{EEE Traacoes on EaereyComerion, V5, No 2,ue 1980, = DESIGN ANALYSIS OF CAPACITOR-START, CAPACITOR-RUN SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS E.P.Puche —A.J.Vandenpot® J. 3.0, White, Fellow IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Felon, IEEE, Department of Electrical and Computer Bogineesing, Electric Power Research Institute Univesity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 Palo Alto, California 91308 * Was on Sabbatical from University of Leuven, Belgium “Was on Sabbatical feom VUES, Brao, Czechoslovak Keywords; single phate induction motor, desig of run capacitor, ircular and elliptic ar gap fed Abstract” Capacitor start, capacitor single-pha. centile with nonequal numbers of turns per sot adequate se induction mutore are anabved le teams ofthe motating eld ‘heory tsi the meshed of vaumetsial components. The novel "approach of this paper i bared onthe earent ratio}, relating TEE beckwecd and forward rotating componente of ihe sae fad einilary piace winding eurents. Since the Tones of such {Cinachine ae greatly dependent pon the elipticthape of the {oteing field sich a analyse terms of jl be of wae for {ty efisieney optimoation. The dependency uf the eieney ‘'the ram eapaitor capacitance je investigated. Since the pa ‘ametes ofthe equivalent crest are ip, temperate and ant Strato dependent, computer program mas developed wich Uleteraines in an iterative manner the performance of such ma ‘Shines A large namber of tests were performed fr 2 ip, 115/290 V motor. The experimental data corroborate fhe Calculated characterises which show that the mexenora ‘ficiency is reached for a nonaero but small value of 5. INTRODUCTION The optimisation of single-phase Sndyton motors sith epee! teeny for pve tom end pefomnace a Tonite 0] egies Yon Gr gen ot the pe fence aracicvcs ane pated with gro aesrey ‘The ate ofthe a ofthe deugn and compan methods Sa cknes'sdacased nee pblehed pape, ST Ton uso abt tbr beable Loearely sign sel Inine tal’ whete the etpated prorat Sieageement wil rented darecrsin Poe purpose Se ade whch was supped by the Bite Power Re see a sre Rb a ho HINZE Wci_-stnctines hes ened tae oie epee ‘ivtoucn reach tir masini eceey ety epi RL Bai caus Pee ued fr forthe des ot ‘mia Sf uc mnie and Stas ne en) The design equation are bard om the rotating Bld ee ‘Strive fora nona}nmetrieal tor phase motor witha uniform ‘Srp tang in acct he elf the forward td back ‘tall folating fide, An analyenof the mgeetie Great wei SEB Shute ofthe dete lle the satration {acioc: Starting ftom given motor design data, the parameters Of the equivalent ie age eleulted Since the main and ‘Suulhayplase stator windings are assumed to consist of com: Go 8) 080 12 saper reconnended ant apunoved (G the Lilt gesrie lachinery Goanittee of the Tian ower ivaering society for presentation at Ae THEK/#.0 1990" inter booting, Atlan Cenrcisy, February 4 ~ 2, 1950. anueoript aubmatia uly 31,1892" mde available for printing Jamary5, 1950. {Semnlas had tobe derived for the elenlaton of the reeanees find veactancer The sin effect ie taken into aceoant im the de {crrlnation of the resistance and the leakage reactane ofthe rotor bare, and the ferromagnetic bridge of totally embedded rotor bare is properiy modeled, Special attention in given to ‘the aleulton ofthe iro core lores de the backward and forwerd rotating elds By sean of 0 thermal network the inverge temperatore ofthe stor winding i obained The design approach yields the performance char sctesistce for given ship in the range O23Prea = Pe aSPoaage The stator and rotor winding resintanees and the ir gop ax density, the maguetzing reottance as well as the fesisance teprewating the ton-core Jones are iteratively ad {fated according tothe temperatore nad the staraton of the aching, respestvel., Detaled information abowt the motor perforce at tated speed and lon, the breakdown sip aed raring provided for given values of the capacitance of the a ‘tora given levtiel see charactertier A stady with Aiferen value of the rum capacitor yields, forgive geomet Udimessions, active materiale and tater winding ditsbation, {he run capacitor valu for maximum eficeney- A lazge sabe tf tcnts ete perforied on «commercially svalable sgl phase ‘motor of? Hp, 115V/290V, 4 pes, and fan-coned, Details of ‘he motor design are Uited in Rppendie A ‘THEORETICAL ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF ‘The theoretical analysis ofsngl-phaseindyction mo- tore can be Based on the rolling Held theory using the method ‘fsymietrel component The formulas in the following ee ipl be dred fre tne pa