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H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
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Tuesday, December 07, 2010
TON CAO CP C1
I HC
PHN PH
PHI CHNG TRNH
S ti
tit: 45
Chng 1.
Chng 2.
Chng 3.
Chng 4.
Chng 5.
Chng 6.
Hm s mt bin s
Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin s
Php tnh tch phn hm mt bin s
Hm s nhiu bin s
Phng trnh vi phn
Bi ton kinh t L thuyt chui
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A1C1
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
B tc v hm s
Gii hn ca hm s
i lng v cng b v cng ln
Hm s lin tc
.
1. B TC V HM S
1.1. Khi nim c bn
1.1.1. nh ngha hm s
Cho X ,Y khc rng.
nh x f : X Y vi x y = f (x ) l mt hm s.
Khi :
Min xc nh (MX) ca f, k hiu Df, l tp X.
Min gi tr (MGT) ca f l:
G = y = f (x ) x X .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Nhn xt
th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
th ca hm s l i xng qua gc ta .
1.1.2. Hm s hp
Cho hai hm s f v g tha iu kin Gg D f .
Khi , hm s h(x ) = ( f g )(x ) = f [g(x )] c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g.
Ch
( f g )(x ) (g f )(x ).
VD 2. Hm s y = 2(x 2 + 1)2 x 2 1 l hm hp ca
f (x ) = 2x 2 x v g(x ) = x 2 + 1 .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2, 3)

NXB Gio dc.
3. L Vn Ht Ton cao cp C2
H Kinh t TP. HCM.
4. L Quang Hong Nhn Ton cao cp (Gii tch)
H Kinh t - Ti chnh TP. HCM NXB Thng k.
5. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 3, 4)
NXBHQG TP.HCM.
6. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 2)
NXB Gio dc.
Bin so
son: ThS.
ThS. o
on Vng Nguyn
Ti Slide bi gi
ging To
Ton C1 i hc ti
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Nu f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) x1 = x 2 th f l n nh.
Nu f(X) = Y th f l ton nh.
Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.
VD 1.
a) Hm s f : tha y = f (x ) = 2x l n nh.
b) Hm s f : [0; +) tha f (x ) = x 2 l ton nh.
c) Hs f : (0; +) tha f (x ) = ln x l song nh.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm chn nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x Df .
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm l nu:
f (x ) = f (x ), x Df .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s g c gi l hm s ngc ca f,
k hiu g = f 1 , nu x = g(y ), y G f .
Nhn xt
th hm s y = f 1(x )
i xng vi th ca
hm s y = f (x ) qua
ng thng y = x .
VD 3. Cho f (x ) = 2x th
f 1(x ) = log2 x , mi x > 0.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1.2. Hm s lng gic ngc
1.2.1. Hm s y = arcsin x
Hm s y = sin x c hm ngc trn

f 1 : [1; 1] ;
2 2
x y = arcsin x .

; l
2 2
VD 4. arcsin 0 = 0 ;
arcsin(1) = ;
2
3
arcsin
= .
2
3
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1.2.2. Hm s y = arccos x
Hm s y = cos x c hm ngc trn [0; ] l
f 1 : [1; 1] [0; ]
x y = arccos x .
VD 5. arccos 0 = ;
2
arccos(1) = ;
arccos
1 2
= ; arccos
=
.
2
6
2
3
Ch
arcsin x + arccos x =
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1.2.3. Hm s y = arctan x

Hm s y = tan x c hm ngc trn ; l
2 2

f 1 : ;
2 2
x y = arctan x .
VD 6. arctan 0 = 0 ;
arctan(1) = ;
4
arctan 3 = .
3
Quy c. arctan (+) =
, arctan () = .
2
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
1.2.4. Hm s y = arccot x
Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

f 1 : (0; )
x y = arc cot x .
VD 7. arc cot 0 = ;
2
3
arc cot(1) =
;
4
arc cot 3 = .
6
Quy c. arc cot(+) = 0, arc cot() = .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2. GII HN CA HM S
2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a; b). Ta ni f(x) c gii
hn l L (hu hn) khi x x 0 [a ; b ], k hiu
lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho trc ta tm c > 0
x x 0
sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)
Cho hm s f(x) xc nh trn (a; b). Ta ni f(x) c gii
hn l L (hu hn) khi x x 0 [a ; b ], k hiu
lim f (x ) = L , nu mi dy {xn} trong (a ; b ) \ {x 0 } m
x x 0
x n x 0 th lim f (x n ) = L .
n
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
, x [1; 1].
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x + ,
k hiu lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho trc ta tm
x +
c N > 0 ln sao cho khi x > N th f (x ) L < .

Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = L , nu > 0 cho
x
trc ta tm c N < 0 c tr tuyt i ln sao cho

khi x < N th f (x ) L < .
nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)
Ta ni f(x) c gii hn l + khi x x 0 , k hiu
lim f (x ) = + , nu M > 0 ln ty cho trc ta
x x0
tm c > 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th

f (x ) > M .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = , nu M < 0 c tr

x x0
tuyt i ln ty cho trc ta tm c > 0 sao cho

khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) < M .
nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)
Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0
vi x > x 0 th ta ni f(x) c gii hn phi ti x0 (hu
hn), k hiu lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x0 +0
x x+
0
Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0

vi x < x 0 th ta ni f(x) c gii hn tri ti x0 (hu
hn), k hiu lim f (x ) = L hoc lim f (x ) = L .
x x 0 0
x x
0
Ch . lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = L .

x x0
x x
xx
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2.2. Tnh cht

Cho lim f (x ) = a v lim g (x ) = b . Khi :
x x 0
x x 0
2) lim [ f (x ) g (x )] = a b .
x x 0
3) lim [ f (x )g (x )] = ab ;
x x 0
f (x ) a
= , b 0;
g (x )
b
5) Nu f (x ) g (x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) th a b .
6) Nu f (x ) h (x ) g (x ), x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) v
lim f (x ) = lim g (x ) = L th lim h (x ) = L .
4) lim
x x 0
x x 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2) Xt L = lim
lim [u(x )]v (x ) = a b .
A. L = 9 ;
B. L = 4 ;
C. L = 1;
D. L = 0 .
Cc kt qu cn nh
1
1
1) lim = , lim = +.
+
x 0 x
x 0 x
3x
VD 2. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 +
.
2
x
2x + 1
2
B. L = e ;
C. L = e ;
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 + tan

x 0+
A. L = ;
B. L = 1;
an
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
2x
A. L = ;
C. L = 4 e ;
3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN
D. L = 1.
1
4x
3.1. i lng v cng b

a) nh ngha
Hm s (x ) c gi l i lng v cng b (VCB)
khi x x 0 nu lim (x ) = 0 (x0 c th l v cng).
x x 0
D. L = e .
VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;
(x ) =
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
, ta c:
x
1
lim 1 + = lim (1 + x )x = e.
x
x 0
x
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
+ bm1x m1 + ... + b0
nu n = m ;
bn
b) L = 0 nu n < m ;
c) L = nu n > m .
sin x
tan x
3) lim
= lim
= 1.
x 0 x
x 0 x
4) S e:
a) L =
x x 0
2x
VD 1. Tm gii hn L = lim
x + 3
x
x x 0
an x n + an 1x n 1 + ... + a0
x b x m
m
x x 0
2x
x 1
x x 0
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
nh l
Nu lim u(x ) = a > 0, lim v(x ) = b th:
x x 0
x x 0
1) lim [C .f (x )] = C .a (C l hng s).
1
ln2 x
l VCB khi x + .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
b) Tnh cht ca VCB
c) So snh cc VCB
nh ngha
1) Nu (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 th
(x ) (x ) v (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
2) Nu (x ) l VCB v (x ) b chn trong ln cn x 0

th (x ).(x ) l VCB khi x x 0 .
3) lim f (x ) = a f (x ) = a + (x ), trong (x ) l
x x 0
VCB khi x x 0 .
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp cao hn (x ),
k hiu (x ) = 0((x )) .
Nu k = , ta ni (x ) l VCB cp thp hn (x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni (x ) v (x ) l cc VCB
tng ng, k hiu (x ) (x ) .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi x khi x 0 v:

x
2 sin2
1 cos x
2 = 1.
lim
= lim
2
2
x 0
x 0
2
x
x
4
2
sin 2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1 .
Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

1) (x ) (x ) (x ) (x ) = 0((x )) = 0((x )).
2) Nu (x ) (x ), (x ) (x ) th (x ) (x ).
3) Nu 1(x ) 1(x ), 2(x ) 2(x ) th
1(x ) 2 (x ) 1(x )2(x ).
4) Nu (x ) = 0((x )) th (x ) + (x ) (x ).
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

Cho (x ), (x ) l tng cc VCB khc cp khi x x 0
(x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp
x x 0 (x )
nht ca t v mu.
x 3 cos x + 1
.
x 0
x4 + x2
Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

1) sin x x ;
2) tan x x ;
3) arcsin x x ;
4) arctan x x
x2
5) 1 cos x ;
6) e x 1 x ;
2
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
x
7) ln(1 + x ) x ;
8) 1 + x 1 .
n
Ch . Nu u(x ) l VCB khi x 0 th ta c th thay x
bi u(x ) trong 8 cng thc trn.
ln(1 2x sin2 x )
VD 4. Tnh gii hn L = lim
.
x 0
sin x 2 . tan x
n
VD 5. Tnh L = lim
sin
x + 1 1 + x 2 3 tan2 x
sin x 3 + 2x
x = 2t t 2
VD 6. Cho hm s y = f (x ) tha:
.
2
4
y = t + 3t
Khi x 0 , chn p n ng?
x 0
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
(x )
= k.
(x )
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
x2
x2
;
B. f (x ) ;
4
2
x
C. f (x ) ;
D. f (x ) 3x 2 .
2
Ch
Quy tc VCB tng ng khng p dng c cho
hiu hoc tng ca cc VCB nu chng lm trit tiu
t hoc mu ca phn thc.
A. f (x )
VD. lim
x 0
e x + e x 2
x2
= lim
(e x 1) + (e x 1)
x2
x + (x )
= lim
= 0 (Sai!).
x 0
x2
x 0
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
3.2. i lng v cng ln

a) nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l i lng v cng ln (VCL)
khi x x 0 nu lim f (x ) = (x0 c th l v cng).
x x 0
VD 7.
cos x + 1
l VCL khi x 0 ;
2x 3 sin x
x3 + x 1
l VCL khi x + .
x 2 cos 4x + 3
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

1
l VCB khi x x 0 .
f (x )
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
VD 8.
khi x 0 v:
2x + x
3
1
2x 3 + x
x
lim :
= 3 lim
= 3 lim
= .
3
3
3
x 0 x
x 0
x 0 x 3
2x + x
x
l VCL khc cp vi
2 x + x 1 2 x khi x + .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4. HM S LIN TC
4.1. nh ngha
S x 0 Df c gi l im c lp ca f (x ) nu
> 0 : x (x 0 ; x 0 + ) \ {x 0 } th x D f .
Hm s f (x ) lin tc ti x 0 nu lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
Hm s f (x ) lin tc trn tp X nu f (x ) lin tc ti

mi im x 0 X .
Ch . Hm f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th c th l

mt ng lin nt (khng t khc) trn on .
Quy c. Hm f (x ) lin tc ti mi im c lp ca n.
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
b) So snh cc VCL
nh ngha
Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim
x x 0
f (x )
=k.
g(x )
Khi :
Nu k = 0 , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp thp hn g(x ).
Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).
Nu 0 k , ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL
cng cp.
c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL

tng ng. K hiu f (x ) g(x ) .
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

