Chusng IV. CAC CHUYEN DE Chayén dé1 BAI TOAN VIET PHUONG TRINH MOT DUONG, MOT MAT V6i viec dua hé toa dé vao mat phang va khong gian, ta c6 thé nghién ciu Hinh hoc bang cdc phuong php ciia Dai s0. © d6, mdi su kién trong Hinh hoc duge cho tuong ting v6i mot su kién trong Dai s6. N6i céch khdc, ta "phién dich" cAc su kién trong Hinh hoc sang ngon ngit cla Dai s6. C4c d6i tugng dau tien cin “phién dich" 1a cdc kh4i niém chinh cua hinh hoc : diém, vecto, dudng thang, mat phang, dudng trén, mat cdu... (va sau d6 1a cdc tinh chat cia chting). Céc khéi niém tyong tng v6i nhiing d6i tugng trén trong Dai s6 duoc goi 14 phugng trinh cia d6i tuong dé (rieng d6i véi diém, vecto, ching dugc goi 1a toa d6). C6 thé hiéu mot c4ch don gian phuong trinh (téng quét) cla mot dudng hay: mot mat 1a mot phuong trinh hay hé phuong trinh da thtic (rit gon) sao cho diém M thudc dudng hay mat d6 (su kién cia hinh hoc) khi va chi khi toa do diém M thoa man phuong trinh hay hé phuong trinh n6i trén (sy kién cha Dai s6). Bai todn viét phuong trinh cia mt dudng thing hay mot mit 1A bai todn co ban nhit cia hinh hoc gidi tich. Trong céc ki thi dai hoc, cfc bai todn loai nay lun c6 mat trong dé thi va chiém phan nhiéu s6 diém danh cho ph4n hinh hoc. Trong chuyén dé nay, ta phan tich c4c phuong phép khi giai bai todn loai nay. Bai toén viét phuong trinh cha duéng hay mat thudng duoc giai quyét bang mot trong cc cach sau. Céch 1 : Ding dinh nghia dé viet phuong trinh. Céch nay duge bat dau bang viéc xem xét diéu kien cdn va di dé mot diém M(x ; y ; z) thudc hinh (@) dang c4n viét phuong trinh. Diém M(x ; y ; z) thudc (® khi va chi khi x, y, z thod man phuong trinh hay hé phuong trinh nao d6, thi phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh tim dugc sé 14 phuong trinh cia (@). Can luv y ring c6 thé cé nhiéu ti¢u chudn dé kiém tra diém M thudc (@), nhumg ta cn Iya chon tigu chudn dé thé hién bang Hinh hoc giai tfch va gay ra phuong trinh Dai sé. Cf4ch nay thudng dugc ding trong cdc bai todn viet phuong tinh cla mot dudng (hay mat) (€) ma nhiing diém thudc (%) c6 dac trig dé thé hidn bing Hinh hoc giai tich. 137Cach 2 : Ding li thuyét da hoc dé viét phuong trinh. Trong li thuyét da trinh bay cdc cdéch khdc nhau dé x4c dinh phuong trinh cia mot duéng hay mot mat. Vi du phuong trinh cia mt dudng thing trong mat phang toa dO hoan toan xdc dinh néu biét mot trong cdc thong tin sau : + Mot diém thudc né va phap vecto ; + Mot diém thudc né va vecto chi phuong ; + Hai diém thudc n6 ; + Mot diém thudc né va hé s6 géc. Do vay, muén viét phuong trinh mot dutng hay mot mat, ta c6 thé xc dinh cdc thong tin ma c4ch viét phuong trinh cia né 6 If thuyét yéu cau. Céch 3 : Ding If thuyét dé goi (gid dinh) phuong trinh, sau dé tinh céc hé s6 chua biét cia phuong trinh vira goi. . Trong li thuyét, chting ta da biét c4c dang phuong trinh cia timg loai dudng cu thé. Nhd d6, ta c6 thé goi phuong trinh