, aes Ballantyne, Rosert Micuari (*Edin- burgh 24 IV 1825; }Rome 8 II 1894), voluminous Scottish author of boys’ tales. Many of these derive an unusual force and vividness from their reflection of the author’s personal experience; he spent six years in the Hudson Bay’ territories, His best known work is The Coral Island (1858). See also Personal Recollections (1893). dK. Balmes Urpia, Jamie (*Vich, Barcelona 1810; }ibid. 1848), Spanish writer. He took religious orders, became professor of mathematics and after 1840 took an active part in the political and literary world. ‘The most important Spanish thinker of his time, he aimed at restoring philosophical studies in Spain (Filosoffa fundamental). His El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo (1844), in answer to Guizot’s istorical defence of Roman Catholicism, Tolerant by nature with an eclectic common-sense attitude, he strove to reconcile the political and ideological forces dividing Spain. Obras Completas (2 vols, 1948)-—The Inquisition, tr. anon. (1841). M. Menéndez y Pelayo, Dos palabras sobre el centenario de B, (rg10); A. Pidal, ‘B. Donoso Cortés’, in La Espatia del Siglo XIX, 3. RMN: pseud, Exprpon (#Cra- tsuicide ibid. 17 X 1902), Novelist and short-story fititer. At first a poet, he distinguished himself in bourgeois comedies of grest Vivacity. In his novels he combine humour with satire, Puays: Radey pan x warty (1880 ata Tadey (1872); Dom ot- Balucki, Micuaz, cow 29 IX 1837; Polish playwright Balzac, Honoré pz (*Tours 29 ; © 1850 Eveline, Countess Hang Ni o88 22 VII 1850), French novelist. His life wile ase story of incredible industry Wild financial speculations, Poverty and SigettiO8, great emotional and material of the Ty Which recalls the careers of some His cagetcters in the Comédie haaine, to son Henri ‘Onoré whom she described as ‘the fruit (648) c som sbe ol of duty and chance’ and Rae date | visited once during the six JH ie cf was at school at Vendome. 1 tne ie this his home-life had 4 co” gs wi fluence on his work. ides: ie both interested in religion we hers ots father had a taste for the OO hina Enlightenment, his mother in, like Swedenborg and Sain amt explains the novelist’s interes jew natural phenomena and the 12 apparent in the philosophit) | af Comédie humaine. His &98l) gn, also accounts for some Sten he “85. 5q ts, When be Mi ee Sree he emnbacked upee “Dileo st | Mme Berny, known 95% art oe was part mother-figure Mice bite ne Although she was almost Maye WH influence on the man OP°rthis Si i i undoubtedly beneBcit apy ain lowed in 1832 bys Ci ge Piloried in the Duchess Seay é as 4 Same year he received 95" the tipi letter? from Mme Hat called og f Polish nobleman eee Hs cere te ad oh her husband. ogded bit he Sa Balzac’s parents intene™,g39 Midi a lawyer and from 3E eal in 8 ai fist in a banister sof bis oie where he acavig teeynge of criminal 2” In 1825 he engage’ fortunate business publisher which (0° and ! bankruptey proceed 2004 itil ruin of his family. as Oca Bly for por ag 1832. H candidate for the Fre” 2 te rE ato nh le ae rorniters wer rs Be 50, Eaebnore Cooper 29 5s tbe pinot Fenimore Cooper oor 08 SP began his erin ih. be