moter -cnnecion fre tn) of the ator pincer, bere the supply voltage low ee TN) Mowenenif the supply voltage tah (04:00) ‘swith $y in Figure Ibn closed (during state) aoe Sbiaize the ‘T-counection beeatse the Branch with the high impedance cel can be nepeced Ter Figure 1 Connection diagram ofthe stator phases for ono pse sootor applied by either 118V (a) ot 230 (8) ‘The equivalent rest and the motor performance equations are debved for a nonsyaumetrical two-phase motor, os scp OTL © 1980 EEEconsisting ofthe main phase winding A and the mune hace Winding B with an external impedance Z,(ra capacitor and oe acting capacitor) connected in sere te shown in Figare 2m ‘The two windings A ead B have diferent aumber of tras, Ws tnd Npy'and diferent electrical impedance paramrters; Res Xai and Roy Xan, respecively. Because of thse dierences (eflsnating inthe’ minimum cost for sachs motel. 2) thie fo phase motor generally a nonsymaetricl me with rept to ite windigs. Actusually done one co tensfura one of the windings into new fetious winding hating the aumber of orasof that ofthecther winding 7 Hse the new teansionned sutliary winding will have Nq tras, a ts parameters wil Ue eloalated necting t the transformation satse 0 (24,54) os) In order to arrive ata “eymametical”snotor, the dit ference in the impedances of oth windings willbe iacuded in the external pedance. ‘Tht value becomes (Rel Ra) +iXw! Xa). 8) ‘The schematic ofthe “eymmetrca!” motor is given in Figate 2b: Note thatthe rotor not afleced by tie Sransforamton Figere 22 Connection diagram of ss nonrymmeticl te phase mito Figure 2b “Symmetsiea! two-phase motor ‘The voltage equations of the machine can now be obtnined jn terms of synmetscal components. For the maia‘phese ome ean rae (6a) fa Vay Oa ‘for the ausiinry phase i+ ay = Way 384 () ‘The terminal voltages expressed in terms of currents sod impedances then become Va = Spiny + fst (7) and Tan Vat Bele Ve + Bplay + Zyln. (7) where 2p = Ra tiXat by (80) oad Ba Rat kath co) ‘The rotor impedances Zyy and Zyy are defined in Ref. 6 and consist af the paral connection of the impedances of the ‘agnetising’ ine loe-and ror brace, If the symmetrical componente forthe cusrents are introduced dag = jie itn), Ean Flat itn) (008) nd noting that (106, 8) can define the current ratio of the nin and suxliary-phase ‘endings a= Toy = Stay, Tig = id ha fn : igaehy a Using as, 7a 1 tr phase Ae eqn de a fuetion of 5 ean be dean as shown ia Figure 3. The or responding eieut for phase B (Bqu. Th, 1) i given in 6 he ins ‘erie UepRhe Figure 3. Equivalent ciruit of phase A ‘The fluence of the iton-coe loses onthe currents is ‘nal, bat these loses play » significant le inthe computation Lhe efcency. Therefore one obtains fron Figuce 3 the total Fimpedance of phase Ar She (4 3MRa + 5Xal) = 2) 44d (12) The forward and backward rotating components of phase A cureat ate thea Baby tay Fy dm shay (13,8) sd the total cute of phase A ees Iy= hyd 09 For the caren of phe B one obtains corepunding int = Lo In tap i tab) ‘The terminal eure i then fn intte ve)vith the power faetor Rei cm cons = a7) "The magnetic energy is supplied by two windings: the main ‘hase winding deel comeecied to the terminal voltage and The autlinry phase winding i supplied by the terminal vlenge through a capacitor: therefore, the voltage actos the auxiliary plu windy changes with te motor load. Fors symmetrical ‘Rotor the magoetiatagcurreat ean be computed 2 no load op tration which is defined eer by sip uals gro, or by tongue ‘Tegal sero. Both these conditions are not satined at no Toad ‘peyation ot two phase saachie with nn eliptie eld, beenase SieS 0 aswell efor T-0 there are appreciable rotor euzeats eal go loud conditions for such w two phase rnchine should ‘be defined a having an open-rotor winding, where the forward ted the backward foteting current componente nee sero. The ator windings are spatially shifted by 80" with respect to each ‘ther, tad therefore there eno magnetic coupling betwee the {iro slor windings ae long as ome eplects the magnetic satis ‘ulonof the iron-cve portion whichis afected by bots winding ‘osc, In thie cae the a-lond canrens of both stator windings ‘ay be ealealated separa. ‘An equivalent lees circuit desriing this magne- “aon shown i Figure The fe ea i the tnmf yof the main phase winding pases tough the airgap hd ough the tech whoae relactances( Ry and Ry repo tively) are not eflected by ur dia. ‘There ae also segments Ut the yokel yo) which ave fnfuenced ty Bax gy cnly™ Both fBuxee pass through a common pat in the yokes Myc), where ‘ey bonlly maguetite the