:

.. 2553

1
1.1
1-2
1.2
1-3
1.3
1-5
1-11
1.4
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

2-1
2-3
2-7
2-7
2-8

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

3-1
3-2
3-2
3-6
3-6

4
4.1
4.2

4-1
4-2

-1

2553

4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11

4-3
4-6
4-7
4-10
4-13
4-15
4-16
4-25
4-25

5
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
1)
2)
3)
6.3.2
6.3.3
1) -
2) -
3) --
4)
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
1) -

-2

6-1
6-1
6-4
6-6
6-8
6-8
6-16
6-19
6-19
6-19
6-21
6-22
6-24
6-26
6-26
6-26
6-27
6-28
6-30
6-30
6-35
6-44
6-48

2553

2) -
3) --
4)
5)
6)
7)
6.4.4
6.5
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3

6-49
6-54
6-54
6-56
6-59
6-61
6-62
6-63
6-70
6-70
6-74
6-84

-1
1.1
1.1.1
-1
1)
.. 2549
-2
2)
.. 2549
-5
3)
.. 2549
-20
4) .. 2549
-26
1.1.2 -26
1)
.. 2552
-26
1.2
-29
1.2.1
-29
1)
.. 2549
-30
2)
.. 2549
-34
3)
.. 2549
-35
1.2.2

-39

-3

2553

1)
.. 2548
-39
2)
.. 2548
-40
3)
..
2548
-41
4)
.. 2549
-42
1.3
-46
1.3.1
-46
1.3.2
-47
1.3.3

-60
1.3.4

-60
1.3.5
-60
1.3.6

-60
1.3.7

-67
1.3.8
-67

-4

2553

6 1

2

3

4


..
2549 5
6

(Thermal oil boiler or heater)

(Hot oil boiler) (Thermal oil)
(Heating coil)
350 oC

1-1







(Thermal oil) 3-5

1-1

2553

1-1

1.1

2 (Vertical type) 1-2 (Horizontal type) 1-3

2

1)
(Open circuit system)
(Expansion tank) (Thermal oil)

200 oC



2)
(Close circuit system)



300 oC

1-2

2553

1-2

1-3

1.2

(Burner)

(Heating coil)
(Circulating pump)

1-3

2553

(Heat
exchanger) 30-50 oC
(Deaerator)
(Expansion tank) (
)

(Strainer)



1-4

12

12

9, 10, 11

12

4
3

5
1 2

12

8
12

12
12
12

12
12

1-
2-
3-
4-

5-
6-
7-
8-

9-
10-
11-
12-

1-4

1-4

2553

1.3

1-4 1-5

17

18

7
20 19
14
13 16

13 14

10

22

15

24
3

13

20
8

21
Storage
Tank

23

11

1-5
1)
(Hot oil boiler) ( 1-4 1-5 1)
(Heating coil) ( 1-4 2 1-6)
(Combustion chamber or furnace) ( 1-4 1-5 3)
350 oC


1.3-1.5
2)
(Burner) ( 1-4 1-5 4)

1-5

2553

1-6
3)
(Control panel) ( 1-4 5)

4)
(Combustion chamber or furnace) ( 1-4 1-5 3)

5)
(Circulating pump) ( 1-4 1-5 6
1-7)


(Flow rate) (Discharge head) (Friction
loss)
6)
(Circulating pipe system) ( 1-4 1-5 7)

30 psi

1-6

2553

1-7
7)
(Strainer) ( 1-4 1-5 8 1-8)

1-8
8)
(Deaerator) ( 1-4 1-5 9)

9)
(Expansion tank) ( 1-4 1-5 10 1-9)


300 oC 20%

1-7

2553

1-9
10)
(Storage tank or drain tank) ( 1-4 1-5 11)

11)
(Heat exchanger) ( 1-4
12)

12)
(Temperature sensor) ( 1-5 13)
(Temperature indicator and controller)

13)
(Pressure indicator or pressure gauge) ( 1-5
14)
1.5

1-8

2553

14)

(Safety relief valve) ( 1-5 15)


15)
(Flow meter) ( 1-5 16)

16)
(Insulation)
85 oC
60 oC 1-10

1-10
17)

(Air venting) ( 1-5
17 1-11)

1-11
1-9

2553

18)

3
19)
(Access door)

20)
(Chimney or stack) ( 1-5 18)

21)
(Filling pump)

22)
(By-pass valve) ( 1-5 19 1-12)

1-12
23)
(Three-way valve)

1-10

2553

24)
(Stop valve) ( 1-5 20)

25)
(Heating up valve)

26)
(Expansion line) ( 1-5 21)

27)
(Over flow line)

28)
(Oil check line) ( 1-5 22)


29)
(Oil filing valve) ( 1-5 23)

1.4




4

1-11

2553

1)
(Safety control system)
()
(Level switch) ( 1-5
24)

()
(Safety thermostat)

()
(Flue gas safety thermostat)

(Heating coil)
()
(Differential pressure switch)

2)
(Temperature control
system)
(Servomotor)

3)
(Burner control system)



6

1-12

2553

4)
(Fuel oil control system)
()
(Fuel oil preheater)

()
(Fuel oil transfer pump)

()
(Fuel oil filter)

1-13

2553

350 oC

2.1


()



(Air venting)
(Main valve)

(Heating up valve)

2-1

2553

()

-

( 4 )

()
(100 oC)
100-150 oC
3-4

()

()
()

2-2

2553

()

2.2







2-1
2-2
2-1

1 -
-

-
-

-
-

2 - -

-
-
-
-

2-3

2553

3
-
(
)
-

4 -
(
)
-

-
-

-
-

-

-

-
-

-
-

-

- -

- -

2-4

2553

0
8

10

-
-

2-5

-
-

-
-

2553

Overload

2-2

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

NPSH

Coupling

2

Rotor
Rotor

2-6

2553

2.3
2
()

(Crack)



() Oxidation


Loop

100 oC

2.4
30 oC
170 oC
30 oC 170 oC 30 oC = 140 oC




2

(Expansion joint)
U L (Expansion loop or expansion offset)

2-7

2553

2.5

2-8

2553

3-1

3.1

15-20 oC

3-1

2553

0.2-0.3

2.0-2.5

3.2


3-2
3-2


3-2

3-2
3-2




100 oC

3.3

100 oC

3-2

2553

3-1

1 7 1 6 1
1.
-
O
-
O
E
2.
-
O
()
-
O
-
O
-
O
-
O
E
O
-
E
O
-
E
O
-
E
3.
O
-
E
-
E
-
E
O
-
-
E
O
-
-
O
-
E
-
E
- Flame sensor
E
-
E
-
E
-
E
-
O

3-3

2553

1 7 1 6 1
4.
O
E
-
-
O
E
O
E
-
-
O
E
O
E
-
-
E
O
-
-
O
O
-
-
O
E
5.
-
O
-
O
- ()
O
-
O
-
O
-
O
6.
-
O
-
O
E
-
E
-
E
-
O
-
O
-
O
-
O
7.
-
E
- ()
O
:
O
E

3-4

2553

3-2
......................................... ....................... ............................ - .........................................................

(
) (
)

(
) (
) (

............................................................
............................................................
.............................................................................
.................................................................
............................................................
..................................

) (

: .......................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
...
: 1

3-5

2553

3.4

7


7

7

(Oil day
tank) 1

3.5

3




6
3-1

80 oC

3-6

2553

3-1

3-7

2553

.. 2549

4.1
(Expansion tank)

300 oC
20%
4-1

4-1

4-1

2553

4.1.1

- 1000
50
- 1000
30

1.5


1000
(Overflow pipe)
(Expansion pipe)

4.1.2
2 3

4.2
(Storage tank or drain tank)

4.2.1

1000

4.2.2
2 3

4-2

2553

4.3
(Circulating pump)

4.3.1

(Film temperature)
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4-2
4-3

2553

4.3.2

1)

(Continuous
feed) (Control valve)

2)
(Continuous
feed) (Control valve)

(Casing)
(Sheet metal)
3)
(On/off)
(Intermittent)

4-4

2553

4.3.3





4-1
4-1

(Rotor)

1)
1)
(Gland)

2)

2)

(Bearing)

(Shaft)

(Eccentricity)
(Run out)

1) 1)

2) 2)

4-5

2553

4.4
(Strainer)

2 (Y-type
strainer) 4-3 (Basket type strainer) 4-4

4-3

4-4
4.4.1

4-6

2553

4.4.2
(Upstream)






4.4.3

4.5
(Temperature sensor)

(Temperature reader and controller)




4.5.1

4-7

2553

4.5.2

4.5.3

1

4-2

4-8

2553

4-2

1) 1)

