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- >ir management,
Memorias / Proceedings
On a basis of our experience with grid design and optirnization
and after considering various smaller grid-block sizes, we
built the final fine-grid model using comer-point geometry
grids to honor the faults in the field. We also applied local
grid refinement (LGR) around the severa1 wells. Fig. 1
presents the grid we used over the geostatistical model. We
applied LGR to help with our history match. .Based on the
geostatistical study, we preserved the vertical layering profile
of 30 simulation layers. The resulting model dimensions were
39 x 23 x 30. This resulted in a reservoir simulation model
with 26,910 main grid cells coupled with 32 locally refined
grid cells.
The PVT data, the relative permeability and the capillary
pressure data for the reservoir simulation mbdel were
developed and discussed by McCain.'
Fig. 2 shows the field oil, water, and gas production rates.
We can see from Fig 2 that the reservoir simulation model
honored the observed field oil and water rates. There is much
uncertainty in the recorded gas rate data, and the model
matched the field performance adequately, given the
uncertainty in these data.
Fig. 3 shows the gasloil ratio (GOR). The match is good and
confirms our bubblepoint match.
I.s U
Forecasts
~ m u e@ormance
LNA
e-
'w M history match of this reservoir resulted in a layer..--m= distribution of current water saturation. However,
STB l acre) =
7758xhx@x(S0- S,,)
(')
B
O
oareservoirforredevelo~mentandinfilldriuing.
f
m*
is a volumetric calculation, which provides a direct
bare
m-is
=oir
The base case represents the as-is scenario. The base case
showed a recovery factor of around 33% at the end of the run
(2004). We assumed that we would produce this field under
Memorias / Proceedings
the current operating conditions. In this case we have 9
producing wells and 10 injection wells.
--m----
tsions
---
E
&
Prevent pressure from dropping below the bubblepoint because gas production will increase dramatically and oil will be lost.
k
Pb
So
= permeability, md
=
Bo
=
@
=
MHPV =
sor
Memorias / Proceedings
History Marching
Parameters
History Marching
Criteria
Relative
permeability
curves (oi\lwater)
Horizontal
Remarks
peTmeab\\\ty
Bubblepoint
pressure
Aquifer size
of 1801.65 psia
Large aquifer was
required in the
western side of the
Hayat field.
Recovery, MSTB
Horizontal Well
Case
horizontal
Case
HN3P
vertical well
Tablc 2 - Comparison of Resuhfrom the Horizontal WeU Case and the Opfid Recovery Case.
-S',,P
0% 20% 40% 80% '80% 100%
Pwwnt of Total WeII Water Injecon
/mP L T SIM
~ 1
Memorias / Proceedings
Memorias / Proceedin~s
--
ntroduccin
--
-..
. :as
:
:
:noce.que
Memorias / Proceedings
Sin duda que en las dcadas de los 80's y 90's han habido
desarrollos de inters en el anlisis de pruebas de pozos as
---;1
- A
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Y 2
Memorias / Proceedings
Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery ConfereiMidland, TX, Marzo 8-9, 1990.
'
Berumen, S., Sanchez, J.M. y Rodriguez, F.: "A Strfor Additional Developments in the Burgos Basin Arcabuz-Culebra Gas Field", Artculo SPE No.
presentado en International Petroleum Conferencc
Exhibition of Mexico, Villahermosa, Tab. Mxico. \'.
3-5, 1997
Areas de Drene
Elemento de
Malla de
Simulacin
Pozo
- Fractura
tiempo
104
3Wm
4mn
5wm
V W *
so0 lm.
Esquemas de Espaclamientw
a
Figura 2- Incrementos econmicos respecto del caso base para diferentes esquemas de
espaciamientos.
ue 1989 a 1991 fue contratado por PETROBRAS y comisionado al Departamento de Ingeniera Petrolera de la
Universidad de Carnpinas en Sao Paulo, Brasil, donde fue profesor e investigador
: 1982 a 1989 fue investigador del Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo, en la Divisin de Ingeniera de Yacimientos.
t u 1 ~ 8 obtuvo
2
el grado de doctor en ingeniera petrolera en la Universidad de Stanford. En 1978 obtuvo el grado
cle maestro en ingeniera petrolera en la DEPFI-UNAM. Se gradu como ingeniero petrolero en el Instituto Politcnico
Nacional en 1973. De 1973 a 1978 trabaj para el IMP en la Divisin de Ingeniera de Yacimientos, en el rea de
simulacin numrica.