cia dudng (mat) cén tim theo dang tuong ting cita né trong Ii thuyét. Trong khi goi phuong trinh ciia duémg (mat), cn lu ¥ Iva chon céch goi sao cho trong phuong trinh dé cé it dn chua biét nhat. Viéc goi phuong trinh cia mot dudng hay mot mat sao cho con it 4n nhat phu thudc vao timg hoan cdnh cy thé, sau day IA mot s6 goi ¥ trong mot s6 tinh hudng : + Néu diém M thudc mot dudng thing A cho truéc trong mat phang hay trong khong gian thi cé thé goi toa dO cia M véi mot 4n, bing céch viét phuong trinh dudng thing A duéi dang tham s6. + Néu diém M thugc mat phdng (a) cho truéc thi o6 thé goi toa do cia M voi, hai fa. + C6 thé goi phuong trinh mot dudng thing A trong mat phing toa do duéi dang A: x=m va A: y= ax +b (thay viA: Ax + By +C =0). + Néu dudng thing A trong mat phang toa do di qua mot diém M cho trudc thi C6 thé goi he s6 géc k (n€u c6) cha dudng thing A dé tir d6 thiét lap phuong trinh dudng thing A v6i mot dn 1a k. + Néu dudmg thing A trong mat phing toa d6 c6 phdp vecto hay hé s6 g6c cho trudc thi cé thé goi phuong trinh cia dutng thing A véi mot dn chua biét 14 hé s6 tu do. Chi ¥ rang c6 nhiéu c4ch thé hién khéc nhau dé tir dé suy ra phdp vecto (hay hé s6 géc) cha dudng thing A. Vi du nhu cho biét dudng thing A vudng géc, hoac song song v6i mot dudng da biét, hodc tao voi mot dudng da biét mot goc cho truéc. 138+ Néu mot mat phing trong khong gian chia dutng thang cho truéc thi c6 thé goi phuong trinh mat phing duéi dang chim, khi dé trong phuong trinh xéc dinh mat phang chi con mot én. + Néu mat phing trong khong gian da biét phdp vecto thi c6 thé goi phuong trinh mat phing du6i dang phuong trinh téng quét voi mot dn 1a hé sé ty do. Céc bai todn viet phuong trinh mat phang, dudng thang, mat cdu da dugc phan tich va lam r6 trong chuong III. Do d6, trong chuyén dé nay, ching ta xem xét thém cdc bai ton hinh hoc giai tich trong mat phing. Vi du 1. Lap phuong trinh dudng thang di qua diém M(1 ; 1) va cing véi cdc dudng thing A, : 2x -— 3y + 4 = 0,A, : 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 tao thanh mot tam gidc can. Léi gidi. (h.53) Ta nhan thay A, 1 A), do dé néu goi dudng thang c4n lap phuong trinh 1a A, A 1 giao diém cia hai dudng thing A, va A, B, C lan luot 1a giao diém cia dudng thing A v6i A; va A, thi tam giéc ABC vudng can tai A. N6i céch khéc, duéng thing A 1a dudng thang qua M(1; 1) va tao véi dutmg thing A, géc a 2 4 CL Gid sit k 1a h@ sO géc cha A. Khi d6 5 Hinh 53 Vay c6 hai dudng thing qua M(1 ; 1) va tao véi céc duéng thang A), A, mot tam gidc can Ia: A:y=5(x- 1) + Lhay y=5x—4, 1 1 6 A's y =-<(x-1)+1] hay y= =x +=. yons(enl)+ Thay y= or +e Vi du 2. Viét phuong trinh céc canh cia hinh vuong ABCD biét A = (-4 ; 5) va dutmg chéo BD c6 phuong trinh 7x — y + 8 = 0. 