thor of adventure Se the iy and “Argow Te pirate tie Jato oe The idea of he Laue him in a flas! cation of Le rom ida le in 18. line in 1842, he outline one St species corsespondint, ail ied ig and declared that "heat So faire concurrenc® % sich i | obably this theOTF, “to, lage Most Of his earlier cH nee realist; but thous yooh a panorama ©} ; ig[649] Amie eeution to the end of the reign of Louis- sinbbe, Iter critics agcept the view of ad visionary’ which was first hema, by Baudelaire in his essay on Dower of Gautier. His genius lies in his Gilly hy ene * Worle which is essen- Teo oun and in his immense vitality. 1 Seagcrldie nunaine: A. Exupes De ceuRs. Be pelot, te a vie privée: La Maison du chat ble ea Bal de sceaux, La Vendetta, Une Foune, Gobi lle, La Paix de ménage, Etude de 30); Ea eck (1830) ; Une Fille d Bue (x830- “4 Femme de wente ant (8gt—44)i a ef aadame Firmiani, Le Message, La renadisvey nee, Le Colonel Chabert [La 01a Geer] (2832); Le Pere Goriot (1834-35: ontrar eh, L.A. Crawford, 1951); Le Messe ae paige e3D)} L'Interdiction, La eagle (1836); Béatris (1839); La mantresse (1841); Mémoires de deus Mees (S4r—d2; The | Povo, ‘Young ‘ou; Yl James, 902); Albert Savari, Q Mqelans, la vie, Autre étude de femme (Rag)? STomorine (2843); Modeste Mignon prceeds panes ce mio de Proyincs: erie ‘ours (1832); L’Illustre Gaudissart, fi Gs andet (1833); Le Cabinet des Antigues Hlusions 291839); La Vieille fille (1837)5 Les es Perdives (4849 i Hh Min a 37-39, 1843; Lost Allusions, Tq Suet (184; 3951); Pierrette (1840); Ursule ae Muse Gi}, Le Rabouillouse (1841-42) Hig Vie Koertement (1843). 3+ aa anne ies La Vere CHE reize: Fi is , Be drop fe Eeageais (1833-34), La Fille aux Plays, W834 35); acino Cane (3830); 149 Hgtdence: Hstaire de ta grandeur et de, ene, tr César Birotieau (28375 Cesar Calan Gag Ht Simpson, 1928); fa Maison otdltnan (838); Tee Secrets de la Princese He Epplbaney ERO); Splendeurs et misires des faite? do fq 839-47); Pierve | Grassau Un RE Contem peene (xB40); L’Bnvert de Phis Com’) Un pain (1842-46); Gaudissart (Rtetens "Horne deaffaires (i845) Le Caf; Coser le savoir, La Cousine, ‘Bette Cyieinpusit Bette, tr, KK, Raine, 1948)3 LP 4. got0n, 195 (18475 Cousin Pons, N. Graggnes G50) Les Petits bourgents (1854). cas Ug’ #8 Vie Politique: Les Chong nel tant Epitode sous Ja Terrent, Ube ay ogl Enya GePF E1830) 3 Z- Marcas (1840); Pagnet Csyyit® aire (3842); Le, ‘Députeé fangs be igs Scenes de Ia Vie Ser, Ga dens fq Hedecin de campagne (1838)j Le sagintg) 4 Pallée (1895); Le. Curd de ila “ ‘B. ETopES de Sop; Mes Paysans Bing: aon, BL Parag, Le ounce, Fenn 36) Shor A Sas 8 , ant” Canhees2)i L’Enfane ae oil aay ‘Naf (2838-425 fe rene 832) 5 Louis Lambert 832-39) ee (0938)3" Brame se (3838); tytenoth ear G0)° Gombe ct bard de la mer, "séraphita ae Brvbes e cilia eC Bruises (887 pisioloete BANCES CANDAMO du mariage (2829; The Physiology of Marriage, tr, F. Macnamara, 1925); en aaetate vie conjugale (1830, 1849, 1845)—La Comédie Inumaine (tr. C, Beli, E. Marriage, R. S. Scott, ]. Waring, ed. G. Saintsbury, 40 vols, 1895-98, Should be used with circumspection). Mis- ceLtansous: Lettres ¢ PEtrangére (3 vols, 1899, $906, 