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ANNEALING
Annealing
The
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain growth
This
One
This
Recrystallization Temperature
(oF)
Copper ( 99.99 %)
250
Copper ( 5 % Zinc)
600
Aluminum (99.99 %)
175
Aluminum alloys
600
1000
Zinc
50
Tin
25
Lead
25
During
The
This
The
Improved ductility
Removal of residual stresses that result
from cold-working or machining
Improved machinability
Grain refinement
At
To
The
The
To restore ductility
To refine coarse grains
To improve electrical and magnetic properties in
grain-oriented Si steels.
SPHEROIDISING METHODS:
Heating the steel to just below Ac1 temp,
holding at this temperature for a very long
period followed by slow cooling.
Austenitise the steel at a temp not more than
50oC above A1, and cool very slowly through
A1 to transform this inhomogeneous austenite
at a temperature not more than 50oC below
A1 temperature
ADVANTAGES OF SPHEROIDISATION
ANNEALING:
minimum hardness
maximum ductility
maximum machinability
maximum softness
Commonly
steel
In isothermal annealing, steel austenitised at
a temp 20-40oC above Ac3, is cooled quickly
to the temp of isothermal holding( which is
below A1 temp in the pearlitic range), held
there for the required time so that complete
transformation of austenite takes place and
then normally cooled in air
ADVANTAGES OF ISOTHERMAL
ANNEALING:
As cooling can be done in air after the
transformation is complete, total time of
heat treatment and the cost of annealing is
less.
The productivity of the furnace is high
The microstructure obtained is more uniform
and thus better control over hardness can be
obtained as transformation takes place at a
constant temperature.
Improved machinability with good surface
finish
Reduced warping in subsequent hardening
processes.
NORMALIZING
During
To
It
2.
3.
The
On
1)
2)
3)
It
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
2. Tempering:
The second stage of tempering eliminates the
retained austenite in most steels.
In high alloy steels, multiple tempering is able
to eliminate the retained austenite during
cooling from the tempering temperature.
2. Soft Spots:
Soft areas on the hardened surface are called soft
spots.
The adhering scale, or decarburisation of some areas
or prolonged vapour-blanket stage due to overheated
coolant or insufficient agitation or circulation of
coolant, or rough surface could cause presence of
soft spots surface.
3. Quench Cracks:
Quench cracks form as a result of internal stresses
developed of tensile nature exceeding the tensile strength
of the steel.
Steel with lower Ms temperature due to higher contents of
alloying elements are more prone to quench cracks. Higher
carbon also results in more brittle martensite.
Quench cracks can form if there is more time lag between
the process of quenching and tempering.
Overheating of steel or a wrong coolant which gave much
faster rate of cooling, or there is faulty design of the
component with sharp corners and sharp transition
between sections, or a wrong steel has been chosen.
Presence of large amounts of retained austenite causes
grinding cracks.
The other defects could be distortion and warpage; change
in dimensions; oxidation and decarburisation
In
During
During
While
Alloying
The
The animation above shows that metals that have not been
annealed are very difficult to deform.
DIVYA -109MM0001
ATUL RANJAN -109MM0125
MANINDRA RANJAN -109MM0556
ZEBA KAMAL -109MM0575