Design of Tension Members 585 be compressed if the angle between the adjacent members decreases. Therefore, the width of that edge should not be too large, compared with the thickness; else the plate will buckle. A bending of this kind, called local buckling, is discussed in Chapter 8. Hence, the edge of the plate should be less than 42¢ where e= (250/,)" It is tedious to analyse the gusset plate for shear stresses, direct stresses, and bending stresses, and hence empirical methods have been used in the past to arrive at the thickness of the gusset plate (e.g., Whitmore method). More details of these methods are discussed in Section 5.7.2. The block shear model (see Section 7.6.3) could also be used to find the thickness of the gusset plate. It is a usual practice to provide the thickness of the gusset plate equal to or slightly higher than the members. that are connected by the gusset plate. It is interesting to note that the failure of the 1-35W bridge at Minnesapolis, USA in August 2007, was due to the inadequate thickness of the gusset plate. 7.15 Fatigue Effects When a member is subjected to either a large number of stress reversals or cyclic stresses, the result is application of a stress range to the member. The allowable stresses should be reduced to avoid a fatigue failure if the number of stress cycles and/or the stress range is large. It is usual to assume that fatigue can be neglected in normal building construction. However, in the design of bridge tension members, the fatigue effects should be considered. In such situation, it is advisable to use HSFG bolts to connect the member to the joint. Design for fatigue effects is discussed in detail in Chapter 17. An illustrative design of a bridge tension member for fatigue may also be found in Bowles (1980). Examples Example 7.1 What is the net area A,, for the tension member shown in Fig. 7.24, in case of (a) drilled holes and (b) punched holes. -— M20 bolt a AJ — Plate 100 x10 mm? Fig. 7.24586 Design of Steel Structures Solution A,= 100 x 10 = 1000 mm? (a) Net area of tension member for a drilled hole Hole diameter for an M20 bolt = 22 mm A, = A, ~ (hole diameter thickness of plate) = 1000 — 22 x 10 = 780 mm? (b) Net area of tension member for a punched hole Hole diameter = 22 + 2 = 24 mm A, = 1000 — 22 x 10 = 760 mm? Example 7.2 Determine the minimum net area of the plates as shown in Figs 7.25(a) and (b) with a Plate of size of 210 x 8 mm and 16-mm bolts. Chain bolting Zigzag bolting (a) (b) Fig. 7.25 Solution (a) Chain bolting Fora 16-mm bolt, hole diameter = 18 mm Net area = (b —nd)t =(210-4x 18)x8 = 1104 mm? (b) Zigzag bolting Staggered length correction = Pi/4g, Path AB and FG (two holes); Net area = (210 ~ 2 x 18) x 8 = 1392 mm? Path CDE (three holes): Net area = (210 - 3 x 18) x 8 = 1248 mm? Path ACDE (four holes and one stagger): Net area = [210 —4 x 18 + 454/(4 x 50)]8 = 1185 mm? Path FCDE (four holes and one stagger): Net area = [210—4 x 18 + 40°/(4 x 50)]8 = 1168 mm2 Path ACG or FCB (three holes and two staggers): Net area = [210-3 x 18+ 457/(4 x 50) + 40°/(4 x 50)]8 = 1393 mm? Path FCG (three holes and two staggers): Net area =210-3x 18 +2 x 40°/(4 x 50)]8 = 1376 mm?Design of Tension Members 587 The minimum net area is for path FCDE = 1168 mm”. Note that the minimum net area occurs at a path which has the maximum number of holes and minimum number of staggers. Example 7.3 Determine the net area A, for the 125 x 75 x6 angle with M20 bolt holes shown in Fig. 7.26. L125 x75 x6 ° ° al ° ° 7a 45, 55, 50, 8, $2100,459) Angle with holes (a) /— 125-mm leg o: 80 2 8 ° ° 2 a ° ° 50,50, 50, 9 = 91+ Q-t=45 +40-6=79mm Legs of the angle ‘flattened’ into one plane (b) Fig. 7.26 Effective net area of angle Solution For an M20 bolt, d, = 22 mm For net area calculation, the angle may be visualized as being flattened into a plate as shown in Fig. 7.26(b). gt =g, +g -t=45+40-6=79 mm A, = Ag— Ddyt + L(p7/Ag)t Path AC: Net area = 1170 — 2 x 22 x 6 = 906 mm? Path ABC: Net area = 1170 —3 x 22 x 6 + [502/(4 x 55) + 502/(4 x 79)] x 6 = 889.65 mm? Since the smallest net area is 889.65 mm? for path ABC, therefore, that value holds.588 Design of Steel Structures Example 7.4 Determine the design tensile strength of plate (160 x8 mm) connected to 10-mm thick gusset using 16-mm bolts, as shown in Fig. 7.27, if the yield and the ultimate stress of the steel used are 250 MPa and 410 MPa, respectively. Plate 8-mm thick ae ' Gusset 10-mm thick 30, 40,40 _, 30 Fig. 7.27 Solution Calculation of net area A, (Path 11) = (160 —3 x 18) x 8 = 848 mm? A, (Path 1221) = [(160 — 4 x 18) + (2 x 40°)/(4 x 25)] x 8 = 960 mm? A, (Path 12321) = [(160 — 5 x 18) + (4 x 40°)(4 x 25)] x 8 = 1072 mm? Factored design tension in member by (i) Yielding of gross section, Tag= Uf, X Ae! tool = [250 x (160 x 8)/1.10] x 1077 = 290.9 kN (ii) Rupture of net section Tan = (0.9 X fy X An! at) = (0.9 x 410 x 848/1.25) x 103 = 250.33 kN Therefore, the design tensile strength of the plate = 250.33 kN Check for minimum edge distance Provided edge and end distance = 30 mm > 1.5 x 18 = 27 mm. Hence, the edge distance is as required. Example 7.5 A single unequal angle 100 x75 x6 is connected to a 10-mm thick gusset plate at the ends with six 16-mm-diameter bolts to transfer tension as shown in Fig. 7.28. Determine the design tensile strength of the angle assuming that the yield and the ultimate stress of steel used are 250 MPa and 410 MPa: (i) if the gusset is connected to the 100-mm leg (ii) if the gusset is connected to the 75-mm leg Solution (i) Gusset is connected to the 100-mm leg of the angle Aye = (100 — 6/2 - 18) x 6 = 474 mm?Design of Tension Members 589 cs z 4 domm 5x 40 ] oat | ISA 100 x 75 x6 a J (A = 1010 mm?) Po ee peeeeasl + | en 16¢ bolt ———— g = 40 mm if 75 mm leg is connected = 60 mm if 100 mm leg is connected Fig. 7.28 Agg= (75 ~ 6/2) x 6 = 432 mm? Ag = 1010 mm (a) Strength governed by yielding of gross section Trig = Aghy! Yo = (1010 x 250/1.10) x 10° = 229.55 KN (b) Strength governed by rupture of critical section Tay = 0.feAge! Yon + PA gah! Fn A-0.076(WI( Sf b./Lo) = 1.4 - 0.076[(75 — 3)/6](250/410)[(72 + 60)/(5 x 40)] = 1.4 - 0.367 = 1.033 > 0.7 and < 1.44[(410/250)(1.1/1.25)] Approximate value of B= 1.4 - 0.54(b,/L,) = 1.4 — 0.54(132/200) = 1.0436 Tan = [0.9 X 410 x 474/1.25 + 1.033 x 432 x 250/1.10] x 10% = 139.92 + 101.42 = 241.34 kN Note The difference in the value of fas per the approximate equation and accurate equation is not high. If we consider the value of as per the