Concrete Pipes: Expertise Expertise

Concrete Pipes
Reference Manual
January 2009 *
Build
Build
on our
on our
expertise
contents
1. Introduction...................................................... 2
2. Test Load Data ................................................. 8
3. Pipes for Culvert Applications ......................... 9

Flush Joint Pipes.......................................... 15
4. Pipes for Drainage Applications ................... 16

Rubber Ring Joint (Belled Socket) Pipes...... 17

Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall ) Pipes............... 18
5. Pipes for Sewerage Applications .................... 21
6. Pipes for Pressure Applications ..................... 27

Standard Pressure Pipe Class Range ........... 29
7. Pipes for Irrigation Applications .................... 35
8. Jacking Pipes ................................................. 38
9. Handling and Installation .............................. 43
10. Reference Material...........................................51
10.1. Approx. Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe . 51
10.2. Relative Discharge & velocity for part-full pipe flow ...
51
10.3. Flow relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts ...........
52
10.4. Energy Head relationships for pipes flowing full .........
53
10.5. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.06 ....................

(applicable to concrete culverts carrying stormwater)
54
10.6. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.15 .................... 55

(applicable to concrete rising mains carrying clean water)
10.7. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.6 ......................
(applicable to concrete pipes carrying stormwater)
56
10.8. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 1.5 ......................

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying sewerage)
57
10.9. Minimum pipe cover required for various compactors . 58

10.10. Metric and Empirical Equivalency Table ....................
60
Index ...................................................................61
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet ............................. 62
The information in this publication is for guidance only. Expert advice must be obtained
on the suitability of any product and on its installation in the particular circumstances in which
it is proposed to be used. Further, a check should be made, at www.humes.com.au, for the
current version of this document, and also as to the availability of any particular product.
1
1. Introduction
General
1. Introduction
Humes is the leading manufacturer of steel reinforced concrete

pipes (SRCP) and associated precast products in Australia.
Available in a wide range of diameters, lengths and with
varying strengths, Humes concrete pipes have a proven track
record and are custom designed for user applications including
drainage, sewage, water supply and irrigation.
This publication provides the information necessary to specify
Humes concrete pipes for all of these applications.
Specification of Humes concrete pipes has also been simplified
with the inclusion of a Pipe Design Request Sheet on page 62
of Concrete Pipes. Please copy the sheet and complete the
necessary information, then fax or mail to your nearest Humes
office for the fastest possible service.
Manufacturing
Humes steel reinforced concrete pipes are made from coarse
and fine aggregates, cement and hard drawn deformed steel
reinforcement.
They are manufactured and factory tested for quality to
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 "Precast concrete pipes (pressure and
non-pressure)". Pipes can also be custom made and tested to
meet specific customer requirements.
Generally Humes concrete pipes up to 2100mm nominal
diameter (DN2100) are centrifugally cast using the Humespun
process invented in 1910 in Australia by Walter Hume. In use
throughout the world, the Humespun process of centrifugal
casting produces strong and durable concrete pipes.
Humes concrete pipes larger than DN2100 are vertically cast
in steel moulds using high frequency vibration which produces
concrete pipes with characteristics compatible with those of
centrifugally spun pipes.
High abrasion resistance and impermeability of spun concrete
makes SRCP the most appropriate selection for handling
peak flows. A range of natural characteristics further enhance
performance, including an indefinite increase in strength in the
presence of moisture and autogenous healing of cracks.
Joint Types
Humes concrete pipes are manufactured with two basic joint
types - Flush Joint and Rubber Ring Joint.
Flush Joint pipes provide an interlocking joint which allows for
a small degree of flexibility in the pipeline alignment. Rubber
Ring Joint pipes, either belled-socket or in-wall joint depending
on the diameter of the pipe and its application, are designed to
accommodate change in pipeline alignment and settlement in
a pipeline whilst still maintaining a watertight joint.
Further information on the joints specific to the pipe application
types is provided in sections 3,4,5,6,7 and 8 of this manual.
Durability
For most common installations, the service life of concrete pipe
is virtually unlimited. The longevity of steel reinforced concrete
pipe provides Asset Managers with a resource requiring low
in-service maintenance and the ability to be recycled into
other projects if exhumed. Some of the Roman aqueducts are
still in use after 2000 years and samples from the first known
concrete pipes in the US, laid in 1842, were in excellent
condition after more than 140 years service.
Of the 350 million kilometres plus of reinforced concrete pipe
that has been laid in Australia, the number of pipelines which
have suffered from durability problems has been extremely
small and confined mainly to unprotected pipe in highly
aggressive conditions.
Advances in concrete, process and product technologies such
as the use of Humes Plastiline for sewer pipe lines together
with our stringent quality control and assurance programs
ensures that our pipes and associated products will be fit for
their purpose.
80 year old Humes pipes

reused for new culvert!
Pipes manufactured in 1920 at Loveday S.A. have been exhumed and

reused in a culvert at the Gurra Road Project in S.A. in 2000.
The manufacture of centrifugally spun pipes.
consulting the "Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS

3725: 2007 Design for Installation of buried concrete pipes"
which provides methods for determining the installed load on
concrete pipes from the earth fill over the pipes as well as any
induced live (vehicle) load effects.
Size Class (DN)

Humes standard range of concrete pipes are available in sizes
DN300 - DN2100. (DN = nominal diameter)
Diameters outside the standard range and up to DN3600 are
also available. Special project pipes are also available for all sizes
when required or specified.
Humes concrete pipes are typically manufactured in nominal
2.44m lengths to optimise transport and handling. Other
lengths, longer or shorter can be manufactured on request.
1. Introduction
The standard also provides a range of recommended Bedding

Support Type options. The range varies from no support, to
haunch support, to haunch and side support.
For the majority of pipe installations, Humes Standard-Strength
(Class 2-4) concrete pipes, used in conjunction with type H2 or
type HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable (see Figure 1.1).
Comprehensive tables listing the availability of Size Classes (DN)

are provided in each section.
The letter 'H' in the terminology indicates haunch support only.

'HS' indicates both haunch and side support. The numerals
after 'H' and 'HS' indicate the level of support in the material
used.
Load Class
Humes steel reinforced concrete pipes are available in StandardStrength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load
Classes.
Design Tables 1.1 & 1.2 (page 5) for Bedding Type H2

and HS2 are provided for ease of specifying concrete pipes
within a limited range of stated conditions. Figure 1.2 (page
4) compares the results for a sample pipe installation using
both Type H and Type HS Bedding Supports. Similarly, for
embankment installation, Table 1.5 (page 7) is provided.
The numeric classification system adopted to identify the load

carrying capacity of concrete pipes is based on the rationale
that any particular pipe class is able to carry approximately the
same proportionate height of fill. For example, a Class 10 pipe
can carry five times the height of fill of a Class 2 pipe, under
the same installation conditions.
Hydraulics
To establish the flow rates for the various types of concrete
pipes, Manning's formula should be used for short run culvert
and drainage applications, while the Colebrook-White formula
should be used for long run drainage, gravity sewer lines and
all pressure pipe applications.
See Section 2: Test Load Data, for further information on test

loads for each size class.
The required strength of a concrete pipe depends on both the
load to be carried by the installed pipe, and the supporting
ground installation conditions. The load transmitted onto the
pipe depends on the height and type of fill material. Also,
when installed in a trench, the width of the trench at the top
of the pipe is important. Generally the wider the trench, the
greater the load for any height of fill over the pipe.
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)

publication "Hydraulics of Precast Concrete Conduits" is
recommended as a reference.
Comprehensive details on the hydraulics for the different pipe
types are provided in each section.
The load class for concrete pipes can be determined by

Finished surface
lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater*
lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater*
Natural ground surface

or compacted fill
Backfill
Embankment fill
150mm
min. overlay
150mm
min. overlay
150mm min.
Compacted
ordinary fill
Haunch
Bed
Compacted
D/3 Compacted
Compacted
select fill
D
Compacted
select fill
Haunch
Bed
Compacted
Trench
D/3 Compacted
Embankment
* Refer AS/NZS 3725: 2007 for cement stabilised soil
Figure 1.1 - Type H1 and Type H2 Supports
Finished surface
1. Introduction
lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater *
lc D/6 or 150mm,
whichever is greater *

or compacted fill
Backfill
Embankment fill
150mm
min. overlay
150mm
min. overlay
150mm
(min. width)
Compacted
ordinary fill
Bed
Compacted
Side
0.5 D
0.5 D
Haunch
Compacted
select fill
D
Compacted
select fill
D
Side
D/3 Compacted
Haunch
Bed
Compacted
Trench
Embankment
* Refer AS/NZS 3725: 2007 for cement stabilised fill
Figure 1.2 - Type HS Support
Indicative depth of fill
Ground surface
Note: Economies may be

achieved by modifying
bedding type as opposed to
increasing pipe class
Figure 1.3
Indicative depth of fill for various bedding installation types
D/3 Compacted
Table 1.1 Material Quantities - H1 & HS1 Support Types

Material Quantities (m3/lin.m)
Bedding
Zone
Haunch
Zone
H1
Overlay Zone
HS1 Side
Zone
HS1
Overlay Zone
Trench
Embank
Trench
Embank
225
600
0.066
0.015
0.201
0.161
0.044
0.157
0.117
300
650
0.072
0.020
0.234
0.197
0.053
0.181
0.144
375
750
0.083
0.028
0.292
0.237
0.070
0.222
0.167
450
850
0.094
0.037
0.356
0.281
0.089
0.267
0.192
525
900
0.099
0.044
0.386
0.316
0.097
0.289
0.219
600
1000
0.110
0.055
0.457
0.362
0.118
0.338
0.243
675
1100
0.121
0.067
0.532
0.408
0.142
0.390
0.267
750
1150
0.127
0.076
0.562
0.444
0.148
0.414
0.296
825
1250
0.138
0.090
0.644
0.503
0.174
0.470
0.329
900
1400
0.154
0.112
0.786
0.594
0.221
0.564
0.372
1050
1650
0.182
0.155
1.046
0.771
0.309
0.736
0.461
1200
1850
0.204
0.195
1.276
0.935
0.388
0.888
0.547
1350
2050
0.338
0.239
1.528
1.080
0.475
1.053
0.605
1500
2300
0.380
0.302
1.875
1.296
0.597
1.278
0.699
1650
2500
0.413
0.357
2.178
1.482
0.704
1.474
0.778
1800
2700
0.446
0.418
2.494
1.658
0.815
1.679
0.843
1950
2900
0.479
0.483
2.836
1.856
0.973
1.959
0.949
2100
3200
0.528
0.584
3.421
2.242
1.154
2.267
1.088
1. Introduction
Min Trench
Size Class
Width
(DN)
(m)
Note: Volume quantities are approximate & based on an assumed 10% bulking
See figures 1.1 (page 3) and 1.2 (page 4) for zone descriptions
Table 1.2 Material Quantities - H2, HS2 & HS3 Support Types
Min Trench
Size Class
Width
(DN)
(mm)
Material Quantities (m3/lin.m)

Bedding
Zone
Haunch
Zone
H2 & HS3
Overlay Zone
Trench
Embank
HS2 &
HS3 Side
Zone
HS2 & HS3