Memorias / Proceedinas
The three reservoirs in this study are structural traps separated by northwest-trending structural saddles. The reservoirs are named Reservoir A, B and C, as seen in the schematic cross-section in Fig. 1. Reservoir A is the gas reservoir, while Reservoir B is the volatile oil and Reservoir C is
the black oil. Mosr of the wells are on the crests of the structures. At the time of this study, there were 4 wells in Reservoir, 11 wells in Reservoir B and 10 wells in Reservoir C.
Only 2D seismic data were available over the reservoirs.
The reservoirs are located in an area without a gas market
and regulations do not allow flaring of the gas. Thus, aIiy
produced gas from Reservoirs B and C has to be reinjected.
Three of the four active wells in the gas reservoir are used as
observation wells. This study was performed to develop an
r-
oir A was not produced and Wells A7, A14, and A19
ujed as pressure observation wells. Fig. 4 shows that
:S Iressures in A7 and A14 dropped as a result of the
-u-tion from Reservoirs B and C, although at different
-*.\t about 1400 days, gas injection was started in well
5 3 Reservoir B. Fig. 5 shows the gas and water injection
111 Reservoir. B. Within 100 days of the start of gas
- c m ,the measured pressures in Reservoir B start leveling
Fig. 4). The production rates in Reservoir B were also
- ~ utodkeep the pressure above the bubble point.
1ress su re Buildi
t Data Supports
Estimates and Layer
a
.ZZT
UW
production test data on well B 18. Well B 18 is on
-;
-..rtheast corner of the top of the Reservoir B structure.
--z
ia as
Memorias / Proceedinas
- . .-
x--- - - -
Reservoirs
Fluid samples were analyzed from four wells in the three
reservoirs. The results, summarized in Table 1, show that
Reservoir A has a gas with a dew point, Reservoir B has a
volatile oil with a bubble point and that Reservoir C has a
black oil with a bubblepoint. Since it appeared there was
migration of fluid between reservoirs, one set of equationof-state (EOS) parameters was developed to describe al1 three
reservoirs. Since the objective of the study was the optimization of Reservoirs B and C, the three sample analyses from
these two reservoirs were used for calibration of the EOS
model.
ptimal Re1s 1
Alternatina-Gas Znjection
_
- - -
.-~
.- .
-
To optimize performance of this reservoir complex, we con-bined the reservoir model, an economic model and a wellborr
model. The economics were calculated an wellbore modc
The economics were calculed on an incremental basis ar .
were used to judge the various operational scenarios. Soni:
major factors affecting the economics were the costs of ns
wells and the operating costs for the gas and water injectii facilities. The produced gas is reinjected because there is r
market for the gas and it cannot be flared due to regulatior.
During the optirnization phase, cases were developed investigate the sensitivity of different model paramete:
These included parameters affecting surface facilitis
comrnunication between the reservoirs, reservoir layer a:
fluid properties, and individual well production.
The results of our optimization showed that gas inject~~
should remained capped at the current capacity and tkwater and gas should be injected in Reservoir C. Tpressure in the UW layer in Reservoir B should maintained above the original bubble point pressure
maintain gas miscibility until the oil production can:
economically support gas injection. This happens abouyears after the end of the current history match. Tpressure should then be allowed to drop but still maintairabove the Reservoir C bubble point pressure. This d r o ~
Reservoir B pressure allows additional migration of gas fr Reservoir A and increases cross flow from the LW to rUW layer, thus reducing injection requirements.
We determined that water-altemating-gas (WAG) inject:
should be used to maintain reservoir pressure and optim
sweep in the UW layer. The alternating over-ride of :miscible gas and underride of the water provides excel1:sweep efficiency. The permeability of the LW layer is :
low to use WAG. We also determined that WAG injectior
the UW layer does not have a negative effect on recovep
the LW because of the pressure differential toward the L-.