coe, The magetization ofthe core by tke mm fp of the auaiery phase windings simile ‘The eompotation of the magnetic voltage drops in the airgap, Up the tater and rotor teeth, Up ad Via reepee tively, and for the separate Bax paths of the yokes are straight {bewaid, More complicated seems to be the calealtion of the {ollage drop forthe common fax paths of the vokes, where TONEnd comcaingnetiaton occurs This phenomenon, hae te previouly vbverved for aynehronons sachine|, 9. The ths for bond maguete fixer see shove Sa Figure th, The axes gy and Gy pase through the common portion(DC) of the stor yokes ‘These two flszes produce approdaistely ‘hlar rotating field conditions and (herefore ae apptemimately Rye Ry Figure 4a Equivalent cient forthe magnetization of two-phase motor Since the magnetising current is eaeulated for the ‘aximum vale of te tt gup Bx density Bye, for example ‘ge to winding Ay the Aux density caused iy winding B wil be envo and te thagetie voltage drops in thesiator nd so tor yobea(Vyy aud Toy respeesively) can be ealelated. From Fipave tb ee notee‘tat f'n time instant when both fazer cE nonaeso within the yoke, they iateret diferent in vas fous portions of the(stator) yoke. Along part BC, the fx ¢ CU Bux bs and inereases the tom stration abd elong part DE the fax gp subtracts om fox #4 and therefore decreases For each assumed slip value, the ealealatons of the perameters af the magnetic circuit are perloraed for enh ofthe To windings staring with an estimated value of the maxima ‘x density in the Apap, Byer Figure 4b Interaction of mngaetc faxes of ‘oth windings aesuning a two pe conBgretion “The total magnetic voltage dup i then BVA 2,4 20+ 2¥e +n Ta, (18) snd the seturation coefcient ns used for the fox calculation hd the aodication of the difrestial leakage, Becomes Va + Vo 09) For the calculation of the saturated mutual reactance, the st Iuation of the entire magnetic deeai(incloding saturation of the yokes) is importaat and the total saturation coeficeat as ‘Applied tothe muta Feetanee calelation 1s BY Kua = Hy (20) Based on these estimated fx density values and saturation fctors the motor will be designed and the magnetic feld— ‘hlalaied fom the symmetsieel components of the induced SEak-wil be eompazed ith the estigeted value. Ths ite Son procedure ie coninaed wat change of lee than 0.3% IRchleved. The foward aad backward rotting componeats af the smagnetaiog curren ae then 4, ae ttmiay em Bare oe ose nd sees ‘ue str eope we fhe main and sng phase windings are ee Pee LER, and APaw = n?Roy (8)» spectively: The loses ofthe rotor winding become Paar = mall's) Ray + mil’) Ra's (25) here,my(=2) is the mumber of stator phases. ‘The calle {ion of the iron-core loses of pase tutors congested The tangaetic Ald in the machine tiny vary from af elipic ficld(for's nonsymetsial two-phase nota) te nical ro tating flor rymmetiel two phase sete). In aden, tt loaded operation, the rotor enreat alee the fre dst fin'sueh thatthe resultant Bld becomes ee eieice: The ‘non-core loses for © sinonadal altage soppy (Ap) contet sf rator aad rotor core le [6 Their tons ofthe eater in ‘he presence of the fax Semity componente Byy sed By, Spal Be acne! cording to ete te vero ta or fhe rac surm In this abaya ti supposed thatthe ut Inuence of thee componeats canbe epected. Pheer ‘aleulntes the stator Won sore losses ok Pay Pha = Klon(f) + eof) iby +B P'G, (2b) smhere om and op are the hysteresis and eddy current coef ‘eats, renpetivel,mcasred at Gequency fan a fax deny SET abd G's the wept. The coeicentK take into accourl ‘he increase ofthe om lonses eto hardening of the magnetic seal during the punching proces. Bic nore cain ant Be epg oealeate the iron lanes the rte since oth Buk denatiy components hve diferent freuencis with respect to thereto em Be to {Elo sonnei the fr hey can bape ew lated by nding the lm value for Soth Componentes For the frwar totaling component one obtenn = Kien SS) seta, 76 APL = Kion(: ye) ra( Je) |B G, (26) td forthe backward oaing componat allows crepe ingly * Ba), (2M) ioe. (a AP = Klow(—F—) + ent Fe) But. (266) AC rated operation the irom less cased by the two, field comonents are small due to the low fequeney, Sf of the forward rotating component and due to the small ample tude of the lox density, Byh of the backward rotating tom. ponent. According to Appendix B one obtain at rated op ration for APraa = APyy + AP ~ 18H as compared to APs = BRAW; therefore the question whether the rotor cote louses should be ealealated from (Eyy 4 Bis)? 