2)

2)

-

(On-off type

temperature
(Capillary tube)

controller)

1)
1)
(Potentiometer)

(Wiper)
(Wiper)

(Proportional type
2) 2)
temperature

3)
controller)
3)

1) 1)

2)
2)

(Siphon

tube)

4-9

2553

4.6
(Pressure indicator or pressure gauge)

2

1)
(Mechanical pressure gauge)


3 (Diaphragm)
(Bourdon) (Bellow)
4-5 4-7

4-5

4-10

2553

4-6

4-7
2)
(Electrical pressure gauge)
(Transducer)


4-11

2553

0.01%
4-8

4-8
4.6.1

1.5


4.6.2
1.5-2



208 oC

4-12

2553

4.6.3

4.7
(Safety relief valve)




4-9

4-9

4.7.1

(Safety relief valve)

4-13

2553

4.7.2
15

Dip pan

4.7.3

4-3
4-3

- Valve nozzle Disk seat
-

4-14

2553

4.8
(Flow meter)

4-10
4.8.1

90

4-15

2553

4.8.2

4.8.3

4.9
(Thermal Insulation)




95%



500 oC


5

1) Flake insulation

2) Fibrous insulation

(Glass wool or fiber glass) ( 4-25) (Rock wool) ( 4-26) (Ceramic wool)
(Alumina) (Asbestos)

4-16

2553

()

90%

10-48 kg/m3
56-100 kg/m3

4-9 150-220 mm
()





()
540 oC
-150 oC 350 oC
370 oC
27-32 m K/W 25.4 mm
0.031-0.037 W/m-K

4-11

4-17

2553

()


800 oC 30
48-400 kg/m3

5-10 50-100 mm
()

10 ppm ASTM D-512


()
1000 oC
100-550 oC
100-550 oC
0.044-0.165 W/m-K

4-12

10-48 kg/m3
48-400 kg/m3
3) Granular insulation
(Calcium silicate)
4-27
4-18

2553

()
650 oC
190-230 kg/m3
354 kN/m2
4-4
4-5
()





()


650 oC
0.052-0.085 W/m-K
0.84 kJ/kg-K
4-4
(oC)
(%)
400
1.5
500
1.6
600
1.7

(kN/m3)
690
690
620

4-5
(oC)
(W/m-K)
50
0.052
100
0.056
150
0.061
200
0.066
250
0.072
300
0.078
350
0.085

4-19

2553

4-13
4) Cellular insulation

5) Reflective insulation
Stainless steel

4-6
4.9.1

85 60

4-20

2553

4-6

o
(W/m-K)
( C)

-
550
0.053-0.056
(Asbestos)
-
350
0.048-0.053
-
400
0.055-0.065
-

-
400-600 0.039-0.048
(Rock wool)
-

-

Diatomaceous -
250
0.062-0.097
earth
-
500
0.083-0.097

-
(Glass wool)
8K-24K
300-350 0.054-0.040
10K-96K
0.057-0.036
96K

0.040
-
0.037
-
0.045
-
650
0.053

-
0.065

Pearlite
-
650
0.053
-
4.9.2
1)

4-21

2553

(Thermal conductivity, k)
(Thermal resistance, R)

2)

4
2 4

4-22

2553

3)

Diatomaceous Earth





2

4)


4-23

2553

(Fitting)

2,200 oF
30,000 BTU/hr-ft2
(Absolute temperature) 4-14

4-14

4.9.3


5-10 2-3

4-24

2553

(Burner throat)
(Slag)

4.10

(Air
venting)
4.10.1


4.10.2

4.10.3

4.11




4-15

4-25

2553

4-15
4.11.1


3
4.11.2

4.11.3

4-26

2553

(Thermal oil or thermal fluid)

3-5
6 2

() Mineral oil
0-315 oC Mobil Therm 605 Esso Therm 500
5-1 5-10
() Synthetic fluid
(Below freezing point) ( 375 oC)
5-1
Trade name
Density kg/m3
Flash point
o
C
20 oC
868
858
868
869

Mobil Therm 605

Esso Therm 500
Shell Therm 23
Shell Therm 27
Trade name or
typical characteristics
Density (15 oC), kg/L
Flash Point, oC
Fire Point, oC
Auto-ignition Temperature, oC
Kinematic Viscosity (40 oC), cSt
Kinematic Viscosity (100 oC), cSt

Kinematic
SP.HT kJ/kg-K
viscosity
m2 / s x106
250 oC
20 oC 250 oC 20 oC 250 oC
720
185
75
1.88
1.88
2.71
716
215
80
1.93
1.93
2.80
724
232
57
1.88
1.88
2.72
725
220
80
1.88
1.88
2.71
Caltex Texatherm
BP Transcal N
0.812
224
335
43.3
6.8

5-1

0.872
221
243
350
30
5.1

2553

5-2 Therminol 55 Heat Transfer Fluid

Operating Range
-25 C to 290 C (-15 F to 550 F)
Appearance
Clear yellow liquid
Composition
Synthetic hydrocarbon mixture
Moisture Content, Maximum
250 ppm
Flash Point (ASTM D-92)
177 C (350 F)
Fire Point (ASTM D-92)
218 C (425 F)
Autoignition Temperature (ASTM E-659)
343 C (650 F)
Kinematic Viscosity, at 40 C
19.0 cSt
Kinematic Viscosity, at 100 C
3.5 cSt
Density at 25 C
868 kg/m3 (7.25 lb/gal)
Specific Gravity (60 F/60 F)
0.876
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion at 200 C
0.000961/C (0.000534/F)
Average Molecular Weight
320
Pour Point
-54 C (-65 F)
2
Pumpability, at 2000 mm /s (cSt)
-28 C (-19 F)
2
-8 C (17 F)
Pumpability, at 300 mm /s (cSt)
Minimum Temperatures for Fully Developed Turbulent Flow (Re = 10000)
10 ft/sec, 1-in tube
67 C (152 F)
20 ft/sec, 1-in tube
45 C (114 F)
Transition Region Flow (Re = 2000)
10 ft/sec, 1-in tube
24 C (75 F)
20 ft/sec, 1-in tube
11 C (52 F)
Boiling Range, 10%
340 C (644 F)
Boiling Range, 90%
390 C (734 F)
Normal Boiling Point
351 C (664 F)
Heat of Vaporization at Max. Use Temp 290C
228 kJ/kg (98.1 Btu/lb)
Optimum Use Range
-25 C to 290 C (-15 F to 550 F)
Extended Maximum Use Temperature
315 C (600 F)
Maximum Film Temperature
335 C (635 F)
Pseudocritical Temperature
512 C (953 F)
Pseudocritical Pressure
13.2 bar (191 psia)
Pseudocritical Density
258 kg/m3 (16.1 lb/ft3)

5-2

2553

5-3 Therminol 66 Heat Transfer Fluid

Operating Range
0 C to 345 C (30 F to 650 F)
Appearance
Clear, pale yellow liquid
Composition
Modified terphenyl
Moisture Content, Maximum
150 ppm
Flash Point (ASTM D-92)
184 C (363 F)
Fire Point (ASTM D-92)
212 C (414 F)
Autoignition Temperature (ASTM E-659)
374 C (705 F)
Kinematic Viscosity, at 40 C
29.6 cSt
Kinematic Viscosity, at 100 C
3.8 cSt
Density at 25 C
1005 kg/m3 (8.39 lb/gal)
Specific Gravity (60 F/60 F)
1.012
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion at 200 C
0.000819/C (0.000455/F)
Average Molecular Weight
252
Pour Point
-32 C (-25 F)
2
Pumpability, at 2000 mm /s (cSt)
-3 C (27 F)
2
11 C (52 F)
Pumpability, at 300 mm /s (cSt)
Boiling Range, 10%
348 C (658 F)
Boiling Range, 90%
392 C (738 F)
Normal Boiling Point
359 C (678 F)
Maximum Film Temperature
375 C (705 F)
5-4 Therminol FF Flush Fluid

Appearance
Dark amber liquid
Composition
Synthetic hydrocarbon
Moisture Content
200 ppm
Flash Point (ASTM D-92)
>250 F (120 C)
Fire Point (ASTM D-92)
>270 F (130 C)
Boiling Range (ASTM D20)
420 F 550 F (215 C 287 C)
Viscosity, at 25 C
2-5 cSt
Density at 25C
0.96 - 0.98 g/cm3