Cho f(x) v g(x) l tng cc VCL khc cp khi x x 0
f (x )
th lim
bng gii hn t s hai VCL cp cao nht
x x 0 g(x )
ca t v mu.
VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:

x 3 cos x + 1
x 3 2x 2 + 1
A = lim
; B = lim
.
3
x
x +
3x + 2x
2 x 7 sin2 x
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4.2. nh l
Tng, hiu, tch v thng ca cc hm s lin tc ti
x0 l hm s lin tc ti x0.
Hm s s cp xc nh u th lin tc .
Hm s lin tc trn mt on th t gi tr ln nht v
nh nht trn on .
4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha

nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) ( lim f (x ) = f (x 0 )).
x x 0
x x 0+
nh l
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x0 nu
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ).
x x 0
x x 0+
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
3 tan2 x + sin2 x
, x >0
VD 1. Cho hm s f (x ) =
.
2x
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
1
3
A. = 0 ;
B. = ;
C. = 1;
D. = .
2
2
ln(cos
x
)
,x 0
VD 2. Cho hm s f (x ) = arctan2 x + 2x 2
.
2 3, x = 0
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti x = 0 l:
17
17
3
3
A. = ; B. = ; C. = ; D. = .
12
12
2
2
Chng 2. Ph
Php tnh vi phn hm mt bi
bin s
1. o hm
2. Vi phn
3. Cc nh l c bn v hm kh vi Cc tr
4. Quy tc LHospital
1. O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn (a ; b) ca
x 0 (a ; b ). Gii hn:
f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 )
y
lim
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
(nu c) c gi l o hm ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0 ) hay y (x 0 ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
c) o hm v cng
y
Nu t s
khi x 0 th ta ni y = f (x ) c
x
o hm v cng ti x 0 .
Tng t, ta cng c cc khi nim o hm v cng
mt pha.
VD 1. Cho f (x ) = 3 x f (0) = ,
f (x ) = x f (0+ ) = + .
Ch
Nu f (x ) lin tc v c o hm v cng ti x 0 th tip
tuyn ti x 0 ca th y = f (x ) song song vi trc Oy .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Chng 1. Hm s mt bi
bin s
4.4. Phn loi im gin on

y
Nu hm f (x ) khng lin tc
ti x 0 th x 0 c gi l
im gin on ca f (x ).
(C )
O x0
Nu tn ti cc gii hn:
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ), lim f (x ) = f (x 0+ )
x x 0
f (x 0 ),
x x 0+
f (x 0+ )
nhng
v f (x 0 ) khng ng thi bng
nhau th ta ni x 0 l im gin on loi mt.
Ngc li, x 0 l im gin on loi hai.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Nhn xt. Do x = x x 0 nn:

f (x 0 ) = lim
f (x ) f (x 0 )
x x 0
x x0
b) o hm mt pha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) xc nh trong ln cn phi
f (x ) f (x 0 )
(x 0 ; b ) ca x 0 . Gii hn lim
(nu c)
+
x x0
x x 0
c gi l o hm bn phi ca y = f (x ) ti x 0 .
K hiu l f (x 0+ ). Tng t, f (x 0 ).
Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) c o hm ti x0 khi v ch khi
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ) = f (x 0+ ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:

(u v ) = u v ;
(uv ) = u v + uv ;
k
u u v uv
= kv , k ;
=
.
2
v
v
v
v2
2) o hm ca hm s hp f (x ) = y[u(x )]:
f (x ) = y (u ).u (x ) hay y (x ) = y (u ).u (x ).
3) o hm hm s ngc ca y = y(x ):
1
x (y ) =
.
y (x )
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
( ) = e ;
o hm ca mt s hm s s cp
( ) = .x
1) x
3) (sin x ) = cos x ;
5) (tan x ) =
1
2
cos x
= 1 + tan2 x ;
2)
( x ) = 2 1x ;
6) (cot x ) =
) = x1 ;
9) ln x
4) (cos x ) = sin x ;
1
sin2 x
( ) = a .ln a ;
7) e x
8) a x
11) (arcsin x ) =
10) loga x
1
1 x2
) = x .ln1 a ;
12)(arccos x ) =
14) (arc cot x ) =
1
1 x2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

Cho hm s y = f (x ) c phng trnh dng tham s
x = x (t ), y = y(t ). Gi s x = x (t ) c hm s ngc
13) (arctan x ) =
1
1 + x2
1
1 + x2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
1.4. o hm cp cao
Gi s f (x ) c o hm f (x ) v f (x ) c o hm th
( f (x )) = f (x ) l o hm cp hai ca f (x ).
v hm s ngc ny c o hm th:
y
y (t )
y (x ) =
hay yx = t .
x (t )
x t
x = 2t 2 1
VD 2. Tnh y (x ) ca hm s cho bi
, t 0.
y = 4t 3
x = et
VD 3. Tnh yx (1) ca hm s cho bi

.
2
y = t 2t
VD 4. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin 2 x . Tnh o hm f (6)(0).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 5. Tnh f
n +1
(n )
(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = (1 x )
VD 6. Tnh y(n ) ca hm s y =
1
2
x 3x 4
Tng t ta c:
f (n )(x ) = f (n 1)(x ) l o hm cp n ca f (x ).
A. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
B. f (6)(0) = 32 ;
C. f (6)(0) = 16 ;
D. f (6)(0) = 0 .
1.5. o hm ca hm s n
Cho phng trnh F (x , y ) = 0 (*).
Nu y = y(x ) l hm s xc nh trong 1 khong no
sao cho khi th y(x ) vo (*) ta c ng nht thc th
y(x ) c gi l hm s n xc nh bi (*).
o hm hai v (*) theo x , ta c Fx + Fy.yx = 0 .
Vy yx =
VD 7. Tnh o hm f (n )(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = sin x .
Fx
, F 0.
Fy y
y (x ) = yx c gi l o hm ca hm s n y(x ).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 8. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi xy e x + e y = 0 .
Tnh y (x ).
VD 9. Cho hm n y(x ) xc nh bi:
xy e x + ln y = 0 (*). Tnh y (0).
2. VI PHN
2.1. Vi phn cp mt
Hm s y = f (x ) c gi l kh vi ti x 0 D f nu
f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 ) c th biu din di
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
dng:
vi A l hng s v 0(x ) l VCB khi x 0 .

y
ln x 2 + y 2 = arctan . Tnh y (x ).
x
Ch
Ta c th xem hm n y(x ) nh hm hp u(x ) v thc
hin o hm nh hm s hp.
Nhn xt
f (x 0 ) = A.x + 0(x )
y 3 (x 2 2)y 2x 4 = 0 (*). Tnh y (1).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x 0 )
x
=A+
0(x )
x
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x 0 )
2.2. Vi phn cp cao

Gi s y = f (x ) c o hm n cp n th
x 0
A f (x 0 ) = A .
x
df (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ).x hay df (x ) = f (x ).x .
Chn f (x ) = x df (x ) = x dx = x .
Khi , i lng A.x c gi l vi phn ca hm s

y = f (x ) ti x0. K hiu df (x 0 ) hay dy(x 0 ).
d n y = d (d n 1y ) = y (n )dx n
c gi l vi phn cp n ca hm y = f (x ).
Vy df (x ) = f (x )dx hay dy = y dx .
VD 1. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca f (x ) = x 2e 3x ti x 0 = 1.
VD 5. Tnh vi phn cp n ca hm s y = e 2x .
VD 2. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca y = arctan(x 2 + 1) .
VD 6. Tnh vi phn cp 3 ca f (x ) = tan x ti x 0 =
VD 3. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm s y = 2ln(arcsin x ) .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
d n y = y (n )dx n khng cn ng na.
3.1. Cc nh l
3.1.1. B Fermat
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trong (a;b ) v c o hm ti
x 0 (a ;b ). Nu f (x ) t gi tr ln nht (hoc b nht)
ti x 0 trong (a ;b) th f (x 0 ) = 0 .
Quy tc tnh vi phn cp n
2) d n (uv ) =
d n (u + v ) = d nu + d nv ;
C nkd nk u.d kv vi d 0u = u, d 0v = v .
3.1.2. nh l Rolle
k =0
VD 7. Tnh vi phn cp 10 ca hm s y = (x x )e .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
.
4
3. CC NH L C BN V HM KH VI
CC TR CA HM S
Ch
Khi x l mt hm s c lp vi y th cng thc
1) d n (k .u ) = k .d nu ;
VD 4. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm s y = ln(sin x ).
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ] v kh vi trong

(a;b ). Nu f (a ) = f (b ) th c (a;b ) sao cho f (c ) = 0 .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.1.3. nh l Cauchy
Cho hai hm s f (x ), g(x ) lin tc trong [a ;b ], kh vi
trong (a ;b) v g (x ) 0, x (a;b ).
Khi , c (a;b ) sao cho:
f (b ) f (a ) f (c )
=
.
g (b ) g (a ) g (c )
3.1.4. nh l Lagrange
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong [a;b ], kh vi trong
(a;b ). Khi , c (a;b ) sao cho:
f (b ) f (a )
= f (c ).
b a
3.2. Cc tr ca hm s
3.2.1. Hm s n iu
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc trong trong (a;b ).
Khi :
f (x ) c gi l tng ngt trong (a;b) nu
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
> 0 , x1, x 2 (a ;b) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
f (x ) c gi l gim ngt trong (a;b ) nu
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
< 0 , x1, x 2 (a;b) v x1 x 2 .
x1 x 2
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
f (x ) c gi l tng hay gim khng ngt trong (a;b)

f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
nu
0 hay
0,
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1, x 2 (a;b ) v x1 x 2 .
b) nh l 1
Cho hm s f (x ) kh vi trong trong (a ;b ). Khi :
Nu f (x ) > 0, x (a ;b ) th f (x ) tng ngt trong (a ;b ).
Nu f (x ) < 0, x (a;b ) th f (x ) gim ngt trong (a ;b).
Nu f (x ) 0, x (a ;b ) hay f (x ) 0, x (a;b ) th
f (x ) tng khng ngt hay gim khng ngt trong (a ;b ).
f (x ) c gi l n iu trong (a;b ) nu
f (x ) tng ngt hay gim ngt trong (a;b ).
f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ) v lin tc trong (a;b ] th
f (x ) n iu trong (a;b ] (trng hp khc tng t).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = ln(x + 1).
VD 3. Tm cc khong n iu ca y =
VD 4. Tm cc khong n iu ca y = e
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
x2 + 1
(x 1)2
1
x 2x
x 3 4
Nu f (x ) gim ngt trong (a;b ) th f (x ) 0 trong

(a ;b ) v khng tn ti (; ) (a ;b ) sao cho f (x ) 0 .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 2. Tm cc khong n iu ca f (x ) =
c) nh l 2
Nu f (x ) tng ngt trong (a ;b ) th f (x ) 0 trong (a ;b)
v khng tn ti (; ) (a;b ) sao cho f (x ) 0 .
3.2.2. Cc tr
a) nh ngha
Nu f (x ) lin tc trong (a;b) cha x 0 v f (x 0 ) < f (x ),
x (a ;b ) \ {x 0 } th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Nu f (x ) lin tc trong (a;b) cha x 0 v f (x 0 ) > f (x ),
x (a ;b ) \ {x 0 } th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
b) nh l
Cho f (x ) c o hm n cp 2n trong (a ;b) cha x 0
tha f (x 0 ) = ... = f (2n 1)(x 0 ) = 0 v f (2n )(x 0 ) 0 .
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) > 0 th f (x ) t cc tiu ti x 0 .
Nu f (2n )(x 0 ) < 0 th f (x ) t cc i ti x 0 .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca hm s f (x ) = x 6 2x 3 + 3 .
3.2.3. Gi tr ln nht gi tr nh nht
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s y = f (x ) c MX D v X D .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:
x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = M v f (x ) M , x X .
K hiu l: M = max f (x ).
x X
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca f (x ) trn X nu:

x 0 X : f (x 0 ) = m v f (x ) m, x X .
K hiu l: m = min f (x ).
x X
Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X D .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Nu M = max f (x ) v m = min f (x ) th:

x X
x X
m f (x ) M , x X .
b) Phng php tm max min

Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Cho hm s y = f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ].
tm max f (x ) v min f (x ), ta thc hin cc bc sau:
x [a ;b ]
x [a ;b ]
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n

nghim x 1,..., x n [a; b ] (loi cc nghim ngoi [a; b ]).
Bc 2. Tnh f (a ), f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ), f (b).
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr
tnh trn l cc gi tr max, min tng ng cn tm.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
3
f (x ) = x 4 x 2 x + 3 trn on [0; 2].
2
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [a; b ] th ta phi tm MX
ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
C th i bin s t = t (x ) v vit y = f (x ) = g(t (x )).
Gi T l min gi tr ca hm t (x ) th:
max f (x ) = max g(t ), min f (x ) = min g(t ).
Hm s lin tc trn khong (a; b)