0 yj? + Eq if nic porte: The fo he aan tain Fs) tod fotor (APP) the iron pulsation lossy inthe stator AP tad the rotor( Af teth and the snechanial losses Pec) sre computed according to [, 10-and 1, ‘The determination of pares lossesfe. losses due to the axial fax beenuee of skewing, loser solid tom tan tecals) a not resolved for induction machines, therefore the ‘iceney ie found vin the outpot power andthe total usa Pout Prat SOP" sia ad through the employment of terzinl quantitce (om) deal, both above effciney expresions should produce the same eficieney value fora given op Decne of the neglect he aforemen will at be the coe ‘Temperature Ri ‘The temperature equation is written for the dip proof fan-cgled moter mentioned inthe Introduction with the ai low ithe asl diretion through the ar ge, the ght tor coaing oles and the four ducte between the siatr yoke ‘nd the frame os luctrated ia Figuve5. Temperatute measure tents indicate that the rotor temperataree ways lower thea {hat ofthe stator winding. Figure 5 Radial cross-section of the motor Theron oot las ne cide in the ternal ates Foner itis aasumed that the end windings domo dapat heat to the surrounding air inade the motor and that the heat ‘ofthe stator winding ir transfered to the ion core oly. ‘The temperature equation consists ofthe falling ternperatuze drop 1. temperature drop across the stator slot inslation - 6, 2 temperature drop actos the atetor poke” i 5. temperature drop seronsthe two paral! paths consisting ‘Of the to dilleren ducts between ator yoke and fame = 1 eof the tater winding it Fy + Mor (28) ‘The thermal network ofthe motor ander consideration i shown in'Pigare 6. "The various thermal rstances ae define ht ‘Caw: -R,~ thermal resistance of the stator slot nasasions ‘ay ~ thera seiatance of he stator ye in radial direction; ZL thermal seustance of the air gap betweet the wator Soke andthe fame ey ~ Mera resistance of fame; ‘el ~ therm reistance fe dissipating the heat to stationary 2a, ~ thermal resistance for dissipating the beat to moving tirin the duets between stator yoke and fame ‘The temperature ferences across the stator slot ins Intiog (a the ator ok (Aas nat cee he ap ieiween sator yoke and fete (AQyer) can be compute feo e rapostve pertent thermal eefitascs ead Ions The average empereture ofthe stator windings ow 8 Bah 3, My + pny (2) here Bump ie the ambient temperature ‘Toran ‘The electromagnetic torque of ws asyzunetsical two pace machine em result of two torques developed by the toFigure 6 Thermal network nosey rotting gn Forte shat torque of the ren, 2% ™ sod the sing tras 1, =T)4%. (a) Both ogee components ay be foun frm the erin sma( lay V Roy. 7 - mn Ba, @) _ malt’) Ras Bene 5) a were p i the numberof pole pairs "The breakdown torgue ean be found from Bg. 30 by Dat this derivative lends to 6th order polynomial in S, which fan only be sulved numerically forthe eiteal sip Soe where the fanxinum torque occure For a given set of geomet fei(dimension) wlztion( dx and cadre deste) end. Deuitor value pasnueters, ip value i the vety of S~02 i be nesemed. For ths sip the value ofthe eureent eno 5 Will be found foun Eq 11. Faraknown we may now clealate {he solor eusent components Fy and Ty. AG a next step the {nteraal tongue of the motor wil be found fom Eqs. 81 to 38 ‘Rosuning diferent value for 8, a valve S = Sey ean be found [Sodllngtin To Tig The soto of the maximal torque fo the ete torque ie thes Tn tn (25) where x stands fr eated, Stating Performance ‘The starting perorans finde tarsi ene lated by standards, ant spested by the blocked soto BR) torque and current ratios (on = Taa/Te and ipn = Ian/dey fespecively. At the wart, thespeed of the rotor i aero aod the Spee of the two oppositely rotting Beld components with re ‘SPect to the rotor tre equa therfore, the sip fer both fed Components fe Se ie For equal sp, the tnpedance for {he forward and backward rotating components ate also equal, Zyon ~ Zuon. The impedance at stating for both ensrent ae bonents en be found rom the eqeaent create and reads Senecting Bre Ayn = Rat ike Sy Rs” Xai (Xn +X) (29) For starting, the total impedance Zn of the motor can be Geveloped om Eq. 12 a8 dae = ‘The Grad rotating component {he rinepase therefore Taran = 5G 2 2 Ryans jan +iondson=(1+4pn\2an- (37) he backed tot erent 2 (8) jon Exel, + Bran) ‘The terminal saring erent ofthe motor then Jon = dagant(1+4an)+ 2,00 ~Fondh (28) ad the blockedrotor conent sated suena is now (a) ‘The starting torgue of the motor thay be compated fr Eas. Bab and 3 to 88 for S= 1 i Ten (apanY0~ Baa?) (a) ‘andthe startng-torgue to rated torque ratio becomes ton = TO 2 on = THe (2) Equivalent Citeuit