5-3

2553

5-5 ESSOTHERM 500

Viscosity, ASTM D 445

cSt @ 40 C
30.4
cSt @ 100 C
5.4
Pour Point, C, ASTM D 97,
max -6
Flash Point, C, ASTM D 92
230
Neutralisation Number, ASTM D 974, mg KOH/g,
max 0.05
Specific Gravity, ASTM D 4057
0.857
Micro-Conradson Residue, wt%, D 4530
0.05 max
5-6 Mobiltherm 600 Series

Mobiltherm 600 Series

603
Viscosity, ASTM D 445
cSt @ 40 C
20.2
cSt @ 100 C
4.2
Pour Point, C, ASTM D 97
-6
Flash Point, C, ASTM D 92
190 (min)
Specific Gravity @15 C kg/l, ASTM D 4052
Micro-Conradson Residue, wt %, D4530
0.05 (max)
5-7 Texatherm

ISO Grade
32
Autoignition Temperature, C
350
Flash Point, COC, C
212
Pour Point, C
-12
Viscosity,
mm/s @ 40 C
30.6
mm/s@ 100 C
5.3
Viscosity Index
102

5-4

605
30.4
5.4
-6
230
0.857
0.05 (max)

46
360
224
-9
43.3
6.5
99

2553

5-8 Shell Thermia Oil B

Kinematic Viscosity @, (IP 71)

0C cSt
229
40C cSt
25.0
100C cSt
4.65
200C cSt
1.2
300C cSt
0.5
Viscosity Index, (IP 226)
100
Density @ 15C kg/l, (IP 365)
0.868
Flash Point C, (Pensky-Martens Closed Cup), (IP 34) 220
Flash Point C, (Cleveland Open Cup), (IP 36)
232
Fire Point C, (ISO 2592)
255
Pour Point C, (IP 15)
-18
Initial Boiling Point C Above
355
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion per C
0.00076
Autogenous Ignition Temperature C
375
Neutralisation Number mg KOH/g, (IP 139)
0.05
5-9 BP Heat Transfer Fluids

Key properties
Transcal N
Transcal S-AB
Product type
Mineral oil base Synthetic base
Specific gravity @15 C
0.870
0.877
KV @40oC (cSt)
30.0
17.9
KV @100oC (cSt)
5.1
3.4
Flash point PMCC (C)
210
181
Flash point COC (C)
221
198
Fire point (C)
243
218
Pour point (C)
-9
-60
Auto ignition temp (C)
350
350
Bulk operating temp (C)
-10-320
-35-300

5-5

Transcal SA
Synthetic base
1.033
15.2
3.0
194
206
<-21
385
0-350

2553

5-10 Paratherm HE

Optimum Use Range

150 F to 600 F (66 C to 316 C)
Flash Point (coc) ASTM-D-92
440 F (227 C)
Fire Point (coc) ASTM-D-92
500 F (260 C)
Autoignition ASTM-D-2155
700 F (371 C)
Atmospheric Boiling Point, 10% Fraction, ASTM-D-1160 779 F (415 C)
Vapor Pressure, psia @
300 F
0.00039
400 F
0.0097
500 F
0.1350
600 F
0.8700
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
0.000592/F 0.001066/C
Heat of Vaporization (Calculated)
77.19 Btu/lb
Heat of Combustion
19,550 Btu/lb
API Gravity ASTM D-287
31.7
Specific Gravity @ 15 C ASTM-D-1298
0.8651
Density, lb/gal @ 60 F (16 C)
7.22
Viscosity, cSt @ 40 C ASTM-D-445
40.25
Pour Point (Crystal Point) ASTM-D-97
5 F (-15 C)
HE-L/PTM Fluid
-35 F
Pumpability: Centrifugal @ 2,000 cSt, nominal
20 F (-7 C)
Color ASTM-D-1500
1.0
Molecular Weight ASTM-D-2502
445 g/mole
Corrosivity (3hr Cu Strip @ 100 C) ASTM-D-130
1A
Total Sulphur (Mass %) J-140
0.002
Total Acid Number (T.A.N.) ASTM-D-974
0.01
Dielectric Strength @ 20 C, nominal
>30 KV/cm
Refractive Index ASTM-D-1747
1.4722

5-6

2553

Therminol Heat Transfer Fluid

5-1

5-1 Therminol Heat Transfer Fluid

5-7

2553

5-11
5-11

Cracking
(Kinematic viscosity)

Polymerization
(Flash point)

Cracking

(TAN)

Oxidation

()

Cracking
Polymerization

5-8

2553

6.1


(Hydrocarbon fuel)
3
1)
2)
3)

6.1.1
(Solid fuel) 3
1)
(Natural solid fuel)
() (Wood) C41H63O27N0.8

() (Peat)

6-1

2553

() (Coal)
4

(1) (Anthracite coal) C94H3O3N0.3S0.3
90%
6-1 ()
(2) (Bituminous coal) C85H5O10N0.3S0.3
4-6% 75-90%

6-1 ()
(3) (Subbituminous coal) C75H5O20N0.3S0.3
6-1 ()
(4) (Lignite) C70H5O25N0.7S0.6 40%
60%
6-1 ()

()

()

()

()

6-1

6-2

2553

2)
(Prepared solid fuel)
() (Wood charcoal)
o
280 C
() (Coke)
85-90%
() (Briquette coal)


() (Pulverized coal)
(Cement kiln)
3)
(Biomass)


10 MW (Very small power
producer, VSPP)

() (Paddy husk) 13.4-14.65 MJ/kg (3,200-3,500 kcal/kg)

9-11% 18-19%

() (Sawdust) 7.5% 14.65 MJ/kg (4,630 kcal/kg)

6.2%
() (Bagasse) 50% 9.42 MJ/kg (2,250
kcal/kg) 7.53 MJ/kg (1,800 kcal/kg)
()

6-3

2553

(Explosion door)

(Dust
explosion)

6.1.2
(Liquid fuel) (Crude oil) 3

1)
35-180 oC

2)
150-275 oC
3)
2
225-350 oC

6-4

2553

36,000 Btu/L 9,100 kcal/L 10,200 kcal/kg

( 2 )

1,000 kg/hr

4)
350 oC
(Residual)

4
() A (LFO 600) FO1 FO2 (Light fuel oil)
38.18 MJ/L
5,000 kg/h
A C
() B (MFO 1200) FO3 (Medium fuel oil)
39.52 MJ/L

() C (MFO 1500) FO4 (Medium fuel oil)
41.28 MJ/L A
A C
C

6-5

2553

() D (HFO 2500) FO5 FO6 (Heavy fuel oil)

43.45 MJ/L C
D D

70 1,000
6.1.3
(Gaseous fuel)


2
1)
(Natural gaseous fuel)
(Natural gas field) (Associated gas field)
(CH4)

5
() (Natural gas, NG)
o
-161 C
(CH4) (C2H6)
C 25%



400 kPa 200 kPa
200 kPa
6-6

2553

() (Liquefied natural gas, LNG)

-164 oC 600

() (Compressed natural gas, CNG)
() 20,680 kPa (3,000 psi) 140
kg/m3
() (Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG)
(C3H8) (C4H10)
70% 30%
0.51-0.55 689-1,379 kPa
(100-200 psi)
55 1 C

() (Natural gasoline liquid, NGL)
(C5H12)
(Solvent)

2)
(Prepared gaseous fuel)
(Biogas)
(CH4) 50-70%
(CO2) 30-50% (H2)
(O2) (H2S2) (N2) (H2O)

(CH4) (CO2)

6-7

2553

2 (Dual fuel burner)

(Biogas composition)


(Gas booster)
(H2SO4)
(H2S) (H2O)
21-23 MJ/m3
6.1.4
(Electrical energy) (Fuel)
(Energy)







10-2,000
2 MPa
6.1.5

6-1


.. 2553
6-2

6-8

2553

.. 2547
6-3
..
2547 6-4

kJ/kg,
kJ/L kJ/m3
(Higher heating value, HHV)
(Lower heating
value, LHV)

LHV = HHV mwhfg = HHV 9mH2hfg
mw
hfg

mH2 1
C, H, O, N, S )
(C, H, O S)
(Dulongs equation) MJ/kg
HHV = 33.917C + 143[H - (O/8)] + 9.094S

Q C = m& F LHV
Q C , MJ/hr
m& F , kg/hr L/hr m3/hr
LHV , MJ/kg MJ/L MJ/m3

6-5

6-9

2553

6-1

-
-
-

- -
-

6-10

2553

6-2 (.. 2553)

1.
15.6/15.6 oC
(Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 oC)
2. (Cetane number)
(Calculated cetane index)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
3. ,
(Viscosity, cSt)
3.1 40 oC (at 40 oC)

3.2 50 oC (at 50 oC)

4. , oC (Pour point, oC)
5. ,
(Sulfur, %wt.)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
6.
(Copper strip corrosion)
7.
,
(Oxidation stability, g/m3)
8. ,
(Carbon residue, %wt.)
9. ,
(Water and sediment, %vol.)
10. ,
(Ash, %wt.)
11. , oC (Flash point, oC)

5
0.81
0.81
ASTM D 1298
0.87

0.87

0.920
ASTM D 613
ASTM D 976

47
50

47
50

45
45
ASTM D 445

1.8

1.8

4.1

4.1

8.0

10

10

6.0
16

ASTM D 97

1.5
1.5
-

ASTM D 4294
ASTM D 2622
ASTM D 130

ASTM D 2274

0.035
0.035
0.005
0.005

1
1

25

0.05

0.05

ASTM D 189

0.05

0.05

0.3

ASTM D 2709

0.01

0.01

0.02

ASTM D 482

52

52

52

ASTM D 93

6-11

2553

12. , oC (Distillation, oC)

(90% recovered)
13.
,
(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,
%wt.)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
14. (Colour)
14.1 (Hue)
14.2 (Intensity)

1
ASTM D 86

357

357

ASTM D 2425

11

4.0

11

4.5
2
3
7.5
4

55
4
EN 14078

1.5
15.