Cho hm y = f (x ) lin tc trn (a; b) (a, b c th l ).
x X
t T
x X
t T
VD 7. Tm max, min ca f (x ) = x 2 + 5x + 6 .
sin x + 1
VD 8. Tm max, min ca y =
.
sin2 x + sin x + 1
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
2) Nu min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} < min{L1, L2 } th

min f = min{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} .
x (a ;b )
3) Nu khng tha 1) (hoc 2)) th hm s khng t

max (hoc min).
VD 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
x3
f (x ) = 2
trn khong (1; +).
x 1
Ch
Ta c th lp bng bin thin ca f (x ) thay cho bc 3.
VD 10. Tm iu kin ca tham s m phng trnh
sau c nghim: m
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
x 2 + 2 1 x = 0.
tm max f (x ) v min f (x ), ta thc hin cc bc:

x (a ;b )
x (a ;b )
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh f (x ) = 0 . Gi s c n

nghim x 1,..., x n [a; b ] (loi cc nghim ngoi [a; b ]).
Bc 2. Tnh f (x 1 ),..., f (x n ) v hai gii hn
L1 = lim+ f (x ), L2 = lim f (x ).
x a
x b
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )} > max{L1, L2 } th
max f = max{f (x 1 ),..., f (x n )}.
x (a ;b )
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.3. Khong li, lm ca th im un

a) nh ngha
Hm s f (x ) c gi l hm li trong (a; b ) nu f (x )
tng trong (a; b). Khi , th y = f (x ) c gi l
th lm trong (a; b ).
Hm s f (x ) c gi l hm lm trong (a; b) nu
f (x ) gim trong (a; b). Khi , th y = f (x ) c
gi l th li trong (a; b).
im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ) trn th nm gia phn lm v li
c gi l im un ca th hm s y = f (x ).
10
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 11. Hm s y = x 3 3x 2 + 1
lm v c th li trong (; 1);
3
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 12. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s:
y = x 2 8 ln x .
hm y = x 3x + 1 li v c
th lm trong (1; +).
M (1; 1) l im un ca th.
b) nh l
Nu f (x ) > 0 (hay f (x ) < 0 ) vi mi x (a; b) th
VD 13. Tm cc khong li, lm ca th hm s:

y = arccos x .
th hm s y = f (x ) lm (hay li) trong (a; b).
Nu f (x 0 ) = 0 v f (x ) i du khi x chuyn t tri

sang phi qua im x 0 th M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ) l im un ca
VD 14. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s y = arctan 2x

v th ca hm s y = arctan 2x .
th hm s y = f (x ).
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
3.4. Tim cn ca th
Tim cn ng
ng cong y = f (x ) c tim cn ng x = x 0 nu
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
VD 15. Tm tt c cc tim cn ca th hm s:
y=
ln(1 x 2 )
x3
lim f (x ) = .
x x 0
Tim cn xin
ng cong y = f (x ) c tim cn xin y = ax + b nu
f (x )
lim
= a, lim f (x ) ax = b.
x x
x
Ch
Khi a = 0 th th c tim cn ngang y = b .
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
4. QUY TC LHOSPITAL
nh l (quy tc LHospital)
Cho hai hm s f (x ), g(x ) kh vi trong ln cn ca im
x 0 v g (x ) 0 trong ln cn ca x 0 (c th g (x 0 ) = 0 ).
Nu lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = 0 (hoc ) v
x x 0
x x 0
f (x )
f (x )
lim
= k th lim
= k.
x x 0 g (x )
x x 0 g (x )
Ch
Chiu ngc li trong nh l l khng ng.
Ta c th p dng quy tc LHospital nhiu ln.
e x + e x 2
.
x 0
x2
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
VD 16. Tm tim cn xin ca th hm s:

y = 3 x 2(x 1) .
VD 17. Tm tim cn xin (ngang) ca th hm s:

y = x + x 2 4x + 5 .
.
Chng 2. Ph
bin s
x 2 sin2 x
.
x 2 .arctan2 x
1
1
B. L = ;
C. L = ; D. L = .
2
3
x 0
A. L = 0 ;
VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim x 3 ln x (dng 0 ).

x 0+
1
VD 4. Tnh L = lim cot x (dng ).
x 0
x
VD 5. Tm gii hn L = lim x x 1 (dng 1 ).

x 1
VD 6. Tm gii hn L = lim (x + 3x )x (dng 0 ).

x +
11
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
Php tnh tch phn hm mt bi
bin s
1. Tch phn bt nh
2. Tch phn xc nh
3. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
4. Tch phn suy rng
1. TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha
Hm s F (x ) c gi l mt nguyn hm ca f (x ) trn
khong (a; b ) nu F (x ) = f (x ), x (a ; b ).
K hiu
f (x )dx (c l tch phn).
Nhn xt
Nu F (x ) l nguyn hm ca f (x ) th F (x ) + C cng l
nguyn hm ca f (x ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3)
dx
= ln x + C ;
x
4)
7) cos xdx = sin x + C ;

e xdx = e x + C ;
5)
9)
11)
12)
dx
2
cos x
dx
8)
6)
= tan x + C ; 10)
dx
= 2 x +C
ax
+C
ln a
sin xdx = cos x + C
a xdx =
dx
2
sin x
1
x
= arctan + C
a
x 2 + a2 a
dx
x
= arcsin + C , a > 0
a
a2 x 2
= cot x + C
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tnh I =
dx
4 x2
1 2+x
A. I = ln
+C ;
4
2x
1 x 2
C. I = ln
+C ;
2 x +2
VD 2. Tnh I =
dx
x2 x 6
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
B. I =
1
2x
ln
+C ;
4 2+x
D. I =
1 x +2
ln
+C .
2 x 2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Tnh cht
1) k .f (x )dx = k f (x )dx , k
2)
f (x )dx = f (x ) + C
d
f (x )dx = f (x )
dx
4) [ f (x ) + g(x )]dx = f (x )dx + g(x )dx .
3)
1)
MT S NGUYN HM CN NH
a.dx = ax + C , a
2)
dx =
x +1
+ C , 1
+1
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
dx
1
x a
ln
+C
2a x + a
13)
x 2 a2
14)
dx
x
= ln tan + C
sin x
2
15)
x
dx
= ln tan + + C
cos x
2 4
16)
dx
2
x +a
= ln x + x 2 + a + C
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1.2. Phng php i bin

a) nh l
Nu f (x )dx = F (x ) + C vi (t ) kh vi th:
f ((t ))(t )dt = F ((t )) + C .

dx
VD 3. Tnh I =
VD 4. Tnh I =
VD 5. Tnh I =
2 sin 4 x + 3 dx .
x 3 ln 2 x
dx
.
x (x 3 + 3)
cot x
12
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 6. Tnh I =

dx , x 0; .
2
cos x cos2 x + 1
tan x
b) Mt s dng tch phn hu t (tham kho)

x +
dx, a 0.
Dng 1: I =
(ax + b )2
Cch gii. Bin i I =
VD 7.
4x + 3
4x 2 + 4x + 1
dx =
2(2x + 1) + 1
(2x + 1)2
3x + 2
(x 1)(2x + 5) dx =
5
11
ln x 1 + ln 2x + 5 + C .
7
14
dx
x +
VD 9. I =
X 2 + + X 2 + dx .
2x + 1
2
4x 4x + 5
dx =
(2x 1) + 2
(2x 1)2 + 4 dx
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Dng 4. Tch phn hm hu t bc cao

Cch gii. Bin i hm di du tch phn v cc
phn thc ti gin.
dx
VD 10. Tnh I = 2
.
x (x 1)
Gii. Ta c:
1
A B
C
=
+ +
x
x 1
x 2 (x 1) x 2
(B + C )x 2 + (A B )x A
=
.
x 2 (x 1)
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
A = 1, B = 1, C = 1.
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
1
a
p
q
dx ,
+
x x1 x x 2
(x 1, x 2 l nghim ca mu thc).
3x + 2
2
2x + 3x 5
dx =
1
2
3x + 2
dx
(x 1) x +
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2x 1

I1
I2
(2x 1)2 + 4 dx + (2x 1)2 + 4 dx .

2
1 d[(2x 1) + 4] 1
= ln[(2x 1)2 + 4] + C .
4 (2x 1)2 + 4
4
2x 1
d
2x 1
1
2
1
+ C .
I2 =
= arctan
2
2
2
2x 1
1+
2
2x 1
1
1
+ C .
Vy I = ln 4x 2 4x + 5 + arctan
4
2
2
I1 =
ax 2 + bx + c dx, a 0, < 0.
x +
ax 2 + bx + c dx, a 0, > 0.
Cch gii. Bin i I =
VD 8.
5 1
11
1
.
+ .
dx
7 2x + 5
7 x 1
Cch gii. Bin i I =
ax + b + (ax + b)2 dx .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Dng 3: I =
Dng 2: I =
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2
1
1
+C .
dx = ln 2x + 1
+
2x + 1
2
2(2x + 1)
(2x + 1)
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Vy I =
VD 11. Tnh I =
1
1
1
x 1
+
+C .
dx = + ln
x x 1
x
x
x 2 + 4x + 4
dx .
x (x 1)2
x 2 + 4x + 4 A
B
C
= +
+
Gii. Ta c:
.
2
x
x
1
x (x 1)
(x 1)2
ng nht cc h s, ta c: A = 4, B = 3, C = 9 .
dx
dx
dx
3
+ 9
x
x 1
(x 1)2
9
= 4 ln x 3 ln x 1
+C .
x 1
Vy I = 4
13
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
x2 3
dx .
VD 12. Tnh I = 3
x 7x + 6
x2 3
x2 3
Gii. Ta c: 3
=
x 7x + 6 (x 1)(x 2)(x + 3)
A
B
C
=
+
+
.
x 1 x 2 x + 3
1
1
3
ng nht cc h s, ta c: A = , B = , C = .
2
5
10
1
dx
1
dx
3
dx
+
+
Vy I =
2 x 1 5 x 2 10 x + 3
1
1
3
= ln x 1 + ln x 2 + ln x + 3 + C .
2
5
10
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 13. Tnh I =
sin
VD 14. Tnh I =
VD 15. Tnh I =
2x cos x dx .
dx
2
sin x + sin 2x cos x

dx
.
4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
1.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn

a) Cng thc
u(x )v (x )dx = u(x )v(x ) u (x )v(x )dx
hay
udv = uv vdu.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 20. Tnh I =
b) Cc dng tch phn tng phn thng gp
P(x )e
ca cosin l) th ta t t = sin x .
Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
ca sin v cosin chn) th ta t t = tan x hoc h bc.
1
Nu R(sin x , cos x ) =
th ta t:
a sin x + b cos x + c
x
2t
1 t2
t = tan sin x =
, cos x =
.
2
1 + t2
1 + t2
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 16. Tnh I =
x ln x dx .
VD 17. Tnh I =
x
2x
dx .
Ch
i vi nhiu tch phn kh th ta phi i bin trc
khi ly tng phn.
VD 18. Tnh I =
cos
x e sin x dx .
VD 19. Tnh I =
cos
x dx .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2. TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a; b ].
cos(ln x )dx .
i vi dng tch phn
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
c) Tch phn hm lng gic

I = R(sin x , cos x )dx .
Cch gii
Nu R( sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
ca sin l) th ta t t = cos x .
Nu R(sin x , cos x ) = R(sin x , cos x ) (ngha l bc
dx , P (x ) l a thc,
th ta t:
Ta chia on [a; b ] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia

x 0 = a < x1 < ... < xn 1 < xn = b .
Ly im k [x k 1; x k ] ty (k = 1, n ).
n
Lp tng tch phn: = f (k )(x k x k 1 ).
Gii hn hu hn (nu c) I =
u = P (x ), dv = e dx .
i vi dng tch phn
P(x )ln
x dx ,
P (x ) l a thc, th ta t:
u = ln x , dv = P (x )dx .
k =1
lim
max(x k x k 1 ) 0
c gi
l tch phn xc nh ca f (x ) trn on [a ; b ].

b
K hiu l I =
f (x )dx .
a
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
14
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b
1)
k .f (x )dx
= k f (x )dx , k
b
[ f (x ) g (x )]dx =
7) a < b
f (x )dx , c [a ; b ]
9) Nu f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th
c
b
5) f (x ) 0, x [a ; b ]
c [a; b ] : f (x )dx = f (c )(b a ).
f (x )dx 0
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Khi , i lng f (c ) =
1
b a
f (x )dx
c gi l
gi tr trung bnh ca f (x ) trn on [a; b].

1
VD 1. Tch phn
dx
b chn (hu hn) v
x 2 + cos2 x
1
hm s f (x ) =
lin tc trn on [0; 1].
2
x + cos 2 x
1
VD 2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f (x ) = trn [1; e ]
x
e
1
dx
1
l
=
.
e 1 1 x
e 1
0
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

a) Tch phn vi cn trn thay i (tham kho)
Cho hm f (x ) kh tch trn [a; b ], vi mi x [a; b ] th
x
f (t )dt lin tc ti mi x 0 [a; b ]
hm s (x ) =
v (x ) = f (x ).
dt, x > 0 .
x2
VD 4. Cho (x ) =
ln tdt, x > 0 . Tm (x ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3) f (x ) lin tc v chn trn [; ] th:
f (t )dt v F (x ) = (x )+C
f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx .
0
l nguyn hm ca f (x ) trn [a; b ].
4) tnh
Nhn xt
1) C hai phng php tnh tch phn nh 1.
f (x )dx = 0 .
f (x ) dx ta dng bng xt du ca f (x )
f (x )dx = F (x ) a = F (b) F (a ).
2) f (x ) lin tc v l trn [; ] th
t2
Ta c: f (t ) = et v (x ) = f (x ) = e x .
Vy ta c:
e
0
VD 3. Xt (x ) =
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) Cng thc Newton Leibnitz

Nu f (x ) lin tc trn [a ; b ] v F (x ) l mt nguyn hm
ty ca f (x ) th (x ) =
f (x ) dx
m(b a ) f (x )dx M (b a )
f (x )dx
a
f (x )dx +
8) m f (x ) M , x [a; b ]
g (x )dx
f (x )dx = f (x )dx
f (x )dx =
f (x )dx = 0;
a
b
4)
f (x )dx
f (x )dx g(x )dx
a
a
3)
6) f (x ) g(x ), x [a ; b ]
a
b
2)
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b
Tnh cht
tch f (x ) thnh tng ca cc hm trn mi on nh.

c bit
b
f (x ) dx =
f (x )dx
nu f (x ) 0, x (a ;b ).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
15
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3
VD 5. Tnh I =
dx
x 2 2x + 5 .
1
VD 6. Tnh I =
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH

3.1. Tnh din tch S ca hnh phng
a) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tng qut
(x 2 + 1)ln x
dx .
x
VD 7. Tnh I =
x 2 + 1. sin 3 x dx .
1
3
VD 8. Tnh I =
S = f2 (x ) f1 (x ) dx
x 4 x dx .
S = g 2 (y ) g1 (y ) dy
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 1. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi

cc ng y = x 2 v y = x 4 .
1
2
A. S = ; B. S =
15
15
4
8
C. S = ; D. S = .
15
15
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
VD 3. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi

cc ng y = e x 1, y = e 2x 3 v x = 0.
1
ln 4 1
1 ln 2
1
A. ln 4 ; B.
; C.
; D. ln 2
2
2
2
2
b) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tham s
Hnh phng gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh
x = x (t ), y = y(t ) vi t [; ] th:
VD 2. Tnh din tch hnh phng S

gii hn bi x = y 2 v y = x 2 .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3.2. Tnh di l ca ng cong

a) ng cong c phng trnh tng qut

Cho cung AB c phng trnh y = f (x ), x [a ; b ] th:
b
l =
AB
1 + [ f (x )]2 dx .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
VD 4. Tnh din tch hnh elip S :
1
.
2
x
t gc ta
2
x2
a2
y2
b2
1.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) ng cong c phng trnh tham s

c phng trnh tham s
Cho cung AB
x = x (t )
, t [; ] th:
y = y(t )
l = [x (t )]2 + [y (t )]2 dt .
AB
VD 5. Tnh di cung parabol y =
O(0; 0) n im M 1;
S = y(t ).x (t ) dt .
VD 6. Tnh di cung C c phng trnh:
x = t 2 + 1
, t 0; 1 .
y = ln t + t 2 + 1
16
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay

a) Vt th quay quanh Ox
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
y = f (x ), y = 0 , x = a , x = b quay quanh Ox l:
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b) Vt th quay quanh Oy
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
x = g(y ), x = 0 , y = c v y = d quay quanh Oy l:
d
V = [g(y )]2dy.
V = [ f (x )]2 dx .
VD 7. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi

y = ln x , y = 0 , x = 1, x = e quay xung quanh Ox.
VD 8. Tnh V do (E ) :
x2
a
y2
b2
= 1 quay quanh Ox.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
Vy V =
0
1 + 1y
) (1
2
= 4
1 y dy =
1 y dy
1
8
8
(1 y )3 =
.
3
3
0
Ch . Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii

hn bi y = f (x ), y = 0 , x = a v x = b quay quanh
Oy cn c tnh theo cng thc:
b
V = 2 xf (x )dx (*).
VD 9. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng

S gii hn bi y = 2x x 2 , y = 0
quay xung quanh Oy.
Gii. Ta c:
x = 1 + 1 y , x 1
y = 2x x 2
.
x = 1 1 y , x < 1
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4. TCH PHN SUY RNG

4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi 1
4.1.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a ; +), kh tch trn
mi on [a ; b ] (a < b ).
b
Gii hn (nu c) ca
l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca f (x ) trn [a ; +).

K hiu:
+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx ;
a
b
b +
a a
b +
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
+
f (x )dx .
I = lim
b +
dx
x
dx
= lim ln x = + (phn k).
1
b +
x
Trng hp khc 1:
b
1
lim x 1
1
1 b +
1
1
1
, >1
=
lim b1 1 = 1
+ , < 1.
1 b +
Nghin cu v tch phn suy rng (ni chung) l kho

st s hi t v tnh gi tr hi t (thng l kh).
Gii Trng hp = 1:
b
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn

hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
f (x )dx .
VD 1. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn I =
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx = lim
VD 10. Dng cng thc (*) gii li VD 9.
nh ngha tng t:
f (x )dx khi b + c gi
dx
x
b +
I = lim
17
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
(hi t).
1
Vi 1: I = + (phn k).
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F (), ta dng cng thc:
Vy: Vi > 1 : I =
VD 2. Tnh tch phn I =

dx
dx
2
(1 x )
+
1 + x
x
b
Ch
Nu tn ti lim F (x ) = F (+), ta dng cng thc:
x +
+
f (x )dx = F (x )
+
a
10
e x dx .
v lim
x +
b) Tiu chun 2
f (x )dx hi t.
f (x )
= k . Khi :
g(x )
Nu 0 < k < + th:
c) Tiu chun 3
Cho f (x ), g(x ) lin tc, lun dng trn [a ; +)
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Cc trng hp khc tng t.
f (x ) dx hi t th
g(x )dx hi t th
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

a) Tiu chun 1. Nu 0 f (x ) g(x ), x [a; +)
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Nu
f (x )dx = F (x )
VD 4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
Tng t:
f (x )dx = F (x )
f (x )dx hi t (ngc li
khng ng).
f (x )dx v
g(x )dx cng hi t hoc phn k.
a
+
e x cos 3x dx .
Nu k = 0 v
g(x )dx hi t th
f (x )dx hi t.
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
k = +
Nu +
th
g(x )dx phan ky
a
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
+
f (x )dx phn k.

+
1 + x 2 + 2x 3
Ch
Nu f (x ) g(x ) (x +) th
+
f (x )dx v
VD 8. iu kin ca I =
dx
g(x )dx c cng tnh cht.
A. > 3 ;
3
B. > ;
2
dx
x . ln x + 1
3
C. > 2 ;
+
VD 9. iu kin ca I =
dx
.
1 + sin x + x
hi t l:
1
D. > .
2
(x 2 + 1)dx
2x + x 4 3
hi t?
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
18
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi 2

4.2.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x ) xc nh trn [a ; b ) v khng xc nh
ti b , kh tch trn mi on [a ; b ] ( > 0).
b
Gii hn (nu c) ca
f (x )dx khi 0 c gi l
tch phn suy rng loi 2 ca f (x ) trn [a ; b ).
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
nh ngha tng t:
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx (suy rng ti a );
a+
b
f (x )dx = lim
f (x )dx (suy rng ti a , b ).
a+
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn

hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
b
VD 10. Kho st s hi t ca I =
K hiu:
b
f (x )dx = lim
I = lim
0+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
dx
= lim ln x = ln b lim ln = + .
x
0+
0+
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
1
3
Trng hp khc 1:
b
I = lim
0
dx
x
= lim x dx =
0
1
lim x 1
1 0
b1
1
, <1
1
1
=
= 1
lim b
0
1
+ , > 1.
1
6
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t

Cc tiu chun hi t nh tch phn suy rng loi 1.
x . ln 2 x
dx
2
x x
VD 15. Tch phn suy rng I =
f (x )dx v
g(x )dx
c cng tnh cht (vi b l cn suy rng).

1
VD 14. Tch phn suy rng I =
x dx
x (x + 1)(2 x )
hi t khi v ch khi:
1
1
A. < 1; B. < ; C. > ;
2
2
D. .
Chng 3. Ph
bin s
Ch
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
dx
3
Vi 1 : I = + (phn k).
1 9x 2
b
(hi t).
1
Nu f (x ) g(x ) (x b ) th
3dx
A. I = ; B. I = ; C. I = ; D. I = + .
3
3
6
Vy
Vi < 1: I =
Gii. Trng hp = 1:
f (x )dx .
dx
x , b > 0.
x + 1
(x 2 + 1)sin x
phn k khi v ch khi:

1
1
A. 1; B. ; C. ;
2
2
dx
D. .
Ch
Cho I = I 1 + I 2 vi I , I 1 , I 2 l cc tch phn suy rng
ta c:
1) I 1 v I 2 hi t I hi t.
19
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 3. Ph
bin s
I ( phan ky )
I
1
1
2)
hoc
I 2 0
I 2
th I phn k.
I
I ( phan ky )
3) 1
hoc 1
I 2 > 0
I 2
th cha th kt lun I phn k.

1
VD 16. I =
x + 1
x 2 sin x
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
1. Khi nim c bn
2. o hm ring Vi phn
3. Cc tr ca hm hai bin
4. Tch phn bi hai (tch phn kp)
+ ( phan ky )
0
1. KHI NIM C BN
+ ( phan ky )
<0
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) Min phng
Trong mt phng Oxy , hnh phng D gii hn bi cc
ng cong kn c gi l min phng.
dx phn k khi v ch khi:
1
1
1
A. ; B. ; C. ; D. .
4
4
2
Tp hp cc ng cong kn gii hn D c gi l
bin ca D , k hiu D hay .
c bit, mt phng Oxy c xem l min phng vi
bin v cng.
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Min phng D k c bin D c gi l min ng,

min phng D khng k bin D l min m.
Min phng D c gi l min lin thng nu c 1
ng cong nm trong D ni 2 im bt k thuc D .
Min lin thng c bin l 1 ng cong kn c gi
l min n lin (hnh a); c bin l nhiu ng cong
kn ri nhau l min a lin (hnh b).
d M 1 , M 2 = M 1M 2 =
(x1 x 2 )
+ (y1 y2 ) .
2
Hnh trn S (M , ) m c tm
M (x , y ) , bn knh > 0 c
gi l mt ln cn ca im M .
Ngha l:
M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) S (M , )
(x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 < .
c) Hm s hai bin s
Trong mt phng Oxy cho tp D 2 .
Tng ng f : D cho tng ng mi (x , y ) D
b) Ln cn ca mt im
Khong cch gia 2 im M 1 (x1 , y1 ), M 2 (x 2 , y 2 ) l:
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
vi mt gi tr z = f (x , y ) duy nht c gi l
hm s hai bin s x , y .
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Tp D 2 c gi l min xc nh (MX) ca hm
s, k hiu Df . Min gi tr ca hm s l:
2. O HM RING VI PHN
G = z = f (x , y ) (x , y ) Df .
2.1. o hm ring
a) o hm ring cp 1
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn min m D 2
Ch
Trong trng hp xt hm s f (x , y ) m khng ni g
cha im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ). C nh y0 , nu hm s f (x , y 0 )
thm th ta hiu MX ca hm s l tp tt c cc im
M (x , y ) 2 sao cho f (x , y ) c ngha.
Hm c nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.
1.2. Gii hn ca hm s hai bin s (xem gio trnh)

1.3. Hm s lin tc (xem gio trnh)
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
c o hm ti x 0 th ta gi o hm l o hm ring
theo bin x ca hm s f (x , y ) ti (x 0 , y 0 ).
f
(x , y ).
x 0 0
f (x , y0 ) f (x 0 , y0 )
/
.
Vy fx (x 0 , y0 ) = lim
x x 0
x x0
K hiu: fx (x 0 , y 0 ) hay fx/ (x 0 , y 0 ) hay
20
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Tng t, o hm ring theo bin y ti (x 0 , y 0 ) l:
fy/ (x 0 ,
f (x 0 , y ) f (x 0 , y 0 )
y 0 ) = lim
y y0
y y0
VD 2. Tnh cc o hm ring ca z = ln
Ch
f
df
=
.
x
dx
Hm s nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.
Nu f (x ) l hm s mt bin x th fx/ =
VD 1. Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm s:
f (x , y ) = x 4 3x 3y 2 + 2y 3 3xy ti (1; 2).
x2 + 1
x 2 + y2 + 1
VD 3. Tnh cc o hm ring ca z = cos
x
ti (; 4).
y
2
VD 4. Tnh cc o hm ring ca f (x , y, z ) = e x y sin z .
b) o hm ring cp cao
o hm ring (nu c) ca hm s fx/ (x , y ), fy/ (x , y )
c gi l cc o hm ring cp hai ca f (x , y ).
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
K hiu:
f 2 f
,
=
x x x 2
f 2 f
=
,
=
y y y 2
f //
= fxx = ( fx ) =
2
x
f //
y2
( )y
= fyy = fy
fxy// = fxy = ( fx )
( )x
fyx// = fyx = fy
f
2 f
=
,
=
y x y x
f
2 f
.
=
=
x y x y
Hm s nhiu hn 2 bin v o hm ring cp cao hn

2 c nh ngha tng t.
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
VD 7. o hm ring z (mm +2n n)

x
n m +n 2x y
A. (1) 2
y x2
C. (1)m 2m e 2x y ;
(m 2) ca z = e 2x y l:
B. (1)m 2m +n e 2x y ;
D. (1)n 2m e 2x y .
2.2. Vi phn
2.2.1. Vi phn cp 1
a) S gia ca hm s
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trong ln cn S (M 0 , )
ca im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ). Cho x mt s gia x v y mt
s gia y , khi hm f (x , y ) c tng ng s gia:
f = f (x 0 + x , y0 + y ) f (x 0 , y0 ).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
VD 5. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm s:

f (x , y ) = x 3e y + x 2y 3 y 4 ti (1; 1).
VD 6. Cho hm s f (x , y ) = x 5 + y 4 x 4y 5 .
Gi tr ca o hm ring cp nm f (5)
(1; 1) l:
3 2
x y
A. f (5)
(1; 1) = 480 ;
3 2
B. f (5)
(1; 1) = 480 ;
3 2
C. f (5)
(1; 1) = 120 ;
3 2
D. f (5)
(1; 1) = 120 .
3 2
x y
x y
x y
x y
nh l Schwarz
Nu hm s f (x , y ) c cc o hm ring fxy// , fyx// lin
tc trong min m D 2 th fxy// = fyx// .
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
b) nh ngha
Nu trong ln cn S (M 0 , ) vi s gia x , y m s
gia f tng ng c th vit c di dng
f = A.x + B.y + O (r ) , r = (x )2 + (y )2
trong A, B l nhng s ch ph thuc vo im
M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) v hm f (x , y ), khng ph thuc x , y
th i lng A.x + B .y c gi l vi phn ca hm
s f (x , y ) ti im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ). Khi , f (x , y ) c
gi l kh vi ti im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ).
K hiu df = A.x + B .y.
21
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Nhn xt
Xt nhng im M (x 0 + x , y 0 + y ) dch chuyn
trn ng i qua M 0 song song Ox . Khi y = 0 :
f = f (x 0 + x , y 0 ) f (x 0 , y 0 ) = A. x + O ( x )
f
lim
= A A = fx/ (x 0 , y 0 ) .
x 0 x
f
Tng t, lim
= B B = fy/ (x 0 , y 0 ) .
y 0 y
Suy ra df (x , y ) = fx/ (x , y ). x + fy/ (x , y ). y .
Xt f (x , y ) = x df (x , y ) = x dx = x .
Tng t, dy = y . Vy:
c) nh l
Nu hm s f (x , y ) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn
no ca (x 0 , y 0 ) v cc o hm ring ny lin tc
ti (x 0 , y 0 ) th f (x , y ) kh vi ti (x 0 , y 0 ).
VD 8. Cho hm f (x , y ) = x 2e x y y 5 . Tnh df (1; 1).