Overlay Zone
Trench
Embank
225
600
0.066
0.042
0.174
0.134
0.017
0.157
0.117
300
650
0.072
0.053
0.200
0.164
0.020
0.181
0.144
375
750
0.083
0.072
0.247
0.192
0.026
0.222
0.167
450
850
0.094
0.095
0.299
0.224
0.032
0.267
0.192
525
900
0.099
0.108
0.323
0.253
0.033
0.289
0.219
600
1000
0.110
0.133
0.379
0.283
0.040
0.338
0.243
675
1100
0.121
0.161
0.438
0.314
0.048
0.390
0.267
750
1150
0.127
0.176
0.461
0.344
0.048
0.414
0.296
825
1250
0.138
0.208
0.526
0.384
0.056
0.470
0.329
900
1400
0.154
0.261
0.636
0.444
0.072
0.564
0.372
1050
1650
0.182
0.363
0.837
0.563
0.101
0.736
0.461
1200
1850
0.204
0.456
1.014
0.674
0.126
0.888
0.547
1350
2050
0.338
0.560
1.207
0.759
0.155
1.053
0.605
1500
2300
0.380
0.705
1.472
0.893
0.194
1.278
0.699
1650
2500
0.413
0.833
1.702
1.006
0.228
1.474
0.778
1800
2700
0.446
0.971
1.941
1.105
0.262
1.679
0.843
1950
2900
0.479
1.120
2.200
1.219
0.313
1.959
0.949
2100
3200
0.528
1.364
2.641
1.462
0.374
2.267
1.088
Note: Volume quantities based on assumed 10% bulking

See figures 1.1 (page 3) and 1.2 (page 4) for zone descriptions
Table 1.3 Max. Fill Heights

- Trench Installation, H2 Bedding
Fill height Max. (m)
1. Introduction
Size Class
(DN)
Pipe Load Class

2
10
225
300
>25 metre height
375
5.8
450
4.9
525
4.8
600
4.4
675
4.5
750
4.2
12.1
825
4.4
12.7
900
3.9
8.7
1050
3.7
7.3
19.7
1200
3.5
6.1
10.7
1350
3.4
6.1
10.7
1500
3.1
5.4
8.7
1650
5.2
21.9
1800
2.9
4.8
7.2
15.7
1950
2.3
3.9
5.9
11.7
2100
2.2
3.7
5.6
10.9

- Trench Installation, HS2 Bedding
21.7
Notes: Assumed minimum trench width & Clayey Sand

Soil Internal weight of water is considered for > DN180
In onerous fill situations, a combination of StandardStrength concrete pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support*
can provide the most appropriate solution. Table 1.6
provides details for such an installation.
*Type HS3 Bedding Support is similar to that required for
a flexible pipe installation.
Size Class
(DN)
Pipe Load Class

2
225
300
>25 metre height
375
450
525
10.7
600
7.5
675
7.7
750
6.6
825
6.8
900
5.7
1050
5.2
1200
4.8
10
1350
4.6
9.3
1500
4.2
7.7
14.5
1650
12.3
1800
3.8
6.5
10.5
1950
5.3
8.4
20.8
2100
2.9
5.1
7.9
17.8
13.5
Notes: Assumed minimum trench width &

Clayey Sand Soil. Internal weight of water is
considered for > DN1800.
Table 1.5 Max. Fill Heights - Embankment Installation, H2 (& HS2)

Pipe Load Class
225
10
H2
HS2
H2
HS2
H2
HS2
H2
HS2
H2
HS2
H2
HS2
3.2
4.6
4.9
6.8
6.5
9.2
300
2.7
3.9
4.2
5.9
5.5
7.7
8.1 11.6
10.9 15.4
13.6
19.3
375
2.5
3.5
3.8
5.4
5.0
7.0
7.5 10.6
10.0 14.0
12.5
17.5
450
2.4
3.4
3.7
5.2
4.9
6.9
7.3 10.3
9.7
13.8
12.2
17.2
525
2.5
3.5
3.8
5.4
5.0
7.1
7.5 10.6
10.1 14.2
12.6
17.7
600
2.5
3.5
3.7
5.3
5.0
7.0
7.5 10.5
9.9
14.0
12.4
17.4
675
2.6
3.6
3.9
5.5
5.2
7.3
7.7 10.9
10.3 14.5
12.9
18.2
750
2.6
3.6
3.8
5.4
5.1
7.2
7.7 10.8
10.2 14.4
12.8
18.0
825
2.6
3.6
3.9
5.5
5.2
7.2
7.7 10.9
10.3 14.5
12.9
18.2
900
2.5
3.5
3.8
5.3
5.0
7.0
7.4 10.6
9.9
13.9
12.3
17.3
1050
2.6
3.5
3.7
5.2
5.0
7.0
7.4 10.0
9.9
13.9
12.3
17.3
1200
2.6
3.4
3.6
5.0
4.8
6.7
7.1 10.4
9.5
13.6
11.8
16.7
1350
2.7
3.4
3.7
5.1
4.8
6.8
7.2 10.1
9.6
13.5
12.0
16.9
1500
2.7
3.3
3.7
4.9
4.7
6.5
7.0
9.7
9.2
13.0
11.5
16.5
1650
2.7
3.2
3.7
4.8
4.6
6.4
6.9
9.6
9.1
12.8
11.4
16.0
1800
2.7
3.2
3.7
4.8
4.6
6.3
6.8
9.5
9.0
12.6
11.2
15.7
1950
2.3
2.9
3.4
4.2
4.4
5.8
6.3
8.8
8.4
11.9
10.6
14.9
2100
2.2
2.8
3.4
4.2
4.4
5.6
6.2
8.7
8.3
11.7
10.4
14.7
Notes: Assumed Clayey Sand Soil (p=0.7 for H2 & p=0.3 for HS2).
Internal weight of water is considered for > DN1800
1. Introduction
Size
Class
(DN)

- Embankment Installation, HS3
Size Class
(DN)
Pipe Load Class

2
225
7.4
11.0
14.7
300
6.2
9.4
12.3
18.5
375
5.6
8.6
11.3
16.9
450
5.5
8.3
11.0
16.5
525
5.6
8.6
11.4
17.1
600
5.6
8.4
11.2
16.9
675
5.8
8.7
11.6
17.4
750
5.8
8.6
11.5
17.3
825
5.8
8.7
11.6
17.4
900
5.6
8.4
11.2
16.7
1050
5.6
8.3
11.1
16.7
1200
5.3
8.0
10.7
16.0
1350
5.4
8.1
10.8
16.2
1500
5.2
7.8
10.4
15.6
1650
5.2
7.7
10.3
15.4
1800
5.1
7.6
10.1
15.1
1950
4.5
7.0
9.4
14.3
2100
4.4
6.8
9.3
14.1
Notes: Assumed Clayey Sand Soil with p=0.3.

Internal weight of water is considered for >
DN1800
2. Test Load Data

Commonly supplied size classes: DN300 - DN2100
Note: Intermediate strength classes are specified by linear
interpolation between values and Humes can advise on
individual applications.
Steel Reinforced Concrete Pipes are manufactured and

proof tested to Australian Standards requirements. The
Australian/NewZealand Standard, AS/NZS 4058: 2007
- Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure)
provides levels of proof test loads for concrete pipes and
sample pipes taken for routine quality assurance during
normal production which ensures the pipes' strength.
Test load requirements for all Humes concrete pipes are
given below.
Table 2.1 - Test Loads in kilonewtons/metre length

Test Loads KN/m (length)
2. Test Load Data
Load
Class
Standard Strength
Class 2
Class 3
Super Strength
Class 4
Class 6
Class 8
Size
Class
(DN)
Crack
225
14
21
21
32
28
42
300
15
23
23
34
30
45
45
56
375
17
26
26
39
34
51
51
450
20
30
30
45
40
60
525
23
35
35
52
46
600
26
39
39
59
675
29
44
44
750
32
48
825
35
900
Class 10
Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate
Crack
Ultimate
60
75
75
94
64
68
85
85
106
60
75
80
100
100
125
69
69
86
92
115
115
144
52
78
78
98
104
130
130
163
66
58
87
87
109
116
145
145
182
48
72
64
96
96
120
128
160
160
200
52
52
78
69
104
104
130
138
173
173
217
37
56
56
84
74
111
111
139
148
185
185
231
1050
42
63
63
95
84
126
126
158
168
210
210
263
1200
46
69
69
104
92
138
138
173
184
230
230
288
1350
50
75
75
113
100
150
150
188
200
250
250
313
1500
54
81
81
122
108
162
162
203
216
270
270
338
1650
58
87
87
131
116
174
174
218
232
290
290
363
1800
62
93
93
139
124
186
186
233
248
310
310
388
1950
66
99
99
149
132
198
198
248
264
330
330
413
2100
70
105
105
158
140
210
210
263
280
350
350
438
2250
74
111
111
167
148
222
222
278
296
370
370
463
2400
78
117
117
176
156
234
234
293
312
390
390
488
2700
86
129
129
194
172
258
258
323
344
430
430
538
3000
94
141
141
212
188
282
282
353
376
470
470
588
3300
102
153
153
230
204
306
3600
110
165
165
248
220
330
3. Pipes for culvert applications

Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)
RRJ pipes are also suitable for culvert applications and are most
effective when differential ground settlement is anticipated
or if a pipeline is expected to flow full under outlet control
conditions with a significant hydraulic pressure head.
See Section 4, Concrete Stormwater Pipes for further details.
Culvert
Size Class (DN)

See Table 3.2 (page 15) for details of Flush Joint Pipes.
They are available with two basic joint types - Flush Joint (FJ)
and Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ).
Load Class
Flush Joint (FJ)
The most appropriate culvert installation can be obtained by

matching both pipe Load Class and the Bedding Support Type.
For the majority of installations, Standard-Strength concrete
culvert pipes used in conjunction with type H2 or type HS2
Bedding Support, are suitable.
FJ pipes with External Bands (EB) are recommended for normal

culvert conditions. They provide an interlocking joint between
pipes, as shown in Figure 3.1, and give a true and positive
alignment along the length of the pipeline.
When EB bands are used in conjunction with FJ culvert
pipes, they provide a soil-tight joint along the pipeline and
prevent loss of bedding material into the pipe. Groundwater
infiltration may occur however, when the groundwater level is
significantly above the pipeline obvert (approx. 3m). FJ pipes
fitted with EB bands allow a small degree of flexibility for the
bedding-in/movement of the pipeline during natural processes
of consolidation.
Humes concrete culvert pipes are available in Standard-Strength

(Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load Classes.
For large fill situations, a combination of Super-Strength

pipes and type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most
appropriate and economical solution.
3. Culvert Applications
Humes can provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced

concrete culvert pipes in sizes DN225-DN3600. (commonly
supplied size classes: DN300 - DN2100).
Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes can be

obtained by referring to Section 1: Introduction (page 3).
Hydrology
The maximum flow to be considered in storm water culverts
and pipes is a function of:
the hydrological data pertaining to tributary overland flows,
as experienced throughout the service life of the drainage
system
The most commonly used formula to determine the quantity
of water generated by a storm event is known as the rational
formula: Q = 0.278 C I A
where Q = discharge (m3/s)
C = coefficient of runoff (dimensionless)
I = intensity (mm/hour)
A = catchment area (km2),
C will most commonly vary between 0.7 and 0.9 say, for
grassed surfaces and paved (sealed) areas. The magnitude of
I, the intensity is a function of geographical area. By example
a Brisbane storm may have an intensity of two times that of a
Melbourne storm.
Figure 3.1 - Flush Joint Profile
Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) is a guide to flood

estimation produced by (and the subject of continuing review
by) the Institution of Engineers, Australia.
In addition to ARR, local and state authorities may have specific
or alternative data/design requirements, such the Queensland
Urban Drainage manual (QUDM).
Inlet control
Outlet control
Inlet control conditions shown in Figure 3.2 exist in a pipeline

where the capacity of the pipeline is limited by the ability of
upstream flow to easily enter the pipeline, a common situation
in coastal Australia where short culvert lengths on steep grades
are used. The flow under inlet control conditions can be either
inlet submerged or unsubmerged.
Where culverts are laid on flat grades and empty below the
downstream water level, the culvert typically operates with
outlet control conditions as shown in Figure 3.3.
H
HW > D
D
TW >D
Unsubmerged
HW 1.2D
HW > D
D
Submerged
HW > 1.2D
TW = D
HW 1.2D
H
D
TW < D
Figure 3.2 - Inlet Control

Legend for Figure 3.2 and 3.3
HW = Head Water
TW = Tail Water
D = Diameter
HW< 1.2D
Figure 3.3 - Outlet Control

When operating under outlet control conditions, the culvert
pipe may flow full or part-full depending on the tailwater
depth.
Where the tailwater depth is greater than the pipe diameter,
the pipe will typically flow full. Where the tailwater depth
is less than the pipe diameter, the design tailwater depth
should be taken as the greater of the actual tailwater depth or
(dc + D)/2, where dc is the critical depth for the actual flow
discharge (see Figure 3.4).
10
H
TW < D
Installation
The design charts Figures 10.3 & 10.4 (pages 52, 53) for
pipe culvert inlet and outlet conditions allow the designer
to evaluate maximum discharge conditions at maximum
headwater. For a lesser discharge, Figure 3.4 can be used to
determine flow characteristics.
Humes culvert pipes above DN525 are normally supplied with

elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is specifically
requested. Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be laid with the
word "TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe, and within
10 each side of the vertical centreline. To simplify handling,
lifting holes are generally provided in the top of all FJ pipes and
FJ splays above DN 525.
Where inlet flow conditions exist in a culvert, the flow capacity

of the pipeline is independent of the pipe surface roughness
(Manning's 'n').
See Section 9 (page 43) : Handling and Installation for further

details.
Figure 3.4 - Relative

discharge and velocity
in part-full pipe flow
1.0
.9
.7
Qf
Q/
.6
.5
Proportional Depth y/D
.8
.4
Vf
.3
V/
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Proportional Discharge Q/Qf and Proportional Velocity V/Vf

Q = Part-full Velocity
Qf = Full Flow Discharge
Installing flush joint pipes
V = Part-full Velocity
Vf = Full Flow Discharge
The pipeline flow capacity for inlet control conditions is

dependent on the ratio of headwater depth to culvert diameter
and the inlet geometry type. Outlet control conditions operating
in a culvert determine the pipeline flow capacity by the effects
of pipe surface roughness (Manning's n'), pipeline length and
slope, and inlet geometry type.
Installing 3600mm diameter pipes.
11
Other Culvert Products

Humes manufactures a wide range of associated components
to provide the complete culvert pipeline solution. These
include:
Headwalls - These are used where the hydraulic design
requires improved inlet and outlet flow conditions.
FJ Splay pipes - These permit curves in pipeline alignment
without the usual problems of hydraulic head loss
(turbulence) that can result from a rapid change in the
direction of the flow at a sharp bend. Details are given for
the minimum radius of curved alignment. See Table 3.1 and
Figure 3.5 for minimum radius using double ended splays
and recommended radius using single ended splays. EB
bands can also be used with FJ Splays. For lesser radii, FJ
bend pipes may be supplied.
Precast Concrete Headwall
Table 3.1 - Minimum Radius for curved

pipe alignment: Flush Joint Splays
Notes:
1. The number of splay pipes required is determined from the
deflection angle and the centreline radius. This information
should be given when ordering splay pipes. Humes Engineers
will calculate the optimum number of splay pipes required.
Size Class
(DN)
2. The curve "hand" is described as when looking downstream

in the direction of the flow.
Stan
(nom dard P
ipe
inal
leng
th)
L/2
Multiple Barrel Splay Pipes (EB Joint).
CL
Min CL Radius*
(m)
Economical
(single ended)
Absolute Min.
(double ended)
600
11.5
675
11.8
4.3
750
12.2
4.6
825
12.4
4.9
900
12.6
5.2
1050
13
5.8
1200
13.4
6.4
1350
13.7
1500
14
7.7
1650
14.4
1800
15
1950
15.9
2100
16.7
Not typically
supplied
* Minimum radius is measured to the pipe centre

line at joint
Radiu
Pipeline deflection
angle ()
12
Splay pipes
Right hand curve

looking down
stream
Direction of flow
s (R)
Figure 3.5 - Minimum single-ended

splay radius achieved with flush joint
splays in curved pipeline alignment
Example 3 - Culvert Pipe

A culvert is to be laid under a proposed road embankment.
From the catchment physical data and hydraulic information,
the designer has determined a peak flow of 5.5 cumecs
(5500 litres/sec) passing through the culvert pipeline. The
roadway alignment requires an embankment height of
2.0m above existing ground surface, and the culvert is
to be laid at natural ground level. To avoid flooding the
roadway pavement the maximum upstream flood level is to
be 300mm below roadway level. Due to downstream flow
restrictions, the estimated tailwater level is 1.0m above the
natural ground surface. The width of the roadway formation
including embankment slope is to be 50m, over which the
natural ground surface falls 500mm. The culvert is to be
constructed with headwalls.
Step 1.3
Q = 2 x 3.1
= 6.2 m3/s
Step 1.1
Q = 4.1 m3/s
Step 1.2
Q = 2 x 2.4
= 4.8 m3/s
Step 1.4
HW/D = 1.23
Calculate appropriate culvert pipe diameter/s

for these conditions.
Calculate outlet velocity and check if erosion
requires consideration.
From the information provided:
Q required = 5.5 cumecs (5500 litres/sec)
Max Headwater HW = 1.70m (embankment height minus
min. freeboard),
Max Tailwater TW = 1.00m
Pipe culvert length = 50m,
Pipe culvert slope = 1 in 100 (500mm fall over 50m length)
Assume square edge inlet
Figure 10.3 - Flow Relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts
Step 2 Check for outlet control conditions:
from Figure 10.1 Approx. Critical Depth Relationships

for Circular Pipe (Page 51), dc/D = 0.75,
therefore dc = 0.90m
Step 1 Assume inlet Control Conditions:

1.1 Try 1500mm diameter FJ pipe (as max headwater is
1.7m):
1.2 Try twin 1050mm FJ pipe:

HW/D = 1.7/1.05 = 1.62
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet
Control in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square
edge with headwall:
Q = 2 x 2.4 = 4.8 cumecs < Q required, therefore try
larger pipe diameter/culvert area.
Figure 10.1 - Approximate Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe

1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
Step 2.1
dc/D = 0.75
dc/ D
HW/D = 1.7/1.5 = 1.13

From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet
Control in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square
edge with headwall:
Q = 4.1 cumecs < Q required, therefore try larger
pipe diameter/culvert area.
.1
.08
.06
dc
.04
HW/D = 1.7/1.2 = 1.42

From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet Control
in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square edge with
headwall:
Q = 2 x 3.1 = 6.2 cumecs > Q required.
1.4 Establish head water height with twin 1200mm
diameter FJ pipe and max. flow:
Qmax. = Q required = 5.5 cumecs (5500 litres/sec)
Q per pipe = 2.75 cumecs
From Figure 10.3 Flow Relationships for Inlet Control
in Culverts (page 52), using scale (1) Square edge with
headwall:
HW/D = 1.23; therefore HW (inlet control) = 1.23 x 1.2 =
1.48m (<1.7m), therefore twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipes
are ok for inlet control conditions.
Q = m3/s
D=m
g = m/s2
.02
.01
.0001
1.3 Try twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipe:
2.1 Determine critical flow depth (dc)

Q / (g0.5 x D2.5) = 2.75/ (9.810.5 x 1.22.5 ) = 0.557
.001
.01
.1
1.0
Q/(g)0.5(D)2.5
Note: For partly-full flow outlet control if (dc+D)>TW, then

approx. HW can be established by using (dc+D) in Figure
10.4 Energy Head relationship for Pipes Flowing Full
(page 53).
2.2 Establish HW level for outlet control conditions
HW = [TW or (dc + D) / 2] + H - fall
(dc + D) / 2 = (0.9 + 1.2) / 2 = 1.05m (> TW =1.0m)
therefore adopt (dc + D)/2 = 1.05m in Fig. 10.4 (page 53)
(in lieu of TW):
From Figure 10.4 Energy Head relationship for Pipes
Flowing Full (page 53):
for Q = 2.75 cumecs, L =50m & ke = 0.5 (square edge
head wall)
then H = 0.65m
HW (outlet control) = 1.05 + 0.65 0.5 = 1.20m
13
Step 3 Determine Flow Velocity:
Step 2.2
H = 0.65m
For inlet control conditions, the outlet velocity can be

determined via the Colebrook-White formula (adopt k =
0.60mm)
Hydraulic gradient = (HW -TW + fall)/Length = (1.51.0+0.5)/50 = 0.02
from Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
Formula (ks = 0.6) (Page 56) with Qf = 6.2/2 = 3.1 cumecs:
Vf = 4.52 m/s,
Step 2.2
Q = 5.5/2
= 2.75 m3/s
.0400
7.5
m/
s
7.0
m/
s
m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
m/
s
5.0
m/
s
.0300
DN
30
0
6.5
45
0
4.5
52
5
m/
4.0
67
5
2.5
200
300
500
700
1000
2000
3000
19
50
21
00
DN
22
50
DN
24
00
DN
2
DN 550
2
DN 700
28
50
DN
18
00
4000 5000
DN
DN
16
50
DN
15
00
m/
m
1.9 /s
m
1.8 /s
m
1.7 /s
m/
s
1.6
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
.0010
DN
DN
10
50
DN
1
DN 125
12
00
DN
12
75
DN
13
50
82
5
90
0
DN
DN
2.0
.0020
m/
97
5
75
0
DN
3.0
.0030
100
m/
DN
Hydraulic Gradient (m/m)
3.5
.0050
.0005
m/
DN
DN
.0100
60
0
DN
DN
DN
37
5
.0200
7000
10000
Discharge in litres per second

ks = 0.6mm
Figure 10.4 - Energy head relationships for pipes flowing full (n = 0.011)
2.3 Compare HW level for inlet control and outlet control

conditions:
HWinlet =1.50m > HWoutlet = 1.20m, therefore inlet control
governs.
Use twin 1200mm diameter FJ pipes
from Figure 10.2 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-Full