2
(Methyl ester of fatty acid, %vol.)
5

460
16. ,
460
CFC F-06-96
(Lubricity, wear scar, m)
17. () (Additive)

: 1
2 5 ()
ASTM D 1500 2.0 2naphthalenol [(phenylazo) phenyl] azoalkyl derivatives 20
3 4 ASTM D 1500
5

ASTM D 1500 ASTM D 2392

6-12

2553

6-3 (.. 2547)

1. ,

(Sulphur content, %wt.)

2.
15.6/15.6 oC
(Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 oC)
3. ,
(Viscosity, cSt)
50 oC
100 oC

1
2.0

2 3 4
2.0 2.0 2.0

5
0.5 ASTM
D 4294

0.985 0.990 0.995 0.995 0.995 ASTM

D 1298
ASTM
D 445

7
80
60

81
180
60

181
230
60

231
280
60

3
30
60

4. , oC
ASTM
o
D 93
(Flash point, C)
o
5. , C
24
24
30
30
57 ASTM
o
D 97
(Pour point, C)
6. ,
10,000 9,900 9,900 9,900 9,900 ASTM
(Gross heat of combustion, cal/g)
D 240
7. ,
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ASTM
(Ash content, %wt.)
D 482
8. , 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ASTM
(Water and sediment, %vol.)
D 1796
9.
8.0
- ASTM
(Colour)
D 1500
:

6-13

2553

6-4 (.. 2547)

1. 37.8 oC,

1,380
ASTM D 1267
o
(Vapour pressure at 37.8 C, kPa)
2. , oC (Distillation, oC)

2.2
ASTM D 1837

95
(95% Evaporated)
3.

2.0
ASTM D 2163
,

(Pentane and composition content, %vol.)

4. (Corrosion)
1 ASTM D 1838
5. ,

140
ASTM D 2784
(Sulphur content, ppm by wt.)
6.

0.05
ASTM D 2158

100 ., (Residue, ml)

7. (Water content)

8. (Odorant)

6-14

2553

6-5

26.37 MJ/kg

10.47 MJ/kg

10.88 MJ/kg

7.53 MJ/kg

16,780 kJ/kg

18,870 kJ/kg

20,170 kJ/kg

18,821 kJ/kg

19,579 kJ/kg

15,580 kJ/kg

12,393 kJ/kg

15,945 kJ/kg

14,777 kJ/kg

10,126 kJ/kg

14,407 kJ/kg

14,591 kJ/kg

25,080 kJ/kg

20,920 kJ/kg
()
16,700 kJ/kg
()
18,000 kJ/kg

42.72 MJ/L
40.11 MJ/L
44.50 MJ/kg
41.78 MJ/kg

41.18 MJ/L
38.67 MJ/L
42.90 MJ/kg
40.28 MJ/kg

38.60 MJ/L
36.24 MJ/L
45.95 MJ/kg
43.14 MJ/kg

34.48 MJ/L
32.38 MJ/L
46.59 MJ/kg
43.76 MJ/kg
3

38.45 MJ/m
34.33 MJ/m3
51.27 MJ/kg
45.77 MJ/kg

26.50 MJ/L
23.67 MJ/L
50.00 MJ/kg
44.66 MJ/kg

3.60 MJ/kWh
3.60 MJ/kWh
:

6-15

2553

6.2
90 (
)

(Exothermic reaction)


6-2

C + O2
CO2 + 94,050 kcal/kmol
()
H2 + O2
H2O + 68,320 kcal/kmol
()

S + O2

SO2 + 70,960 kcal/kmol

(Theoretical air)

Ao = 8.89C + 26.7(H O/8) + 3.33S

Ao
, kg
C, H, O, S , kg

Ao = (1/0.21)(0.5H2 + 0.5CO + 2CH4 + 3.5C2H4 +3C2H4 + 6.5C4H10 O2)

6-16

2553

- (NO)
- (NO2)
-

- (CO2)
- (CO)
- (H2O)
- (O2)

- (O2)
- (N2)

()

- (C)
- (H)
- (S)

6-2









C + O2
CO + 26,410 kcal/kmol
()

6-17

2553

(CO)

CO + O2
CO2 + 67,640 kcal/kmol
()




(Excess
air)

5-10%
1520% 15-60%
( )
6-6
6-6

-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

6-18

15-20%
15-40%
30-60%
30-60%
15-50%
20-50%
20-25%
25-35%
5-10%
10-20%
5-10%
7-12%

2553

6.3



(Coal burner)
2

6.3.1
(Liquid fuel burner)
2 Filming (Oil film)
Disintegration (Oil
droplet)
3
1)
(Pressure atomized burner)

(70-300 psi)
50-120 sec Redwood No.1 (
) Swirl
chamber (Rotational
velocity) (Mixing)




6-3

2
() (Non-oil return or non-recirculation nozzle)
() (Oil return or recirculation nozzle)




6-19

2553

Turn-down ()
Atomizer

On-off

6-3
6-20

2553

2)
(Steam or air atomized burner)
(Twin-fluid atomized burner)



6-4

6-4
6-21

2553

3

() (Low pressure burner)
1.08 25-40%

() (Medium pressure burner)

1.25-2.00
3-5%

() (High pressure burner)

2.00-4.45 23%


(Turn down ratio) 4:1

Droplet
(Mixing) Droplet
(Thermal load)


9%

3)
(Rotary cup burner)

3,500-4,000

(Primary air) (Air nozzle)

15-20% (Secondary air)

6-22

2553

6-5

6-5
6-23

2553

Turn-down 10:1

(Oil droplet)

() Weishaupt/Monarch, Olympia, Elco
Klockner, Bentone, Baltur Riello, Oertli, Nuway, Ray Henchel, Wanson (Thermo Pac)
() Cleaver Brooks, Kewanee, Yorkshipley, Ray,
Hauwk
() IHI, Takuma, Kure
() Saacke, Hamworthy, MP.Boiler, Sunray,
Ray
6.3.2
(Gas fuel burner)
2
1) (Pre-mix gas
burner)

6-6

6-24

2553

2) (Nozzle-mix gas burner)

6-7

Burner

Burner

100% Premix

Air

Low Pressure
Gas

Air

High Pressure Gas

Pressurized Air

Injector & Burner

Proportional
Mixer & Burner

6-6

Air
Gas

Air

Gas

Nozzle Mix Burner

6-7
6-25

2553

6.3.3


(Heat load)

1) -
- (On-off burner) (Constant-fire burner)
(Single stage burner)
(On)

(Off)



6-8

(On)

(Off)

6-8 -
2) -
- (High/low-fire burner or HF-LF burner) 2
(Two-stage tuning burner) 2
2 1
1 (Low fire)
(Full load) 2 2
6-26

2553

2 (High fire)
-
1 70% 2
30% 100% 1.4:1
1 30% 2 70%
3.3:1 6-9

(High fire)

(Low fire)
(Off)

6-9 -
3) --
-- (High/medium/low-fire burner or HF-MF-LF burner)
3 (Three-stage tuning burner) 3
3
1 1 (Low fire)
2 2
1 (Medium fire) (Full load)
3 3 3
(High fire)
- -
6-10

6-27

2553

(High fire)

(Medium fire)
(Low fire)
(Off)

6-10 --
4)
(Modulating burner)
(Oil regulator) (Needle
nozzle) (Ignition load)
(Servomotor)