VD 9. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm z = e x
2.2.2. VI PHN CP CAO

a) Vi phn cp 2
Gi s f (x , y ) l hm kh vi vi x , y l cc bin c
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
f (x , y ). K hiu v cng thc:
d f = d (df ) = fx2dx + 2 fxydxdy + fy2dy .
x = x (, ), y = y(, ) th cng thc trn khng cn
ng na. Sau y ta ch xt trng hp x , y c lp.
VD 10. Cho hm s f (x , y ) = x 2y 3 + xy 2 3x 3y 5 .
Tnh vi phn cp hai df 2 (2; 1).
VD 11. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm f (x , y ) = ln(xy 2 ).
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Gi s cc hm trn u kh vi, o hm 2 v (*) ta c:

Fx/ + Fz/ .z x/ = 0, Fy/ + Fz/ .zy/ = 0 .
Vy
Fx/
Fz/
z y/
Fy/
Fz/
(F
/
z
0 .
VD 14. Cho hm n z(x , y ) tha phng trnh:
xyz = cos(x + y + z ). Tnh z x/ , z y/ .

VD 15. Cho hm n z (x , y ) tha phng trnh mt cu:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y 6z 2 = 0 . Tnh zy/ .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
b) Vi phn cp n
) C
d n f = d d n 1 f =
Ch
Nu x , y l cc bin khng c lp (bin trung gian)
z x/
sin(xy 2 ).
x , y nn c xem l hng s i vi x , y .
Vi phn ca df (x , y ) c gi l vi phn cp 2 ca
2
lp. Cc s gia dx = x , dy = y ty c lp vi
df (x , y ) = fx/ (x , y )dx + fy/ (x , y )dy.
Trong
k =0
f (nn )0 = f (nn ) ,
x y
n
0
k (n )
f
dx k dy n k .
n x k y n k
f (0n )n = f (nn ) ,
x y
dx dy = dx n , dx 0dy n = dy n .
VD 12. Tnh vi phn cp 3 ca hm s f (x , y ) = x 3y 2 .
VD 13. Tnh vi phn d 3z ca hm s z = e 2x cos 3y .
2.3. o hm ca hm s n (hai bin)
Hm z(x , y ) xc nh trn Dz 2 tha phng trnh
F (x , y, z(x , y )) = 0, (x , y ) D Dz (*) c gi l
hm s n hai bin xc nh bi (*).
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
3. CC TR CA HM HAI BIN S
3.1. nh ngha
Hm s z = f (x , y ) t cc tr thc s ti M 0 (x 0 , y 0 )
nu vi mi im M (x , y ) kh gn nhng khc M 0 th
hiu f = f (x , y ) f (x 0 , y 0 ) c du khng i.
Nu f > 0 th f (x 0 , y 0 ) l gi tr cc tiu v M 0 l
im cc tiu ca z = f (x , y ).
Nu f < 0 th f (x 0 , y0 ) l gi tr cc i v M 0 l
im cc i ca z = f (x , y ).
y
3y 2
VD 1. Hm s f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 xy = x +
2
4
f ( x , y ) 0, ( x , y ) 2 nn t cc tiu ti O (0; 0) .
22
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
3.2. nh l
a) iu kin cn
Nu hm s z = f (x , y ) t cc tr ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) v
ti hm s c o hm ring th:
fx/ (x 0 , y 0 ) = fy/ (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0.
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) tha fx/(x 0 , y 0 ) = fy/(x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 c

gi l im dng, M 0 c th khng l im cc tr.
b) iu kin
Gi s z = f (x , y ) c im dng l M 0 v c o hm
ring cp hai ti ln cn ca im M 0 .
(M 0 ), B = fxy// (M 0 ), C = f //
(M 0 ).
t A = f //
2
2
x
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Khi :
AC B 2 > 0
Nu
f (x , y ) t cc tiu ti M 0 .
A>0
AC B 2 > 0
Nu
f (x , y ) t cc i ti M 0 .
A<0
Nu AC B 2 < 0 f (x , y ) khng t cc tr ti M 0 .
Nu AC B 2 = 0 th ta khng th kt lun.
3.3. Phn loi cc tr
Trong khng gian Oxyz , xt mt cong S cha ng
cong (C ) . Chiu S ln mpOxy ta c min D 2
v ng cong phng ( ) : (x , y ) = 0 (xem hnh v).
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
3.4. Cc tr t do
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn D . tm cc tr (t
Khi , im P1 S l
im cao nht (hay thp
nht) so vi cc im
trong ln cn ca n v
hnh chiu M1 D l
c gi l im cc tr
t do ca hm f (x , y )
do) ca f (x , y ), ta thc hin cc bc sau:

Bc 1. Tm im dng M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) bng cch gii h:
f / (x , y ) = 0
x 0 0
/
f (x , y ) = 0.
y 0 0
xc nh trn D (v khng ph thuc vo ( )). Tng

t, im P2 (C ) l im cao nht (hay thp nht) so
vi cc im trong ln cn ca n v hnh chiu
M 2 () l im cc tr c iu kin rng buc bi
() : (x , y ) = 0 ca hm f (x , y ).
(x 0 , y 0 ), B = fxy// (x 0 , y 0 ),
Bc 2. Tnh A = f //
2
x
//
C = f 2 (x 0 , y 0 ) = AC B 2 .
y
Bc 3. Da vo iu kin kt lun.
VD 2. Tm im dng ca hm s z = xy(1 x y ).
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
VD 3. Tm cc tr ca hm z = x 2 + y 2 + 4x 2y + 8 .
3.5. Cc tr c iu kin
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn ln cn ca im
VD 4. Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x 3 + y 3 3xy 2 .
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca z = 3x 2y + y 3 3x 2 3y 2 + 2 .
VD 6. Cho hm s z = xy +
50 20
+
(x > 0, y > 0).
x
y
Khng nh ng l:
A. z t cc tiu ti M (2; 5) v gi tr cc tiu z = 39 .
B. z t cc tiu ti M (5; 2) v gi tr cc tiu z = 30 .
C. z t cc i ti M (2; 5) v gi tr cc i z = 39 .
D. z t cc i ti M (5; 2) v gi tr cc i z = 30 .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) thuc ng cong () : (x , y ) = 0 .
Nu ti M 0 hm f (x , y ) t cc tr th ta ni M 0 l
im cc tr c iu kin ca f (x , y ) vi iu kin
(x , y ) = 0 .
tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f (x , y ) ta dng
phng php kh hoc nhn t Lagrange.

a) Phng php kh
T phng trnh (x , y ) = 0 ta rt x hoc y th vo
f (x , y ), sau tm cc tr ca hm mt bin.
23
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
VD 7. Tm im cc tr ca hm z = x 2y tha iu kin:
x y + 3 = 0.
d 2L(M 0 ) = L//2 dx 2 + 2L//

dxdy + L//2 dy 2 .
xy
x
b) Phng php nhn t Lagrange

Ti im cc tr (x , y ) ca f , gi =
Bc 3. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) ng vi 0 :
fx/
/x
fy/
y/
nhn t Lagrange. tm cc tr ta thc hin cc bc:
Cc vi phn dx , dy ph thuc vo iu kin rng buc:

d (x , y ) = / (x , y )dx + / (x , y )dy = 0 (1)
0 0
x 0 0
y 0 0
(dx )2 + (dy )2 > 0 (2).
Bc 1. Lp hm ph (hm Lagrange):
L(x , y, ) = f (x , y ) + (x , y ).
Bc 4. T iu kin rng buc (1) v (2), ta c:

Nu d 2L(M 0 ) > 0 th f (x , y ) t cc tiu ti M 0 .
Bc 2. Gii h: L/x = 0, L/y = 0, L/ = 0
Nu d 2L(M 0 ) < 0 th f (x , y ) t cc i ti M 0 .
im dng M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) ng vi 0 .
Chng 4. Hm s nhi
nhiu bi
bin s
Nu d 2L(M 0 ) = 0 th M 0 khng l im cc tr.
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
bin - Tch phn bi hai
VD 8. Tm im cc tr ca hm s f (x , y ) = 2x + y
2
vi iu kin x + y = 5 .
4. TCH PHN BI HAI

4.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn min D ng v b
VD 9. Tm im cc tr ca hm z = xy tha iu kin
x 2 y2
+
= 1.
8
2
chn trong mpOxy . Chia min D mt cch ty thnh

n phn khng dm ln nhau, din tch mi phn l Si ,
i = 1; n . Ly n im ty M i (xi ; yi ) Si .
n
Khi ,
f (xi ; yi )Si
c gi l tng tch phn ca
i =1
f (x , y ) trn D (ng vi phn hoch Si v cc im

chn M i ).
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
n
Nu gii hn I =
lim
max di 0
f (xi , yi )Si
tn ti hu
i =1
hn, khng ph thuc vo phn hoch Si v cch chn

im M i th s thc I c gi l tch phn bi hai ca
hm s f (x , y ) trn min D .
K hiu l I =
f (x , y )dS .
Chia min D bi cc ng thng song song vi Ox ,

Oy ta c Si = x i .yi hay dS = dxdy .
f (x, y )dS = f (x, y )dxdy.

D
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
f (x , y )dxdy , ta ni f (x , y ) kh tch trn

D
min ly tch phn D ; f (x , y ) l hm di du tch

phn; x , y l cc bin tch phn.
4.2. Tnh cht ca tch phn bi hai

Gi s cc tch phn di y u tn ti.
Vy I =
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
Nu tn ti
Tnh cht 1
f (x, y )dxdy = f (u, v )dudv .

D
24
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
Tnh cht 2
[ f (x, y ) g(x, y )]dxdy =
D
fdxdy gdxdy ;
D
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
4.3. Tnh tch phn bi hai bng tch phn lp

4.3.1. Xc nh min ly tch phn
kf (x , y )dxdy = k f (x , y )dxdy, k .
Tnh cht 3
Nu chia min D thnh D1 , D2 bi ng cong c din
tch bng 0 th:
f (x , y )dxdy =
D
f (x , y )dxdy + f (x, y )dxdy .

D1
D2
x (y ) x x (y ),
a x b,
1
2
D =
D =
y1(x ) y y2 (x ).
c y d .
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
VD 1. Xc nh min ly tch phn D gii hn bi:

y = 0, y = 2x , x = a > 0 .
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
VD 2. Xc nh min ly tch phn D gii hn bi

cc ng y = x 4, y 2 = 2x .
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
4.3.2. Tnh tch phn lp

Gi s tch phn I = f (x , y )dxdy tn ti, vi
Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
Ch
Nu min D l hnh ch nht, D = [a; b ] [c; d ] th:
b
D = {(x , y ) : a x b, y1 (x ) y y2 (x )}
b
th:
I =
y2 (x )
dx
a
f (x , y )dy.
th:
dy
c
x 2 (y )
x1 (y )
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Nu D = {(x , y ) : a x b, y1 (x ) y y2 (x )}
b
v f (x , y ) = u(x ).v(y ) th: I = u(x )dx
y1 (x )
Nu D = {(x , y ) : x1(y ) x x 2 (y ), c y d }
I =
I = dx f (x , y )dy = dy f (x , y )dx .
f (x , y )dx .
y2 (x )
v(y )dy.
y1 (x )
Tng t, D = {(x , y ) : x1(y ) x x 2 (y ), c y d }

d
th:
I = v(y )dy
c
x 2 (y )
u(x )dx .
x 1 (y )
25
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 4. Hm nhi
nhiu bi
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Nu D l min phc tp th ta chia D ra thnh nhng

min n gin.
6xy dxdy .
2
Trong , D = [0; 2] [1; 1].