Pipe Flow (page 51),
Q/Qf = 2.75/3.1 = 0.88, gives V/ Vf = 1.12 and y/D = 0.72
Therefore V = 5.1 m/s,
and y = 0.86m (< dc = 0.90m)
As actual flow depth (y) is less than the critical depth (dc), a
hydraulic jump may occur at the culvert outlet if the downstream
channel flow is not supercritical. Erosion protection at the culvert
outlet may be necessary.
1.0
.9
.8
y/D
.7
Qf
.6
Q/
.5
.4
Vf
V/
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
V/Vf
Q/Qf
Figure 10.7 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Summary
Use twin 1200mm diameter FJ Pipes
Erosion protection at the culvert outlet may be necessary
14
Pipe length
Flush Joint Pipes

for culvert applications
Commonly Supplied Size Classes: DN300 - DN2100
Nominal Length: 2.44m except where denotes.
Other lengths may be available on request.
ID
OD
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600kg/m3 for

spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Flush Joint Pipe
Table 3.2 - Flush Joint Pipes

Actual Internal Diameter D (mm), Pipe Class, Mass (kg) and Outside Diameter (OD)
Standard Strength Load Classes
Class 2
Class 3
Super Strength Load Classes

Class 4
Class 6
ID (mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID (mm)
Mass
(kg)
225
229
125
229
125
229
130
300
300
205
300
205
300
210
290
235
280
260
268
295
362
375
375
280
375
285
375
290
363
330
355
360
343
395
445
450
450
400
450
405
450
415
444
445
438
465
418
545
534
525
534
465
518
545
502
625
502
625
502
630
486
705
616
600
610
565
600
625
586
705
586
710
570
800
554
885
698
675
685
690
679
735
661
850
661
860
637
1005
615
1135
781
750
762
815
756
865
730
1045
730
1055
714
1170
682
1385
864
825
838
945
832
1000
806
1205
806
1215
782
1400
754
1605
946
900
915
1090
903
1200
883
1370
883
1390
851
1655
795
2085
1029
1050
1066
1420
1054
1550
1026
1830
1026
1855
966
2430
926
2775
1194
1200
1219
1775
1207
1925
1179
2245
1171
2355
1109
3045
1059
3580
1359
1350
1372
2165
1360
2340
1332
2700
1292
3230
1242
3830
1202
4335
1524
1500
1524
2405
1504
2710
1468
3245
1424
3860
1374
4590
1324
5230
1676
1650
1676
2885
1656
3220
1620
3820
1576
4495
1516
5450
1476
6065
1842
1800
1828
3375
1808
3745
1772
4400
1718
5295
1668
6200
1628
6855
2006
1950
1994
4200
1982
4515
1944
5225
1904
5980
1834
7340
1794
8040
2198
2100
2160
5215
2136
5655
2110
6205
2050
7535
1990
8715
1960
9335
2388
2250*
2250
8140
2250
8775
2250
9165
ID (mm)
279
2718
15050
2742
2250
2742
10850
2768
2438
11460
2700
2438
20715
2438
20855
3060
3030
13115
3060
2700
3060
20620
11585
2700
3000*
2850
2718
9640
2438
2700
18640
8795
2438
2700*
2550
14195
2250
2438
2530
Typically project specific production only

2250
2400*
Mass
(kg)
OD
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID (mm)
Mass
(kg)
Class 10
ID (mm)
ID (mm)
Mass
(kg)
Class 8
Size
Class
(DN)
21250
2700
21340
2700
21490
13750
3410
3410
3060
15835
3060
16510
3460
3060
32700
3060
32800
3060
32950
4010
3300
3300
21110
3300
21240
3300
21350
3900
3600
3600
24535
3600
24700
3600
24820
4240
Note: Internal diameters (ID) subject to change without notice
15
Rubber ring
4. Pipes for drainage applications

Humes provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced
concrete stormwater pipes from DN225 to DN3600 (Common
Size Classes: DN300 to DN2100).
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for stormwater
drainage systems, although Flush Joint (FJ) pipes can also be
used dependant on requirements of the client / asset owner.
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 are supplied with a belled-socket
joint, while those larger than DN1800 are supplied with an
in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 & 4.2).
Max. joint draw

Socket
Witness
marks
Spigot
Nominal laying gap
Inside surface
Figure 4.1 - RRJ Pipe with Belled Socket Joint
Rubber ring

Rubber Ring Joints provide concrete pipes with a high degree
of flexibility to accommodate ground settlement or alignment
adjustments.
The RRJ profile is designed for ease of installation, and allows
curved alignment adjustments while maintaining a watertight
joint capable of withstanding the common levels of hydraulic
head occurring in a storm water pipeline.
Table 4.1 presents the minimum radius for curves in the
pipeline for the standard range of pipes. Details on other sizes
can be obtained by contacting Humes.
Socket
Spigot
Max. joint draw

Inside surface
Nominal laying gap
Figure 4.2 - RRJ Pipe with In-wall (Skid) Joint
Size Class (DN)
Table 4.1 - Maximum Joint Deflection:

RRJ - Drainage Applications
See Tables 4.2 & 4.3 (pages 17, 18) for details.
4. Drainage Applications
Size
Class
(DN)
R =
L
2 (tan 1/2 /N)
where:
Figure 4.3 - Curved Alignment using

Deflected Straight Pipe
16
R = Radius of curvature, feet

L = Average laid length of pipe sections
measured along the centerline, feet
= Total deflection angle of curve, degrees
N = Number of pipes with pulled joints
/N = Total deflection of each pipe, degrees
Max
Max CL
deflection Min CL
Deviation
angle at joint Radius*
per pipe
/N
(m)
(mm)
(degrees)
300
81
1.9
45
375
81
1.9
50
450
55
1.3
55
525
43
1.0
60
600
38
0.9
70
675
34
0.8
70
750
26
0.6
80
825
21
0.5
85
900
34
0.8
90
1050
26
0.6
95
1200
21
0.5
95
1350
21
0.5
100
1500
26
0.6
125
1650
21
0.5
130
1800
68
1.6
80
1950
26
0.6
80
2100
34
0.8
80
* Minimum radius is measured to the pipe

mid point
Nominal Pipe length
Rubber Ring Joint

(Belled Socket) Pipes
for culvert, drainage and sewerage applications
ID OD

Pipe Length (nom): 2.44m
Pipes available in most areas indicated by bold type.
Other lengths may be available on request. Additional sizes
have restricted availability and designers should consult Humes
to confirm their supply status.
Rubber Ring Joint (Belled Socket) Pipe
G H

Table 4.2 - Rubber Ring Joints (Belled Socket)

Actual Internal Diameter (ID), Socket Dimensions (A,G & H), Outside Diameter (OD) and Pipe Mass.
Load Class
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 6
Class 8
Class 10
Socket Dimensions
Socket Dimensions (A,G & H) Load Class
Size Class
ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) ID (mm) Mass (kg) A (mm)
(DN)
225
225
300
375
450
525
600
675
750
825
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
229
229
229
229
300
304
300
375
381
380
450
450
457
534
534
530
610
610
610
685
680
680
760
750
762
762
838
830
838
910
900
915
1070
1050
1066
1220
1200
1200
1370
1350
1524
1676
1828
110
135
220
240
220
280
370
305
340
545
435
605
800
515
650
880
625
815
1130
760
845
1175
940
955
1145
1380
1050
1200
1410
1415
1425
2030
1895
1790
2335
2175
2190
3275
2460
2690
3550
3890
4450
229
229
229
229
300
304
300
375
381
380
50
450
457
518
534
530
598
610
610
673
680
680
744
750
762
762
818
830
838
910
900
915
1070
1050
1066
1220
1200
1200
1370
1350
1524
1676
1828
110
140
220
240
220
280
375
310
345
545
440
610
805
595
650
880
685
820
1135
805
855
1180
985
1000
1150
1385
1105
1210
1420
1425
1435
2035
1910
1800
2345
2195
2210
3290
2610
2715
3575
3925
4495
229
229
229
229
300
304
300
375
381
380
450
450
457
518
534
530
598
610
610
673
680
680
744
750
762
762
818
830
838
910
900
915
1058
1050
1066
1200
1194
1200
1330
1344
1504
1636
1788
110
140
220
240
240
280
375
315
345
545
450
615
805
675
655
880
765
820
1135
920
860
1185
1170
1010
1160
1390
1305
1215
1425
1535
1445
2040
2115
1820
2355
2555
2300
3300
2995
2810
3905
4470
5085
5500
Not typically supplied
288
304
300
355
375
380
438
450
457
502
534
530
586
610
610
653
670
680
728
734
762
762
798
814
838
878
884
915
1022
1018
1066
1156
1160
1200
1294
1286
1460
1596
1744
250
285
375
345
370
545
480
615
805
680
665
890
770
830
1140
930
930
1190
1125
1125
1170
1395
1320
1350
1445
1555
1595
2055
2250
2140
2380
2695
2685
3325
3400
3555
4515
5065
5900
280
298
300
351
361
380
438
450
457
502
524
530
570
600
610
645
648
680
712
710
738
762
782
782
814
862
852
915
990
960
1010
1120
1090
1160
1240
1230
1404
1546
1668
280
305
380
395
425
545
500
615
810
685
715
895
860
895
1145
1030
1070
1200
1290
1295
1340
1405
1500
1590
1635
1850
1855
2075
2725
2695
2930
3360
3435
3775
4115
4210
5335
6045
7285
268
284
300
343
357
380
418
444
457
486
510
530
554
578
610
615
616
656
680
680
706
762
748
750
782
800
790
851
950
920
966
1070
1040
1110
1200
1190
1354
1486
1608
310
340
380
420
430
550
580
640
810
755
785
895
945
1015
1150
1205
1255
1350
1500
1485
1560
1630
1745
1825
1875
2335
2335
2600
3075
3035
3340
3905
3970
4345
4630
4720
5990
6915
8220
362
368
394
406
451
470
508
540
546
622
622
694
749
711
762
822
797
851
932
886
915
988
997
996
1033
1084
1064
1098
1149
1197
1190
1302
1391
1364
1454
1543
1540
1670
1695
1710
1937
2089
2267
G (mm)
H (mm)
Pipe OD
(mm)
89
108
114
114
76
114
114
80
114
121
114
147
133
133
133
140
133
133
143
133
176
196
143
196
143
143
146
196
171
152
215
178
171
215
178
171
215
210
171
230
194
194
194
83
95
114
114
89
114
114
95
114
133
114
116
190
133
133
133
133
133
152
133
113
146
152
118
152
152
146
128
149
152
138
259
149
151
259
149
165
215
149
170
292
292
203
279
293
305
311
362
381
400
445
457
496
534
560
597
616
636
666
698
724
762
781
784
820
864
860
890
914
946
950
978
1042
1040
1093
1220
1190
1244
1372
1350
1420
1524
1514
1714
1866
2032
Note:
and
masses
change without
Note: Internal
Internaldiameters
diameters(ID)
(ID)
subject
tosubject
changetowithout
notice notice
17
Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall) Pipes
Effective Pipe length
for culvert, drainage and sewerage applications

Nominal Pipe Length: 3.0m (*denotes 2.44m)
Other lengths are available.
ID
OD
Rubber Ring In-wall Joint Pipe

Table 4.3 - Rubber Ring Joints (In-wall)

Actual Internal Diameter (ID), Outside Diameter (OD) and Pipe Mass.
Size
Class
(DN)
1200*
Class 2
Class 3