139Léi gidi (h.54) Trudéc hét ta c6 nhan xét : AB, AD 18 cdc dudng thang qua A va tao véi BD géc > C d6i xtmg véi A qua BD, CB//AD, CDI/AB. Dung thing d qua A c6 phuong trinh x = — 4 hode y ~5 = k(x + 4) hay y= ke +5 + 4k. nén dutmg thing y = kr +5+4k tao voi BD see * Dé thay dudng thing x =~ 4 tao v6i BD géc 9 4 5 BD cé phuong trinh y = 7x + 8 c6 he sO géc bang 7 khi va chi khi = oe San k Wee 3 r+ 7k a? fre ze Be 3 7 D Hinh 54 Gid sir AB 1a dutng thang c6 hé s6 géc k = - thi AD 1a dudng thang c6.hée 3 sO gock=—: 386 goc 140 AB c6 phvong trinh : yen$e-k, AD cé phuong tinh: y = 3x +8. =-447 AC 1 BD = ACe6 pang ti: {* ; . " yaS-t. Goi / 1 giao diém cia AC va BD thi I = (4 :2} Vis 1a trung diém AC nén C = (3; 4), suy ra CB c6 phuong trinh y-4=e~3) hay y= Se42 VA CD of phuong tinh y - 4 = ~Z(x~3) hay y= Sa +8,Vay phuong trinh cdc canh cla hinh vung ABCD 1a : cB:y= 3x47, Vi du 3. Lap phuong trinh c4c canh cua AABC biét A = (1 ; 6) va hai trung tuyén cé phuong trinh : x - 2y+ 1 =O va3x-y-2=0. Loi gidi (h.55) Gidsir A,:x -2y +1=0, Ay :3x-y-2=0. Dé thay A ¢ Aj, Ae Ay. Vay Ay, Ay la céc trung tuyén qua B va C. Gid sir A, 14 dudng thang qua B, A, 1a dudng thing qua C. Goi G 1a giao diém cha A, va Ay thi G Ia trong tam cia AABC va toa do cia G Ia nghiém cia hé : _ aias =>G=(;). 3x-y-2=0 -1+2 A, 6 phuong trinh tham 6 : f" y x Hinh 55 Ay 66 phuong trinh tham 56 : y=-2 43s. Do Be A,,C € Ay nén B = (-1 + 2831), C = (s;-2 + 3s). Do G 1a trong tam cia AABC nén (cares fare? > >r=2s=-1 641-2435 =3 t+3s =-1 => B = (332) va C = (-1;-5). y-6 = —— hay 2x+y-8=0, yay y-6 -i hay 11x - 2y+1=0, hay 7x ~ 4y- 13 =0. 141Chi ¥ : Ta cé nhiéu cach khdc nhau dé gidi bai todn trén. Ching han, néu goi A’ la diém di xtmg cia A qua G thi : BGCA' Ia hinh binh hanh. Tir dé ta viét duge phuong trinh BA’, CA' va tinh duge toa do cha B va C. Vi du 4, Cho dutmg tron (@) : x? + y? — 2x + 6y — 15 = 0 vadiém A(2; 1). Viet phuong trinh dutmg thang A cit (@) tai hai diém M, N sao cho A 1a trung diém cia MN. Loi gidi (h.56) (8): (x-1) +(y +3) = 25, suy ra (@) cé tam [(1 ; -3) va ban kinh R= 5. Do A 1a trung diém cia MN nén JA.L A. Vay A 1a dutng thing qua A va nhan 7A lam vecto phap tuyén. 7 (1; 4) nén A: 1(x-2)+4(y- 1) =0 hay Hinh 56 A:xt+4y-6=0. Nhdn xét : N6u thay dudng tron (@) béi elip, hyperbol, ... thi céch gidi tren khong 4p dung dugc. CAch giai sau cé thé 4p dung khi (@) 1a mot dudng cong bat ki. (@) x=2+at y=l+ pt Toa do giao diém cia dudng thing A va (@) Ia nghiém cia he : Acé phuong trinh tham sé : { (2? +B# 0). x+y? -2x+6y-15=0 i) x=2+at y=l+ ft. Thay x = 2+ at,y =1+ ft vao (1), ta duge phuong trinh bac hai d6i véi t : (2? + B?)P + 2a + 4B) -8 = 0. (2) Phuong trinh (2) lun lun c6 hai nghiém phan biét ¢), t). Khi 46 : M(2 + at, 1+ Bh),N(2 + at, 31+ Bh). 