Parameters ‘The calalation ofthe characteristics ofthe two-phase ‘notor wll be bused oa the eguivlens circuit parameter of Fig ttre and Fopure 3-6 af 6. The calculation of these parameters iS performed for a concentric stator winding, the ead-winding ‘t which lauisted for one phace Figure 7 Figure 7 Concentric stator end winding fr one phase "The sator resistance of such a concentric winding is per phase ML 4 re) Rao ee ws) where pis the ite resintivity a8 «fonction of temperature, we? co) where ge isthe mumber of concentric eile, a is the number of Deralel branche and Noe the amber of turns af the i-th cl EN the stator core length, D ie the stator ore diameter i the stator slot heghy ys the averege stator slot width, and fen inthe mena vl of the ator slot facto. 2p = ppt Nas (45)is the end winding coffins, whore aN week, (46) sap Le isthe length of the th ei of the stator end winding. ‘The foto tesstaneerelere to the stator tain phase winding srmtNacal? a ay = Sala (a) re(D=29-ha) 1 Ze Kieatas ang?) Wa = BSE Nan tthe suber of tune in eres of hse ‘a cu tthe wining factor af phase Ay 2p i the mer of ‘eis slots ao the flor Sadng acs Ae the ce “tet erection actor ef he ota br festence fr raped Shes rand’ns ae the rotor st height and areage thy apecicly ct the voter det etn ie he tor ng Enea deny teed fe etter ber erent deny ad § eee det se pep length Som stator sta af tops ndsction motors may contain nly else of ie wot of te pes aed the fraithog lets ny cota oo aor af te awe ed every fall of te erente winding per phe mw abe havea i {Exon annie sf torn peal aston of re, per Ete tauur a vet at ialag enter each St Be ita ceeut (eg Fine 9) denned an sere seer GEE edage easter When eee We Inde to take saturation into account for ve ealew Intion of ve starting performance open te ae neunoed 18, ‘Ths means the stator tooth laps are eompletelyantursted. The stor diferent leakage zeactance is ealelated sing the di {brealial leakage coeffceat fr the nator winding according t [11,12) ars percentage of the mtanl reactance at vey PE Au" = tuams vey Pe Gig (49) uehete N and ¢ are the number of turns n series pee phase and the winding factor of ether thr rain or the awsllry phase ‘windings ke i the Carter eoeficint. ‘The dierent Ynknge Feaetante ic reduced hy 50% at acting 2, For the caution of the exrrents(eg.. Figare 3) he saturated maguetsing reactance Ny weds where yy $3 Kat “The end- winding lenkage renctance ie computed ac cording to approsisnte formes ta 12) ead Snel the slater {wells the tour end leakages. The rotor leakage resctance rusted to cont ofthe soe aod differential leskages only ‘Beer the stator, the ter difereial leakage i computed ae faction ofthe wasnturated megueiing tenetance ung the ‘iterental leakage eficent of the squitel enge winding, At Starting, the rotor dietenil leakages reduced by 50%. The rotor slot leakage reactance. sap eferred to the main phase Srning, ca be eompted ia a simile manner a5 fora three phase motue 12 In the cate of elesed rtur slots, the leskage ccf cient of the ferromagoetie bridge is taken inte aceon by the proximate formals 13,18, Buascbas Meriter = . VBuchstristont (50) where Byars the saturation fax density end je is the sotor ‘ar curreat density for s given motor opetation. order to {he stration at starting iat aezount, open rotor dos ate sSoumed, Agaage = DT akin fleet om the rotor aot reactance value ie taen into aecount by mltipling X’ sue BF 3 sinh2G ninde 2 coahIE corte swheze the sopument € jn defined in 12 Potntaice determined fn The inm-ene Is Brom (52) ‘where V is the termina vltege and & Fry are the co Tones COMPUTER PROGRAM Detail winding datas tee Sind the chavactens ‘he computer pro wnetsic dimensions, stator and rotur fal electrical and thermal coeBients the slecticalstel serve ar taput for sn which is alae fn 6 ‘The main progeam computes the performance char acterntcs uf the motor for 8 given sp. Italen provides Ge {led aformation boat the motor perfrauente at cated speed 2 break down shp Sie and determines the staring perf teace for ft the Td the cman of te aor trindings” Mort magnetic paramere of the equivalent cieuit re corrected as function of saturations oeder to calculate IMicguatly the Blocked rotor current and tongue atin. The ‘hain program ung several subroutines chase on aa esate Selutir teckziqaes jt sazte fom estmnted vale fe thea {ep flex density and for the winding restanecs, AM updated Shue of the ar gap x density x btained fom the duced ‘oltages and the seistance rales are adjusted according 0 the Trerage tuperature of the windings. The accuracy of euch fcmpater