Class 4
Class 6
Class 8
Class 10
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
ID
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
1280
2985
1280
3005
1280
3025
1260
3285
1240
3545
1200
4015
1950*
1950
5515
1950
5540
1950
5580
1894
6715
1830
7850
1780
8760
2220
2100
6340
2100
6370
2100
6415
2068
7265
2000
8585
1920
10055
2388
2250
2250
8795
2250
8880
2250
12120
2550
11925
2650
2250
15050
2742
2250
2400
2438
9575
2438
2700
11505
2700
10895
2768
13795
3060
2438
20715
2438
20855
3060
3030
13175
3060
2700
3060
20620
11590
2700
3000
2850
2742
2438
2700
18640
9660
2438
1500
2100*
2250
21250
2700
21340
2700
21490
15875
3410
3410
3060
16585
3460
3060
32700
3060
32800
3060
32950
4010
3300*
3300
21110
3300
21240
3300
21350
3900
3600*
3600
20165
3600
20220
3600
20320
4130
= Not typically supplied
18
OD
(mm)
Hydraulics
Installation
Generally, a stormwater pipeline system is designed so that the

hydraulic gradeline is at or below the level of the line joining
the upstream and downstream manhole surface levels as
shown in Figure 4.3 (page16).
All Humes RRJ belled socket pipes are supplied with laying
witness marks indicated in the RRJ profile for easy control of
the deflected joint. (See Fig. 4.1, pg 16 or Fig. 9.8, pg 45)
2
Horizontal Reference
V2/2g
Total Energ
y Line
Free Water
Surface
2
Hfriction
V2/2g
Flow
H1
Pipe Invert
Slope
H2
Base Level
Note: Humes concrete stormwater pipes are normally supplied

with elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is
specifically requested. Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be
laid with the word "TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe
and within 10 each side of the vertical centreline.
To simplify handling, lifting anchors can be provided if
requested in heavy large size RRJ pipes, and for RRJ pipes
DN1800 and over, Humes provides a special rubber ring
lubricant to assist joining.
See Section 9: Handling and Installation for further details.
H1 + V2/2g = H2 V2/2g + Hfriction
Figure 4.4 - Uniform Flow Conditions

The loss of energy head in the pipeline is the aggregate of
elevation, exit velocity and friction head losses. Of these,
normally only elevation and friction head losses are major
considerations.
The flow of water in a stormwater pipeline operating full or
with minor energy head is determined from the hydraulic
gradient in the pipeline.
For determining head loss in a stormwater pipeline, the
Colebrook-White formula is recommended as is a roughness
height (ks) of 0.6mm.
Figure 3.4 - Relative discharge and velocity in part-full pipe

flow (page 11), can be used to determine part-flow depth,
velocity and discharge in a pipeline.
Although a value of ks = 0.6mm is recommended, where
the stormwater system is located in a fully developed urban
environment, this reasonably conservative value, which is
determined from the combined effects of pipe surface and
solid material carried in the flow, may be reduced to 0.15mm,
considerably increasing the flow capacity where appropriate
(see Figure 10.5, page 54).
Load Class
Humes concrete stormwater pipes are available in StandardStrength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load
Classes.
The most appropriate stormwater pipe installation can be
obtained by matching both pipe Load Class and the Bedding
Support Type. For the majority of installations, StandardStrength concrete stormwater pipes used in conjunction with
Type H2 or Type HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable.
pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most
Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes can be
obtained by referring to Section 1. Introduction (page 3).
Large diameter Rubber Ring Joint (In-wall)Pipe installation
Other Stormwater Products

Humes supplies a wide range of associated components to
provide the complete stormwater drainage system.
These include precast access chambers and maintenance
shafts, drop inlets, side entry pits, bends, tees and junctions, as
well as stormwater pits.
With the ever increasing need to responsibly manage a healthy
environment, Humes have developed a technically advanced
portfolio of stormwater quality management products.
Humeceptor non-scouring sediment and oil interceptor
targets priority fine sediments, which transport nutrients and
toxicants, close to where they are generated, protecting local
creeks, wetland habitats and wildlife as well as downstream
rivers, bays and oceans. Humeceptor is proven to capture as
much as 90% of ALL sediment (including the material less than
100 microns which is of most concern), 97.8% of free oils and
significant quantities of other materials lighter than water (eg.
cigarette butts, polyester beads, plastic food wrappers etc)
Humegard in-line gross pollutant traps are designed to
trap a range of gross pollutants including plastics, aluminum,
waxed packaging, drink containers, cigarette buttts, syringes,
polystyrene, paper and coarser-grained sediment (150
microns+). Laboratory and field testing has proven capture
rates up to 100% for gross pollutants prior to by-pass and up
to 85% on an annualised basis, allowing for periods of high
flow by-pass.
19
Figure 4.4 gives the capacity and flow velocity of a pipeline

flowing with an established hydraulic grade. Alternatively,
available energy head can be used to determine the required
pipe size for a given flow discharge.
Example 4 Stormwater Pipe
Calculate the peak flow rate

Check suitability of DN600 pipe with respect to maximum
velocity & energy head:
.0400
7.5
m/
s
7.0
m/
s
m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
m/
s
5.0
m/
s
.0300
DN
30
6.5
4.5
52
m/
4.0
60
5
75
0
97
2.5
m/
500
700
1000
2000
3000
00
00
50
19
DN
2
DN 250
2
DN 400
2
DN 550
2
DN 700
28
50
21
DN
00
18
4000 5000
DN
DN
15
50
16
DN
300
DN
DN
1
DN 125
12
00
DN
1
DN 275
13
50
10
DN
DN
.0010
50
90
m/
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m
1.8 /s
m
1.7 /s
m
1.6 /s
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
.0020
200
5
82
DN
3.0
.0030
100
m/
DN
DN
DN
DN
3.5
.0050
.0005
m/
67
.0100
DN
DN
45
DN
37
.0200
A stormwater drainage pipeline is proposed to service a new

industrial development in Sydney. The new line is to connect
into an existing system at an existing downstream manhole.
The total catchment area of 4 hectares (0.04km2) is to be
paved/sealed, resulting in an estimated coefficient of run = 0.9.
The estimated time for the total catchment to be contributing
to the outflow discharge is 30 minutes. The 1:50 year rain fall
intensity has been calculated as 100mm/hr (for the 30 minute
duration), and the new line length is 80 metres. A minimum
600mm dia pipe is specified for maintenance purposes, and the
asset owner requires a maximum velocity of 8 m/s and design
life of 100 years. An estimation of the system confirms the total
energy head at the downstream (Hd/s) pit to be 0.5m.
7000
10000

ks = 0.6mm
Step 1 Calculate Peak Flow:

Peak flow rate formula: Q = 0.278 CIA
Therefore Q = 0.278 x 0.9 x 100 x 0.04 = 1.0 cumec (m3/s)
Step 2 Check suitability of DN600
From Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
Formula (ks=0.6mm) (page 56), with 600mm dia pipe:
Hydraulic Gradient = 0.21 m/m
and v = 3.55m/sec (<8m/s therefore velocity ok)
Energy Loss (Hf) of pipe = .021m/m x 80m = 1.68m
Velocity Head (Hv) = v2 / 2g = 0.64m
Total energy head at upstream end of new pipeline is:
Hu/s = Hf + Hv + Hd/s
= 1.68 + 0.64 + 0.5 = 2.82m
Therefore for a DN600 pipe the upstream invert level must be

2.82m below finished surface level.
Step 3 Check suitability of DN750

Try 750mm dia pipe to reduce depth of invert (using Q = 1.0
cumecs)
From Figure 4.4 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White
Formula (ks=0.6mm) (page 56), with 750mm dia pipe:
Hydraulic Gradient = 0.0068 m/m
and v=2.3 m/s (<8m/s therefore velocity ok)
Hf = 0.0068 x 80 = 0.54m
Hv = 2.32 / 2g
At upstream end of new pipeline
Hu/s = 0.54 + 0.27 + 0.5 = 1.31m
Invert for DN750 need only be 1.31m below finished surface
(use DN750 if possible as less excavation is required)
Note: The existing system should be analysed to determine
the hydraulic effect due to pipeline addition. A longitudinal
profile of the total stormwater system's hydraulic effects is
recommended.
20
5. Pipes for sewerage applications
Outside face

concrete sewerage pipes in diameters from 225mm to
3600mm (DN300 - DN2100 Common Size Class Range).
Standard cover
Extra cover
(up to 25mm)
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for

sewerage applications.
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 are supplied with a belled socket
joint, while those larger than DN1800 are supplied with
an in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 & 4.2, page 16).
Outside face
Sewerage Pipes
In conjunction with sewerage system designers, Humes
engineers have developed a range of concrete sewerage
pipes to economically minimise or eliminate corrosive gas
effects which can exist in sewer pipeline systems.
Standard cover
Sacrificial Layer
Humes has available proven design methods which can

assist the systems designer to investigate the possibility of
sulphide build-up in the system.
Where the system design cannot avoid sulphide generation,
Humes manufactures a number of sewerage pipes
incorporating special features. These include:
Outside face
Thermoplastic lining
Plastiline sheeting A chemically inert plasticised
PVC material, developed by Humes research scientists,
is mechanically fixed to the pipes internal surface during
the manufacturing process, as shown in Figure 5.1, to
give complete protection against chemical attack on the
pipe surface.
Humes AKS PE lining A high density polyethelyne sheet
providing high resistance to abrassives and aggresives.
Standard cover
Calcereous aggregate concrete

Outside face
Thermoplastic sheeting need only be applied to the pipe's

internal surface above the low flow level during normal
operating conditions.
Calcareous aggregate - This provides added protection
by inhibiting the progress of chemical attack, and is used
in either the concrete cover to reinforcement or sacrificial
layer. Humes internal engineering design services group
(TDS) can provide guidance of increased service life that
is achievable.
Sacrificial layer concrete - An internal surface layer
of concrete additional to the nominal 10mm cover to
reinforcement in spun concrete pipe, as shown in Figure
5.1.
Standard cover
Corrosion protection liner

(Plastiline or AKS PE lining)
Figure 5.1 - High Durability Sewer Pipe Solutions
5. Sewerage Applications
The sacrificial layer is designed to gradually chemically

corrode during the life of the pipe. Humes' Engineers can
determine the required thickness by analysis of the system.
The corrosion process leaves the pipe structurally sound at
the end of its design life, making it possible for the service
life of the pipeline to be reassessed and possibly extended.
Additional cover to reinforcement - The extra cover gives
added protection where the systems designer has little
or no information to carry out a detailed pipe-system
analysis.
A summary of these various treatments is presented
following, along with a set of general guidelines.
When in doubt, the designer should contact Humes for a
specific analysis of the pipeline's operating conditions.
2250mm diameter Plastiline Pipes
21
Summary of Sewerage Pipeline Solutions
Humes have developed a range of solutions to maximise

durability, and even eliminate the potential adverse effects of
sewerage aggressives (eg sulphuric acid attack).
Humes RRJ pipes are designed to provide a watertight

seal against infiltration in to the system and exfiltration of
sewerage into groundwater.
With a minimum cementitious content in excess of

400 kg/m3, standard sewer pipes are adequate for most
properly designed sewer systems.
The joint seal is designed against a minimum 9m head

