148 ENGINEER-IN-TRAINING REFERENCE MANUAL Unlike absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity is greatly de- ‘on both temperature and pressure, since these vari- Bbles affect the density of the ud. Refecting to Eq. 14.19, even if absolute viscosity is independeat of temperature or pressure, the change in density will change the kinematic Viscosity LL VISCOSITY CONVERSIONS “The most common units of absolute and kinematic viscosity are listed in Table 14.4. ‘Table 144 Common Viseosity Units absolute: (44) kinematic (¥) ae English Thsee/f® fC /see (Glug/ft-see) ‘conventional dyne-sem* == cm?/s ‘mettic ‘(@oise) (stoke) st Pas m/s Ws/m?) ‘Table 14.5 contains conversions between the various vis~ cosity units. Example 14.5 Water at 60°F has a specific gravity of 0.999 and 2 Kine ‘matic viscosity of 1.12 es. What is the absolute viscosity in Ibf-sec/1t?? (solution) “The density of a liquid expressed in g/cm? is numerically equal to its specific gravity. p= 0.999 g/em* “The centistoke (cs) is a measure of Kinematie viscosity. Kinematic viscosity is converted first to the absolute vis- cosity units of ceatipoise. From Table 14.5, Hep = Mes Pete? = (1.12)(0.999) = 1.119¢p ext eenpoises are converted 1 Tosee/f*. ened = Hap (2.0885 x 10-*) = (1.139) (2.0885 x 10-9) = 234 x 1075 Ibf-sec/f LEV 2005 Table 145 Viscosity Conversions mliply by to obtain _ ec casotaevicosiy. » [regn = |Ub Bee éypes/on*)=(o.10 pas} Toesec/fe? “5788 “P Ibf-seoff? 47,880 ? Tof-sec/f? = 47.88 Pas slug/fesce 47.88 Pas Tom/fesec 1488 Pas oo 1.0197 x 10-* kgs? o 20885 x 10> Ibtsec/ftt ° O01 Pas Pas 0.020885 Iof-sec/t Pas. 1000 op Kinematic viscosity, v fe /scc 92.908 , f/sec = 0.092903 m/s m/s 10.7639 f2/sec m/s 1x18 cs 1x 10-% m/sec s 10764 x 10% /s0e absolute viscosity 10 kinematic viscosity cp = fpin g/cm’, 3 cp 6.1195 x 10~/p in Ibm/ft? £2 /sec Wf-soc/f2 — 32.174/p in Ibm/f f2/sec kefs/a? — 9.807/p in kg/m? m/s Pas 1000/p in g/cm? s Kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity cs = ping/em? “op cs 6.001% p intom/f? Pas m/s 0.10197 x p in kg/m? kgf-s/m? m/s 1000 x p- in g/cm? Pas f2/sec 0.031081 x in Tom/f? thf see/ 8 /s0e 1488.2 p intom/f? ep (ep centipoises es: ezmtstoke; ps poe) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC. + Belenoat, CA.16 Chapter {The Nature of Fluids and the Smdy of Fluid Mechanics “This is correct, but the units may seem confusing since weight is normally expresced ia ‘pounds. The units of mass may be rewriten as Ib-s/ft wet 28 we mg =3512= x 8 = 13 1.10.2 The reference temperature for measurements in the Baumé or API scale is 60°F Specific Gravity in Degrees rather than 4°C as defined before. To emphasize this difference, the API or Baurné Baumé or Degrees API specific gravity is often reported as 60° Specific gravity Ss ‘This notation indicates that both the reference fluid (water) and the oil are at 60°F. ‘Specific gravities of crude oils vary widely depending on where they are found. ‘Those from the western U.S. range from approximately 0.87 to 0.92. Eastern US. oil fields produce oil at about 0.82 specific gravity. Mexican crude oil is among the highest at 0.97. A few heavy asphaltic oils have sg > 1.0. (See Reference 6.) ‘Most oils are distilled before use to enhance their quality of burning. The re- sulting gasolines, kerosenes, and fuel oils have specific gravities ranging from about 067 0 0.98. “The equation used 6 compote specific gravity when the degrees Baumé are mown is different for fluids lighter than water and fluids heavier than water. For Tiquids heavier than water, 145. 145 ~ deg Boumé ce) x, to compute the degrees Baumé for a given specific gravity, 14s. deg Baumé = 145 ~ > a-10) For liquids lighter than water, 140 55 730 + deg Baumé es) deg Baume = 422 — 130 a The American Petroleum Institute (API) has developed the API seae, slightly ifferent from the Baume scale, for liquids lighter than water. The forwulas are : was e-psOt- 13) eS BIS + deg API a) a1 ‘Degrees API for oils may range from 10 10 80. Most fuel grades will fall in the range of API 20 to 70, cosesponding to specific gravities from 0.93 to 0.70: Note that the heavier oils have the lower values of degrees APL eeyo omeany, anv 08 VS 08. aVS ‘Ov avs ‘D001 suepsay Ort BYR as oor avs 00 veg vivods I-00 GTAV, (wrsioe mou pojptuoo sonqua esone azveeayy, “uno emmuoduiy-éysooeiA or Bey (01) (09 — )9e000'0 ~ «4 = 4 wosnbo ou wou pourwiqo oq dou £4a038 oyjoads ayy‘ 00 UaYA 49yF0 sammpoIodUID) WY TdVe +9181 uag an aa worujer oy wioyy pouroago og Aout Ayawa oyjoods ou ‘payods st Ayawal Tay oI vay “YWi0q 430} ¢ toyyejou owes ayy Aoyduso uP om A{yuONbasuod ‘ysnba AjavoK A304 O28 Ausuop ssour ayy puv Ayjavu8 oytoods oyj woqeds eo ayy uy “ounywedutay rowwA puw suvorEGNy ZC O9 48 LOAM ore eFuspeos prpUES “ApaDs0 JY ONY ‘oiso ‘squvoraqny jo &414018 oyjoods ayy jo yuouioinevaur ogy 10} seus 019 “orp dzuntatependope roy (L2¥) onser wnepoiag WHOUY 28 ug soysoosta aqnyosqe 04 aJoqug spucoas way Buu@At0D uy (HyesT. ane (on gh - 1080) 6 = 2 0 uy Aas00sta Sosa Suymyquiog -sestody pu poraprsuod amjmsoduioy 2%9 yu AysuOp oy ‘ay a4 ayy “o10jaq st (ron) (gig, 1 Aysooe.a sanjosqe ay, -Jo4%eg spucoas Jo aoquin oy st 7 pur soxorsyquan ay A4ysoseLA orreMOUNY a1) st YZ Laue 4 =” or) ahp- me) = soilan uonunbo Supuoroy 24, “AysooRA onyonge oy Ng oY s0pL0 oy ommusnduioy wants a of Fupeodsonoa éyeunp sone ayy Aq pameagne aq yan asooetA ojeweUZ ay, “(L-01) “ba Aq pouyop su AysoOs!A, injosqy eu oF ascsqtI0D UL sf PUY Ajsosete oMOUULy OM Polvo sf pouTUE SroqOp HU BT YOTGA AapwoostA ay, “epLton|s ur (A.Ng) Arsootse poeseass? jogtog oy 40 ‘yodlng spuoone Mt Aeysoosia. oN pal[yo st aur Buyynsos oamjoredwoy uosi 9 9v ognq Arve