(Full load)

3 : 1 10 : 1



2

()
(Two-stage modulating burner)
(Ignition load)
(Full load)
(Partial load)
2 6-11

6-28

2553

(High fire)

(Medium fire)
(Low fire)
(On)
(Off)

6-11
()
(Proportional modulating burner)

(Oil regulator)

6-12

(High fire)

(Low fire)
(On)
(Off)

6-12

(Turn down ratio)

(Maximum firing rate) (Minimum firing
rate) 10:1
10%
6-29

2553

10:1 - 3:1

6.4

6.4.1






(CO2)

6-13

6-13
6-30

2553

3
1)
(Smoke tester)

(Unburn gas)

2
()
(Stationary smoke tester)


6-14

6-14
()
(Hand-held smoke tester)

6-15
(Smoke scale) 10 0-9

2 240
mg/Nm3
0 1

6-31

2553

6-15
2)
(Excess air tester)
(O2) (CO2)
3
()
(O2 absorber
liquid tester)
6-16


20.8%

6-16

6-32

2553

()
(CO2
absorber liquid tester)

6-16

()
(Electronic
excess air tester)
(Electronic sensor)
O2 sensor 6-17
Real-time

6-17

(Calibration)

6-33

2553

3)
(Flue gas analyzer)

SO2, SO3, NOx





(Log memory)
6-18

6-18








(Air preheat)

6-34

2553

6.4.2
1)
(Flue gas temperature)

2)
(Stack loss)
Q = m x cp x (Tex Ta)
Q
M
cp
Tex
Ta

(kJ/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kJ/kg- oC)
(oC)
(oC)

3)
(%Stack loss) 6-7
6-9 %CO2

6-7 C
6-8 6-9
%CO2
%O2 %CO2 (Convert) %O2
%CO2 %O2, %CO2
6-19 6-23
(
oF)

6-35

2553

C 6-8 %CO2
CO2 = 14.5% 360 oF
13.3%
:


4-5%
13.3% - 4% = 9.3%

-
- %CO2 %O2
4)

6-19 6-23

6-19 6-23
5)
(Combustion efficiency)
(%) = 100
6-24 6-30

oF

6-36

2553

6-7

6-8 C

6-9

6-37

2553

6-19 %O2, %CO2

6-20 %O2, %CO2

6-38

2553

6-21 %O2, %CO2

6-22 %O2, %CO2 C

6-39

2553

6-23 %O2, %CO2

6-24

6-40

2553

6-25

6-26 17%

6-41

2553

6-27

6-28
6-42

2553

6-29 C

6-30
6-43

2553

6)
(Fuel to steam efficiency)
Fuel to steam efficiency (%) = 100 - %Stack loss - %Radiation and convection loss
%Radiation and convection loss
(Heat transfer)
6.4.3

O2 CO2 (Excess air)

(Excess air)
240 mg/Nm3
320 mg/Nm3
(Excess air)
(Excess air)

-
-
-

6-44

2553

6-10
6-10

High
fire

6-11



6-12

6-45

2553

6-11

(%)
(%)
(Min)
(Max)
(Min)
(Max

10.0
15.0
2.0
2.7

12.5
20.0
2.3
3.5

20.0
25.0
3.3
4.2
:

6-12
(oC)
Air atomized Pressure atomized Steam atomized
A
90-150
85-105
66-85
C
108-125
100-125
80-100
D
90-110
(cSt)

12-17
12-20
20-40

Rotary cup
60-75
75-90
82-100
30-60

(%O2) (%CO2)
(ppm)

6-13
6-14
6-13

(%CO2)

12.8
13.8
10.0

11.5
13.0
9.0

10.0
12.5
8.5

9.0
12.0
8.0

6-46

2553

6-14

%O2

%CO2

CO (0-10 ppm)

%O2
%CO2

CO
1.
%O2

%CO2
CO

2.

3.

1.

2.
3.
4.

6-47

1.

2.

CO
%O2 %CO2

1.

2.


TDS

3.
4.

2553

1) -
- (Pressure atomized on-off burner)
2




20-25

-
1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
4.
6-14
5. 4 %O2, %CO2,
CO
6. 6-31

6-31
6-48

2553

2) -
- (Pressure atomized hi/lo-fire
burner) 2 (Pressure atomized two-stage
tuning burner) 2
(Low fire) (High fire)
-
2 2 2 6-32
2 (Nonoil return injector)
(Oil return injector)
6-33

6-32 2 -

6-33
6-49

2553

(Pre-purge period)
(10) (Normally open, NO)
(8) (3)
(10) 20-25
(3) (1)
(9) (7) (8) 1 (Low fire Partial
load) (High fire Full load) (11)
(2) (4) 2 (4)
(2) 1
2 (10)
(3)

2
(Limit switch)
(Stopper)
-
2
1. (Nozzle) 100-120 oC
2. (Air diffuser)
6-34

6-34
3. (Fuel oil pump)
2 (Two-stage burner)
20-25
6-35
4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2
12.5-13.5%
6-50

2553

6-35
6. CO

7.

Tex = Tsat + 83 oC (150 oF)

85 psi ( 6 ) (Saturated temperature)
164 C ( 6-15)
247 oC

o

6-15

2
o
o
kg/cm
psi
C
F
kcal/kg
BTU/lb
0.03
0.00
100
212
539
970
0.35
5.00
109
228
533
960
1.05
15.00
121
250
525
745
2.50
35.00
138
281
513
724
3.00
45.00
144
292
508
715
6.00
85.00
164
328
493
888
13.00
185.00
194
382
469
843
20.00
285.00
214
417
449
809
6-51

2553

6-36

4

1. 1 ( Low fire Partial

load) (Limit switch) 2
2. 2 ( Full load High
fire) 3
3. 1 2 ()
1
:
4. (Servo drive)

1 (I) 2
2 (II) (partial load)
3 (III) (full load)
4 (IV) (close)

3(III)
1(I) 2
2(II)
4(IV)

6-36 (Servo motor)

5.
1 (I) ( 2 )
25-30

6-52

2553

2 (II) ( (Partial load))

10-15
3 (III) ( (Full load))
50-60
4 (IV) ()
6. (Partial load) 2 (II) (Full load) 3 (III)
O2 = 2-6 %
CO2 = 11-14 %
(Soot No.) = 0-3
(Stopper) -
2
2 6-37 (
1)
2

2 (
)
2
1

6-37
6-53

2553

1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (Low Fire)
4. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
5.
6-14
6. (Low fire)

%O2 %CO2 CO

7. (High fire)
8. 4 5
9.
%O2, %CO2 CO

3) --
-- (Pressure atomized
high/medium/low-fire burner) 3 (Pressure atomized three-stage tuning burner)
- -

2 3 3
- 1
-
(Medium fire) 1
4)

(Pressure
atomized two-stage modulating burner)
(Modulating burner)
2
-
6-54

2553

(Fuel regulating value)

-
(Adjustable cam)

I
130
II
0
III
(Ignition load) 30
IV
2 100
V VI
VII
(Partial load) 50
Cam

6-38
1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (Low fire)
4. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
5.
6-14
6. (Limit switch)
(Low fire) (Specification)
7. 5
(Spring band)
%O2 %CO2
CO
8.

6-55

2553

9.

10. 4 7

11. 2

6-38
5)
(Pressure atomized modulating
burner)

10-20


1. (Nozzle) 100-120 oC
2. (Air diffuser)

3. (Fuel oil pump)

4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2 12.513.5%
6-56

2553

6. CO

7.

1. ( 3
25-30 ) 6-39 6-40

2. Low fire ( 7
40-55 ) 2-3

3. High fire ( 1
100-130 ) (Damper)

4. Low fire High fire


5. (7 )
:

6-39

6-57

2553

6-40
6. 6-41

(Ignition) 25-30 ( #2-3)

(Partial load) 40-55 ( #4)
(Full load) 100-130 ( #6-7)

6-41
7.

7.1 2-3
CO2 11-14 %
6-58

2553

O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
7.2 4-5
CO2 11-14 %
O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
7.3 6-7
CO2 11-14 %
O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
6)
(Air or
steam atomized modulating burner)


(Metering cam)
-
(Rotary damper)

1. (Nozzle) 95-105 oC
2. (Oil pressure)
70-90 psi
3. 6-42 35-45 psi
10 psi ( 25-35 psi)
4. 10 psi (
15 psi)
5.
6. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2 12.513.5%
7. CO

8.