(90KPa), internal and external, and the joint configuration
allows for watertightness to be maintained even when
normal settlements cause joint deflections in the pipeline.
Pipeline installers can also use this joint flexibility to
maintain line and level of the pipeline.
Type 2: Extra cover to reinforcement
See Table 4.1 (page 16) for details of the minimum radius
for RRJ pipelines.
The cover to reinforcement can be increased from a nominal

standard to up to 25mm. Commonly specified for sewer systems with insufficient data on future flow characteristics.
Humes RRJ pipes used in sewerage pipelines are supplied

with natural rubber rings with root inhibitor, which prevents
vegetation roots from entering the system.
Type 1: Standard Sewer Pipe
Lengthens life by up to 2 times.
Type 3: Sacrificial layer

An increased wall (cover) thickness provided at the internal
diameter. It is acceptable for this layer to corrode (in lieu of
the structural pipe profile) over the specified service life of the
pipeline.
Based on client supplied project data Humes engineers can
assist in determining the requisite thickness of sacrificial layer,
using either siliceous or calcareous aggregates.
Size Class (DN)

Where corrosion protection is added to the pipe in the form
of a sacrificial layer or extra cover, the internal bore of the
pipe is reduced and designers need to include this reduction
in the waterway area in their hydraulic design.
RRJ pipes with corrosion protection linings are readily
available in sizes of DN750 and above.
The diameter reduction is generally 20mm to 40mm,
depending on the system and its design life requirements.
See Tables 4.2 & 4.3 (page 17, 18) for details of Size Class
(DN) availability.
Type 4: Calcareous aggregate

Concrete pipes manufactured from suitable calcium rich
aggregate, such as limestone, provide added resistance to
acidic corrosion, by inhibiting the progress of the chemical
attack. Its use will further augment durability performance
when incorporated as a sacrificial layer.
Load Class
The most appropriate/economical pipeline installation can

be obtained by matching both pipe Load Class and the
Bedding Support Type.
Type 5: Corrosion Protection Linings (CPL)

Corrosion Protection Linings provide the ultimate protection
against chemical attack in a sewerage environment.
Plastiline A tried and true PVC liner with over 45 years
inservice use in Australia:
Black - ultimate UV protection
Ease of welding
AKS Humes concrete pipe lined with High Density
Polyethylene sheet (HDPE) provides maximum:
Abrasion resistance,
and pull off strength.
This material is available in pale colours, which are favoured
by installers and beneficial for visual inspection.
Up to 120 year service life.
22
Humes concrete sewerage pipes are available in StandardStrength (Class 2-4) and Super-Strength (Class 6-10) Load
Classes.
For the majority of installations, Standard-Strength concrete

sewerage pipes used in conjunction with Type H2 or Type
HS2 Bedding Support, are suitable.
pipes and Type HS3 Bedding Support can provide the most
Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes
can be obtained by referring to Section 1 - Introduction
(page 3).
Hydraulics
Installation
The hydraulic design for each section of the sewage

pipeline system requires investigation of both peak and
minimum flows.
Humes RRJ bell-socket pipes have laying witness marks

indicated at the outside face for easy control of the
deflected joint.(see Fig. 4.1, pg16 or Fig. 9.8, pg45).
Peak flows in the system determine the pipe size class

which should then be checked to ensure that at minimum
flows the sewage flow velocity does not fall below the selfcleansing velocity.
Humes concrete sewerage pipes are typically supplied

with elliptical grid reinforcement, unless a circular grid is
specifically requested.
Gravity flows in a sewage pipeline between manholes are

designed hydraulically by considering pipe friction losses
and any flow disturbance losses at inlets, outlets, bends and
junctions in the pipeline.
Losses due to flow disturbances should be minimal since
the designer should eliminate these as part of the campaign
against hydrogen sulphide generation.
Elliptical grid reinforced pipes must be laid with the word

"TOP" at the crown (or invert) of the pipe, within 10 each
side of the vertical centreline.
Lifting anchors can be provided to simplify lifting/handling.
Humes provides a special rubber ring lubricant to assist
jointing.
See Section 9, Handling and Installation, for further details.
Frictional losses along the pipeline are based on the

Colebrook-White formula, using a recommended roughness
height ks value of 1.5mm (see Figure 10.8, page 57). This
chart also indicates minimum velocities for slime control
and the self-cleansing velocities.
The flow discharge and velocity given is for the pipeline
running full. The values can be adjusted for a pipeline
running part-full by referring to Figure 3.4 (page 11) for
part-full flow conditions.
Class 4 Pipes with Sacrificial Layer.
Plastiline sewer pipe installation.
Pipe with AKS lining
23
Associated Sewerage Products

Humes manufacture a comprehensive range of products
associated with reticulation and trunk sewer systems. From
experience, a collaborative approach with designers and
authorities will often provide the most cost effective solution,
and Humes are equipped to supply project specific products.
Standard products for this range are summarised below. For
further information refer to product specific brochures and
details available at www.humes.com.au
Access Chambers Humes superior quality precast chambers
have a nominal shaft diameter of 1050 1100mm, dependent
on region and asset owner requirements. These are configured
with RRJ and mastic joints to suit authority specifications and
standards.
The system is complete from benched chamber bases,
(Superbowl eliminates the need for benching) to finished
surface level, in either trafficked or non trafficked applications.
Shafts outside the standard diameter range may be made to
order.
QuickTee base
Maintenance Shafts (QuickTee) DN600 vertical shafts

with DN300 non-person entry lid, that provide access to
the sewerage system to introduce inspection (CCTV) and
maintenance equipment. The shaped base ensures optimum
flow in the system. As for the access chambers QuickTee is a
complete system from base to finished surface level:
DN600 shaft enables equipment manoeuvrability.
DN600 shaft provides emergency storage
Sloping trafficable top matches finished surface level falls
up to 1 in 7.
HumeSeal is a patented watertight elastomeric seal to
connect service pipes to chambers (Access Chambers and
Maintenance Shaft) .The standard size range is DN100 to
DN225 and other sizes may be made to order. The HumeSeal
can accommodate up to 17 degrees deflection without losing
watertight connection between service pipe and shafts.
Cover and surround completing a QuickTee installation
Access Chamber base
24
HumeSeal at chamber/shaft base
Pump Wells Humes supply chambers up to DN3600

which may be specifically designed to customer requirements.
(See Table 5.1 below for capacities)
Storage Tanks
The size range is the same as for
pump wells. These units are configured with end walls
and fittings to meet project specific requirements.
(See Table 5.1 below for capacities)
Both pump wells and storage tanks can be provided with
corrosion protection liners (CPLs).
A precast pump well.
A precast storage tank.
Table 5.1 -Indicative Storage Capacity (Litres) based on Flush Joint Pipe, Load Class 2.
DN
(mm)
Length of Pipe (metres)

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.22
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.83
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.44

300 15 29 44 58 73 87 89 102 116 131 133 145 160 174 177

375 23 47 68 91 114 137 139 160 182 205 209 228 251 274 278

450 33 66 98 131 164 197 200 230 262 295 300 328 361 394 400

525 45 90 134 179 224 269 273 314 358 403 410 448 493 538 547

600 59 117 175 234 292 351 357 409 468 526 535 585 643 701 713

675 74 147 221 295 369 442 450 516 590 663 676 737 811 885 899

750 91 182 274 365 456 547 556 639 730 821 835 912 1003
1095
1113

825 110 221 331 441 552 662 673 772 883 993 1009
1103 1213
1324
1346

900 131 263 394 525 657 788 801 919 1050
1182 1202
1313 1445
1576
1602

1050 179 358 536 715 894 1073 1090 1251 1430 1608 1636 1788 1966 2145 2180

1200 234 467 701 934 1168 1401 1425 1635 1869 2102 2137 2336 2569 2802 2849

1350 295 591 887 1182 1478 1773 1803 2069 2364 2660 2704 2955 3251 3546 3605

1500 365 730 1094 1459 1824 2189 2225 2554 2919 3283 3338 3648 4013 4378 4451

1650 441 883 1324 1766 2207 2649 2693 3090 3532 3973 4039 4414 4856 5297 5386

1800 525 1051 1576 2101 2627 3152 3205 3677 4203 4728 4807 5254 5779 6304 6409

1950 617 1233 1850 2466 3083 3699 3761 4317 4933 5549 5632 6166 6782 7399 7522

2100 715 1430 2145 2860 3575 4290 4362 5005 5721 6436 6543 7151 7866 8581 8724
This table is included to assist designers with determining volumes of pipes when they are used in other than conduit applications such
as holding or storage tanks and pump wells.
Note: Internal diameters (ID) and hence, volume storage, is subject to change without notice.
25
Example 5 Sewerage Pipe

A gravity sewer main is proposed to serve a new residential
development. The development is for medium density
population over an area of 500 ha. Adopting an average
dry weather flow rate of 0.2 l/s/ha for the medium density
residential development, we get an:
.0400
Therefore:
Minimum short-term dry weather flow = 0.13 x 500 = 65 l/s
elo
DN
37
5
city
elo
city
Slim
eC
.0030
Mi
.0020
n. V
elo
city
Sel
fC
lea
stic
Lin
er
4.5
DN
67
5
4.0
3.5
m/
3.0
m/
2.5
m/
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m
1.8 /s
m/
s
1.7
m
1.6 /s
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
ont
rol
nsi
ng
.0010
0.9
m/
.0005
50
100
300
500
700
1000
2000
4000
6000 8000
Discharge (Q) in litres per second
Summarising design parameters:

Minimum average dry weather flow 65 l/s
Average dry weather flow 100 l/s
Peak wet weather flow 550 l/s
Step 1 Nominate appropriate pipe diameter
For concrete pipe with sewage flows ks = 1.5 mm is typically
recommended.
1.1 Try DN525 pipe
From Figure 10.8 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula
ks=1.5mm (page 57), with peak wet weather flow of 550 l/s:
Hydraulic gradient (s) = 0.0155 (approx 1:64), and full flow velocity
(Vf) = 2.5m/s
1.2 Establish minimum allowable velocities for slime control & self
cleansing
CPAAs Hydraulics of Precast Conduits recommends:
For slime control sD = 0.002m,
therefore with D = 0.525m: s = 0.0038 & vmin = 1.22m/s
For self cleansing sD = 0.0008m,
therefore with D = 0.525m: s = 0.0015 & vmin = 0.78m/s
Step 2 Confirm appropriate minimum pipe grade
2.1 Nominate pipe grade for DN525 as being less than 1:64 (s =
0.0155)
Try 1 in 75 (s= 0.013)
2.2 Check average dry weather flow velocity
Q/Qf = 100/550 = 0.18

From Figure 3.4 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-full Pipe
Flow (page 11), V/Vf = 0.75:
therefore V = 1.88m/sec (which is greater than minimum velocity
slime control therefore ok)
2.3 Check minimum average dry weather flow velocity
Q/Qf = 65/550 = 0.12
From Figure 3.4 Relative Discharge & Velocity in Part-full Pipe
Flow (page 11), V/Vf = 0.68:
V = 1.70m/sec (which is also greater than minimum velocity slime
control therefore ok)
Therefore adopt DN525 on grade 1 in 75
26
m/
DN
15
00
DN
16
50
DN
18
00
DN
19
50
DN
21
00
x. V
pla
DN
82
5
DN
90
0
DN
97
5
DN
10
50
DN
1
DN 125
12
00
DN
1
DN 275
13
50
Ma
rmo
DN
75
0
DN
52
5
DN
60
0
DN
45
0
.0050
The
m/
.0100
Therefore:
Peak dry weather flow = (100 x 2.5) + (0.6 x 500) = 550 l/s
As only a low density population will exist during the
developmental stage of the new estate, adopt a low density
flow of 0.13 l/s/ha for this period,
x. V
.0200
Average dry weather flow = 0.2 l/s/ha x 500ha = 100 l/s

The CPAAs Hydraulics of Precast Conduits recommends
multiplying average dry weather flow by a factor of 2.5,
to get peak dry weather flow. Also, for a new residential
development, consider an allowance of 0.4 to 0.8 (say 0.6)
l/s/ha for infiltration.
Ma
DN
30
0
.0300
ks = 1.5mm
Figure 10.8 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks = 1.5mm

concrete pressure pipes in diameters from 225mm to
3600mm (standard range DN300-DN1800).
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for all
concrete pressure pipe applications.
RRJ pipes up to DN1800 diameter are supplied with a
belled socket joint, while those larger than DN1800 are
supplied with an in-wall joint (see Figures 4.1 and 4.2 ,
page 16).