142A la trung diém cia MN khi va chi khi {rw t+ iy = 2x4 eS i +h)=0 Du tin =2y4 [Bly +) =0 (1 +t phai bing 0 vi néu 4 +» #0 thi a = f =0, volt). eth =0 Ap dung dinh If Vi-ét cho phuong trinh (2), suy ra 2a + 4B) O=4h+h= Fe Lay a = 4, B = -1, ta dugc phuong trinh tham s6 cha Ala: foe ye=l-t Vi du 5. Trong mat phang véi hé toa dé xOy, cho tam giéc ABC c6 A(0 ; 2), B(-2 ; -2) va C(4 ; -2). Goi H 1a chan dutng cao ké tir B; M va N lan lugt 1a trung diém cia cdc canh AB va BC. Viét phuong trinh duing tron di qua céc diém H,M,N. Loi gidi Tacé : M=(-1;0),N=(1;-2), AC = (43-4), Gid sit H = (x; y), tac: BH LAC _ {BH.AC =0 4(x+2)-4(y+2)=0 [x= > > > He AC 4x+4(y-2)=0 [4x+4y-8=0 yal => H =(I;1). Gia sir dung tron c6 phuong trinh : x? + y? +2ax+2by+c=0. (1) Do M, N, H thudc dudng tron nén ta cé: 2a-¢ =1 2a-4b+e=-5 2a+2b+e=-2. 1 err 1 Gidi he ta duge : a = -5,b = 3,0 = -2. jiai hé ta dugc : a : 7 ¢ ‘Vay dudng trdn di qua cdc diém H, M, N c6 phuong trinh 1a: vty oxty-2=0. 143Vi du 6. Trong mat phing vdi hé toa dd Dé-cdc vudng géc, cho dudng tron (®: (x~ 1) +(y— 2)? = 4 va dudng thing d: x - y-1=0. Viét phuong trinh dudng tron (%') d6i xing véi dudng tron (@) qua dudng thing d va tim toa dé cdc giao diém cia (@) va (@") Loi gidi Do (@) c6 phuong trinh : (x - 1)’ +(y- 2) = 4 nén (@) 6 tam M(1 ; 2) va 6 bén kinh R = 2. Do (@") d6i xing v6i (@) qua d nén (@") c6 tam J 1a diém d6i xing véi J qua d va c6 ban kinh R’ = R= 2. Gia sir A 1a duéng thing qua / va vung géc véi d, A cat d tai mot diém K. Khi 6 K 1a trung diém cia lJ. =l+r Pang tan: {* _ y=2-2 xal+t 2 _ = My = Dy - xéthe: dy =2-1 ={' =K-@n)={? 2 - =1 yy = 2yK -¥ | _ > => J = (350). fire (3:9) Vay (") c6 phuong trinh : (x - 3) + y? = 4, Giao diém cia (@) va (@') ciing 1a giao diém cia (@') va d nén toa dO giao diém cia (@) va (@") la nghiém cia hé : {e -3y +9 x-y-1=0. Suy rax = 1, y= 0 hodc x = 3, y= 2. Vay (@) va (") cat nhau tai hai diém phan biét 1a A(1 ; 0) va B(3 ; 2). Vi du 7. Viet phuong trinh dudng trdn noi tip tam giéc c6 ba dinh 1a A(-1 ; 7), B(4 ; -3) va C(-4; 1). 144Léi gidi (h.57) A Tacé: AB = \(4- (1) + (3-77 = 5V5, AC = 3V5. Goi D 1a chan dutng phan giécké tA, B D Cc knido 28 - AB 3 -, pg = Spe Hinh 57 DC AC 3 3 3xp + Sxe kp = BASE [xy =-1 _ > 12 =(-1:-) = av = 26. 3yp+5¥¢ -|¥p => 2 2) De eae cee 2 34+5 Goi / 1a tam dudng tron noi tiép AABC, khi 46 / 1a chan dudng phan gidc ké tir B cha AABD. Tuong ty nhv trén, ta tinh dugc toa dé cia / 1a (—1 ; 2). Goi r 14 bén kinh dudng tron ndi tiép AABC thi r = d(I, BC). Ta cé BC: x+2y+2=0 nen r =d{(I,BC) = V5. Vay, dung tron noi tiép ABC c6 phuong trinh :(x + 1) +(y-2) =5. Vi du 8. Cho cdc dudng tron (@:2+y =1 (Gp): x? + y? — Am + 1)x + Amy = 5. a) Ching minh rang c6 hai dutmg tran (%, ), (B, ) tip xtic voi (@) ting voi hai gid tri cia m 1A my vam. b) Viet phuong trinh céc tiép tuyén chung cia hai dudmg tron (8, ) va (%, } Loi gidi a) Ta c6 : (G,) c6 phuong trinh chinh tac : [x-(m+1)P + (y+ 2m) = Sm? +2m +6 10A- BTNC&MSCDHH 12 145= (Gy) £618 Ly (+ 12m) VA An Kinh R,, = Vm? + 2m +6. (®) 06 tam O(0 ; 0) va ban kinh R = 1. (,,) ti€p xtic véi (%) khi va chi khi Ol, = B+ Ry = V 5m? + 2m +6 +1 @ =|R-Ral = Wan? +2m-+6 ~ (2) (1) (m4) + 4m? = V5m? + 2m+6 +1 © V5m? + 2m +1 = V5m? +2m+6 41 vo nghiém. (2) <> V5m? + 2m + = Wm? + 2m +6 =] = Vm? + 2m 46-1 2 Fen? 3 © Vim" + 2m +1 +1 = VSm' LULU => dpem. b) (%,): 2 +(y-2)° = 9 c6 tam 1,(0 ; 2) va ban kinh Ry = 3, im 2. 