6-59

2553

6-42

1. 643 1
2. Low fire ( 7
40-55 ) 2-3

3. High fire ( 1
100-130 )

4. ( 212) Low fire High fire

6-43
6-60

2553

7)
(Rotary cup
modulating
burner)

10-20




1. 70-90 oC
A 70-75 oC C 80-85 oC
2.
2-3 bar
3. 3,500-4,000

4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2
12.5-13.5%
6. CO

7.

1. 1
6-44
2. Low fire 2-3

3. High fire 8-10

4. ( 2-10)
Low fire High fire

6-61

2553

6-44
6.4.4


2
1) 6-45

6-45
2) 4-39



6-62

2553

() (High fire)

(Low fire) 1/5

- -

()

()

(Soot) (Coke
deposit)


() (Mixing)

6.5



6-16


1)
:
( 6-46)
: 1.

2. ()
3.
:
1.
2.

6-63

2553

3.

6-46
:

: 1.
2.
3.
:
1.
2.
3.
:
1. 24 6
2. 8-12 12

2)
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

( 6-47)

3
6-64

2553

6-47
3)
:
:
:
:
:
:

4)
:
:
:
:
:

( 6-48)

1.
2.
1.
2.

( 6-49)

( 6-50)
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

3.

6-65

2553

6-49

6-50
5)
:

: 1.
2.
:
1.
2.
6)
:

: 1. 300 oC
2.
:
1.
2.
6-66

2553

6-16

Sludge

Flash point

Sludge

Burner tile

Pressure reduction valve Pressure

relief valve

6-67

2553

()

Relief valve

Burner valve

Combustion chamber

6-68

2553

Sludge

Sludge Wax content

Sludge Wax

Sludge
Slip

Combustion chamber

Heater

6-69

2553

6.6




(Burner tile)

6.6.1

6-17 6-18
6-17

(Stoker)

(Fire grate)

6-70

2553

6-18

(Pulverized

coal firing)
(Shaft and
Roll)

(Feeder housing)

4 Ball-race mill, Bowl mill, Impact

(Pulvarizer)
Attrition mill Ball mill

Housing

(Adjusting
mechanism)
(Grinding surface)

Spring Grinder
Bearing, Shaft Journal


(Scraper)

Alignment

Bearing
(Exhauster in

pulvarizer)

Housing Exhauster Liner

Leak

6-71

2553

(Coal burner)

(Pulverized
coal firing)
()
Underfeed stoker

Stoker coal
firing

Spreader stoker

(Traveling grate)

(Coal nozzle)

Coal nozzle (Refractory
throat)

Underfeed stoker

(Main ram
and distribution ram)
(Tuyeres)

(Windbox and damper)
(Clinker and ash
grinding mechanism) (ram)
(Windbox damper)
Spreaders stoker

Distributor blade Distributor tray

Feeder Lining

(Alignment)

Over fire air fan Distribution nozzle

Grate bar

Dampers and frame
Fire door liner Over fire

Air seal

6-72

2553

Stoker coal (Traveling grate)

firing () ()

(Ash removal system)

Hydraulic

Windbox
Air damper
Damper

Shear pin
(Grate drive)

(Header support hanger)

50
3

6-73

2553

()

1)





3

3 ..

2)
3 ..

Ceramic fiber

6.6.2

6-19 6-20
6-19

1)
1)
(Wire net)

2)
2) 3)
3)
4)

4)

6-74

2553

(Temperature

controller)

1)

2)

(Electrical contact)

(Control valve)

(Sealing
part and pipe)

(Gland
packing)

(Bearing)

(Rotor)

(Pressured gauge)
(Nozzle)


(Stabilizer)

(Atomizing cup)
(Nozzle
tip)

6-75

1)

2)

2553

()

1)
(A/F ratio

mechanism)

2)

(Electrode) 1)

2)

3)

4)

(Burner)
1)

2)

3)

6-76

1)
2)

1)

2)

3)
4)

1)

2)
3)

2553

(Electrode) 1)
()

2)

3)

4)

(Refractory material
and burner tile)

(Bearing)

(Vane and
damper)

(Air duct and
wind box)

(Wire net and

suction port)

1)

(Plate and frame)

(Explosion
2)
door)

6-77

1)

2)

3)
4)

1)

2)

2553

1)

2)

3)

4)

(Lightning rod)

(Foundation)

(Bottom part)

(Foundation)

1)
(Oil level

controller)
2)

3)

(Bellow)

(Oil level gauge)

6-78

1)
2)

3)

4)

1)
2)

3)

2553

(Coil)

(
)

(Driving
source)

(Fixing)

(Indicator of
rotary angle)

(Potentiometer)

(Contact
of balancing relay)

1)

2)

6-79

1)

2)

2553

()

(Air damper)

1)
1)

2)
2)

6-20

6-80

2553

()

1.2
O2
3.5%
CO2 12.5%

Burner vane

-

Swirler

(
) (
)

Turbine (Clearance)
drive (Clearance)

6-81

2553

(Steam driven

()
reciprocating

pump)

Setting Relief Valve

Oil heater

(Calibration)

Trap drain valve

Shut off (
)

Burner
nozzle


(Oil strainer)

6-82

2553

()

(Fuel oil heater)

(Windbox)

()

Oil heater

Vent Drain

Setting Relief Valve

(Air
damper)


Windbox

6-83

2553

(Damper)

Blade
Blade

Damper

(Seal strip) Damper

Blade

Damper

Damper Induced
draft fan Forced draft fan Purge
Damper

6.6.3

6-21
6-21

(Gas firing)
Damper



6-84

2553

.. 2549

.. 2552
, , , , 2548.
, , ,
2544.
, ,
, , , 2552.
,
.. 2535, ,
, , 2547.
, , , ,
2547.
, , ,
.

(), ,
, .
,
, , .
(), , ,
, 2551.

.. 2549

.. 2548

.. 2548

.. 2548

-1

2553

..
2549

.. 2549

.. 2549
.. 2549

.. 2549

.. 2549
, , , 2553.
, 2,
, , , 2548.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, An International Code, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, USA, 2001.
Boiler Operators Guide, 4th edition, Anthony L. Kohan, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1997.
Energy Efficiency Manual, Donald R. Wulfinghoff, Energy Institute Press, Maryland, USA, 1999.
Steam Engineering Tutorials, Spirax-Sarco Ltd., USA, 2010.

-2

2553

1.1
2

1.1.1
.. 2549

.. 2549 4


.. 2549

.. 2549

.. 2549
.. 2549

-1

2553

1)
.. 2549
6 8 (2) (3) (4) (6) (7) (8)
.. 2535
29 35 48 50


1
(1) (5) (6) 6 8 9 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
(2) 2 3 3 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
2
(boiler)
(1) 2
1.5

(2) 8

(pressure vessel)
(1) 1.5
103
(2) (reactor)
1

3

(1)
(2)
(3)

-2

2553

4

3


5

10



11
(maximum allowable working pressure)

12

13

-3

2553

16
14

15

16

17

18

19

-4

2553

2)
.. 2549
3 4 6 9 14 15 16 17 18 19

.. 2549 .. 2535

1

20

(1)

(2)
12
(3)


(4)

(5)

-5

2553

2



1

3
2
2

4

(.) ASME, JIS, EN



(Once Through
Boiler) 10 (Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure) 10


3

5



6

(Mill Certificate)

-6

2553

8

(1)

(2) (Welding Procedure)

(3)

10
(4)


4
(5) (4) (Name Plate)


.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5) (Maximum allowable working pressure)
(6)
(7)
(8) (Serial Number)
(9) (Model)
.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5) (Capacity Output)
(6) (Minimum Flow Rate)
-7

2553

(7) (Serial Number)

(8) (Model)
9
(Stress relief)
10
(Manufacturing Data Report)

11


12

(.) ASME, JIS, EN


(Once Through
Boiler) 10 (Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure) 10


13

(1)

2.5
1.5 (Once Through Boiler)
10 10

(2) 2 0.6
2
(3)
1

-8

2553

(4)

14
(1)

3
30

(2)

15


16


17 20
16

18

1
(1)
(2)
(3)
3
20

1 5

-9

2553

19

1
(1)
(2)
(3)
3

1 3


20
6

21 6
3

22



2
23 18 19
21 30

24


(1)

(2) 3
(3)

-10

2553

3
(4)
30

7

25

30
1


1

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)
2
(2)

9

-11

2553

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

(6)

(1)

(2) 3

(1)

(2)

3

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2) 3

-12

2553

(1)



(Model)

(2)


()

()

()
(3)


(4) (1) (3)
6 (1)

(5)

(6)

(1)

(2) 3

(1)


-13

2553

(Model)

(2)


()

()

()
(3)


(4)

(5)

3

(6) (1) (3)
6 (1)

(7)


(8)

(1) 1
(2)

(3) 1
()

() 3

-14

2553

(4)

1
(5)
()
()
()
()
()
(6)
(7)
3
(8)
3

2

1
1.