RRJ - Pressure Pipe (and Sewerage) Applications
Size Class
(DN)
300
375
Joint Type
Rubber Ring Joints provide concrete pipes with a high
degree of flexibility to accommodate ground settlement
or deflections. The RRJ profile is designed for ease of
installation, and allows curved alignments or alignment
adjustments while maintaining a pressure tight joint seal.
Table 6.1 presents the maximum joint deflections possible
for the standard range of pressure pipes. See also Figure
6.1.
Witness marks are provided to indicate both nominal laying
gap and maximum joint deflection.
Where fittings are included in the pipe system, thrust
blocks should be provided to prevent lateral or longitudinal
movement and separation in the adjacent pipe joint. The
magnitude of the thrust force is dependent on the pressure
in the pipeline and the deflected angle or restriction to
flow.
The design of reinforced concrete pressure pipe systems as
described in the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
publication, "Hydraulics of Precast Concrete Conduits", is
recommended to specifiers and designers.
450
525
600
675
750
825
Positive
overlap
900
1050
Maximum Deviation
Zero Gap
1200
1350
Figure 6.1 - Deflected Joint Details
Max CL
Max
Internal
Wall
Min CL
Deviation deflection
Dia
thickness
Radius*
per pipe angle at joint
(ID)
(mm)
(m)
(mm)
(degrees)
304
38
72
1.7
83
300
50
68
1.6
88
367
34
72
1.7
83
381
38
64
1.5
94
380
58
55
1.3
108
446
36
51
1.2
117
450
42
55
1.3
108
450
55
68
1.6
88
457
70
60
1.4
100
534
41
43
140
534
51
34
0.8
175
530
68
55
1.3
108
610
44
38
0.9
156
610
57
34
0.8
175
610
76
34
0.8
175
685
48
34
0.8
175
680
52
51
1.2
117
680
70
51
1.2
117
760
52
26
0.6
234
750
55
51
1.2
117
762
64
30
0.7
200
762
76
30
0.7
200
838
54
21
0.5
280
830
60
51
1.2
117
838
70
30
0.7
200
910
66
34
0.8
175
900
65
51
1.2
117
915
89
30
0.7
200
1050
70
47
1.1
128
1070
75
26
0.6
234
1066
89
26
0.6
234
1200
75
43
140
1200
110
43
140
1370
77
21
0.5
280
1350
82
38
0.9
156
1500
1524
95
26
0.6
234
1650
1676
95
21
0.5
280
1800
1828
102
68
1.6
88
Note: Commonly available sizes indicated in bold

IDs and walls thickness subject to change without notice
* Minimum radius is measured to the mid point of the centre line
(as opposed to centreline intersection at joint)
27
6. Pressure Applications
6. Pipes for Pressure Applications
Size Class (DN)

The size class for reinforced concrete pressure pipes
will depend on hydraulic calculations for pressure and
discharge.
Commonly supplied size classes for reinforced concrete
pressure pipes are from DN300 to DN1800 diameter
(see Table 6.2). Pipe can also be supplied below DN300
and, for these diameters, reduced lengths of 1.22 metres
are normally provided. Pipe diameters above DN1800 can
be supplied where required for special projects.
Load/Pressure Class
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the
combined effects of external load and internal (in-service)
pressure. Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4058:
2007 - Precast concrete pipes (pressure and non-pressure)
gives a minimum requirement for factory test pressure
of 120% of working pressure in the pipeline. Working
pressure when specified should include all effects as well as
any dynamic surge pressures in the pipeline.
To simulate the combined effects of load and pressure,
the corresponding test load for a pressure pipe, with a
minimum factory test pressure of 120% working pressure,
is increased above the normal calculated non-pressure value
by as much as 182% by the application of the formula:
T=W
F
Pt
Pt-Pw
1/
T = test load
W/F = calculated test load
Pt = test pressure
Pw = working pressure
The combination of test pressure and test load can be

most economically achieved when a balanced condition of
their effects is considered in the design. The table for the
balanced conditions of maximum allowable fill height for
maximum test pressure is given in Table 6.3 (page 30) for
stated design and installation conditions.
For the majority of installations, concrete pressure pipes can
be installed using Type H2 Bedding Support.
See Section 1: Introduction, for further information on the
design and installation of concrete pipes.
28
Pressure pipe installation
Table 6.2 - Pressure Pipe Class Range

Pressure Class (kPa)
Size Class
(DN)
200
300
400
500
700
Internal Diameter (mm) x Wall Thickness (mm)

300
304 x 38
304 x 38
304 x 38
285
304 x 38
300 x 50
367 x 34
367 x 34
375
367 x 34
367 x 34
381 x 38
381 x 38
446 x 36
450
355
385
450 x 42
450
625
457 x 70
534 x 41
534 x 51
680
530 x 68
610 x 44
610 x 57
915
600 x 81
685 x 48
680 x 52
880
680 x 70
760 x 52
762 x 64
1195
762 x 76
838 x 54
830 x 60
1295
826 x 76
900
910 x 66
910 x 66
1050 x 85
2180
1050 x 97
1200
1350
1500
1200 x 75
1200 x 110
3435
2540
1370 x 77
1326 x 94
1524 x 95
2610
2260
1200 x 75
1200 x 110
1370 x 77
2255
1840
1050 x 70
1050
1580
1470
910 x 66
899 x 97
1050 x 70
1290
1075
838 x 54
825
1225
960
760 x 52
750
1250
780
685 x 48
675
930
645
610 x 44
600
840
530
534 x 41
525
610 x 44
565
446 x 36
450 x 55
534 x 41
390
300
380 x 58
446 x 36
Pipe Mass
2.44m long
(kg)
3130
3655
1524 x 95
1500 x 107
4070
1650
1676 x 95
1676 x 95
4020
1800
1828 x 102
1828 x 102
4600
= Not typically supplied

Sizes commonly available indicated by bold type. Other Pressure Classes may also be available.
Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600 kg/m3 for spun pipe and 2500kg/m3 for vertically cast pipe.
Internal diameters subject to change without notice.
29
Table 6.3 - Pressure Pipe Actual Size and Maximum Test Pressures
Pressure Pipes
Size Class
(DN)
300
375
450
525
600
675
750
Actual Size
ID x wall (mm)
Maximum Test
Pressure (kPa)
304 x 38
650
298 x 41
700
300 x 50
975
294 x 53

Pressure Pipes
Size Class
(DN)
Actual Size
ID x wall (mm)
Maximum Test
Pressure (kPa)
1050
730 x 65
525
367 x 34
550
726 x 64
475
357 x 39
575
750 x 70
550
381 x 38
525
762 x 76
575
375 x 41
550
750 x 82
625
380 x 58
900
838 x 54
350
370 x 63
975
832 x 57
400
446 x 36
450
830 x 60
425
436 x 41
475
806 x 72
525
450 x 42
450
838 x 70
475
450 x 55
700
814 x 82
600
430 x 65
875
910 x 66
425
457 x 70
900
898 x 72
475
534 x 41
450
900 x 65
425
518 x 49
550
880 x 75
500
534 x 51
525
915 x 89
575
514 x 61
700
1050 x 70
375
530 x 68
750
1018 x 86
500
514 x 76
800
1070 x 75
400
450
750 (cont.)
825
900
1050
610 x 44
425
1058 x 81
594 x 52
475
1066 x 89
475
610 x 57
550
1050 x 97
525
598 x 63
625
1200 x 75
350
610 x 76
725
1168 x 91
450
598 x 82
800
1200 x 110
525
685 x 48
400
1180 x 120
600
673 x 54
475
1370 x 77
325
680 x 52
425
1360 x 82
350
656 x 64
575
1350 x 82
350
680 x 70
600
1326 x 94
400
660 x 80
700
1524 x 95
350
760 x 52
350
1508 x 103
400
736 x 64
500
1676 x 95
325
750 x 55
400
1652 x 107
375
1828 x 102
325
1812 x 110
350
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
Note: Commonly available sizes indicated in bold

Hydrostatic test pressure = 1.2 working pressure.
Internal diameters subject to change without notice.
30
Hydraulics
So long as the concrete is not fractured or blown out, the

pipe will likely return to its original state of servicability after
the pressure surge passes, with visible cracking reducing
over time. The cracks will re-seal under the natural action
of the concrete's autogenous healing process. During this
time it may be necessary to reduce the pipeline working
pressure.
Gravity pressure pipelines utilise the static head over the

length of the pipeline to provide discharge and the pipes
used are designed to a minimum factory test pressure of
120% working pressure, or working pressure plus 15 metres
head, whichever is greater.
Gravity pressure mains are an hydraulically 'soft' system,
rarely incurring the effects of waterhammer.
The working pressure in a pipe to provide the specified

discharge is determined from the sum of the elevation
(static lift) between pipeline inlet and outlet and head
(pressure) losses along the pipeline caused by pipe and fluid
friction effects and exit velocity head loss.
Pumped pressure pipelines are susceptible to water-hammer

effects if the system is not designed and operated to
eliminate its occurrence, possibly leading to an hydraulically
'hard' system.
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia document

"Hydraulics of Precast Conduits" (available for free
download at www.concpipe.asn.au) is an excellent
reference for quantifying the magnitude of these losses
where considered appropriate.
Water-hammer effects and their analysis require a detailed

knowledge of the operating conditions within the system
and its geometry.
Water-hammer in a pressure pipe system, which can be
as high as 100 times the flow velocity head at shutdown
in the pipeline, is typically caused by either rapid valve
closure or uncontrolled pump operation, either at start-up
or breakdown.
Establishing the magnitude of friction head losses along

the pipeline is carried out by using the Colebrook-White
equation, adopting recommended values for pipe surface
roughness height (ks) depending on the fluid type.
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 Clause 4.5 nominates minimum test requirements for pressure pipes:
Performance test pressure of pipe and joint (Pt) = Min. 1.2 times
the working pressure of pipe and joint.
Ultimate test pressure (Pu) being the lesser of:
(i) 1.5 times the allowable working pressure (Pw)
(ii) 1.2 times the allowable working pressure (Pw) plus 75kPa
For clean water in a water supply pipeline, a value of pipe

surface roughness (ks) 0.06mm is appropriate.
However, where in doubt, or where a significant number of
fittings are in the pipeline, a more conservative value of (ks)
0.15mm is recommended.
Design charts (Figure 10.5 & 10.6, page 54, 55) based on
the surface roughness values of 0.06mm and 0.15mm are
provided in section 10.
However, in a reinforced concrete pipeline subjected to

unforeseen operations, the pipes are ductile in nature and
any surges in the line which could result in cracked pipes will
not cause the system to become unserviceable.
For sewer rising mains, a value of 0.6mm is recommended

and the appropriate chart (Figure 10.7, page 56) is provided
in section 10
Table 6.4 - Pressure Pipe Thrust