approximate equation, we will get 4, = 242.38 KN. Alternatively, Tay = A yf! Iq, = 0.8 X [(474 + 432) x 410/1.25] x 10° = 237.73 KN Hence, take Taq = 241.34 KN (c) Strength governed by block shear Ay, = 6 (5x 40 + 40) = 1440 mm? Am = 6X [(5 x 40 + 40) — 5.5 x 18] = 846 mm? Avg = 6x40 = 240 mm? Ain = 6X (40 — 0.5 x 18) = 186 mm? Tao = Avghy/13 Yao) + 0.9 fuArn! on = [1440 x 250/./3 x 1.1) + 0.9 410 x 186/1.25] x 10-3 = 243.85 kN Tp = 0.9 fy Ava/3 teat) * Sy Arg! tno = [0.9 410x 846/(\/3 x 1.25) +250 240/1.10] x 10° = 198.73 KN590 Design of Steel Structures Hence, Typ = 198.73 kN Thus, the design tensile strength of the angle = 198.73 kN (least of 198.73, 229.55, and 242.24). The efficiency of the tension member = 198.73 x 1000x 100/(1010x 250/1.10) = 86.57% (ii) Gusset is connected to the 75-mm leg of the angle Ane = (75 — 6/2 ~ 18) x 6 = 324 mm? Ago= (100 ~ 6/2) x 6 = 582 mm? A, = 1010 mm? (@) Strength as governed by yielding of gross-section Tyg = Achy! Yno = 229.55 KN (®) Strength governed by tearing of net section Tin= 0.9 fyAne! Yor + PAgaSy! Yao B= 14 - 0.0760) F,/f,)(b,/L,) = 1.4 ~ 0.076[(100 — 3)/6](250/410)[(97 + 40)/(5 x 40)] = 0.8868 > 0.7 Approximate B= 1.4 — 0.54(137/200) = 1.03 Tan = [0.9 x 410 x 324/1.25 + 0.8868 x 582 x 250/1.1] x 103 = 212.94 kN Alternatively, Tan = Oy Su Yo = [0.8 x (324 + 582) x 410/1.25] x 103 = 237.73 kN Hence, take Ty, = 212.94 kN (©) Strength governed by block shear Ay, = 6x (5 x 40 + 40) = 1440 mm? Am = 6X (5 x 40 + 40 ~ 5.5 x 18) = 846 mm? Ag = 6X35 = 210 mm? Ay = 6X (35 -0.5 x 18) = 156 mm? Tap) = Ave JLB fo) + 0.9 fy Aun! Yt = [1440 x 250/(/3 x 1.1) + 0.9x 410 x 156/1.25] x 103 =235 kN Tava= 0.9 fren! V3 Yon) + Sug! tno = [0.9 x 410 x 846/( 3 x 1.25) + 250 x 210/1.10] x 10° = 191.91 kN Hence, Tay = 191.91 KNDesign of Tension Members $91 Thus, the design tensile strength of the angle = 191.91 KN (least of 229.55, 212.94 and, 191.91) The efficiency of the tension member = 191.91 x 1000 x 100/(1010 x 250/1.10) = 83.6% Hence, in this case, by connecting the short leg, the efficiency is reduced by about 3%. Example 7.6 Determine the tensile strength of a roof truss diagonal 100 x75 X6mm (f, = 250 MPa) connected to the gusset plate by 4-mm welds as shown in Fig. 7.29. 4-mm weld, 140 mm long 100 -|4 Ag= 1010 mm? Cz =30.1 75 = >| Weld 310-mm long Fig. 7.29 Solution : Area of the connected leg = (100 — 6/2) x 6 = 582 mm? Area of the outstanding leg = (75 - 6/2) x 6 = 432 mm* A, = 1010 mm” (a) Strength governed by yielding of cross section Tag = Aggy! no = (1010 x 200/1.10) x 10° = 229.55 KN (b) Strength governed by rupture of critical section Tay = 0.9f Ane! Yon + BAgofy! tino Assuming average length of weld L,, = 225 mm B= 14 -0.076WwIt)( f/f, Mb /L) = 1.4 — 0.076[(75 — 3)/6}(250/410)(100/225) = 1.153 Approximate B = 1.4 — 0.54(b,/L,,) = 1.4 — 0.54(100/225) = 1.16 Hence, Tin = (0.9 x 410 x 582/1.25 + 1.153 x 432 x 250/1.10] x 1039 = 285.01 KN Alternatively, Tig = CAnSulYm = (0.8(582 + 432) x 410/1.25] x 10° = 266.07 kN Hence, Ty, = 285.01 KN592 Design of Steel Structures (c) Strength governed by block shear Since the member is welded to the gusset plate, no net areas are involved and hence 4,, and A,, in the equation for Ty, (Section 6.3.1 of the code) should be taken as the