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    7 views21 pages

    Intersec Geom2

    Uploaded by

    Febrian Tulus

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 21
    98 ENGINEERING DRAWING ‘The operation of laying out the complete surface on one plane is called the development of the surface. Surfaces about which a thin sheet of flexible material (as paper ‘or tin) could be wrapped smoothly are said to be developable; these would include figures made up of planes and single curved surfaces only. Warped and double curved surfacos are non- developable, and when patterns are required for their construc tion they can be made only by some method of approximation, which assisted by the pliability of the material will give the re- quired form. Thus, while a ball cannot be wrapped smoothly. ‘8 two-piece pattern developed approximately and cut from leather may be stretched and sewed on in a smooth cover, or a fiat dise of metal may be dic-stamped, formed, or spun to a hemispherical or other required shape. ‘Wo have learned the method of finding the true size of plane surface by projecting it on an auxiliary plane. If the true size of all the faces of an object made of planes be found and joined in order, at their common edges, the result will be the developed surface. This may be done usually to the best advantage by finding the true lengths of the edges. Fro, 100-—The elinder developed. ‘Fra, 20-—The cone developed. ‘The development of a right cylinder would evidently be @ rectangle whose width would be the altitude, and length the rectified circumference, Fig. 199; and the development of a right cone with circular base would be a sector with radius equal to the slant height, and arc equal in length to the circumference of the bace, Fig. 200. In the laying out of real sheet metal problems an allowance rust be made for seams and lap, and in heavy sheets for the thick- ‘ness and for the crowding of the metal; there is also the considera- tion of the commercial sizes of material, and of economy in cut- ting, in all of which some practical shop knowledge is necessary. This chapter will be confined to the principles alone, DEVELOPED SURFACES AND INTERSECTIONS 99 In the development of any object its projections must first be made, drawing only such views or parts of views as are necessary to give the lengths of elements and true size of cut surfaces. ‘To Develop the Hexagonal Prism.—Fig. 201. Since the base is perpendicular to tho axis it will roll out into the straight line AB. This lineis called by sheet metal workers the “stretchout.”” Tay off on AB the length of the perimeter of the base, and at points 1, 2, 3, etc, erect perpendiculars, called “measuring lines,” representing the edges. Measure on cach of theee its length as, ‘Fo. 201.—Devalopment of heragonal prism. siven on the front view, and connect the points. For the de- velopment of the entire surface in one piece attach the true size ‘of the upper face and the bottom in their proper relation on com- mon lines. It is customary to make the seam on the shortest edge. ‘To Develop the Right Cylinder.—Fig. 202. In rolling the cylinder out on a tangent plane, the base, being perpendicular to the axis, will evelop into a straight lin.” Divide the base, here shown as a bottom view, into a number of equal parts, represent- ing elements. Project these elements up to tho front. view. Draw the stretchout and measuring lines as before. Transfer the lengths of the elements in order, either by projection or with dividers, and join the points by a smooth curve. Sketch the curve very lightly frechand before fitting the curved ruler to it. This might be one-half of « two-piece elbow. ‘Three-pice, four-piece, oF five-piece elbows may be drawn similarly, a illus- trated in Fig. 203. As the base is symmetrical, one-half only 100 ENGINEERING DRAWING need be drawn. In these cases the intermediate pieces as B, C and D are developed on a stretchout line formed by laying off the perimeter of a section, called a “right section” obtained by plane perpendicular to the elements, Taking this plane TE EUEBTERLEEEM) io. 302-—Development of right epinder. IT Lie tat CH ee ? TT ae! uit Tihs Fra. 205.—Development of five piece elbow. through the middle of the piece the stretchout line becomes the ‘center line of the development. Evidently any elbow could be cut from a single sheet without waste if the seams were made alternately on the long and short sides. DEVELOPED SURFACES AND INTERSECTIONS 101, ‘The octagonal dome, Fig. 204 illustrates an application of the development of eylinders. Each piece is a portion of a cylinder. ‘The elements sre parallel to the base of the dome and show in their true lengths in the top view. The true length of the stretch- ut Line shows in the front view at Q*A*. By considering OMA faa the edge of a right section the problem is identical with the preceding problem. tof octagonal dome. ‘The true shape of a hip rafter is found by revolving it until parallel to the vertical plane, in the same manner as finding the true length of any line, taking a sufficient number of points on it to get a smooth curve. To Develop the Hexagonal Pyramid.—Fig. 205. Since this is a right pyramid the edges are all of equal length. ‘The edges OA and OD are parallel to the vertical plane and consequently show in their true length on the front view. With a center Os taken st any convenient place, and a radius OA’ draw an are. On it step off the perimeter of the base and connect these points successively with each other and with the vertex 0s. ‘The line of intersection of the cutting plane is developed by laying off the true length of the intercept of each edge on the cor- 102 ENGINEERING DRAWING responding line of the development. The true length of these intercepts is found by revolving them about the axis of the pyra- ‘mid until they coincide with O°A* as explained on page 84. ‘The path of any point, as K*, will be projected on the front ‘view as horizontal line. For the development of the entire io, 208.—Development of rectangular pyre surface of the truncated pyramid attach the base, also find the true size of the cut face and attach it on a common line. ‘The rectangular pyramid, Fig. 206, is developed in a similar ‘way, but as the edge OA is not parallel to the plane of projection it must be revolved to O*As to obtain its true length. ee DEVELOPED SURFACES AND INTERSECTIONS 103 To Develop the Truncated Right Cone.—Fig. 207. Divide the ‘top view of the base into ® convenient number of equal parts, project these points on the front view and draw the elements through them. With a radius equal to the slant height of the cone, found from the contour element O*A* which shows the true length of all the elements, draw an are, and lay off on it the divisions of the base, obtained from the top view. Connect these points with 0, giving the developed positions of the elements. Find the true length of each clement from vertex to cutting 4 Pio, 207.—Development of Hight cone plane by revolving it to coincide with the contour element O74", ‘and mark the distance on the developed position. Draw & smooth curve through these points Trianguiation.—Non-

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