1933); Lettres @ sa famille x809~1850 (Letters to his Family, tr. W.S. Hastings, 1034; French text, 1950); @ivres completes, ed. M. Bouteron and H. Longnon (go vols, 1912-40). HE James, French Poets and Novelists (s875), Notes on Novelists (1914); E, R. Curtius, B (2923 in Ger.; French tr. 1933); E. Preston, Rarierches sur la technique de B. (1926); M. Bardeche, B. romancier (1940, x947);C. Mayer, La Qualification affective dans les romans de B. (ogo); P. Bertault, B. Phonme et Pauore (1340 excellent manual); 8. Zweig, B, (er. W. and D. Rose, 1947)- MT. ‘Louts Gusz pz (*Angouléme Balzac, Jean-! too7y tBalese, Charente 1654), Prench [Tice and letter-writer. His: polished ° correspondence, particularly fs of the Hotel de Rambouillet “members of the French and my of which he was one of the ae eT forty, was influential in the oriatypment of French prose. Dionne Lets (618-37), ce od, BE wer reuurp. Butler (2 vols, 1933); Bibas and BPMs, 165)3) Gnvres G. de B. et la prose GB. and elegant with habitu and with fellow. GEuvres comple Ghotsies, ed. MI. Moreau (1854). G. Guillaumic, F-L- frangaise (1927)- Ban, Maria Ragusa 4 XII 38185 {Bel- Bade 1 IIL 1903), Serbian poet, dramatist gratipolitician, He became tutor in the ang Pn royal family and later professor of Serlee at Belgrade university, diplomatic Feety and head of the government press eayey,. In addition to political writings jhe composed numerous PoCms; ‘though his Peseat gifts werenot gest, Elis best works Iyrigte plays, of which he wrote more than 8 ate gn on patriotic and historical themes, signe pjesme (2, vols, 1853, 1861). ems: Res _ Bonnie: iijerima—(2849)5,, Stare Kneza erMTava (1851); Kralj Vulkatin (1857) Domrana Djela (1889). S.C. Bana, Sanskrit, author, of the Charita (Life of Harsha’, E Thomas, 1897) and Kadambars Mar. W. Thomas, 1897) and Raden “C. Ridding, 1896), e (Sart of the S iperor Harsha of Kanauj (av. 606-47). HA damo, FRANCISCO ANTONIO Ba sce, ‘Aviiés 16622; }Lezuza OF a} Spanish dramatist, poet and critic, 1700 Ded in Seville. He wrote « very interesting work on the theatre. His plays| BANCROFT [650] owed much to Calderén, his verse to Géngora, but he contrived to produce plays and poems that are not entirely derivative. His work is unjustly neglected. Obras liricas (1720; ed. F. Gutiérrez, 1949); Obras cémicas (2 vols, 1722); Bibl.Autores Esp., 49 and s8; ‘Teatro de los teatros’, in Revista de Arch., Bibl. y Mus. (1901-02). C. Cuervo Arango, Don F. A. de B. estudio biografica y critica (1916). E.M.W. Bancroft, Grorce (*Worcester, Mass. 3X 1800; 01827 Sarah Dwight, ©1838 Mrs Elizabeth Bliss; +Washington, D.C. 17 I 3893), American historian. Education at Harvard and abroad gave him perspective for his massive History of the United States (6 vols, 1883-85), valuable now for its expression of the democratic spirit of his times. Poems (1823); A Plea for the Constitution of the United States (1886). M.A. De W. Howe, The Life and Letters of B. (2 vols, 1908); R. B. Nye, B.: Brahmin Rebel (1944). HLLC, Bancroft, Joun (London 1696), English surgeon who wrote The Tragedy of Sertorius, played at Drury Lane 1679. ‘To Bancroft are attributed King Edward UT (691) and Henry Il, King of England (1693) in Six Plays ‘by Mr Mountfort (1720). BLY. Bancroft, Tuomas (*Swarston; 21626 Rebecca Errington; {Bradley 5 IX 1658), English poet with smooth competent style, He celebrates many contemporary writers in Two Books of Epigrammes and Epitaphs (1639). Zhe Glutton's Feaver (x633 ; repr. Roxburghe Club 1817); The Heroic ser, n and Fidelta coger ae” sen Bandello, Martzo (#Castelnuovo Scrivia 1485; {Bassens, Garonne 1561), Italian prose-writer and poet. His masterpiece is his collection of short stories, (Le Novelle, Written between 1510 and is60), one of which, Giulietta e Romeo, is the ongin of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. “Te alge Nrote Tyrie poetry (Il Canzoniere, 1544) im the style of the imitators of Petrarck’ Le Novelle, crit. ed. G. Brognoliga 1910), ed. G. Balsamo’ Crivelii ee aval (ith biblio); I Cansoniere, ed, ‘Fr ines (1923); Tutte le opere, ed. F. Plora (a ioe *934-35 3 with important preface). : Nowsmroenoligo, MB. (1932); L. di Francia, istica, IT (1924~25; critical ey i of the short So a aes Bang, Henman Jo, ., 7 acim (#Adserbatle T1857; 4Ogder, Usah apf 290a) eae a veiter. Alte novelist and short-story waite an vain effort to become an actor, B fe att to write, but in his private 'h Goaatit ceased acting, and there is pit also in some of his works. ASS jist cultivated the small thing em of Ie, the grey, lonely, foe Ramer ert ‘are normally, fed his his ‘tragic idylls” he identi pad these Silent Beings, WhO Wye ye Yoke. His impressionistic, 1 onss Ft fluenced by Hans Anderset 17 yget Ty His best novels, such a8, 1° (y (1889) and Ludvigsbakt Brand?) are sen: ish realism; others are 2° full of a degenerate He ia Realisme og Realister (1879) +g og Udhast (1880); Haat Herhjemme og sels fr Sik i lle Ehsistenser 5 iS, De ager (abo); i ar 0890 apie (1898); Der graa Hus (19° hg, De uden Feedreland (29° igor Country, x927)3 Salsorine 01", Masker og ‘Mennesker (39g) Brat and some Poems, 1943) 4 oe (6% 1928); Varker i Mindeudiar oy B.'s Vandveaar fort! a (1938). ae te P. ‘Ban 1939) By Fra Bang's Journalistaa” (a w ae ken? 3 .jsth } Banim, Joun (KIRN ove i 5 844), LIST er, Moo bia. 3 VT nbs broris3s) ad wrote The O'Hara Tas Yoish Kplhedl istic sketches _of ad +e modelled upon Scotts we novels of uneven ™ a. pe ‘ i Damon and Psthiee gos. 9 if Covent Garden 28 45 8s? i PJ. Murray, Life L Banim, Micuatt 2,0 Barto, pooterstOw polo $28} Trish novelist) gros Bi, Diy $87) Air ollaborat ch OA rories of Irish life) Wate a stories fe io designed to treat Wi en understanding. elt! cue i ORE Ff Renilla Teg Ht 1897 0 18 et Banville first came © the romantics (HUE Cjed as their GCS came one of che len el school. Hie wee 25 ard gh some pleasant, ith alively wit. JP pallor Pees especialy 2 osu ived. ou ic) ee ae ij Sof pa 3 Os sitive masterPien jul jac ae bi & x[651] the . Hi Qletcoming of difficulties. His tech- serengebenctent on verbal aerobatics, is Rrangate ti ae tit Traité de Versification Verse: 1, (8,05: Les Cariatides (1842); Les Stalactites arcu ed. E. M. Souffrin, 1942); Odes daagioterues (Ss7)-—Puavss lee | Beau Gassey, {18565 Gringoive (1866); Deidamia Nowy’ dt, Batser (2888); “Aesope (2893)— (ities beens Mi een ‘STORIES: BBs) op arisiennes (3859); Contes Féoriques Reo | i Gontes Heéroiques (1884); Contes Bae Hie (Bey pATOUS:, Historre du Romar in A Y874); Mes Souvenirs (1882); Ballads, ME. Renee 99) i “de Gia, Fle B. Coora); J Camenten an; 1 i “an: see Kumazawa BANZAN. a0u! + Louse * Lormian, Proxns Mane (*Tou- \ III 1770; +Paris x0 XIE 1854), clangite, A declared champion of Telentlogs Gsm” of the first empire, and Called fine gmy Of the romantics (who Hen ealourd-dormant or ‘drowsy Bd mogt Ue NO eroat gift of originality, Inspired Ris Work consists of epic poems tres, uch tt literature of foreign coun- 2 adaperaits, his Podsies Galliques (280%), Gtamatic gon Of Ossian. “He was also ¢ Ne onge ttthor, and wrote the libretto of » La Ferusalem delivrée (1812)- | eeantiae Hy, Jerusalem dilierée | G795)i CS Hes (a SEehtaris (1806); Mahomed I (2810) She, Te Conte ea afage erage MG.; JPR rahe aregead, de Sot, Lois (PLucsna 15475 nevving | 2595), Spanish poet. _ Atter wePEactisey Cranada, Osuna and Seville, ® jn tong, medicine in Antequena. He ‘Heh with Herrera, Silvestre. og W° cl ‘© wrote an imitation of Ariost SocBes gr isSical fables as well as satires, Dante diated odes of considerable elegance: Ted to ypetes on hunting are sso att Rodsta, open G2 Main, PB. de S. (3903); et UnDs Dig Aneeliea’ (face, repr., New Yorks few (rBgEg! le la monterta, e€ Rae PRoako: Sonne reedeey (*Plemié, nr Zara 1549+ maps Dalmatian priest and Posy URreinatialy for iis Jarula, (1010) le, anf Thymed translations fro he Song celep Pe Slovinka (x6r4) & Jong PhsMPorargiRe the origin, RANP, and a8 events of the city ,; ‘ugoslay literary \ BARATYNSKY Baranauskas (also Banonas), ANTANAS (*AnykS8iai_ 17 T1835; fSeinai 26 XT 1902), Lithuanian poet and scholar. Hav- ing learnt Polish and Russian in childhood, he studied at theological academies in Varniai and St Petersburg, subsequently became a professor and from 1884 to 1897 was assistant bishop of Samogitia. As a poet Baranauskas is known chiefly by *AnykStiai Grove’, a symbolic descriptive poem which laments the Lithuanian scene fn terms of a stripped grove. Many of his Lithuanian songs, sacred and secular, en- joyed popularity. Some of his verse is in Polish, In the 1860s he turned increas- ingly to dialectology and mathematics, Anykiti. Hletis_(1838-39);, Pasikalbejimas giesmininko st Lietuva ” (2859); Vyskupo Baranausko deasifhos giesmés (1909); Vyskupo Baranauska raitai (x912). J. Daubaras, Voskupas A. B. (xox); J. Tames, 4. B. (1924) M, Birdiska, Barono thvoninas ir raviai (2924) and IF Barono estos. (1923)3 A. Dambrauskas, Useere ‘burial (1930) (RENE Baranovich, Lazar’ (41620; tChernigoy 3603), Russian archbishop. Apart from woes pamphlets, two collections of his Sermons in Russian, Mech dukhouny (1666) And Truby sloves propovednylt ( 1679), were He also composed a book of lished. Buvrah verse, Lutnia Apollinosca (2671), JL. N. Sumtsov, L. ‘B, (1885). Bavantacvich, Kazisnn STANISLAYOVICH Batperersburg 22 V 1851; + 2, Russian author of Polish extraction. _ Influenced fumsserovevskey, he took up in his works the

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