progeem depends aot on spun the genera appronch ‘tthe desgn{totating field wr eons ed theers) ft lee pon the eecusete computation of the equivalent cient parametey EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION ‘The single phase induction motor mentioned in the on is laded by a de generator thrmga a torqvene tery and has a run capacitor of 1 pF ad » staring capacitor Sf TO, ith a tated ficiency vf TOA at e poe factor of {072 The main hese wining has two paral Wenaches i he 115V-cumnection and one branch in he 20V-conaections the sucliary phase winding consists of only one branch for bots Temperature measurements are ade by means of ‘herinocanples piace at cffrent lente nthe ttt. Tt noma shat i eane of axial cing the sail tetapestase dia tribution ofthe stator winding snot constaut aa highest teaoperatare docs not gee ithe asia mide sf the nator ‘winding. This means ste not Posnible to eaeute na aver tre tator winding temperature from these potwive measured Aempersture datn'az shown in Figure 8. Therefore, the ere ‘Sctances ofthe main and nalinry pine windings were men Sored st the begaaing of each teat f'n pen amber temper ure and icantly aftr ach test tenn ofthe devo fenmete meted wags rest with three saith se Figaro 5 ENO PLATE 7 ye rote all temperature values ae given in °C SHAFT END Figure 8 Temperature dstibation at 200% Joe for ‘he 11S Leonnection with Crag 2aban b eu “o? hE Sess Figure 9 DC voltammeter method for main and ‘oxiliary winding resistance mearuremes ‘Two seach cis were instal in the stator slots in order to measure te elite magnetic Bed. Each search cal ich is identeal withthe poe ich andthe two seargh cols ‘replace i the stator slot witha pata ls thar eo cor ‘sponds to one ple teh, Noload test, Uocked-cotor tests t reduced and at rated voltages end two cries of load teste were performed: teste Tih the ctgial rumcapector capacitance of Taq and var The lad, aed tents with a constant (ated) load but with Wary ng values of the ran capacitor capacitance. All et results are Alscibed im detain (6) and inthis pepe only the moe im portant tert ere with rexpect tothe 113 V L-conneetion are Compared sith cempated vases Blocked: Rotor Test for the 1154 L: ‘The blocked rotor test generated the characteristics of Fiore 10 nnd the setts of Table 1. The agrecment between ‘measurement aad calculation is seisfatory Tl) 2,08) (010-20 36-40-86 &0 70 80 90 100 10 126 Figure 10. Blocked-rotor test results for the 18V Leconaectin, the xr are test valver Tahie Staring Perormance #184 Gane |e) | a) ie | mf wm | ws | | om [Cifearemeat [ne Calculation [8 ey Lond ‘Tests forthe 115V L:Gonseetion with Coua = 124F ond tests were performed fromm 6% to 112% of rated Jond, The measured quastties are compared in Figere 11 with caeulated results. The measured data were recorded aftr tem perature stabilization which occured after 2 to 3 hours fr each Toad point As expected, the power factor continuously inerenet ih ncetiag ioe and he ec nee reaching ase imam ‘The agreement betneen measured nulls and alealated quantities good, [Rated Load Thats for the 115V L-—-Connection ‘ril Diferet Nas Capeclor Values £ z 3 ° >? ; a = 2400 G00 1206 1605 Figure 11. Meneured(2) and ealealated(—) load aracterisie forthe 116 L-connection Loft) toy] fos, \~ toifos o| -05\}-10 10 sian {al only) et rated load tnd Cron = 12aP Figure 18 Cue bY eeured{" apie Ea Topsatante capers Srael =} a Saat ost LF — L 1 L Sauna Fl © 2] Sc] 2] gf onl S| SF) S| eh ke 8| 8 730 sar ost C28 4 eee we ost CrunluFl to et ® Figure Measure) op cleaaed) SEL pasate Ron ike wed coped capestanee coNcLASIONS “he design analysis of ingle phase mtu hs hen bose on the sure rat 9 telaing the Backward ard ferward outing components of the main aed avatar phase winding ‘otente Por} =the airgap magnetic Bel sof he alterna Ing trpe and for} — Ole is of eceuar shape, whilefor0™= 5 <1 {allp airgap fed ie obtained Calculations show that a cigelar rotating Sell (results maxima ePieney only fhe wala nd atin pase windings are either physically ideatcal or cletsically nun LF] ob ees te a op 2€4] ro mun] io Fes Bapsine eatin of opin oie, ein i i T18V Le eomection cle 230V Teoneetion: calcul yearn) oo senor) equivalent. Such « configuration, however, may not reult in te lowest possible material conte of the motor and therefore sich an arrangement may not be desreble from an econsmie pois ‘of Wiew, as aieeused ja, 2 Calculations and meagurementsshov( Figures 12 10 15) that forthe single phase motor meaoned fa the Introdue tion, the masimam efficiency is reached when 7 is quite smal Dat not zero. ‘The