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REDES SOCIALES PARA LA


FORMACIN
Percepciones de los alumnos
universitarios hacia el trabajo en
grupo.
Julio Cabero Almenara (dir.) - Julio Barroso
Osuna - M del Carmen Llorente Cejudo Vernica Marn Daz
Han colaborado en la investigacin:
Carlos Castao Garrido Inmaculada Maiz
Olazabalaga Elvira Navas Mara Cecilia
Fonseca Angel Puentes Puente - Ivanovnna
M. Cruz Pichardo Honmy Rosario Uriel R.
Cukierman.
Jos Luis Prez Diez de los Ros Roco Prez
Garca (estadsticos)








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