2.

(1) 1
(2) 3
24
(3) 1

(4)
(5)
(6)
3.
(1)

-15

2553

(2)

5
(3)
10
(4)
3
4.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
5. 31
6.
15
7.
70

8.

9.
2
10.


11.
15

-16

2553

12.
3
30
13.

(1)
(2)
(3)
2
1.
36 30 3
3
2.

3
1.

2.
80
3. 60
3

1
1.

1.1
( Burner
)
1.2
490C

1.3 -

-17

2553

1.4

1.5 -

1.6

1.7 2


1.8

1.9
2.

1.8
3.

3.1

3.2


3.3
(Confined Space)

2 (External Inspection)

1.

2.

3.
4.
-18

2553

5.

3 (Internal Inspection)

1. (Combustion
Chamber) (Smoke Tube) - (End Plate) (Water Tube)
(Economizer) (Air Pre-heater)

1.1

1.2 (Overheat)
1.3
1.4
1/16 (1.5 )
1.5
1.6

1.7
1.8
2. (Hydrostatic
Test) 490C
2.1
1.5
(Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MAWP) 10
1 1.25 (MAWP)

2.2 (Annual Hydrostatic Test)

1 1.25
(MAWP)

2.3 2.1 2.2

(MAWP) 1.5 (Maximum
Working Pressure MWP) 30
2.4 (Safety Valve) 1.03
(MAWP)
-19

2553

4 (Functional
Test)

5
1.

2.



3.

3)
.. 2549
5
.. 2549
.. 2535
1

1

2

-20

2553

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2 1.1
(Maximum Allowable Working Pressure: MAWP)
2.2
2.2.1 1 50
2
2.2.2
(Maximum Firing Rate)
2.2.3
2.2.4

2.2.5 1.03
(MAWP)
2.2.6

2.2.7

2.3
2.3.1 1
2.3.2

2.3.3
2.3.4
15
2.3.5

2.4 (Check Valve Non Return Valve)

2.4.1 1
(Economizer)

2.4.2 2
1
2.4.3 2

2.5 (Pressure Indicator Pressure Gauge)

2.5.1 1
-21

2553

2.5.2 (Siphon) (U-Shape)

2.6 (Blow down Valve)

2.6.1 1
2.6.2 20 65
2.6.3
2.6.4

2.7
2.7.1 (Main Steam Valve)
()
85

2.7.2 60
2.8
2.8.1 (Globe Valve)
2.8.2 (Steam Header)

2.9
2.9.1 1
2.9.2
(1) (Low Water
Alarm)

(2) (Low Water
Cut-off)
(3)
(Burner)

2.10 (Pressure Switch)

2.10.1 1

2.10.2
(1)
(Force Draft Fan) (High
Pressure Cut off)

-22

2553

(2)

2.11 (Flame Detector)

2.11.1

2.11.2

(1)
(Pre Purge)
(2)

2.12
1
2.13 (Flue Gas Thermostat)
2.13.1 1
2.13.2

2.14
3

2

3
(Heat Transfer Medium Thermal Fluid
Thermo Fluid Thermic Fluid Thermal Oil Thermo Oil Hot Oil)
(Mineral Oil) (Semi-synthetic Fluid) (Synthetic
Fluid)

4

4.1 (Expansion Tank)
4.1.1

-23

2553

1000
50
1000
30
4.1.2
1.5
4.1.3

4.1.4 1000
(Overflow Pipes)
4.1.5 (Expansion Pipe)

4.2 (Storage Tank Drain Tank)
4.2.1 1000
4.2.2


4.3 (Circulating Pump)
4.3.1
4.3.2
(Film Temperature)
4.3.3
1

4.3.4
4.4 (Strainer)

4.5 (Temperature Sensor)
(Temperature Indicator and Controller)
4.5.1

4.5.2

-24

2553

4.5.3


4.6
4.6.1
1.5
4.6.2

4.7
4.7.1
(Safety Relief Valve)

4.7.2 4.7.1

4.8
4.8.1

4.8.2

4.8.3 90

4.9
4.9.1
85
4.9.2 60

4.10 (Air Venting)

4.11

3

-25

2553

4) .. 2549
8
.. 2549
.. 2535

1. (Boiler feed water)

pH value
5.8 - 9.5
Total Hardness
10
ppm as CaCO 3
2. (Boiler water)

pH value
8.5 - 11.8
Total Dissolved Solid
3,500
(TDS)

ppm

1.1.2
1

.. 2552 11
.. 2552

6 103 .. 2541
29
33 41 43

1

-26

2553

1
82 1
120 10

(1) 19
(2) 23
(3) 177
(4)
83
ISO ASME JIS DIN TRD
BS EN
84

85

86

87
(1)

(2)


88
(1) (Boiler Feed Water) (pH)

(2) (Boiler Water) (pH)

-27

2553

89

2
90
ISO ASME JIS DIN TRD
BS EN

91

90
92
(1) 60
2
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
(8)

93

3
94


20
-28

2553

1 5

95

96

97

1.2


2

1.2.1

3

.. 2549

.. 2549

-29

2553

.. 2549

1)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
(Boiler)

2

(1) 4 .. 2550
(2) 4 .. 2550
3

(1)
() 2
()

(Contrasting background)
()
400

()

()

-30

2553

15 15 .
01-49 -1
(2)
() (1) ()
() () 3
3 2

(3) . 02-49 -2

-31

2553

-1 . 01-49
-32

2553

-2 . 02-49
-33

2553

2)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
(Boiler)
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) (Natural Gas)

2 3 1

(1)
() 2
()

(Contrasting background)
()
400

()

()

15 15 .
01-49 -1
(2)
() (1) ()
() () 3
3 2

-34

2553

(3) . 02-49 -2
5

3)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
.. 2548 4 .. 2548
2

(Cupola)

-35

2553

()
1. (Total Suspended
Particulate)
()

2. (Antimony)
()
3. (Arsenic)
()
4. (Copper)
()
5. (Lead)
6.
()
7. (Chlorine)
()
8. (Hydrogen
chloride)
()
9. (Sulfuric acid)
()
10. (Hydrogen
sulfide)
()
11. (Carbon
monoxide)
()

.
-
-
-
-
.
/
.

240
320
320
320

300
400
20

240
320
16

20

16

30

24

30
3

24
2.4

30

24

200

160

25

100

80

870

690

-36

2553

()
12. (Sulfur
dioxide)
()

13.
(Oxides of nitrogen)
()

14. (Xylene)
()
15. (Cresol)
()

.
-
-
-
-
.

-
-
-
-

500

950
700
60
60
-

200

200
400
200
200
-

4 2

5

(1) Determination of Particulate Emissions from

Stationary Sources (United States environmental
Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(2) Determination of
Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources (United
States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(3) Determination of Hydrogen
Halide and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of
Hydrogen Halide and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(4) Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur
Dioxide Emissions from Stationary Sources (United
States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
-37

2553

(5) Determination of Hydrogen Sulfuric,

Carbonyl Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide Emissions from Stationary Sources
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(6) Determination of Carbon Monoxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources (United States
Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(7) Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
from Stationary Sources Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from
Stationary Sources (United States Environmental
Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(8) Determination
of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Stationary Sources
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(9) Measurement of Gaseous Organic

Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatography
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

6
(1) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)

(2)
() 1 760 25
(Dry Basis) (Excess Air) 50
7
() 1 760 25
(Dry Basis)
7

-38

2553

1.2.2
4


.. 2548

.. 2548

..
2548

.. 2549

1)
.. 2548

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29
35 48 50 51



1

-39

2553

(1)

(2)

3 2 (1) (2) 15
4

2)
.. 2548

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29
35 48 50 51



1

1

/
(LPG) (NG)

2 1

3 2 15
4

-40

2553

3)

.. 2548

68
.. 2535 114

.. 2545 .. 2545
29 35 48 50 51

1

1

/
(LPG) (NG)
2

(1) 3

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
3 2


(dilution)

-41

2553

4)
.. 2549

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29 35 48
50 51

1
2 3

-42

2553

1.
(Total Suspended
Particulate)
()

1.1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1.2
/
1.3
2.
2.1
(Sulfur dioxide)

()

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.2
3.

(Oxides of nitrogen as
(1)
Nitrogen dioxide)
(2)
(3)
()
(4)
4.
(Carbon monoxide)
()
5.

