.

()

X={x1,x2,,xN}

#X=N

X={x1,x2,,xm,}

#X=

X=[a,b]

#X=

.1
.
, .
.

.
: Pr() p() .
xX X.
x Pr(X=x) p(X=x) p(x)

: #=N
, ..
.

Pr(w) =

1
1
=
N #W

( )

(1)

* ( ),

Pr(X = x) =

1
1
=
N #X

( )

(1)

1, ..

Pr(w) = Pr( X = x) = 1

wW

()
, ,...
.
72


.
* , .
.

, .

Pr(A) = Pr(w) = Pr( X = x )

wA

( )

(2)

xA

N #=m.

Pr(A) =

m #A #A
=
=
N #W # X

( )

(3)

1=100%.
, .
: Pr(W) =

N #W
=
= 1.
N #W

W . W .
* , .

0=0%.
, .
.

.
.1.1 =X={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
, ={0,2,4,8} . Pr(A).
: ( X).
: =0, =2, =4, =8 . , #X=10 #=4.
: Pr(A)=
: Pr(A)=0.4.

#A 4
=
= 0.4
# X 10

.1.2 : .
1.
.
73

2. p=Pr(A) ={1,2}. .
: (1) {1,2,3,4,5,6}
, .. ={1,2,3,4,5,6}
, 1 .
, =.
6 , .. #=6. 1,
:

1
1
= 0.167 = 16.7% ( 83).
#W 6

83:
X=x
p(X=x)

1
=0.167
16.7%

2
3
4
=0.167
=0.167
=0.167
16.7%
16.7%
16.7%

5
=0.167
16.7%

6
=0.167
16.7%

p=6=1
p%=100%

(2) : . #A=2.
3, Pr(A) =
: Pr(A)=33.3%

#A 2 1
= = 0.333 = 0.333 100% = 33.3% .
#X 6 3

.1.3 : 10 1 10,
.
.
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
1.
.
2.
4.
: (1) : ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } .
, = #=10
,
, ..
1

1
1
= = 0.1 = 10% ( 84).
# X 10
84:
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X=x
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
p(X=x) 0.1
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

p=100.1=1
p%=100%

(2) 4
{1,2,3,4}. = {1, 2, 3, 4} , #A= 4
74

Pr(A) =

#A 4
=
= 0.4 = 40% .
# X 10

: Pr({1,2,3,4}) = 0.4
.
! !
.1.4 4 6 :
.
, .
:
:
.
, ,
.
-
, ,
.
? 4-
1 4 6- 5 10
( 1-6 , J).
, ..
W ={ , , , , , , , , , } # W =10.
= .
A = { , , , } = #A = 4.

#A 4
= = 0.4 = 40%
# X 10
: p = 0.4

.1.3: Pr(A) =

: (1) -
- p=0.4
. ,

(
.
(2)
, .. .

( ). , ..
,
.

75