2 8 6 8. 6 (®,) + (: -§) [r+ $) =9 coum h{ $:-§) va ban kinh Ry = 3. Do Ry = Ry = 3 va Aly < R, + Ry nen hai dudng trdn cét nhau tai hai diém phan biét. Vi vay, chting chi c6 hai tiép tuyén chung ngoai. Dé 1a céc dung thing A’song song va céch /,/, mt khoang bang 3. Ta c6 Ny 12x +y-2=0. Vi A// Ahly nén c6 phuong trinh dang :2x+ y+¢=0. d(Iyh,A)= d(h,,A) = f4- I wa <3 alhlnsd) = 3.09 EFA 23 2 0 = 138-2 Vay hai tiép tuyén c6 phuong trinh : 2x+y-2-3V5=0 va 2x+y-24+3V5=0. 146 108- BTNCEMSCBMH12Vi du 9. Cho dudng tron (@) : x? + y? -2x+2y-2=0 va dudng thing A:2x+y+10=0. a) Chimg minh ring A khong cat (@). b) Te mot diém M bat Ki tren A, ké cdc tig tuyén MJ;, MJ t6i (€) Vy, J Ia c4c ti€p diém). Viét phuong trinh dudng thing J,J2 va chimg minh ring dudng thing nay luon di qua mot diém c6 dinh. Loi gidi (b.58) a) Ta c6(@): (x-1P +(y +1) =4, (@) c6 tam I(1 ; -1) va cé ban kinh R = 2. (1,4) = ete) aS d(I,A) > R, V2+P V5 do d6 A khong cat dudng tron (%). b) Gia sit M = (xy sy) va Jy = (431) Jy = (23.9), khi do Hinh 58 2x9 + Yy + 10 = 0, dutmg thang MJ, c6 phuong trinh : (x, — 1)(x - 1) +(x, + D(y +1) = 4, dudng thing MJ, c6 phuong trinh : (x, - 1)(x - 1) +(y) + D(y +1) = 4. Do M « MJ,,M © MJ, nen: {* =D -1) +O + DQ +) = 4 (9 ~ Ne 1) + (v0 + Oe +1) = 4. Xét dudng thing d : (xy -I)(x-1)+(yy +1)(y+1)=4. Tir (*) suy ra Jy, Jy €d nénd chinh 1a dung thang qua J, J, hay J,/, cé phuong trinh : (% -De-) +60 +O +1) =4 (v6i 2x) + yy +10 = 0). ) 147* Chimg minh J,/> lu6n di qua mot diém cé dinh. Do 2x + yp +10 = 0 nen yp = (2% + 10), suy ra Sida: (% — I(x = 1) + (2a - My +1) = 4 (x = 1)xq - 2(y + ay — x +1 -9y-9 = 4 (x -2y-3)xy — x-9y-12 = 0. ie x-2y-3=0 a1 x+9y+12=0 ~_I5 WV Xéthe: { Vay J,J2 luon di qua diém c6 dinh : A; -8) Vi du 10. Trong mat phing véi hé toa do Dé-céc vudng géc Oxy, cho dudng tron (@) : x? + y* = 4va diém ACI ; 0). Goi M 1a diém di dong tren (@), Ay 1 dudng thing vudng géc v6i dung thing AM tai M. Hay ching minh ring Ay luon tip xtic v6i mot dudng cong c6 dinh ; x4c dinh phuong trinh dutmg cong d6. Loi gidi (h.59) M & (®) => M = (2cost; 2sin’) => AM(2cost - 1; 2sins). Ay vuong géc véi AM tai M nén nhan AM 1am vecto phdp tuyén va c6 phuong trinh : (2cost - 1)(x - 2cost) + 2sine(y - 2sint) = 0 = (2cost - 1)x + (2sinz)y - 4(cos?s + sin?) + 2cost = 0 = (2cosr - 1)x + (2sint)y + 2cost - 4 =0. N(x,y) ¢ Ay khi M di dong trén (@) néu va chi név (2cost — 1)x + (2sint)y + 2cost - 4 = 0 vo nghiém ¢ => 2(x + I)cost + 2y.sint - (x +4) = 0 vonghiem t oe a(xt y +4y? <(x+ 4p 148> 4x? + 8x 444 4y? x2 48x 416 > 3x7 + dy? < 12 _ a e+ 151+ BC 1a duéng thing qua M(2 ; -1) va vung g6c véi dy nén BC c6 vecto chi x-2_y+tl : phuong 1a 7,(3;1). Phuong trinh BC : ; 2 Ay :2x-y-2=0, Ay: 