CCNA 3 Chapter 5

Switching Concepts
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Objectives
Introduction to Ethernet 802.3 LANs
Introduction to LAN switching
Switch operation

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802.3 LAN Development

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Factors that Impact

Network Performance
Network traffic (congestion).
Multitasking desktop
operating systems
(Windows, UNIX, and Mac)
allow simultaneous network
transactions.
Faster desktop operating
systems (Windows, UNIX,
and Mac) can initiate faster
network activity.
Increased number of
client/server applications
using shared network data.

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Ethernet 802.3
Performance of a shared-medium Ethernet/802.3
LANs is negatively affected by factors such as the
following:
The broadcast delivery nature of Ethernet.
Carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD)
access method allows only one host to transmit at a time.
Multimedia applications with higher bandwidth demand such
as video and the Internet.
The latency of additional devices added by the extension of
LANs by using repeaters.
The distance added by using Layer 1 repeaters.

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Half-Duplex Ethernet

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Network Congestion

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Network Latency

Latency, or delay, is the time a frame or a packet

takes to travel from the source station to the final
destination.
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Ethernet 10BASE-T
Transmission Times

Bit time (or slot time) The basic unit of time in which 1 bit can
be sent. For electronic or optical devices to recognize a binary 1
or 0, there is a minimum duration during which the bit is "on" or
"off. "
Transmission time Equals the number of bits being sent times
the bit time for a given technology. Another way to think about
transmission time is as the time it takes a frame to actually be
transmitted. (Small frames take a shorter amount of time, large
frames take a longer amount of time to be transmitted.)
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Benefits of Using Repeaters

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Full-Duplex Transmitting

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Introduction to LAN Switching

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LAN Segmentation

Segmentation allows network congestion to be

significantly reduced within each segment.
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LAN Segmentation with Bridges

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LAN Segmentation with Routers

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LAN Segmentation with Switches

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LAN Switch Operation

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Ethernet Switch Latency

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Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching

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Symmetric and Asymmetric

Switching

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Memory Buffering
Port-based memory buffering
Packets are stored in queues that are linked to
specific incoming ports.
It is possible for a single packet to block all other
packets because its destination port is busy (even
if the other packets could be delivered).

Shared-memory buffering
All packets use a common memory buffer.
Packets in the buffer are then linked (mapped)
dynamically to the appropriate destination port.
Helps balance between 10- and 100-Mbps ports.
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Two Switching Methods

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Store and Forward

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Cut Through

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Switch Operation

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Function of Ethernet Switches

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Frame Transmission Modes

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How Switches and

Bridges Learn Addresses

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LAN Segmentation Using

Bridging

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Microsegmentation

A switch employs microsegmentation to reduce the

collision domain on a LAN. The switch does this by
creating dedicated network segments, or point-to-point
connections.
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Switches and Collision Domains

The network area where frames originate and collide is

called the collision domain. All shared media
environments are collision domains.
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Switches and Broadcast Domains

Broadcasting is when
one transmitter tries to
reach all the receivers
in the network. The
server station sends out
one message, and
everyone on that
segment receives the
message.

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Communication Between
Switches and Workstations

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