(Hydrogen sulfide)
()

-43

300

240
320
320
320
240

400

320

500

950
700
60
60
-

870

200
400
200
200
690

100

80

2553

6.
(Hydrogen Chloride)
()
7.
(Sulfuric acid)
()
8. (Xylene)
()
9. (Cresol)
()
10. (Antimony)
()
11. (Arsenic)
()
12. (Copper)
()
13. (Lead)
()
14. (Chlorine)
()
15. (Mercury)
()

200
160

25

200

20

16

20

16

30

24

30

24

30

24

2.4

3
(1) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)
(%O 2 )
(2) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)
(%O 2 ) 7

-44

2553

4 2
(1) Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from
Stationary Sources (United States Environmental
Protection Agency)

(2) Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

from Stationary Sources Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from
Stationary Sources

(3) Determination of Nitrogen Oxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources

(4) Determination of Carbon Monoxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources

(5) Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl

Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide Emissions from Stationary Sources

(6) Determination of Hydrogen Halide and

Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of Hydrogen Halide
and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic

(7) Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions from Stationary Sources

(8) Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by

Gas Chromatography

(9) Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by

Gas Chromatography

(10) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

-45

2553

(11) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

(12) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary

Sources

(13) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

(14) Determination of Hydrogen Halide and Halogen Emissions

from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of Hydrogen Halide and Halogen
Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic

(15) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary
Sources

5

6

1.3





1.3.1


3
30



-46

2553

1.3.2


1 20

1 5

1

1 3

()

()



()

-47

2553

-48

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-49

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-50

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-51

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-53

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-54

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-55

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-57

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-59

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1.3.3

30
1.3.4

1.3.5
20

1.3.6

-60

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-62

2553

-63

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-64

2553

-65

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1.3.7

1.3.8


-3
/
/

/
/

.
/

-3

-67

2553

-68

2553

-69

2553

-1

PSI

PSI

kPa

0.1450377

kg/cm2 cm H 2 O feet H 2 O inch Hg mm Hg inch H 2 O

kPa

Atm

Bar

mPa

6.894757 0.070307 70.306927 2.306723 2.03602 51.71486 27.68068 0.068046 0.0689476 0.00689
1

0.0101972 10.19745 0.33456180.2952997 7.50061 4.01472 0.0096692 0.01

kg/cm2 14.223343 98.06694

1,000.026 32.809312 28.95901 735.5588 393.711810.96784160.9806649 0.09806

cm H 2 O 0.01422290.0980634 0.001

0.032808 0.02895810.7355372 0.3937 0.00096780.0009806 0.00098

feet H 2 O 0.433515 2.968961 0.0304791 30.48

0.882646 22.4192

inch Hg 0.4911542 3.386389 0.0345316 34.53253 1.132957

inch H 2 O 0.03612630.24908190.0025422 2.54

0.029499 0.0296896 0.00298

0.535255 0.00131580.0013332 0.00013

0.08333 0.07355391.8682683

Atm

14.696 101.32535 1.033231 1,033.263 33.8995 29.9213

Bar

14.5038

mPa

145.0377 1,000

1.019716 1019.7466 33.4833

12

25.4 13.5954840.03342110.0338639 0.00386

mm Hg 0.01933680.13332250.0013595 1.359554 0.04460460.0393701

100

0.001

760

0.00245830.0024908 0.000249

406.794

1.0132535 0.1013

29.53 750.0626 401.8596 0.986923

10.197 10,197.45 334.56 295.299 7500.61 4014.74

o

9.669

0.1

10

: (H 2 O) 68 F (20 C) (Hg) 32 F (0 oC)

(Strength & Stress)
-2
Fahrenheit

Celsius
Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Rankine
Raumur

Kelvin

F = (oC x 1.8) + 32 K = oC + 273.15

C = (oF - 32) / 1.8

C = K - 273.15

Rankine
o

Ra = ( C x 1.8) +
32 + 459.67

K = (oF + 459.67) /
Ra = oF + 459.67
1.8

F = (K x 1.8) 459.67

Ra = K x 1.8

C = (Ra - 32 o
F = Ra - 459.67 K = Ra / 1.8
459.67) / 1.8
o
F = (oRe x 2.25) + K = (oRe x 1.25) + Ra = (oRe x 2.25) +
o
C = oRe x 1.25
32
273.15
32 + 459.67

-1

Raumur
o

Re = oC x 0.8

Re = (oF - 32) /
2.25
o
Re = (K - 273.15) x
0.8
o
Re = (Ra - 32 459.67) / 2.25

2553

-3
US gallon UK gallon
inch3
ft3
liter
m3
US gallon
1
0.83267
231
0.13368
3.7853
0.00378
UK gallon 1.2009
1
277.42
0.16054
4.5459
0.00455
inch3
0.004329 0.003604
1
0.000579 0.0164 0.000016
ft3
7.4805
6.2288
1728
1
28.316
0.02832
liter
0.26418 0.21997
61.024
0.0353
1
0.001
m3
264.17
219.97 61,023.74 35.3147
1,000
1
barrel
42
34.977
9702
5.614
158.983 0.15876
: barrel (Oil barrel), 1 Barrel = 42 US Gallon
-4
GPM (US) GPM (UK) ft3/min
GPM (US)
1
0.8327
0.1337
GPM (UK) 1.201
1
0.1605
3
ft /min
7.481
6.229
1
3
ft /sec
448.83
373.7
60
3
m /hr
4.403
3.666
0.5886
3
m /min
0.2642
0.22
35.3147
liter/sec
15.85
13.2
2.119

ft3/sec
0.00223
0.002676
0.01667
1
0.00981
0.5886
0.0353

-5

HP
ft-lb/sec
HP
1
550
ft-lb/sec
0.00182
1
Watt
0.00134
1
kW
1.34
737.6
Btu/hr
0.00039
0.2161

Watt
745.7
1.3558
1
1,000
0.2931

-2

m3/hr
0.2271
0.27275
1.699
101.94
1
60
3.6

m3/min
0.003785
0.004545
0.02832
1.699
0.01667
1
0.06

kW
0.7457
0.00136
0.001
1
0.00029

barrel
0.02381
0.02859
0.0001
0.17813
0.00629
6.2899
1

liter/sec
0.06308
0.0758
0.4719
28.32
0.2778
16.667
1

Btu/hr
2,544
4.626
3.412
3,412
1

2553

-6

inch2
ft2
inch2
1
0.006944
2
ft
144
1
acre
43,560
2
cm
0.155
6.2288
2
m
1,550.003
10.76391
-7

mm/s
ft/min
mm/s
1
0.19685
ft/min
5.08
1
cm/s
10
1.9685
ft/s
304.8
60
m/s
1,000
196.85

0.000247

1
10,000

m2
0.0006452
0.0929
4,047
0.0001
1

cm/s
0.1
0.508
1
30.48
100

ft/s
0.003281
0.016667
0.032808
1
3.2808

m/s
0.001
0.00508
0.01
0.3048
1

acre

cm2
6.4516
929.0304

-8

inch
ft
yard
mile
inch
1
0.08333 0.027778
ft
12
1
0.333333
yard
36
3
1
0.0005682
mile
63,360
5,280
1,760
1
cm
0.3937 0.032808 0.010936
metre
39.3701 3.28084 1.093613 0.0006214
km
39,370
3,280.8 1,093.613 0.62137
-9

lb/inch3
lb/ft3
lb/inch3
1
1,728
lb/ft3
0.0005787
1
gram/cm3
0.03613
62.4281
kg/m3
0.0000361
0.06243
slug/ft3
0.019
32.17

gram/cm3
27.6799
0.01602
1
0.001
0.51538

-3

cm
2.54
30.48
91.44
1
100
100,000

m
km
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144 0.0009144
1,609.344 1.609344
0.01
1
0.001
1,000
1

kg/m3
27,679.9
16.01846
1,000
1
515.379

slug/ft3
53.708
0.31081
1.9403
0.00194
1

2553

-10 ()

pound
ounce
gram
kg
slug
pound
1
16
453.6
0.453597
0.031
ounce
0.0625
1
28.3495 0.028349
gram
0.0022
0.0353
1
0.001
kg
2.2046
35.274
1,000
1
0.0685
slug
32.174
514.785 14,593.9 14.5939
1
stone
13.988
223.99
6,350.0
6.35
0.4351
tonne
2,204.6
1,000
68.5213
: Metric tonne Tonne = 1,000 kg
US ton Short ton = 0.907185 Metric Tonne
UK ton Long ton = 1.01605 Metric Tonne

-4

stone
0.0135
0.0019

tonne
0.0004536

0.157
2.29825
1
157.48

0.001
0.014594
0.00635
1

2553