prmpurys 0 ysnosy ssvd JO 610 09 40} auty oy upmsvamt £q pi NOP Ou, ‘JaeuussooR}a 10 pPruadede poezoasUP) Nogfiog BY OILY ‘rata patuAToyEP Ajfonan st sods ‘soAVIE PAIL 8Y? Uy (069) _ censor Peatednusayg ~ Oh) y swojeds ogo puw ‘yy uy somysooera ernjosqy ow woDAsq0q Petite d Nee aespuodag jesiaalun yjoakes Ber ears 88 8 &eesee88 8 2 8 gee Saale s Peet : 8 & esseeeS & 8 Begk@ 8 2 BERS men eme a i ea aire ; pee tabstheies hath trirhih eter bree 5 a ane ae Dye B38 8 8 B8BRBRE FS i goon e ets Seyo}sIuad ‘AISodsiA SEWSUIY sasjoduad ‘AsoosiA aynjosqy & Zonnow + o t LL tHe nr tt ola AQMMON t dod6d (sukeuox9}LN =) OT X SuA@d ‘AISOOSIA ayN}OSqy a 10 os os o7 hart. Viscosity conversion ¢ Fig. 23.COOS 000% OO0E 0002 000T 00S 00v 00€ 002 0OT 0g Ov 0€ 8 eecocoec fo S Coke TON a SONoISNUAd 'AUSODSIA ONEWOLIY LQQU 800 300 Be Saybolt universal viscosity, secondsApproximate Viscosity Conversions SUME MATT ‘Seconds Kinematic viscosity a sce ees oaesee | ocean [lume ‘Saybon Sopot | Redwood: | Reasend 2] Oeoroe : ve “ca ssy | Centisiokes: ucts | “Stancare | Admiralty Barbey | centistokes 1 7.00 = 23 = 7.00 6200 7.00 315 113 = 204 = 1.08 5485 113 2 181 = 298 = 108 2425 481 328 2.00 = 30.2 = 1.10 3100 2.00 33 2u1 = 80.8 - un 2088 an 34 240 = 313 = 114 2583 2.40 35. 29% = 21 = 17 2287 Bit 36 3.00 - 329 = 1.20 2065 3.00 38, 364 = 33.7. = 1.26 4703 36a 302 “4.00 = 355 1.30 1850 40, 425 - 362 1.32 1459 42 453 = 382 1.36 3270 Waa ‘5.00 = 386 137 1240 44 8.50 - 408 1.20 127 456 6.00. = 418 143 1033 46 6.13, = 423 1.4 1011 458 7.00 - 481 148 85 50. 7.36 ‘.0000792 = 443. 4.58 842 Sr BOO (0,00008611 = 450 164 775 55 eas ‘0.00008558 = 433 173 98 55.4 2.05, occosses = 486 474 589, 58.8 70.00 (0.0007076, = $13 1.83 620 60. 10.32 0.000731 - 523 1.87 601 55. 72 = 567. 201 529 13.08 = eo 218 a7 14.38 = 65.1 237 3 13.85 = 60.2 245 205, 16350 = Tae 25> 367 1872 = 776 273 322 1932 = a6 288 321 2052 = cx 302 302) 120 25.15 - 102 357 286 320 25.65 = ng. au 209 160 3410 = 735 age 182 180 38.52 = 153 52 161 200 42.95 = 170 590. se 300, 62.60 Sar 253 879 6 400 86.20 224 11.70 719 500 308.00. 523 14.60 Se ‘600 128.40, 620 17:50 479 700 151.00 720 20.44 410 300 372.60 820 23.56 359 ‘200, 19420 SzT 28.28 ais 1000 215.80 102.1 29.20 287 +200 258.00 9.000788 122 35.1 239. 1400 302.30 0.008254 1s 209 205 1600 345.30 9.009717 163 467 130 1800. 388.50 0.002182 183 526 158 2000 aS170 ‘O.00a6a7 or 3B4 148 2500 539.40 (0.005806 254 73.0 5 3000 647.20 0.006957 305, 878. 26 5500 755.20, (0.008129 356 102 a2 £000 853.10 9.009290 408 47 7218 1500, 970.99 2.01085 458 630 5000 3078.80 o.orier 308 375 3000 1296.60 0.01393, 610 476 000. 3510.36 0.01626 72. au 000 1726.10 901858 ei 359 1726.10 000 1921.90 0.02082 916 319 1981.90 000, 2187.60 9.02372 1018 5361 2ar 2157.60. 006 9286.50 0.03483 1526 12692 182 3236.50 000 4215.30 0.08645 2035 16323 148 4315.30 ane ee