satisfactory agreement between ealalated ‘le a enue rested paper ake de [Sgn analyses uel toa forthe optimal design of single-phase motors ince the eliptc shape of the rotating Sed strony felnted to the efficiency of the machine, This design analysis Es bern extensively sod for the eptsnantions as described in 12, Band 16) ‘Any further work needs to addres the somewhat dit ferent value for the two computed eBiciencies ny and My tha parasite loses, such gs those due to axial fuxe( because af tr bar skewing) and iron lose bid iron portion, mst be ‘Considered In addition the infvence of sataration onthe sag ‘elining reactance \ys and on the stator and rotor slot and di. ‘conta ealge rectanees deserve tore attention. This could ‘he accouplishe following the approscher cased ia (1, 17 "This analyse will be uefa forthe design of eficent appliances containing single phase motors as mandated by the (onal Appliance Energy Consertaion Act 18, 19,20) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘The authors would like to acknowledge the contri: tion of Prlerr J. "Appetinany TebAue Univer and Professor M.S. Este, Technion, APPENDIXA At the start of EPRI Project Nu. 10441 in 1980, ort domestic motor manulacturere were contacted by Univer. Sig of Colorado personnel and a cooperation wes requested. Av ‘Nesponee tothe segues, the Baldor Company only made the ‘len data of a single phate motor (Table &-1, Appendie A) rulebles Several unduction motors withthe nameplate data of Fable Aci were then purchased und diemantled inorder to check {le ata provided by the manafectarer In addition tthe ead Of the tenting period, the motor tested was laken pal! aad {ts enign data were compared withthe nominal salues mae flab by the mnnatartares. Only cuaor discrepancies were Aetected and for the motor tered the main dimensions of TableALD were found to bold, Spmbols aot defied in Appendix A. fre explained i [6 Table A Nameplate Dats of Single Phase Induction Motor : [en bisa? | seteoa mora | tists can | catalan “ae SE = APPENDIX.B Based on the design deta of Appendix A the eae lated, sated performance forthe 11 L-tonnection i detaed in Table Ba Table Ba ated Pevormance Character he 118 L-Coneetion en of ple pir Stor Sore Stee Lelatel core egth ‘Frequency a oie tno doe Diane between tn ore fol Lend wine Stow det Rete ‘Neuer width TaS19mm 6.208 Stator alo width beens ‘Stator sot eight for winding ‘Stator sot eight-trepenod Stator slot height opening Innersaoet eal pitch ‘Number of concent eile Number of erate braces Wire diameter Wire specific resiatnity Number of turns in 1stinner) coil Number of tums in 2nd cil Number of turnr in dd cil ‘Number of turne in 4th ell Innereneet cll pitch ‘Nurnber of coneentic eis Number of pale! branches B= 0016! Wore diameter 1.1506 Wire specific resistivity (= 001687? fra Ramber of turns in Is Ginn) coil Ney 8 amber of turns in 2ad eal Nag Namber of urns in 3rd col NSS Namber of turns in Sth coil Nap REFERENCES 1, H, Huang, EF, Fuchs, Z. Zak, and J.C. White “Optinize tion of Sagle Phase induction Motor Design. Parts Tad IP IBEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Val" EC'S, No. 2, one 1988, pp. 40-356, and 957-366 2, W'fuang, #-F. Fuchs and 3, . White, *Optimal Placement of the Run Capacitor in Single-Phase Induction Motor De *, on Energy Conversion, Vel. EC-3, No 43, September Gir 82. 2 ESET met "Slee, “the 1orsa976 MEBE Single Phe Motor Calculation and eet Project IEEE Roe Appin ad See, Vl PAS 4. MP, “Groeral Rotating MMP Theory of Squire Cage Tndeten Machines with Non Uniform Air Gap and Socal Non-Stonealy Dstboted Winding sia, Vol PASSION, T882 pp. 583501 5. W.R, Picea and M. Poloajadff, “A Contibution to the iste IEEE" Single Phase Motor Caleslaton and Test ind Vol PAS OI, 198, Project” ‘pp 302-001 6. BLP. Fuchs, Huang, A.J. Vandeapat, 3. HG, 3. Appel bay, Z. Zak and M.S. Eck, "Optimization of Inde lion Motoe Bflceney, Valume 2: Single Phase Induction ctor", Final Report, Publication uf the Eletsic Power ‘Research Iastiute, EPRI, EL-4152, Mey 1987 17, 1 Step, Die Eiapbasenasyachremmotoren, Autbai, ‘Theorie und Berechnung, Springer Verlag, Wies, New York, 8, E. F. Fuchs and E, A. Erdeyi, “Nonlinear Theory of Tur Doalierantors, Part Ti: Loed Bependeat Synehrunous Re sectances", ISEB Teas “Apparaeand Systens ‘Mareb/Apsi 1073, Va. PAS-02, No.2, pp. 592-50. 9. AM. BiSeraf, AS: Ablallahy MLK Sherbing and E, Badawy: "Expecinental Study of the Saturetion and the Croat Magnetization Phenomenon in Saturated’ Sy ‘honor Machines" IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion. ‘December 1988, Vol. BC. 3, No. i, pp. 815823. 