1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1

2. Phng trnh vi phn cp 2
(2x + y )dxdy .
D
Trong , D = {y x 1 y, 2 y 0}.
ydxdy , trong min D

D
gii hn bi cc ng y = x + 2, y = x 2 .
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 1. Cho phng trnh vi phn y x = 0 (*).

x2
Xt hm s y =
+ C , ta c:
2
y x = 0 tha phng trnh (*).
x2
Suy ra y =
+ C l nghim tng qut ca (*).
2
x2
Th x = 2, y = 1 vo y =
+ C , ta c:
2
x2
1 l nghim ring ca (*) ng vi
2
iu kin u y(2) = 1.
C = 1 y =
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
1.2. Mt s phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c bn

1.2.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 vi bin phn ly
Phng trnh vi phn vi bin phn ly c dng:
f (x )dx + g(y )dy = 0 (1).
Phng php gii
Ly tch phn hai v ca (1) ta c nghim tng qut:
f (x )dx + g(y )dy = C .
VD 2. Gii phng trnh vi phn
xdx
1 + x2
ydy
1 + y2
VD 4. Gii ptvp x (y + 1)dx + (x 1)(y 1)dy = 0 .

1
.
2
f (x , y ) =
x y
l ng cp bc 0,
2x + 3y
4x 2 + 3xy
l ng cp bc 1,
5x y
f (x , y ) = 3x 2 2xy l ng cp bc 2.
f (x , y ) =
1.2.2. Phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp 1
b) Phng trnh vi phn ng cp
a) Hm ng cp hai bin s
Hm hai bin f (x , y ) c gi l ng cp bc n nu
Phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp 1 c dng:

y = f (x , y ) (2).
vi mi k > 0 th f (kx , ky ) = k n f (x , y ).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
= 0.
Chng hn, hm s:
VD 5. Gii ptvp xy + y = y 2 tha iu kin y(1) =
Nghim thu c trc tip t (*) v khng tha nghim

tng qut c gi l nghim k d ca (*) (trong
chng trnh, ta khng xt nghim k d).
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 3. Gii phng trnh vi phn y = xy(y + 2).

2
1. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP I

1.1. Khi nim c bn v phng trnh vi phn cp 1
Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 l phng trnh c dng
tng qut F (x , y, y ) = 0 (*). Nu t (*) ta gii c
theo y th (*) tr thnh y = f (x , y ).
Nghim ca (*) c dng y = y(x ) cha hng s C c
gi l nghim tng qut. Khi th iu kin y0 = y(x 0 )
cho trc (thng gi l iu kin u) vo nghim
tng qut ta c gi tr C 0 c th v nghim lc ny
c gi l nghim ring ca (*).
Trong , f (x , y ) l hm s ng cp bc 0.
26
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php gii
y
Bc 1. Bin i (2) y = .
x
y
Bc 2. t u = y = u + xu .
x
du
dx
Bc 3. (2) u + xu = (u )
=
(u ) u
x
((u ) u 0 x ) (y l ptvp c bin phn ly).
x 2 xy + y 2
VD 6. Gii phng trnh vi phn y =
.
xy
x +y
VD 7. Gii phng trnh vi phn y =
x y
vi iu kin u y(1) = 0 .
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Bc 2. Ly tch phn (3a) theo bin x ta c:

u(x , y ) = P (x , y )dx = (x , y ) + C (y ) (3c).
Trong , C (y ) l hm theo bin y .
Bc 3. o hm (3c) theo bin y ta c:
uy/ = y/ + C (y ) (3d).
Bc 4. So snh (3b) v (3d) ta tm c C (y ).
Thay C (y ) vo (3c) ta c u(x , y ).
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
p(x )dx
Bc 1. Tm biu thc A(x ) = e
.
p(x )dxdx .
Bc 3. Nghim tng qut l y = A(x ) B(x ) + C .

Nhn xt. B(x ) =
q(x ).e
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
p(x )dx dx =
c gi l phng trnh vi phn ton phn.
Nghim tng qut ca (3) l u(x , y ) = C .

Nhn xt
ux/ (x , y ) = P(x , y ), uy/ (x , y ) = Q(x , y ).
VD 8. Cho phng trnh vi phn:

(3y 2 + 2xy + 2x )dx + (x 2 + 6xy + 3)dy = 0 (*).
1) Chng t (*) l phng trnh vi phn ton phn.
2) Gii phng trnh (*).
VD 9. Gii ptvp (x + y 1)dx + (ey + x )dy = 0 .

1.2.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 c dng:
y + p(x )y = q (x ) (4).
Khi q(x ) = 0 th (4) c gi l phng trnh vi phn
tuyn tnh cp 1 thun nht.
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php gii

(phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange)
q(x ).e
ca chng lin tc trong min m D , tha iu kin

Qx/ = Py/ , (x , y ) D . Nu tn ti hm u(x , y ) sao cho
du(x , y ) = P (x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy
th phng trnh vi phn c dng:
P(x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy = 0 (3)
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php gii

Bc 1. T (3) ta c ux/ = P (3a) v uy/ = Q (3b).
Bc 2. Tm biu thc B(x ) =
1.2.3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn

Cho hai hm s P(x , y ), Q(x , y ) v cc o hm ring
q(x )
dx .
A(x )
Ch
Khi tnh cc tch phn trn, ta chn hng s l 0.
Phng php bin thin hng s l i tm nghim
p(x )dx
.
tng qut ca (4) di dng: y = C (x )e
VD 10. Trong phng php bin thin hng s, ta i tm
y
nghim tng qut ca y + 2 = 4x ln x di dng:
x
C (x )
C (x )
A. y =
;
B. y =
;
2
x
x3
C (x )
C (x )
C. y =
;
D. y =
.
x
x
27
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 11. Gii phng trnh vi phn y x 2y = 0

tha iu kin y
x =3
= e 9 .
VD 12. Gii phng trnh y + y cos x = e sin x .
1.2.5. Phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli

Phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli c dng:
y + p(x )y = q(x )y (5).
Khi = 0 hoc = 1 th (5) l tuyn tnh cp 1.
Khi p(x ) = q(x ) = 1 th (5) l pt c bin phn ly.
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP II

2.1. Cc dng phng trnh vi phn cp 2 khuyt
2.1.1. Phng trnh khuyt y v y
Phng trnh vi phn khuyt y v y c dng:
y = f (x ) (1).
Phng php gii
Ly tch phn hai v (1) hai ln:

y = f (x ) y = f (x )dx = (x ) + C 1
y =
(x )dx + C1x = (x ) + C1x + C 2 .
VD 1. Gii phng trnh vi phn y = x 2 .

7
3
VD 2. Gii ptvp y = e 2x vi y(0) = , y (0) = .
4
2
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
2.1.3. Phng trnh khuyt x

Phng trnh vi phn khuyt x c dng:
y = f (y, y ) (3).
Phng php gii
t z = y ta c:
dz
dz dy
dz
y = z =
=
.
=z .
dx
dy dx
dy
Khi , (3) tr thnh ptvp vi bin s phn ly.
VD 5. Gii phng trnh vi phn (1 y )y + 2(y )2 = 0 .

VD 6. Gii phng trnh vi phn y + 2y (1 2y ) = 0
1
vi iu kin y(0) = 0, y (0) = .
2
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php gii (vi khc 0 v 1)

Bc 1. Vi y 0 , ta chia hai v cho y :
y
y
(5)
+ p(x )
= q(x )
y
y
y y + p(x )y 1 = q(x ).
Bc 2. t z = y 1 z = (1 )y y , ta c:
(5) z + (1 )p(x )z = (1 )q(x )
(y l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1).
y
VD 13. Gii phng trnh vi phn y + = xy 2
x
vi iu kin u x = 1, y = 1 .
VD 14. Gii phng trnh vi phn y 2xy = x 3y 4 .
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
2.1.2. Phng trnh khuyt y

Phng trnh vi phn khuyt y c dng:
y = f (x , y ) (2).
Phng php gii
t z = y a (2) v phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1.
VD 3. Gii phng trnh vi phn y = x
y
.
x
y
x (x 1) = 0
x 1
vi iu kin y(2) = 1, y (2) = 1.
VD 4. Gii pt vi phn y
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
2.2. Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh

vi h s hng
2.2.1. Phng trnh thun nht
Phng trnh thun nht c dng:
y + a1y + a2y = 0, (a1 , a 2 ) (4).
Phng php gii. Xt phng trnh c trng ca (4):

k 2 + a1k + a 2 = 0 (5).
Trng hp 1
Phng trnh (5) c hai nghim thc phn bit k1 , k2 .
Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring y1 = e
v nghim tng qut l y = C 1e
k1x
k1x
+ C 2e
, y2 = e
k 2x
k2x
28
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Trng hp 2
Phng trnh (5) c nghim kp thc k .
Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring y1 = e kx , y2 = xe kx
kx
kx
v nghim tng qut l y = C 1e + C 2xe .
Trng hp 3
Phng trnh (5) c hai nghim phc lin hp
k = i.
Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring:
y1 = e x cos x , y2 = e x sin x
v nghim tng qut l:
y = e x (C 1 cos x + C 2 sin x ) .
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
2.2.2. Phng trnh khng thun nht

Phng trnh khng thun nht c dng:
y + a1y + a2y = f (x ), (a1 , a2 ) (6).
a) Phng php gii tng qut
Nu (4) c hai nghim ring y1(x ), y2 (x ) th (6) c
nghim tng qut l y = C 1(x )y1(x ) + C 2 (x )y2 (x ).
tm C 1 (x ) v C 2 (x ), ta gii h Wronsky:
C (x )y (x ) + C (x )y (x ) = 0
1
2
2
1

C 1 (x )y1(x ) + C 2 (x )y2 (x ) = f (x ).
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Gii h bng nh thc Crammer, ta c:

C (x ) = x 2e x
1
x
C 2 (x ) = xe
x
2
C 1(x ) = C 1(x )dx = e (x + 2x + 2) + C 1
C (x ) = C (x )dx = e x (x + 1) + C .
2
2
2
Vy phng trnh (a) c nghim tng qut l:

y = C 1e x + C 2xe x + x + 2 .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 7. Gii phng trnh vi phn y + 2y 3y = 0 .
VD 8. Gii phng trnh vi phn y 6y + 9y = 0 .

VD 9. Gii phng trnh vi phn y + 16y = 0 .
VD 10. Gii phng trnh vi phn y + 2y + 7y = 0 .
VD 11. Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh:

y y + y = 0 .
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 12. Gii phng trnh vi phn y 2y + y = x (a).
Gii. Xt phng trnh thun nht:

y 2y + y = 0 (b).
Ta c: k 2 2k + 1 = 0 k = 1
y1 = e x , y2 = xe x l 2 nghim ring ca (b).
Suy ra, nghim tng qut ca (a) c dng:

y = C 1(x ).e x + C 2 (x ).xe x .
Ta c h Wronsky:
e x .C (x ) + xe x .C (x )
=0
1
2
x
x
e .C (x ) + (x + 1)e .C (x ) = x
1
2
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
b) CC PHNG PHP GII C BIT

Phng php cng nghim
nh l
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht
(6) bng tng nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun
nht (4) vi 1 nghim ring ca (6).
VD 13. Cho phng trnh vi phn:
y 2y + 2y = (2 + x 2 )e x (*).
1) Chng t (*) c 1 nghim ring l y = x 2e x .

2) Tm nghim tng qut ca (*).
VD 14. Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn:
y + y = 2 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x ,
bit 1 nghim ring l y = cos 2x .
29
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php chng cht nghim

nh l
Cho phng trnh vi phn:
y + a1y + a2y = f1(x ) + f2 (x ) (7).
Nu y1(x ) v y2 (x ) ln lt l nghim ring ca
y + a1y + a2y = f1(x ), y + a1y + a2y = f2 (x )
th nghim ring ca (7) l:
y = y1(x ) + y2 (x ).
VD 15. Tm nghim tng qut ca y y = 2 cos2 x (*).

