Median Filter

Are nonlinear filters

Smoothens the image by utilizing the median of
the neighborhood
Introduced by Tukey in 1997, which is extension to
2D images was discussed by Pratt in 1978
Performs the following tasks to find each pixel
value in the processed image
All pixels in the neighborhood of the pixels in the
original image which are identified by the mask
are sorted in the ascending or descending order.
The median of the sorted value is computed and
is chosen as the pixel value for the processed
image.

Median Filter

Spatial averaging & Spatial low pass

filtering

Spatial averaging & Spatial low pass

filtering

Spatial averaging & Spatial low pass

filtering

Spatial averaging & Spatial low pass

filtering

Image sharpening or Edge enhancement or

Spatial domain high-pass filtering

is used to highlight fine details in the image.

Is used to enhance high-frequency components.

Image sharpening or Edge enhancement or Spatial

domain high-pass filtering

Image enhancement in frequency

domain
If filtering in spatial domain
is done by convolving the
input image f(m,n) with the filter kernel h(m,n)

Filtering in spatial domain = f(m,n) * h(m,n)

In the frequency domain, filtering corresponds to the
multiplication of the image spectrum by the fourier
transform of the filter kernel, which is referred to as
the frequency response of the filter

Filtering in frequency domain = F(k,l) x H(k,l)

here F(k,l) is the spectrum of i/p image
H(k,l) is the spectrum of the filter kernel
Convolution in spatial domain = Multiplication in the frequency domain