corresponding gross areas (Gaylord et al. 1992). Assuming average length of the weld on each side as 225 mm and the gusset plate thickness as 8 mm, Tayi = [8 x (225 x 2) x 250/(/3 x 1.1) + 0.9 x 410 x 8 x 100/1.25] x 103 = 708.53 kN Tog = [8 x 0.9 x 410 x 225 x 2/(J3 x 1.25) + 250 x 8 x 100/1.1] x 103 = 798.38 kN Hence, Ty, = 708.53 KN Thus, tensile strength = 229.55 kN (least of 229.55, 285.01, and 708.53) The efficiency of the tension member = 229.55 x 1000 x 10/(1010 x 250/1.10) = 100% It is clear that since there is no reduction in the area in the welded connection, the efficiency of the tension member is not reduced. Note that in the calculation, we have assumed the average length of weld as 225 mm on each side. However, the welding should be proportioned based on the position of the neutral axis. Thus, for the tensile capacity = 229.55 kN, with capacity of 4-mm weld = 0.530 kN/mm Length of the weld at the upper side of the angle = (229.55 x 30.1/100)/0.530 = 130 mm, say 140 mm Length of the weld at the bottom side of the angle = [229.55 x (100 — 30.1)/100/0.530 = 302 mm, say 310 mm Example 7.7 Select a suitable angle section to carry a factored tensile force of 210 KN assuming a single row of M20 bolts and assuming design strength as f, = 250 Nimm- Solution Approximate required area = 1.1 x 210 x 10°/250 = 924 mm” Choose 65 x 65 x 8 angle with 4 = 976 mm? Strength governed by yielding = [976 x 250/1.1] x 10 = 221.82 kN Ay, = area of connected leg = (65 — 4 — 22) x 8 = 312 mm? Agg = (65 — 4) x 8 = 488 mm? Required number of M20 bolts (Table 5.9) = 170/45.3 = 3.75 Provide four bolts at a pitch of 60 mm. Strength governed by rupture of critical section Ten = 0.9 Ane! Foi + BAgaSy! Fro B= 1.4 —0.076 x (65/8)(250/410)(61 + 35)/(3 x 60) = el199)Design of Tension Members 593 Ty = [0.9 X 410 x 312/1.25 + 1.199 x 488 x 250/1.10] x 107 = 225.08 KN Alternatively, Tan= OA fil Ypy = [0-8 x (312 + 488) x 410/1.25] x 10> = 209.92 kN Strength governed by block shear Assuming an edge distance of 40 mm, Ayg = 8 X (3 X 60 + 40) = 1760 mm Ay, = 8 X (3 X 60 + 40 — 3.5 x 22) = 1144 mm? Ay = 8 x 35 = 280 mm? Am = 8 X (35 — 0.5 X 22) = 192 mm? Typ = [1760 x 250/(4[3 X 1.1) + 0.9 x 410 x 192/1.25] x 10-3 = 287.61 KN Tap = [0.9 410 1144/(/3 x 1.25) + 250 x 280/1.10] x 10> = 258.61 kN Tension capacity of the angle = 209.92 kN ~ 210 kN Hence the angle is safe. Example 7.8 4 tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 75 X75 X6 bolted to a 10-mm gusset, one on each side using a single row of bolts [See Fig. 7.30(a)] and tack bolted. Determine the tensile capacity of the member and 10mm eS ren afte Spacer 6-mm thick L75x75x6 Lom Connected to gusset Connected on the same ‘one on each side side of the gusset (a) (b) 35 4x50 35 Se Ln 38 i ooooo°o! o = 1 Le (c) +129 bolts @ 1000 mm spacers (clause 10.2.5.4) (a) Fig. 7.30594 Design of Steel Structures the number of bolts required to develop full capacity of the member. What will be the capacity if the angles are connected on the same side of the gusset plate and tack bolted [Fig. 7.30(b)]? What is the effect on tensile strength if the members are not tack bolted? Solution (a) Two angles connected to opposite side of the gusset as in Fi ig. 7.30(a) (i) Design strength due