Cho bit y y = 1 v y y = cos 2x ln lt c
2
1
nghim ring y1 = x , y2 = cos 2x sin 2x .
10
10
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Bc 2. Xc nh m :
1) Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
ca (4) th m = 0 .
2) Nu l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng
ca (4) th m = 1.
3) Nu l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng
ca (4) th m = 2 .
Bc 3. Th y = x .e Qn (x ) vo (6) v ng nht thc
ta c nghim ring cn tm.
m
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Th y = xe (Ax + Bx + C ) vo phng trnh cho,

ng nht thc ta c:
1
1
9
.
A= , B = ,C =
12
16
32
3x
1
1
9
Vy nghim ring l y = xe 3x x 2 x + .
12
16
32
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh

vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 vi h s hng
Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = f (x ) (6)
v y + a1y + a2y = 0 (4).
Trng hp 1: f(x) c dng exPn(x)
( Pn (x ) l a thc bc n ).
Bc 1. Nghim ring ca (6) c dng:

y = x me xQn (x )
(Qn (x ) l a thc y bc n ).
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
VD 16. Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn:

y 2y 3y = e 3x (x 2 + 1).
Gii. Ta c f (x ) = e 3x (x 2 + 1), = 3, P2 (x ) = x 2 + 1.
Suy ra nghim ring c dng:
y = x me 3x (Ax 2 + Bx + C ).
Do = 3 l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng
k 2 2k 3 = 0 nn m = 1.
Suy ra nghim ring c dng y = xe 3x (Ax 2 + Bx + C ).
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Trng hp 2
f(x) c dng ex[Pn(x)cosx + Qm(x)sinx]
( Pn (x ) l a thc bc n , Qm (x ) l a thc bc m ).
Bc 1. Nghim ring c dng:
y = x se x [Rk (x )cos x + H k (x )sin x ]
( Rk (x ), H k (x ) l a thc y bc k = max{n, m} ).
Bc 2. Xc nh s :
VD 17. Tm dng nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn:

y + 2y + y = xe x + 2e x .
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
1) Nu i khng l nghim ca phng trnh c

trng ca (4) th s = 0 .
2) Nu i l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
ca (4) th s = 1.
30
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
Bc 3. Th y = x se x [Rk (x )cos x + H k (x ) sin x ]

vo (6) v ng nht thc ta c nghim ring.
y + 2y 3y = e x cos x + 3xe x sin x .

y 2y + 2y = e x [(x 2 + 1)cos x + x sin x ].
VD 20. Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn:

y + y = 3 sin x (*).
Gii. Ta c k 2 + 1 = 0 k = i .
Nghim tng qut ca y + y = 0 l:
Chng 5. Phng tr
trnh vi phn
y = C 1 cos x + C 2 sin x (1).
Mt khc: = 0, = 1 s = 1, k = 0 .
Dng nghim ring ca (*) l y = x (A cos x + B sin x ).
Th y = x (A cos x + B sin x ) vo (*), ta c:

3
3x
A = , B = 0 y = cos x (2).
2
2
T (1) v (2), ta c nghim tng qut l:

3x
y = C 1 cos x + C 2 sin x
cos x .
2
Chng 6. Bi to
ton Kinh t - L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 6. A. Mt s bi to
ton Kinh t
A. MT S BI TON KINH T
CC KHI NIM K HIU TRONG KINH T

Trung bnh ca hm
Xt hai i lng kinh t H , V c mi quan h hm vi
1. Bi ton li kp nh thu doanh thu

2. Bi ton tm mc sn lng doanh nghip
t li nhun ti a
3. Bi ton ngi tiu dng
Tm u vo sao cho chi ph sn xut nh nht
B. L THUYT CHUI
1. Khi nim c bn v chui s
2. Chui s dng
3. Chui s c du ty
ton Kinh t
Bin t
Bin t ca hm H (V ) theo bin V ti V0 l i lng
H (V ) H (V0 )
lim
= H (V0 ). K hiu l MHV (V0 ).
V V0
V V0
Chng hn, bin t ca doanh thu R theo sn lng Q

ti Q0 l i lng m t tng ca doanh thu khi Q
tng thm 1 n v ti Q0 . Ta c: MRQ (Q0 ) = R (Q0 ).
VD. Gi s chi ph C ca 1 doanh nghip sn xut ra

Q sn phm l:
1
C = Q 3 10Q 2 + 1000Q + 70 (n v tin t).
3
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
nhau: H = H (V ).
H (V )
T s
c gi l hm trung bnh ca H .
V
K hiu l AH (V ).
VD. Mt doanh nghip sn xut lng hng Q v bn

ht vi n gi l P th tng doanh thu s l R = PQ .
PQ
Vy AR =
= P.
Q
Trong kinh t, n gi l trung bnh ca doanh thu.
ton Kinh t
S dng bin t, ta c lng chi ph doanh nghip

sn xut ra sn phm th 50 l:
C (50) = 2500 (n v tin t).
Bng k hiu
K hiu
ngha
n gi (Price)
P
Q
S lng (Quantity)
Doanh thu (Revenue)
R
Li nhun (Profit)
Chi ph (Cost)
C
Cu (Demand)
D
Cung
(Supply)
S
Thu
(Tax)
T
31
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
1. BI TON LI KP
BI TON NH THU DOANH THU
1.1. Bi ton li kp
Gi s mt ngi gi s tin P0 vo mt ngn hng vi
li sut s(%) trong thi gian t . Sau thi gian t th ngi
Ngi li gi tip s tin c c vo ngn hng th

cui khong th hai s tin c c l:
2
s s
s
s
P = P0 1 + + P0 1 + = P0 1 + .
n n
n
n
c tng s tin l: P = P0 + sP0 = P0 (1 + s ).
Nu chia khong thi gian t ra lm n khong bng nhau

s
th li sut mi khong l (%).
n
Tng s tin cui khong thi gian th nht ngi c
s
s
c l: P = P0 + P0 = P0 1 + .
n
n
Tip tc nh vy cho n cui k th tng s tin ngi

n
c c l: P0 1 + .
n
Nu tng s ln rt v gi ln v hn ln th sau khong

thi gian t , tng s tin ngi c, c tnh theo
cng thc li kp lin tc l:
P = P0es .
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
VD 1. u thng 1 nm 2010, mt ngi gi 100 triu

ng 1 ngn hng vi li sut 8% trn mt nm v
cui nm 2010 ti nhn. Tnh tng s tin c vn ln li
ngi nhn c trong cc trng hp sau:
1) u nm gi n cui nm n nhn;
2) Mi thng n rt tin v gi li;
3) Mi ngy n rt tin v gi li;
4) Li kp lin tc.
1.2. Bi ton nh thu doanh thu

Gi mt doanh nghip sn xut c quyn 1 loi sn
phm. Gi Q l sn lng v P l gi bn 1 n v sn
phm. Bit hm cu ca th trng v loi sn phm
trn trong 1 n v thi gian l QD (P ) = D(P ), tng chi
ph l C = C (Q ) v tng s thu l T = T (t ) (vi t l
mc thu doanh thu nh trn mt n v sn phm).
Gii
1) Li sut tin gi l s = 8% nn tng s tin ngi
nhn c vo cui nm l:
P = P0 (1 + s ) = 100(1 + 8%) = 108 (triu ng).
Ta c 3 bi ton sau y:
Bi ton 1
Tm mc sn lng Q theo t doanh nghip t mc
li nhun ti a sau thu. Mc sn lng ny c gi
l sn lng hp l nht ca doanh nghip.
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
Bi ton 2
Tm t khi doanh nghip t mc li nhun ti a th
thu thu c t doanh nghip l ln nht.
Bi ton 3
Tm t sn lng hp l nht ca doanh nghip t
mt mc ti thiu hay ti a.
Cch gii
Bc 1. T hm cu ta tm P theo Q .
Bc 2. Lp cc hm:
Tng thu doanh nghip phi ng l T = Qt ,
doanh thu ca doanh nghip l R = R(Q ) = PQ .
Li nhun ca doanh nghip thu c l:
= R C T (doanh thu chi ph thu).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Bc 3
Tm mc sn lng Q0 (t ) theo t hm t gi tr
ln nht (Bi ton 1).
T Q0 (t ) tm c, ta tm t hm T t gi tr ln
nht (Bi ton 2).
Gii Q0 (t ) Q hay Q0 (t ) Q vi Q l mc sn lng

ti thiu hay ti a (Bi ton 3).
32
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
VD 2. Mt doanh nghip (DN) sn xut c quyn 1 loi

sn phm. Bit hm cu ca loi sn phm ny v v
hm tng chi ph sn xut ln lt l QD (P ) = 800 P
2. BI TON TM MC SN LNG
DOANH NGHIP T LI NHUN TI A
(Cc i ha li nhun theo sn lng)
v C = Q 2 + 200Q + 100 .
1) Nu bit mc thu doanh thu nh trn mt n v sn
phm l t th DN s n nh sn lng nh th no
li nhun sau thu l ln nht ?
2) Khi DN t li nhun sau thu ln nht, hy tm mc
thu doanh thu t p trn mt n v sn phm tng
thu thu c t DN ny l ln nht ?
3) Nhu cu x hi cn c ti thiu 125 n v sn phm
ca DN ny. Vy mc thu doanh thu ch c p ti
a l bao nhiu ?
2.1. Sn xut trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho
a) Doanh nghip sn xut mt loi sn phm

Trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho th gi bn do th
trng quyt nh v khng ph thuc vo mc sn
lng ca DN. Khi , tng doanh thu l R = PQ v
hm li nhun l = R C .
Ta tm mc sn lng Q hm t cc i.
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
VD 1. Mt DN sn xut mt loi sn phm trong iu

kin cnh tranh hon ho. Bit gi ca sn phm trn th
trng l P = 130 (n v tin) v tng chi ph sn
xut ra Q (Q > 1) n v sn phm l:
1
C = Q 3 Q 2 + 10Q + 20 .
3
Hy tm mc sn lng li nhun DN t cc i ?
Tm mc sn lng tng ng ca tng sn phm m

DN cn sn xut c li nhun ti a.
b) Doanh nghip sn xut hai loi sn phm

Gi s mt DN sn xut hai loi sn phm trong iu
kin cnh tranh hon ho. Bit gi bn ca cc sn phm
l P1 , P2 ; hm tng chi ph ph thuc vo mc sn lng
Q1 , Q2 l C = C (Q1 ,Q2 ).
VD 2. Mt DN sn xut hai loi sn phm trong iu

kin cnh tranh hon ho. Gi bn hai sn phm ny trn
th trng l P1 = 450 , P2 = 630 (n v tin).
Bit hm tng chi ph l:
C (Q1,Q2 ) = Q12 + Q1Q2 + Q22 + 210Q1 + 360Q2 + 100 .
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
Hy tm mc sn lng ca mi sn phm m DN cn
sn xut c li nhun ti a ?
2.2. Sn xut trong iu kin c quyn

a) Doanh nghip sn xut mt loi sn phm
Trong iu kin sn xut c quyn th gi P ca sn
phm do DN quyt nh. Lng cu QD do ngi tiu
dng quyt nh li ph thuc vo P .
Ta c quan h hm QD = QD (P ).
Mun tiu th ht sn phm, ngha l Q = QD (P ), th
DN phi n nh mc gi P = QD1(Q ) = P (Q ).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Cch gii
Bc 1. Lp cc hm doanh thu v li nhun ca DN:
R = PQ
+ P2Q2 v = R C .
1 1
Bc 2. Tm mc sn lng dng Q1* , Q2* hm li
nhun t cc i.
Hm tng doanh thu v li nhun ca DN lc ny l:

R(Q ) = P (Q ).Q v = R(Q ) C (Q ).
T = R(Q ) C (Q ), ta tm c mc sn lng cn
sn xut v gi bn DN c c li nhun ti a.
VD 3. Mt DN sn xut c quyn 1 loi sn phm.

Bit hm cu v loi sn phm ny l QD = 1200 P v
hm tng chi ph t mc sn lng Q l:
C = 0,25Q 3 30, 625Q 2 + 1528, 5Q + 20000 .
Tm mc sn lng v gi bn DN c cc i ?
33
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

ton Kinh t
b) Doanh nghip sn xut hai loi sn phm

Gi s mt DN sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm vi
sn lng Q1 , Q2 . Bit hm cu ca th trng v hai loi
sn phm ny l QD = D1(P1, P2 ), QD = D2 (P1, P2 ) v
1
ton Kinh t
Bc 2. Lp cc hm doanh thu v li nhun ca DN:

R = P1(Q1,Q2 ).Q1 + P2 (Q1,Q2 ).Q2 v = R C .
Bc 3. T hm = R C , ta tm cc gi tr dng Q1*
v Q2* t cc i.
hm tng chi ph l C = C (Q1,Q2 ).

Tm mc sn lng ca hai loi sn phm trn m DN
cn sn xut c li nhun ti a ?
Cch gii
Bc 1. Khi DN nh gi bn bn ht sn phm th:
D1(P1, P2 ) = Q1 , D2(P1, P2 ) = Q2 (*).
Gii h (*) ta c:
P1 = P1(Q1,Q2 ), P2 = P2(Q1,Q2 ).
ton Kinh t
Ch
Trng hp DN sn xut c quyn 1 loi sn phm
nhng c tiu th 2 th trng tch bit. Bit hm
cu ca tng th trng l QD = D1(P1 ), QD = D2 (P2 )
1
th ta vn gii nh trn vi Q = Q1 + Q2 .
VD 4. Mt doanh nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn

phm. Bit hm cu v hai loi sn phm ny l:
QD = 1200 2P1 + P2 , QD = 1440 + P1 P2
1
v hm tng chi ph sn xut l:

C = C (Q1,Q2 ) = 480Q1 + 720Q2 + 400 .
Tm mc sn lng v gi bn tng ng m DN cn
sn xut c li nhun ti a ?
ton Kinh t
3. BI TON NGI TIU DNG

TM U VO SAO CHO CHI PH SN XUT NH NHT
3.1. Bi ton ngi tiu dng

Gi s mt ngi tiu dng d nh dng s tin l B
mua sm 2 loi hng c gi l P1 , P2 vi s lng
v hm tng chi ph l C = C (Q ) = 20 + 30Q + Q 2 .