2x+4y-7=0, Agi mx+y-2m=0. Vi A, 1 A) nén A; 1a dudmg thing chia canh déy cia tam gidc can. Phuong trinh dutng phan gidc cla géc tao boi hai duémg thing A), A, 1a: Px-y-3 _px+4y-7 olpacyepeeee. y+ V2 442 2(-2x + y +2) =2x+4y-7 et (4) 6x +2y-11=0. (4) A,, 4) chita hai canh bén cia tam gide can nén Ay Ld, hodcA; 1 dy. dy 06 vecto phép tuyén m(13—3), d,, 6 vecto phdp tuyén (351), A3 cé vecto phép tuyén n(m 1). Ay Ld o> nm = 06> m-3=00m=3, hy Ld, © iy =O 62 3m 41=0 69 m=—2, Vay m =3 hoac m = 3. AB: y+1=0, M(-1;2), BC:x+y-2=0. Toa do diém B 14 nghiém cia hé phuong trinh : yetsO 0 oo fF=3 8, g2@:-y. xty-2=0 y=-l Goi d 1a dudng thing di qua M, song song véi BC thi d c6 vecto phdp tuyén (1; 1) nén cé phuong trinh : A(x +1)+(y-2)=0 x+y-1=0. 152Toa do giao diém N cia d va AB 1a nghiém cia hé phuong trinh : y+1=0 ° x+y-1=0 y Tam giéc ABC can tai A nén A thudc trung tryc cha MN. Goi K 1a trung diém cia MN thi K = ( 3} Dudng trung truc cha MN di qua «(Si 5) va c6 1? N=@s-D. vecto php tuyén : Sun = (15-1) nén c6 phuong trinh : (+-3)-(-3)- Oe x-y=0. 2. Toa d6 diém A 1a nghiém cia hé : fy+1=0 oe x=-l x-y=0” |y=-1 =>A=(-1;-1). Ti d6 AC = 4, AB = 4 va dé thay AB 1 AC. Suy ra L = SAB.AC . }) hy x+ Ty + 32 =0 06 vecto phap tuyén (137). Vi BC L hy nén BC c6 vecta chi phuong 7,(1;7). Dutmg thing BC di qua C(-3;1) va.c6 vecto chi phuomg 7m(1;7) c6 phuong tinh Ia 27> + vol Toa 40 diém A 1 nghiém ciia he phuong trinh : (piles prise ances Goi C, 1a diém doi xtmg voi C qua /, thi C, € AB. I, 1.x +3y +12 = 0 c6 vecto php tuyén n3(1;3). Vi CG, L ly nen CC, c6 veto chi phuong la n3(1;3). 153Phuong trinh dudng thing CC, di qua diém C(-3; 1) va c6 vecto chi phuong la (153) 3 = a Toa do giao diém / cha CC, va |, Ia nghiém cia he : x+3_y-l a= 1 3 B x+3y+12=0 eas 71a trung diém cia CC, nén 2 4G 224 tC EE yo, = 2y) Ye = s$) = 7), AB di qua A(3; -5) va c6 vecto chi phuong (7 ; 1) nén phuong trinh dudng thang AB la: AC di qua AG ; ~5) va c6 vecto chi phuong gat = (-131) nén phuong tinh dudng thing AC Ia : 5. Bthudc mg : x— 2y +1 = 0 nen goi B(2r - 151). C thude me : y—1 = 0 nén goi C(w; 1). 154M la trang diém M ciia AC thi M = (4t:3} Mem 2124 -2241-0eu=5, Vay C = (551). Toa dé trung diém N cha AB 1a: N = ( 3) Nem @ 123 ted rea. Vay B = (~3;-1), AB = (-4;~-4) ; AC = (4;-2) ; BC = (8;2). Dudng thing AB di qua A(1 ; 3), c6 vecto chi phuong (1 ; 1) c6 phutong trinh : Dudng thing AC di qua A(1 ; 3), c6 vecto chi phuong (2 ;-1) c6 phuong trinh : x-1_y-3 2 -10 Dung thing BC di qua B(-3 ;-1), c6 vecto chi phuong (4 ; 1) c6 phuong trinh : ees Ee! 1~2u Goi ofa: Jem, C(v;1-v) € Ay. Vi A(1;1), B(-2;5) nén toa do trong tam G cia tam gide ABC 1a: -l+y 155Vay: -lt+v : © {t =5 5, c(16;-15). 1-20 _7- = 16 3 3 Tacé AB =(-3;4), AB=5. Dutng thing AB di qua diém A(1;1), c6 vecto chi phuong (-3;4) nén c6 phuong trinh : u= Ye! 5s ar 43y-7=0. 4 Suy ra d = d(C,AB) 1 1,12 Siac = =ABd = —5.-~ = 6. 