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Business Law Study
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990[1][2] (ADA) is a law that was
enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1990. It was signed into law on July 26, 1990,
by President George H. W. Bush, and later amended with changes effective
January 1, 2009.[3]
The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain
circumstances, discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections
against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of
1964,[4] which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national
origin, and other characteristics illegal. Disability is defined by the ADA as "a
physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity."
The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a
disability is made on a case by case basis. Certain specific conditions are
excluded as disabilities, such as current substance abuse and visual
impairment which is correctable by prescription lenses.
foreign corrupt practices act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) (15 U.S.C. 78dd-1, et
seq.) is a United States federal law known primarily for two of its main
provisions, one that addresses accounting transparency requirements under
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and another concerning bribery of
foreign officials.
securities act
Congress enacted the Securities Act of 1933 in the aftermath of the stock
market crash of 1929 and during the ensuing Great Depression. Legislated
pursuant to the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution, it requires
that any offer or sale of securities using the means and instrumentalities of
interstate commerce be registered pursuant to the 1933 Act, unless an
exemption from registration exists under the law. The 1933 Act was the first
major federal legislation to regulate the offer and sale of securities. Prior to
the Act, regulation of securities was chiefly governed by state laws,
commonly referred to as blue sky laws. When Congress enacted the 1933 Act,
it left in place a patchwork of existing state securities laws to supplement
federal laws in part because there were questions as to the constitutionality
of federal legislation.
The Federal Register (since March 14, 1936), abbreviated FR, or sometimes
Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the federal government of the United
States that contains most routine publications and public notices of
government agencies. It is a daily (except holidays) publication.The Federal
Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register (within the National
Archives and Records Administration) and is printed by the Government
Printing Office.There are no copyright restrictions on the Federal Register: as
a work of the U.S. government, it is in the public domain.
Fair Credit Reporting Act
he Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) is a United States federal law that
regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer information,
including consumer credit information. Along with the Fair Debt Collection
Practices Act (FDCPA), it forms the base of consumer credit rights in the
United States. It was originally passed in 1970, and is enforced by the US
Federal Trade Commission and private litigants.
jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence,
or legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social theorists of law),
hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal
reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence
began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the
natural law, civil law, and the law of nations
types of damages within a contract
liquidated v. punitive damages
Liquidated damages (also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages)
are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a
contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific
breach (e.g., late performance).
Punitive damages or exemplary damages are damages intended to reform or
deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that
which formed the basis of the lawsuit. Although the purpose of punitive
damages is not to compensate the plaintiff, the plaintiff will in fact receive all
or some portion of the punitive damage award.
initially selling stock to public
administrative procedural act
The Administrative Procedure Act (APA), is the United States federal law that
indefinite duration do not fall under the statute of frauds regardless of how
long the performance actually takes.
Contracts for the transfer of an interest in land. This applies not only to a
contract to sell land but also to any other contract in which land or an interest
in it is disposed, such as the grant of a mortgage or an easement.
Contracts by the executor of a will to pay a debt of the estate with his own
money.
Contracts for the sale of goods involving a purchase price of $500 or more.
Contracts in which one party becomes a surety (acts as guarantor) for
another party's debt or other obligation.
This can be remembered by the mnemonic "MY LEGS": Marriage, one year,
land, executor, goods, surety; or Marriage, one year, land, executor,
guarantor, sale.
tort v. criminal
A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a wrong that involves a breach of a civil
duty owed to someone else. It is differentiated from a crime, which involves a
breach of a duty owed to society in general. Though many acts are both torts
and crimes, prosecutions for crime are mostly the responsibility of the state,
private prosecutions being rarely used; whereas any party who has been
injured may bring a lawsuit for tort. One who commits a tortious act is called
a tortfeasor. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict.
Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via
mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction.
Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently, in
different localities (state, local, international), at different time stages of the
so-called "crime" (planning, disclosure, supposedly intended, supposedly
prepared, incompleted, completed or futuristically proclaimed after the
"crime".
what isn't covered by title VII
Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion,
sex and national origin.
questions about contracts applying to minors
contracts by minors can be abandoned by either party.
puffery
Puffery as a legal term refers to promotional statements and claims that
express subjective rather than objective views, such that no reasonable
person would take them literally.[1] Puffery serves to "puff up" an
exaggerated image of what is being described and is especially featured in
testimonials.
consumer protection
Consumer protection laws are designed to ensure fair trade competition and
the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace. The laws are
designed to prevent businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair
practices from gaining an advantage over competitors and may provide
additional protection for the weak and those unable to take care of
themselves. Consumer Protection laws are a form of government regulation
which aim to protect the rights of consumers. For example, a government
may require businesses to disclose detailed information about products
particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food.
Consumer protection is linked to the idea of "consumer rights" (that
consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation of
consumer organizations which help consumers make better choices in the
marketplace.
void, voidable, invaliddifferences betwixt them, etc.
A void contract, also known as a void agreement, is not actually a contract.
A void contract cannot be enforced by law. Void contracts are different from
voidable contracts, which are contracts that may be (but not necessarily
will be) nullified.
procedural v. substantive
Procedural law comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines
what happens in civil lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings. The
rules are designed to ensure a fair and consistent application of due process
(in the U.S.) or fundamental justice (in other common law countries) to all
cases that come before a court. The substantive law, which refers to the
actual claims and defenses whose validity is tested through the procedures of
procedural law, is different than procedural law
utilitarianism
Utilitarianism (also: utilism) is the idea that the moral worth of an action is
determined solely by its usefulness in maximizing utility and minimizing
negative utility (utility can be defined as pleasure minus pain, preference
satisfaction, knowledge or other things) as summed among all sentient
novation
assignment
concerning how long an offer remains open, what can happen to the offer,
etc.
nonconforming goods
venue
administrative remedies