10, Riches, Eletssche Maschinen, Vol. I and IV, Springer Verlag, 1936 31, C16, Neaoti, Theory and Design of Small Induction Mo lors, MeGrew Hill Book Co, 1858 12, We Sehuinky, Berchung det Electrical Machines). Springer 13, EF Fuchn M. Poiouaded, and ©. W Neal, Performance of Sa IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, September 1988, Val EC. 5 No. 3. pp. 635 14, Ciginck, "Magnetic pole naryeentho indukeaiho motors ‘lspci Fld uf the Saturated Induction Motor)"r SAN, 15, Ciggsek, “Magnetic Field of the Saturated Induction Motor st Short Circus, Acta Technica, CSAV, No. 5, 106 16, I. Hong, “Optimiration of Single Phare induction Me ‘chines with Respect to BRiciency for Given Performance and {Cost Constraints" Doctoral Thess, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1987 17, EF. Fuchs, Lil. Chang, D4, Roesler and J. Appelbaum, ‘Magnetning Current, ron Losses and Perces of Three Phase Induction Machines at Siuscidal and Nonsinaeodal ‘Terminal Voltages. Parte Land Il IEEE Trans. on Power statin rable Three Phase Induction Motors18, "Energy Standard 1 Make Appliances Chenpre tw Ron! Gousumer leporte Pubisaivi uf Concumer Unione ‘Nin Vezios, SY. 10853, Angus 1987 406 19, "National Applinace Enenge Conversation Aet of 1987 Publie Law 100" 19 = Maren 17-1080 100th C'S. Cong 20, “Encras Conservation Program for Consumer Peuducts Gondeat Federal Repalaions. a CFR Ch ll (11 89 Ea on), Poblished by the US. Department of Euerg zal P, Fuchs received bie Diph-lng. degree in Electies] En Fes fom the Unierty of Stutigar, Germany. andthe ID. degre in Electrical Engineering (rom the Universty of Colorado Boulder 1967 and Lut respecting, Peon £972 {0 1078 he was employed as aa enginer? im the Large Steam ‘Turbine Divisio of the Kraftwerk Union AG in Mulnem, Ger sang. Presently De. Feeheis a Professor of lerisial Engineer. ing a the Unversity of Calorade, Bosldes, Colorado 8000, lc intereats ate design and optimization techniques of dive ‘yates, harmonic power fow studies, and favte-ehference ad finite-element formtlatiens. Dr. Fuchs is a Fellow of IDEs & ‘member of VDB, «member of Bia Kappa Nay aa of Signe Xi At the annual meeting of the VDE in 12 he was the recipient, ‘ofthe annual best paper prize. At the Summer Power Meet= ing 1980'in Long Beach, CA. he seccived the BES/IEEB Prine Paper Award 1980 and ihe IEEE 1080 Power System Relaying Committee Award André Vandenputreerived bie MS. degree in Electseal En facesing fru the Katholieke Universitet Leuven. Belgian tn B913. The PhD. and Special Ductral degen fen the ame “versity in 1077 aod 1085. cespectiele. In 1980 he wae Mlexander Yoo Husnbolde Fellow at the University of Anche Sd fa 1983 Dr. Vandeaput war a Visiting Revearh Ansciste At the University of Colorad In 1988 he war 8J/SPS. Fel low a the Universi of Toko. From 1978 Ds. Vandemput has teen with the Univers uf Leuven and ieutrenti a Proerty “a ElcriealEnginering nad Serr Research tsa ef the National Fun for Sentte Recench le tteess ilu Fractional horsepower and special purpose eetrcal machines ssiwelas adjusteble speed drives sntfuding power etnies nd ther comtrl serene, De Nandenpat fe 8 Stier Mere SPIEEE and » member of VDE wad KVIV dan Hl wns br i Brn, Ceecnlnakin, om March 28, 1948. Hereeeivrd his Dil-Ene. degsve in Eetical Engering em, {he Teenie! Unters of rue and the Secon dopre{ Se) Ihe earoed w the Eleciotechaicl Departnen ofthe Goethe ak Acai of Scrnees during the years 1974 throng 1079, From 1971 uotl one Dz. Hall rw been empoved {esearch and Deveponent naire for Rotating Mach 2g Bro ae nih age on meet ae parte ‘Phenomenn (eg tobe, ibration. tongs of higher hertnon rdf) inet wee mee a Fractional hrsepemer roots. In tort Dr. Hall war's Visiting Research Assornt tthe Heriot-Watt Universe m Edinburghe Scotland, andi 1962 he was n Vnting Scola the Unive. Sly of Caloradn, Boulder J.C. White i Manager of the Plant Electrical Sprtems and Equipment Program of the Elecite Power ezearch Insitute, Be is responsible for resentch and developoent on generator ‘motors and all other slctiel eqpanet ithe poe pla Me. "Witte earned the BEE deve vas Cornell University jn ‘iodr, allowing service im the Army Ait Coops. Falling aradustion, he spear she next 32 gear with Geneeal Elect Fespontl or the design nd devs lopment «hydroneneraters induction and seschrosrs : Adee cares rehines ue W sf Eicricl and Elettaier Engineers apd the repent he 1867 Tenn Award. etive un tae TEBE committee hes athe seved os Csi f the ANSI Csb Commitee Motors lind Generators. He's 9 reutered profesional engocer fn he State of Sew York