37) 25 7. he 12x +3y +5 =0 06 vecto phép tuyén n(2;3). Vi AB L hc nen.AB c6 vecto chi phuong n(2;3). Vay phuong trinh AB 2r+5 Goi (+5 Toa do trung diém M cla AC 1a uf 'zt zat) Mem oh 42-1-120601=3, Dods co-3) eo) Dudng thing AC di qua A(1 ; 3), c6 vecto chi phuong 24e = (3;-10) nén y-3 156Toa do diém B la nghiém cia he : poas 2 =(-7,8) BC = 2,-) il iL 33 a Phuong trinh dudmg thing BC : 3 3 x=-3t4+1 yet In ixeay-1-0e{ 6 vecta chi phuong u;(-3; 1). ters ysin0eef €6 vecto chi phuong 1 (-1;;1). yor Goi B(I - 354) € hg, C(-1-u5u) € he, A(v32v +1) © my. Toa do trang diém M cia BC 1a xy, eicdtcl _ttu M 2 2 . Mem @ (ets $1206 74+3u=2. Tacé AB(I-31-v;t-2v-1), AC(-1-u-vj3u-2v~1). Vi hg 1a dudng cao cia tam gidc ABC nén AB, = 0 -143t+v4+1—2v-1=0 4t-v-2=0, Vi hg 1A dudng cao ciia tam gic AABC nen AC. = 0 > (-1-u — v(-3) + (u- 2v- I) = 0 € 4u+v42=0. Gidi hé (1), (2), (3) ta duge : a 2) @) 157wna (he * Vi BC(0;~1) nén phuong trinh dudng thing BC : * AC di qua AQ ; 1), c6 vecto phap tuyén ne 331) nén phuong trinh dung thang AC Ia: -3(x -0) + (y= 1) =O -3x+y-1=0. * AB di qua A(0; 1), c6 vecto phap tuyén 1 (-1; 1) nén c6 phuong trinh Ia : -I(x-0) + (y-1) =O -x+y-1=0. 9. hy :4x~ y~1=0 06 vecta chi phuong 1(1;4), hig x — y +3 =0 €6 vecto chi phuong 1(1;1). Goi A(t;4t- 1) € hy, B(usu +3) € hg. ViG la trong tam ciia tam gide ABC nen : _ xa tp tic 3 at Ye +e 3 YG {re =3xg - x4 xg =3-t-u Ye = 3¥G — ya —Yg = 6 - (4t-1)-(w 43) = 4-4r-u. Do d6 AC = (3 - 2r-u35~8r—u), CB = (2u+t-3;2u + 4r-1). AC L hy <> AC = 069 3-2t-u+5-8-u=0 =0. (a) BC L hy <> CB, =0 © 2u+-344(2u + 41-1) =0 o4-St- <= 10u + 17¢-7=0. “ Q) 15810. Gidi he (1) va (2) ta duge wu = -1,1 = 1. Vay A = (1;3), B= (-1;2), C = (351). + AB(-2;—1) nén phuong trinh dudng thing AB : * AC di qua A(1 ; 3) c6 vecto php tuy€n 14 (1; 1). Phuong trinh duéng thing AC : x-l+y-3=0@x+y-4=0. * BC di qua C(3 ; 1), c6 vecto phdp tuyén (1; 4) Phuong trinh dudng thing BC : x-344(y-1) =O x44y-7=0. myix-yt1l=0. hg 1x + 2y —1 = 0 c6 vecto phép tuy€n n(1; 2). Goi A(t; +1) € my, B(I-2u;u) € hy. t+1-2u y= Toa do trung diém M cia AB 1a: . _ttitu YM = t+1-2u Is u=0 Tird6 suy ra: 2 2 pelilta t=1. 2 Vay A =(1;2),B=(1; 0). Suy ra AB = (0; ~2) va phuong trinh dudng thing AB : coat yo2tt 159ll. * Duong thing AC di qua A(1;2) c6 vecto chi phuong n(1;2) nen c6 eB phuong trinh : * Gia sit C(v;2v) € AC. Toa do trung diém cia N cia BC 1a: af? . . 2 Nem oo 2% -v41=Oerv=3. Vay C = (3:6), BC = (2; 6) = 2(1;3). Phuong trinh duéng thing BC di qua B(I;0), c6 vecto chi phuog (1 ; 3) 1a: hg tx +y-2=0, mi xt2y-3=0. Toa do diém A 1a nghiém cia hé phuong trinh : gress oo x+2y-3=0. Vay A=(1; 1). Goi M 1a trung diém cia BC thi IM 1 BC, suy ra IM // hy. Dudng thing JM di qua I(4 ; 0), c6 vecto phdp tuyén (1 ; 1) nén c6é phuong trinh : I(x - 4) + (y-0) =Oc x+y-4=0. M © m, 7 IM néntoa do cia M 1a nghiém cia he : x4 2y-3=0 xes = M =(5:-1). x+y-4=0 =-l Vi BC 1a dutng thing di qua M(5;-1) va vudng