to yielding of gross section Tyg= FAe/Yno) A, = 866 mm: (for a single angle) Tag = 250 X 2 x (866/1.10) x 103 Ty, = 393.64 kN (ii) The design strength governed by tearing at net section Tan = OA Silent) Assume a single line of four numbers of 20-mm-diameter bolts (a= 0.8) A, = ((75 - 6/2 - 22)6 + (75 — 6/2)6]2 A, = (300 + 432)2 = 1464 mm? Tay = (0.8 x 1464 x 410/1.25) = 384,15 KN Therefore, Tensile capacity = 384.15 kN Design of bolts Choose edge distance = 35 mm Capacity of bolt in double shear (Table 5.9) = 245.3 = 90.6 kN Bearing capacity of the bolt does not govern as per Table 5.9, Hence, Strength of a single bolt = 90.6 kN Provide five bolts. Then, Total strength of the bolts = 5 x 90.6 = 453 KN > 384.15 kN Hence the connection is safe. Minimum spacing = 2.51 = 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm Hence, provide a spacing of 50 mm. The arrangements of bolts are shown in Fig. 7.30(c): Check for block shear strength: (clause 6.4) Block shear strength Ty, of connection will be taken as Tap = Avg 3%q0) + Arn Fa Yon) or Tapa = 0.9f,Ayn//3 Yq) + (HAtg/Yno) whichever is smaller. Avs = (4 x 50 + 35)6 = 1410 mm? Ayn = (4 x 50 + 35 ~ 4.5 x 22)6 = 816 mm? Am = (35.0 — 22/2)6 = 144 mm2 Av = (35 x 6) = 210 mm?Design of Tension Members 595 Typ, = {[(1410 x 250)/(/3 x 1.10)] + [(0.9 x 144 x 410)/1.25]} x 10% = 227.5 kN Taps = {{(0.9 X 410 x 816)/(f3 x 1.25)] + [(250 x 210)/1.10]} x 10% = 186.8 kN For double angle, block shear strength = 2 x 186.8 = 373.6 kN Therefore, Tensile capacity = 373.6 KN (least of 393.64 kN, 384.14 KN, and 373.6 kN) (b) Two angles connected to the same side of the gusset plate [Fig. 7.30(b)] (i) Design strength due to yielding of the gross section = 393.64 kN (ii) Design strength governed by tearing at the net section = 384.14 kN Assuming ten bolts of 20 mm diameter, five bolts in each connected leg Capacity of an M20 bolt in single shear = 45.3 kN Total strength of bolts = 10 x 45.3 = 453 KN > 393.64 KN Hence the connection is safe. The arrangement of bolts is shown in Fig. 7.30(d). Since it is similar to the arrangement in Fig. 7.30(c), the block shear strength will be the same, ie., 373.6 KN. Hence, the tensile capacity = 373.6 kN The tensile capacity of both the arrangements (angles connected on the same side and connected to the opposite side of gusset) are same, as per the code though the load application is eccentric in this case. Moreover, the number of bolts are ten whereas in case (a) we used only five bolts since the bolts were in double shear. (o) If the angles are not tack bolted, they behave as single angles connected to gusset plate. In this case also the tensile capacity will be the same and we have to use ten M20 bolts. This fact is confirmed by the test and FEM results of Usha (2003), stating that ‘The net section strength of double angles on opposite sides of the gusset and tack connected adequately over the length is nearly the same as that of two single angles acting individually. Current design provisions indicating greater efficiency of such double angles are not supported by the test and FEM results.’ Example 7.9 /t was shown in Example 7.8 that the capacity of 2 angles 75 x75 x 6 mm is 373.6 kN. Design a single angle to carry 350 KN. Assume that the length of the member is 3 m. Solution The weight of 2 L 75x 75 x 6 mm is 2 x 6.8 = 13.6 kg/m. Let us choose an neu angle of size 150 x 75 x 8 mm with a weight of 13.7 kg/m and area = 1750 mm, ry = 16.2 mm. (i) Design strength due to yielding of cross section Tag = fy Ag! fag = 250 X 1750/1.10 = 397.7 KN > 350 KN (ii) Design strength governed by tearing of net section Tein = Oy Su! ent596 Design of Steel Structures Assuming nine M20 bolts, with strength = 9 x 45,3 = 407,7kN = (150-4 —2 x 22)8 + (75 ~ 4)8 = 1384 mm? Tyn= (0.8 x 1384 x 410/1.25) x 10-3 = 363.1 KN > 350 KN (iii) Assuming a staggered bolting as shown in Fig. 7.31 Ay = (4 x 50 + 35) x 8 = 1880 mm? Ayn = (4X 50+ 35 —4 x 22)8 = 1176 mm2 Ar = (65 + 30 — 22)8 = 584 mm2 Ag = (65 + 30) x 8 = 760 mm 35 50 50 50 50 35 YAR L150 x 75 x8 30 65 T7 55. Fig. 7.31 Block shear capacity Tap = Avghyol3 Yao) + OA fal Yat = [1880 x 250/(J3 x 1.1) + 0.9 x 588 x 410/1.25] x 107 = 419.08 kN Tap2 = 0.9 fd 13 tnt + Aig hol Foo = [0.9 x 1176 x 410/(/3 x 1.25) + (760 x 250/1.1)] x 10-3 = 373.15 kN Hence, Tap = 373.15 KN > 350 kN Check for stiffness (Table 3 of code) Lir = 3000/16.2 = 185 < 250 Hence the section is safe. It is seen from Examples 7.8 and 7.9 that unequal angle section with its long leg connected has a carrying capacity similar to that of two equal angles of the same weight connected on the same side or opposite side of gusset plate. Hence wherever possible unequal angles (with its long leg connected) should be used. But unfortunately unequal angles are not freely available in the market, Exampie 7.10 A tension member ina bridge structure 10-m long is subjected to an axial tensile (factored) load of 1800 KN. Design the section with channels facing each other (see Fig, 7.32). Assume f, = 410 MPa and f, = 250 MPa. Solution Required area = 1.1 x 1800 x 1000/250 = 7200 mm?Design of Tension Members 597 280 x 6 mm plate oe ie me i 1717" “Tismc 300 |_ISMC 80 sed v2 =>) << ISMC 300. xia 280 mm Fig. 7.32 Select two channels ISMC 300 (36.3 kg/m) each with the following properties A = 4630 mm’; B= 90 mm, g= 50 mm I, = 6420 x 10‘ mm* Jy =313 x 104 mm4 1,= 13.6 mm; f, = 7.8 mm ry, = 118 mm C, = 23.5 mm Assuming 16-mm-diameter bolts for the connection, Diameter of hole = 16 +2 = 18 mm Aq = 2X 4630 = 9260 mm? Assuming staggered bolts, deduction of two holes will be made in the calculation of the net area. Net area provided = gross area — area of bolt holes — (0.5 x web area) = 9260 —2 x 18 x 13.6 — 0.5 [2 x (300 — 2 x 13.6) x 7.8] = 8770.4 — 2127.84 = 6642.56 mm? < 7200 mm” As the net area provided by the two channels is less than the net area required, we have to provide additional cover plates. Required net area of cover plates = 7200 — 6642.56 = 557.44 mm? Let us provide an additional plate of size 280 x 6 mm with area 1680 mm” and arrange two channels as shown in Fig. oe Ip, = 2 x 6420 x 104 + 280 x 6°/12 + 280 x 6(122.35 — 6/2) +2 x 4630 x (156 - 122.35) = 162.82 x 10° mm* 2.x 4630 + 280 x 6 = 10940 mm? 2[313 x 104 + 4630(280/2 — 23.5)"] + 6 x 2807/12 42.19 x 106 mm* Tin = -¥ (142.91 x 108/10940) = 114.3 m A= Vr = 10 x 1000/114.3 = 87.49 < 180 Hence A is within allowable limit. Net area = 2 x 4630 + 280 x 6 — 2[18 x 13.6 + 18 x 6] — 0.5[2 x (300 —2 x 13.6) x 7.8] = 