Secondary recovery in the LW found to be was 1.:
accomplished by injection of gas. The gas is miscible \a
the oil, thereby reducing viscosity and improving cross fi
to the UW layer.
We also recommended adding severa1 wells to improve x:.
sweep, and we determined that horizontal wells in the L
layer provide an economically viable option if the drillirisks can be overcome.
B
C
Saturation
Pressure
TYP~
Dewpoint
Bubblepoint
Bubblepoint
Saturation
Pressure
kg/cms2
308 (4390)
224 (3 186)
158 (2244)
Mole % of
C7+
2.58
27.62
39.93
Reservoir C
Bubblepoint 158 kg/cm2
OMI -2766 m SS
Reservoir B
Bubblepoint 224 kg/cm2
OMI -2864 m ss
Reservoir A
Dewpoint 308 kg/cm2
GMI -2931 m ss
Memorius / Proceedings
lo000
lo00
P
E
-i
-od
flerewair c
1O0
1o
O
500
1000
1500
2000
2% ?
Time, days
320
300
2 280 ---P
e% 260 ---2
n
5 240 -2 220 ---200 -"
180
-500
"O
Resewoir B
All Wells
~
O
J ~
A'9
~ ' ~
vvv
*N
O
*+
@i+++++
Resewoir C
All Wdls
\&
d
"B
" l i ' i i i i i i i l i i i i l i i i i ~ i i i t
O
500
lo00
1500
2000
2500
1E+mE
---
1OOOOO
-.
-
g
---
2~ann,~
----r-m
lo00
(dd
---
100
1200
Water Injection
" '
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
B.
Memorias / Proceedings
Mr. Hill received a B.S. degree in 1983 and an M.S. degree in 1984 in Petroleum Engineering from Texas AS
University. He joined S.A. Holditch & Associates, Inc. part time in May 1984 and full time in January 1985. 1
principal area of responsibility is the design and enhancement of computer models to assist in engineering evaluat
of projects. Recent software projects include well test analysis and production analysis programs. Mr. Hill 1
participated in engineering projects for litigation and presentation to state regulatory agencies. He has also bc
involved in reservoir simulation, pressure transient analysis, well logging analysis, and well performance projectit
In 1998, Mr. Hill moved to the Venezuela Division to manage the reservoir-engineering group.
7
Memorias / Proceedings
Gonzalez, J. A., Rampazzo, M., Chan, B., Mora, J. L., and Rivas, O
PDVSA, Caracas, Venezuela, ar
Ripple, R. .4
ARCONICO, Jakarta, Zndone
\
'
-:
-:
- -- 2-0.
this task was to see what data was available, identify missing
data sets and to build the data base that would be used for the
remainder of the study. The data and specific tasks performed
during this stage will be reviewed by discipline in this section
(Figure 3).
The engineering data gathered and evaluated during built. of the geologic model will be instrumentalin the construcr~
of the reservoir simulation models. Data such as rela:
permeability, fluid properties, rock properties and L :
histories will be used in the final reservoir simulation m@::
The geologic model as reflected in the individual reser.
models will serve as a basis for further understanding a Ihistory match proceeds.
77r
~ s v i o u attempts.
s
litial volumetrics of the main Eocene B6 reservoir
zpear to match closely with figures from previous
=DVSAstudies. This allows for increased confidence in
:
:
geologic model constructed during the study.
K. T. and Christie-Blick, N., 1985, Glossary -Strike~=formation,basin formation, and sedimentation, in,
.::s. K. T., and Christie-Blick, N., eds., Strike-slip
qation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation: Society
22.
Alto de Ceuta
Field
Fault
Memorias / Proceedings
Fig. 3 - Diagram of the methodology and workflow used in the construction of the Alto de Ceuta geologic model.
Geological, geophysical, petrophysical and reservair engineering data was integrated to produce the final geologic model.
150
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m
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Z=:
3
Laguna
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Lower
Lagunillas
La
Rosa
Marine Shale
Santa Barbara
Pauji
Upper "B"
Q)
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Q)
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Lower "B"
cn
"C"