géc v6i hy nen BC 06 phuong tinh : AeS akGoi -B(t + 531-1). Tacé JA = IB hay a a 2 2P4+2=10 r= 42. Do dé B= (7; 1) hoae B= (3 ; -3). Khong mat tinh téng quét, ta gid sir B= (7; 1); C = (3; -3). Khid6: AB = (650), AC = (2;~-4). xalt+t Phuong trinh duéng thing AB: { Phuong trinh duémg thing AC : f 7 an 12. ys x+y-3=0, mg: x-y+1=0. he 2x + y +1 = 0 6 vecto chi phuong a(-1;2). Nhan xét: J, L mg. Gia sit: A =(t33-1), B= (usu 41), C = (v;-1- 20). Khi dé AB(u - tu +2). AB L he => ABA = 0 => (u-1)+2%(u+t-2)=0eut3t-4=0. (1) Goi M la trung diém cia AC, M = (‘2 ; 2otao Cea ese fe le 0! (2) 2 2 2 Vi [4 L mg nén B d6i ximg v6i M qua I,. Do d6, trung diém N cia BM thude J,. Mem> n(Meteee mates) oy, 4 4 oe ley eee ae 4 4 © 4u-v-8=0. 3) 11A- BTNCEMSCBHH12 161Giai he (1), (2), 3) ta duge : 32 17 eZ “17 u 13. (h.60) (@): x? + y* = 16 06 tam O(0 ; 0), bén kinh R= 4, (®): 2 + y? - 10x45 =0 @ (x- 5) +)? = 20, (®') c6 tam O'(5 ; 0), ban kinh R' = 2V5. Toa do diém A 1a nghiém cita hé : x+y =16 5 +10x = 16 vty -10r45=00 4x2 +9? =16 y>o y>0 -(2 10 } Hinh 60 Goi H, K lan lugt 18 hinh chiéu cia O, O' tren A, / 18 trung diém cia OO’. Khi dé l= 3:0} HA=1as, AK =tac. 2 2 2 Vi A 1a trung diém cia BC nen.A 1a trung diém cita HK. Do dé, AI 1a duéng trung binh cia hinh thang vung OHKO'’. Suy ra fi [: i159 e) vudng géc v6i A. 162 118: BTNCAMScOHHT2 1014. Dutng thing A di qua {Bs : a } £6 vecta phap tuyén (4; ~V/1159) nen A cé vecto chi phuong (vi 159 34). Phuong trinh dudng thing A: 21 V1159 x- y= 10 _ 10 V1159 4 rrrC—s——s—s—S—S—CCi—CisKsts (&)c6 tam 0,03 ; 0), ban kinh R, =2. (6): 2 +9? = 12x -6y +44 = 0. (x6) +(y-3) = 1. (#) cé tam 0,(6 ; 3), ban kinh Ry =1. ¢ Dudng thang x = m la tiép tuyén chung cia (#) va (@) Khi va chi khi fomemes 6 - mj =1 Dudng thing A: y = ax + 6 la tiép tuyén chung cia (%)va (&) khi va chi khi b=6-9a Prods aed ome 2 aie aacae Ba + =2Vva? +1 { 9+Vi7 _9-vi7 8 oes a=0 hoac 733+ 917 t =2. 8 (6 - 6a = 4(a@ +1) b=2-5a (2 - 2a)? = 4(a? +1) {ie to? <= hoac hoac _ 33-917 8 Vay (@;) va (Fz) c6 4 tiép tuyén chung 1a : 9+Vi7,_3349VI7 9 -vi7, , 33+ Vi7 8 8 8 8 b b x=5, y=2, y= 16315. (&): x? + y? -2x + 2y-7=0e9(x-1) + (y+) =9. (@)c6 tam O,(1 ; -1), ban kinh Ry =3. rrr—rs—~r—~——“C<§sst——S—“‘ieCi_—rtC () 6 tam 0,(2 ; -3), bin kinh Ry =3. M1905 = (aa FCS TIF = < + tn (tt hai diém phan biet. Nhung R, = R, = 3 nen (%), (&) 06 hai tiép wyén chung 18 cdc dung thing song song v6i 0,0,, céch 0,0, mot khoang bing 3. Ta cé 0,0; = (1;-2). Gia sir tiép tuy€n chung A cia (&), (8) c6 phuong trinh 2x + y +c = 0. p-1+d wef 2? 41 ¢=-3V5 -1. Vay (8), (&) 06 hai tip wyén chung Ia : d(0,,A) =3 2x +y+3V5 -1=0 va 2x +y—3y5--1=0. 16. (§): x? + y? = 2x-2y-14 =0 @ (x-1)P +(y- 1) = 16. (A) c6 tam 0,(1 ; 1), ban kinh R, = 4. (GB): 22 + y? — 4x4 2y-20= 0. (x2) + (y +1) = 25. (@)c6 tam 0,(2 ; -1), ban kinh Ry = 5. Ti gia thiet ta c6 5 2. 4(Q,,4) = a? - (2) = V16-7 = 3, Q d(O,, A) = ,}R,? -(2F = ¥25-16 =3.