Tm mc sn lng v gi bn tng ng trn mi th
trng DN c li nhun ti a ?
hng s mua ln lt l x v y .
Ngi tiu dng s nhn c li ch t s hng
mua. Li ch ny l mt hm ph thuc vo lng hng
ngi mua v c gi l hm li ch hay hu dng
(utility function), k hiu l U = U (x, y ).
Tm s lng cc loi hng trn m ngi tiu dng s
mua sao cho gi tr s dng ln nht l tm im cc i
ca hm U (x , y ) vi iu kin P1x + P2y = B .
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
VD 5. Mt doanh nghip sn xut c quyn 1 loi sn

phm v c 2 th trng tiu th tch bit. Bit hm cu
v loi sn phm ny trn 2 th trng ln lt l:
QD = 310 P1, QD = 350 P2
1
VD 1. Mt ngi tiu dng dng s tin l B = 178

mua sm 2 loi hng c gi l P1 = 4, P2 = 6.
Hm li ch cho 2 loi hng l U = (x + 2)(y + 1).
Tm s lng x , y ca hai loi hng trn m ngi tiu
dng s mua sao cho gi tr s dng l ln nht ?
Gii. Ta c: P1x + P2y = B (x , y ) = 4x + 6y 178

L = (x + 2)(y + 1) + (4x + 6y 178).
L = y + 1 + 4 = 0
x = 22
x
L = x + 2 + 6 = 0
y = 15 .
im dng:
L = 4x + 6y 178 = 0
= 4
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Vi phn cp 2:
= 1, L 2 = 0 d 2L(22; 15) = 2dxdy .
Lx2 = 0, Lxy
y
iu kin: d (x , y ) = 4dx + 6dy

d (22; 15) = 0 4dx + 6dy = 0
2dx = 3dy 0
d 2L(22; 15) = 3dy 2 < 0
(22; 15) l im cc i.
Vy x = 22 v y = 15 n v hng ha.
34
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
3.2. Bi ton tm u vo chi ph sn xut nh nht
VD 2. Mt DN sn xut mt loi sn phm cn lng

u vo (x , y ) vi n gi l P1 = 10 , P2 = 40 . Bit
Gi s mt DN sn xut mt loi sn phm cn 2 u

vo vi n gi tng ng l P1 , P2 c nh.
c c mc sn lng Q th DN cn s lng u
vo tng ng l x v y . Ta c hm sn xut
Q = Q(x , y ) v chi ph l C (x , y ) = P1x + P2y .
Tm s lng u vo (x , y ) DN sn xut Q sn
phm vi tng chi ph b nht l tm im cc tiu ca
hm C (x , y ) = P1x + P2y vi iu kin Q(x , y ) = Q .
ton Kinh t
Gii. Hm sn xut: 10 xy = 200

xy = 400 (x , y ) = xy 400 .
Hm chi ph: C (x , y ) = P1x + P2y = 10x + 40y .
L = 10x + 40y + (xy 400).
ton Kinh t
L = 10 + y = 0
x = 40
x
L = 40 + x = 0 y = 10 .
im dng:
L = xy 400 = 0
= 1
d 2L 40; 10 = 8dy 2 > 0
40; 10 l im cc tiu.
Vy x = 40 v y = 10 n v u vo.
= 1; L 2 = 0
Vi phn cp 2: Lx2 = 0; Lxy
y
hm sn xut Q(x , y ) = 10 xy . Tm s lng u vo

DN sn xut 200 sn phm vi tng chi ph b nht ?
d 2L 40; 10 = 2dxdy .
iu kin: d (x , y ) = ydx + xdy
d 40; 10 = 0 dx = 4dy 0
ton Kinh t
ton Kinh t
Bi c thm
NG DNG CA PHNG TRNH VI PHN
1. im cn bng gi
Xt mt loi hng ha.
Gi s hm cu QD v hm cung QS cho bi:
QD = a bP v QS = c + dP a, b, c, d + .
Khi th trng cn bng, ngha l QD = QS , th mc gi
a +c
s l P =
.
b +d
Trong thc t th gi, lng cung, lng cu lun thay
i v ph thuc vo thi gian t :
P = P (t ), QD = QD (P (t )), QS = QS (P (t )).
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Ti thi im kho st t = 0 , mc gi P (0) P .

Tc tng hay gim gi P (t ) t l thun vi QD QS .
Vy P (t ) = (QD QS ) = (b + d )(P P ), > 0 .
t k = (b + d ) > 0, ta c phng trnh vi phn vi
bin phn ly P = k (P P ). Phng trnh ny c
nghim tng qut l P (t ) = P + Ce kt .
Do k > 0 , nn lim P (t ) = P . Vy theo thi gian, th

t +
trng s t iu chnh gi v mc cn bng P .
35
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

ton Kinh t
2. Cc v d
VD 1. Cho hm cung v cu ca mt loi hng ha:

QS = 6 + 8P v QD = 42 4P 4P + P .
Ti thi im t = 0 , ta c P (0) = 6 v P (0) = 4 .
Gi s hng ha c bn ht ti mi thi im:
QD = QS P 4P 12P = 48 (*).
Gii (*) (xem chng 5), ta c nghim tng qut:
P (t ) = C 1e 2t + C 2e 6t .
V nghim ring P (t ) = e 2t + e 6t + 4 .
Do lim = + , nn ta kt lun gi ca mt hng ny
t+
ton Kinh t
VD 2. Cho hm cung v cu ca mt loi hng ha:

QS = 5 + 3P v QD = 40 2P 2P P .
Ti thi im t = 0 , ta c P (0) = 12 v P (0) = 1.
Gi s hng ha c bn ht ti mi thi im:
QD = QS P + 2P + 5P = 45 (**).
Gii (**), ta c nghim tng qut:
P (t ) = e t (C 1 cos 2t + C 2 sin 2t ) + 9 .
V nghim ring P (t ) = e t (3 cos 2t + 2 sin 2t ) + 9 .
Do lim = 9 , nn ta kt lun gi ca mt hng ny theo
t+
thi gian s t iu chnh v mc P = 9 .
khng n nh theo thi gian.
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
1. KHI NIM C BN V CHUI S

1.1. nh ngha
Cho dy s c v hn cc s hng u1, u2 ,..., un ,...
Biu thc
u1 + u2 + ... + un + ... = un
n =1
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Nu dy {Sn }
chui s hi t v c tng l S , ta ghi l
Cc s u1, u2 ,..., un ,... l cc s hng v un c gi l

s hng tng qut ca chui s.
Tng n s hng u tin Sn = u1 + u2 + ... + un c

gi l tng ring th n ca chui s.
Vi q > 1 th Sn chui phn k.
VD 1. Xt s hi t ca chui nhn
aq n1 hi t q < 1 .
n =1
1
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui s
.
n =1 n(n + 1)
vi a 0 .
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
1.2. iu kin cn chui s hi t
1
ln 1 + n .
n =1
Nu chui
u = 0,
un hi t th nlim
n
n =1
ngc li nu lim un 0 th
n
un phn k.
n =1
n =1
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
aq n
Gii
q = 1: Sn = na chui phn k.
1 qn
1 qn
q 1: Sn = u1.
= aq.
1q
1q
aq
chui hi t.
Vi q < 1 th Sn
1 q
n =1
Ngc li, ta ni chui s phn k.
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
un = S .
n =1
c gi l chui s.
Vy
hi t n s S hu hn th ta ni
n4
3n 4 + n + 2 .
n =1
n5
n4 + 1.
n =1
36
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2. CHUI S DNG
2.1. nh ngha
1.3. Tnh cht
n =1
n =1
un , vn
Nu
hi t th:
n =1
Khi un > 0, n th chui s l dng thc s.
n =1
un hi t th: un = un .
Nu
n =1
n =1
n .
n =1
(un + vn ) = un + vn .
n =1
un c gi l chui s dng nu un 0,
2.2. Cc nh l so snh
n =1
nh l 1
Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s khng i

nu ta thm hoc bt i hu hn s hng.
n =1
n =1
un , vn tha:
Cho hai chui s dng
0 un vn , n n0 .
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Nu
Nu
vn
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
hi t th
n =1
n
n =1
n =1
n =1
nh l 2
hi t.
un phn k th vn
Cho hai chui s
phn k.
n =1
n =1
un , vn
tha:
un > 0 v vn > 0 vi n ln v lim
n
n =1 n.2
Nu k = 0 th
1
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha bng cch
n =1 n
1
so snh vi ln 1 + .
n
n =1
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2 (n + 1)
n =1
n.3n +1
bng cch
un
n =1
Nu 0 < k < + th
n =1
= k.
phn k.
hi t vn hi t.
n =1
n =1
n =1
un , vn cng tnh cht.
2.3. Cc tiu chun hi t

2.3.1. Tiu chun DAlembert
un
v lim
un +1
Nu D < 1 th chui hi t.
Nu D > 1 th chui phn k.
Nu D = 1 th cha th kt lun.
hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 1.
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
Nu k = + th
n =1
n =1
n =1
Cho chui s dng
Ch
n =1
2 n
so snh vi .

n =1 3
vn
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chui
un phn k vn
un
n +1
2n 5 + 3
un
= D.
n
1
1
VD 5. Xt s hi t ca chui s 1 + .
n
n
n =1 3
5n (n !)2
.
n =1 (2n )!
37
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2.3.2. Tiu chun Cauchy
Cho chui s dng
nu
un v nlim
n
=C .
n =1
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
2.3.3. Tiu chun Tch phn Maclaurin Cauchy

Cho hm s f (x ) lin tc, khng m v gim trn na
khong [k ; +), k . Khi :
Nu C < 1 th chui hi t.
Nu C > 1 th chui phn k.
Nu C = 1 th cha th kt lun.
n2
1
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca chui s .

n =1 2
n =k
f (n ) hoi tu
f (x )dx hoi tu.
n =1
3n .
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
(1)n
.
n =1 n
(1)n
(1)n un
n ln3 n .
n =2
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
3. CHUI S C DU TY
3.1. Chui an du
n2
nn
n =1
a) nh ngha. Chui s
c gi l
n =1
chui s an du nu un > 0, n .
(1)
2n + 1
VD 1.
, (1)n +1
l cc chui an du.
2n +1
n =1 n
n =1
n
b) nh l Leibnitz
Nu dy {un }n gim nghim ngt v un 0 th chui
(1) un
n
2n + 1
n =1
2n +1
n =2
hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.
(1)n
n + (1)n
n =1
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
Chng 6. B. L thuy
thuyt chu
chui
3.2. Chui c du ty
a) nh ngha
VD 5. Chui s
Chui
un , un c gi l chui c du ty .
b) nh l
n =1
un c gi l hi t tuyt i nu un hi t.
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
un c gi l bn hi t nu un hi t v
un phn k.
n =1
Ton cao cp C1 i hc
(1)n
l bn hi t.
n =1 n
Nu
un
hi t th chui c du ty
n =1
un hi t.
n =1
n =1
cos(n )
n2
(1)n + (2)n +1
n =1
3n
Ht.
38

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H Cng nghip Tp.

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

Ti liu tham kho

2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2, 3)

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

1.2. Hm s lng gic ngc

Hm s y = cot x c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th f (x ) L < .

nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

c N > 0 ln sao cho khi x > N th f (x ) L < .

trc ta tm c N < 0 c tr tuyt i ln sao cho

tm c > 0 sao cho khi 0 < x x 0 < th

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

Tng t, k hiu lim f (x ) = , nu M < 0 c tr

tuyt i ln ty cho trc ta tm c > 0 sao cho

Nu f(x) c gii hn l L (c th l v cng) khi x x 0

Ch . lim f (x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim+ f (x ) = L .

2.2. Tnh cht

lim [u(x )]v (x ) = a b .

VD 3. Tm gii hn L = lim 1 + tan

3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN

3.1. i lng v cng b

VD 1. (x ) = tan3 sin 1 x l VCB khi x 1 ;

1) lim [C .f (x )] = C .a (C l hng s).

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

b) Tnh cht ca VCB

Cho (x ), (x ) l cc VCB khi x x 0 , lim

2) Nu (x ) l VCB v (x ) b chn trong ln cn x 0

VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi x khi x 0 v:

sin 2 3(x 1) 9(x 1)2 khi x 1 .

Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x0

Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao

Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

3.2. i lng v cng ln

Nhn xt. Hm s f (x ) l VCL khi x x 0 th

Hm s f (x ) lin tc trn tp X nu f (x ) lin tc ti

Ch . Hm f (x ) lin tc trn on [a; b ] th c th l

Cho f (x ), g(x ) l cc VCL khi x x 0 , lim

Nu k = , ta ni f (x ) l VCL cp cao hn g(x ).

c bit, nu k = 1, ta ni f (x ) v g(x ) l cc VCL

Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:

4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Nhn xt. Do x = x x 0 nn:

1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm

1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010

14) (arc cot x ) =

1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

VD 3. Tnh yx (1) ca hm s cho bi

VD 4. Cho hm s f (x ) = sin 2 x . Tnh o hm f (6)(0).

VD 7. Tnh o hm f (n )(x ) ca hm s f (x ) = sin x .

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

Tuesday, December 07, 2010