8106.56 mm?598 Design of Steel Structures Tensile strength of the member (assuming more than four bolts) = (0.8 x 8106.56 x 410/1.25) x 10° = 2127.2 KN > 1800 kN Hence, the tensile strength of the member is as required. ‘The two channels should be tied effectively at regular intervals with tie plates so as to function as a single unit (see clause 7.7.2.3 of the code) Effective depth of tie plate = distance between centroids of the main components, = 280-2 x 23.5 = 233 mm Assuming 16-mm-diameter bolts and with edge distance = 30 mm Overall depth = 233 + 2 x 30 = 293 mm = 300 mm Length of the plate = width of the member = 280 mm Thickness of tie plate = (1/50)(distance between innermost connecting line of bolts) = (1/50)(280 — 2 x 50) = 3.6 mm Provide (300 x 280 x 6)-mm tie plates. Example 7.11 Design sag rods for consecutive purlins near the supported end of a roof truss system as shown in Fig. 7.33. The purlins are supported at one-third points by sag rods. Also design the ridge rod between ridge purlins. The data given are c/e Spacing of truss = 6 m, spacing of purlin = 1.4 m, self weight of roofing = 200 N/m’, intensity of wind pressure = 1500 N/m’, slope of the roof truss = 25°, and no access is provided to the roof. j 0.5 kN/m? Sag rod under design, (TTTTTTTT THIET UTE TUT ITUL IIIT Corrugated steel roofing 25° Roof truss ICentté line of root ' ' 2m L | T ' 2m 1 1 1 1 len 14m. Roof truss Fig. 7.33 Roof and sag rods for Example 7.11 Solution Dead load from roofing = 200 x 1.4 = 280 N/m Self weight of purlin = 100 N/m (assumed) Live load = (750 — 0.02 x 15) x 2/3 = 500 N/m? > 0.40kN/m?Design of Tension Members 599 Live load on purlin = 500 x 1.4= 700 N/m Toad gravity load 00 + 280 + 100 = 1080 N/m Wind load = 1500 x 1.4 = 2100 N/m (normal to roof) Component of gravity load parallel to roof = 1080 x sin 25° = 456.4 N/m As the sag rods are placed at one-third points on the purlin, Pull on sag rod = 456.4 x 6/3 = 912.8 N Factored load = 1.5 x 912.8 = 1369.2 N Required net area = Ty, X Yqy/(0.9f,) = 1369.2 x 1.25/(0.9 x 410) = 4.64 mm? Provide a 16-mm-diameter sag rod with a threaded area of 157 mm between purlins. (Note that the provided rod should not be less than 16-mm diameter.) Tie rod between ridge purlins Pull in the tie rod = 4 x 912.8 x sec 25° = 4028.6 N Factored load = 4028.6 x 1.5 = 6042.9N Required net area = Ty, %)/(0.9f,,) = 6042.9 x 1.25/(0.9 x 410) = 20.47 mm? Hence, provide 16-mm diameter tie rods between the ridge purlins. Example 7.12 4 diagonal member of a roof carries an axial tension of 450 kN. Design the section and its connection with a gusset plate and lug angle. Use f, = 250 MPa and f, = 410 MPa. Solution Factored tensile load = 450 kN Required net area of section = T,,7,,;/(0.9f,) = 450 x 1000 x 1.25/(0.9 x 410) = 1524 mm? Choose ISA 150 x 75 x 10 with A = 2160 mm, 7, = 16.1 mm Providing 20-mm-diameter bolts; strength of a bolt in single shear = 45.3 kN (Strength in bearing will not govern.) Required number of bolts = 450/45.3 = 10 Using a pitch of 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm and an edge distance of 30 mm Length of gusset plate = 9 x 50 + 30 = 480 mm Area of connected leg 4, = [150 — 22 - (10/2)] x 10 = 1230 mm? Area of outstanding leg 4,, = [75 — (10/2)] x 10 = 700 mm? A, = 1230 + 700 = 1930 mm? > 1524 mm? _— Lug angle Tearing strength of the net section ISA 150 x 75 x 8 Tay = Ag fi! Yo1 = 0.8 X 1930 410/1.25 . = 506.4 KN > 450 kN Hence safe. ISA 150 x75 x 10 Without lug angle, the length of the gusset plate is 480 mm. If the bolts are staggered and arranged in two rows, the length of the gusset plate may be reduced. We will now provide a lug angle (see Fig. 7.34). Fig. 7.34600 Design of Steel Structures Design of lug angle Total factored tensile load = 450 KN Gross area of the connected leg = [150 — (10/2)] x 10 = 1450 mm? Gross area of outstanding leg = [75 — (10/2)] x 10 = 700 mm? In an unequal angle, the load gets distributed in the ratio of the gross area of connected and outstanding legs. Load shared by outstanding leg of main angle = 450 x 700/(1450 + 700) = 146.5 kN Load on lug angle = 1.2 x 146.5 = 175.8 Required net area for lug angle = 175.8 x 10° x 1.25/(0.9 x 410) = 596 mm? Use ISA 150 x 75 x 8 angle with 4 = 1750 mm? Assuming that the section is weakened by one row of 20-mm-diameter bolt Net area = 1750 — 22 x 8 = 1574 mm?> 596 mm? The lug angle is also kept with its 75-mm long leg as outstanding leg Number of bolts to connect 150-mm leg of lug angle with gusset plate = 175.8/45.3 ~4 Provide five bolts of 20 mm diameter to connect lug angle with gusset plate. Check Load on connected leg = 450 x 1450/(1450 + 700) = 303.5 kN Required number of bolts = 303.5/45.3 ~ 7 Hence provide seven 20-mm-diameter bolts to connect the diagonal tension member with the gusset. Required number of bolts to connect outstanding legs of the two angles = 14 x 146.5/45.3 = 5 Hence, provide five bolts of 20 mm diameter. Required length of gusset plate = 6 x 50 + 30 = 330 mm (compared with 480 mm without lug angle). Example 7.13 Four guy cables are attached to a 250-m TV. antenna tower at 100m and 200 m as shown in Fig. 7.35. Each cable is subjected to a force as shown in Fig. 7.35. Design the cable given the following (Bowles 1980) H= wl? (8h) where w is the self weight of the cable, H is the horizontal reaction, L is the span length, and h is the mid span sag. 2 Cable tension r=u) 1+ 16(4) +tan2o-8 (4) tana 5 Limit the elongation to 100 mm. Solution For the 100 m level, we obtain 2 ae = 100 KN; w/h = (100 x 8)/100? = 0.08Design of Tension Members 601 ——> 140 kN Fig. 7.35 With @ = 45° and ta. @= 1.0, we will use a trial and error procedure to find the tension in the cable. With a safety factor = 2.5 Trial H= wi0.08 T ee Cable weight, wkN/m Diameter, mm 1 0 (assumed) 141.42 353.5 0.024 25 2 0.3 140.6 351.4 Close enough to initial Tension in cable = 351.4 kN Length of cable = L[1 + Soup (32/5)(A/L)*] = 100[1 + (8/3)(0.3/100)* — (32/5)(0.3/100)°] = 100.002 m Hence it may be taken as 100 m. Required area of cable = 351.4 x 10°/1400 = 251 mm? Nominal diameter = ./(4/0.6) = (251/0.6 = 20.5 mm Select a rope of nominal diameter 25 mm. Check for elongation Equivalent modulus of elasticity = 0.65 x 2 x 10° MPa = 1.3 x 10° MPa Area of cross section of cable = 0.6D* = 0.6 x 25? = 375 mm? Elongation at working load = PLIAE = 140.6 x 10° x 100 x 1000/(375 x 1.3 x 10°) = 288.4 mm Limiting elongation = 100 mm Hence, the cables have to be prestressed. Pre-stressing required = P;