Block Size for Horizontal Bends
(DN)
Width per 10m head

15o deflection (mm)
Where a pressure pipeline has a change in horizontal or

vertical alignment, or where bends, reducers, tees or valves
are fitted within the pipe system, unbalanced forces at the
change in flow direction need to be resisted by fitting thrust
blocks along the pipeline.
Soil Bearing Pressure

100kPa
200kPa
300
100
50
375
100
50
450
125
75
525
150
75
600
175
100
675
185
100
750
200
100
825
200
100
900
250
125
1050
275
150
1200
300
150
1350
325
150
1500
350
175
1650
375
175
1800
425
200
The magnitude of the thrust force is determined by

geometrics and the size of the thrust block is found by
adopting a value for the passive resistance of the soil in the
trench walls. (A minimum soil bearing capacity of 100kPa is
often adopted). Table 6.4 provides typical values of thrust
block sizes based on stated conditions.
Deflection angle
Concrete Thrust
Block
Minimum
OD+300
Class
The Colebrook-White charts provide the slope of the

hydraulic gradient for a required discharge flow rate in the
pipeline, and friction head losses in the pipeline can then
be determined by applying this value over the line's entire
length.
W
idt
Size
A reinforced concrete pipe, overloaded with passing

pressure surges, will expand and some minor cracks may
result.
Reinforced concrete pressure pipes are designed for the

maximum operating discharge rate in the pipeline. There are
two design types of pressure pipelines, the gravity pressure
pipeline and the pumped pressure pipeline.
Section
Figure 6.2 Thrust Block Detail

Note: Minimum Concrete strength 25 MPa
31
Other Pressure Pipe Products

Reinforced concrete pressure pipes can be manufactured

with bends, reducers and cast-in mild steel, cast iron or
plastic fittings, where required by the system designer.
Typical arrangements are shown below.
Single mitre bend.
Cement lined mild steel off takes.
Socket to spigot reducer.
Mild steel adaptor for 2100mm diameter skid ring joint pipe.
32
Air valve on 2700mm diameter skid ring joint pipe.
Field Hydrostatic Testing
However, the manner in which the pipes have been

handled on site, and the conditions to which they have
been subjected prior to and during laying, may require that
the test be applied to "prove" the pipeline installation. The
purpose of specifying a field hydrostatic test is solely to
reveal the existence of inadequate laying procedures.
It is strongly recommended that the specified site test
pressure be no greater than the sustained working pressure
to which the pipeline will be subjected in service.
When a field test is to be applied, preconditioning of the
pipeline is essential to give meaningful results.
The pipeline should be allowed to stand under 50 kPa
hydrostatic pressure at the highest point in the line for such
time as is necessary to allow natural absorption of water
into the concrete.
If measurements show a steadily decreasing loss rate,

equilibrium has not been achieved and it may be necessary
to allow a further period of preconditioning before
attempting further measurements. A test result is considered
satisfactory when the amount of water lost in one hour
does not exceed the amount defined by the equation:
1
QL = N.D.(TP) /2 / 70
Before delivery to site, every Humes pressure pipe is

hydrostatically tested to the specified test pressure.
Consequently, field pressure testing should not be
specified for the purpose of reassessing individual pipe
performance.
QL: leakage in litres per hour

N: number of joints in the section of line under test
D: diameter of pipe in metres
TP: specified site test pressure in kiloPascals
Remember, correct laying procedures and proper
supervision during installation are a better solution to
providing evidence of good installation. See Section 9,
Handling & Installation (page 43).
The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia, CPAA,
publication, Field Testing of Concrete Pipelines and
Joints", comprehensively details all aspects of this
procedure. This document is available for free download
at www.concpipe.asn.au
The time taken for this to occur will depend on the

moisture condition of the pipes, as well as the ambient site
conditions.
Some lines will need no more than 24 hours, others may
need weeks. Subsequently, pressurisation should be carried
out slowly, initially at 50 kPa increments per hour.
Once the test pressure has been reached, and providing
no major faults have appeared, the loss of water should be
measured at hourly intervals over a period of three hours.
Field testing of pipes.
Routine Hydrostatic testing of pipes.
33
.0400
7.5
m/
s
7.0
m/
s
m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
m/
s
5.0
m/
s
.0300
30
6.5
DN
37
.0200
4.5
52
m/
4.0
60
5
0
75
5
0
97
m/
500
700
1000
2000
3000
00
DN
2
DN 250
2
DN 400
2
DN 550
2
DN 700
28
50
18
19
21
DN
DN
DN
15
4000 5000
50
00
16
50
00
DN
DN
1
DN 125
12
00
DN
12
75
DN
13
50
10
DN
2.5
DN
300
50
90
DN
200
7000
10000

ks = 0.6mm
Step 1 Nominate suitable pipe diameter

From Figure 10.7 Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks=0.6mm
(page 56), with Q = 500l/s & vmax = 2m/s:
Minimum size class = DN600
Step 2 Calculate friction head
From Figure 10.7 (page 56): with Q = 500l/s & DN600:
Hydraulic gradient = 0.0055 &
Friction head loss = 0.0055 x 5000 (elevation difference) = 27.5m
Step 3 Estimate velocity head
From Figure 10.7 (page 56): with Q = 500l/s & DN600:
Vf = 1.8m/s
Therefore exit velocity head of straight pipe = 1.82/2g = 0.165m
For 90 and 60 bends adopt velocity head coefficients (kb) for sharp bends of =
1.27 and 0.68 respectively (refer section 1 of CPAA Hydraulics of Precast Concrete
Conduits)
Head loss at bends: Hb = kb x v2 / 2g
for 5 No. 90 bends and 3 No. 60 horizontal bends:
(5 x 1.27 x 0.165) + (3 x 0.68 x 0.165) = 1.384m
Step 4 Estimate total head
Total Head = Static lift + Friction head + Velocity head + Bends
= 5 + 27.5 + 0.165 + 1.38 = 34m
Include specified allowance for water-hammer (15m)
Allowable working pressure head in pipeline = 34 + 15 = 49m
Step 5 Calculate test & ultimate pressures
Allowable working pressure (Pw) = gravity x pressure head = 9.81 x 49 = 481 kPa
Per AS/NZS 4058: 2007, clause 4.5 (b):
Ultimate test pressure (Pu) is the lesser of:
1.
1.5 times allowable working pressure (= 721 kPa)
2.
1.2 times allowable, plus 75kPa (= 556kPa)
Pu = 556 kPa
Using the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia free design software Pipe Class
, a Load Class 2 pipe is adequate for 1 metre cover with type H2 installation.
34
DN
DN
DN
100
m/
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m
1.8 /s
m/
s
1.7
m
1.6 /s
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
.0020
.0010
Specify a DN600 reinforced concrete pressure pipe class 2/556
3.0
.0030
Specify an appropriate steel reinforced concrete pipe for the

system.
The CPAA publication, Hydraulics of Precast Conduits
recommends adopting a roughness coefficient (ks) = 0.6mm
for pumped sewerage flows.
m/
82
DN
DN
3.5
.0050
.0005
m/
67
.0100
DN
DN
45
DN
A pressure pipeline is to be designed for transferring raw

sewage from a central collection pump station, located within
a built up city area, to a proposed treatment plant at the city
boundary.
The length of the pipeline is to be 5km and the pipeline
route is to include five 90 horizontal bends and three 60
horizontal bends.
The elevation difference between the pump station and the
treatment plant is a rise of 5 metres.
An estimated maximum discharge rate (based on pump
characteristics) is 500 l/s.
The system is to be designed for an estimated 15 metres of
water-hammer, and a maximum velocity of 2.0m/s.
The pipeline is to follow natural surface with a nominal 1.0
metre cover to top of the pipe.
Example 6 Pressure Pipe
7. Pipes for Irrigation applications

Humes provide a range of steel reinforced concrete irrigation
pipes in diameters from DN300 to DN750.
Positive
overlap
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes are recommended for irrigation

applications where a pressure tight joint seal is required.
Applications
Maximum Deviation
Zero Gap
7. Irrigation Applications
Humes range of small diameter reinforced concrete irrigation

pipes are easily transported and laid using farm machinery
equipment and can be relocated around the property to meet
changing irrigation requirements without the need for special
pipelaying skills.
Concrete irrigation pipe systems have reduced maintenance
requirements and enhance property values.
Joint Type
Rubber Ring Joints (RRJ) are designed to provide a joint seal

capable of resisting pressures far in excess of those normally
operating in most irrigation systems.

RRJ - Irrigation Pipe Applications
Maximum deviations in alignment are given in Table 7.1 (refer

also to Figure 7.1). Deflections may be the result of pipeline
settlements or included during laying to provide a change in
pipeline alignment.
Size
Class
(DN)
Witness marks are provided to indicate both nominal laying

gap and maximum joint deflection (see Fig. 4.1, pg16 or Fig.
9.8, pg45).
DN375 and DN450 pipe joints may be compatible with some
cast iron fittings. Check applicable dimensions with relevant
suppliers to confirm. Custom fittings are normally specified for
larger diameters.
Size Class (DN)

Reinforced concrete irrigation pipes are manufactured in
diameters from DN300 to DN750 as shown in Table 7.2 (refer
Figure 7.2). Beyond this range, Humes reinforced pressure
pipes as detailed in Section 6, Pressure Applications can be
used to give an increased choice to the pipeline designer. The
size class of pipe required is determined from the irrigation
supply requirements of the planned farm crop yield.
ID OD
Min CL
Radius*
(m)
300
63
1.4
100
375
72
1.6
88
450
51
1.1
128
525
46
1.0
140
600
40
0.9
156
675
36
0.8
175
750
29
0.6
234
Table 7.2 - Pipe Dimensions (mm) and Masses (kg)

Note: Pipe mass based on product density of 2600 kg/m3
Size
(DN)
Effective Pipe length
Max CL
Max
Deviation
deflection
per pipe angle at joint
(mm)
(degrees)
Outside
Diameter
Diameter
(ID)
(OD)
Socket Dimensions
A
Mass per 2.44m

length
(kg)
300
300
362
451
107
89
220
375
367
435
516
106
70
300
450
446
518
603
127
74
385
525
534
616
711
147
133
530
600
610
698
797
147
133
645
675
685
781
886
147
133
780
750
760
864
997
143
152
960
Figure 7.2 - Pipe Dimensions
35
Table 7.3 - Standard Pressure Classes
Load/Pressure Class
The Load Class of a reinforced concrete irrigation pipe is
normally Class 2, since most pressure pipelines follow the
ground's natural surface and are laid at a maximum depth
of around 1 metre. The Pressure Class of irrigation pipes is
determined from the irrigation requirements and is usually up
to a maximum of 500 kPa Pressure Class (415 kPa working).
Most commonly, a reinforced concrete irrigation pipe Pressure
Class 200 kPa is required. Table 7.3 presents Standard Pressure
Classes as a guide. Other intermediate Pressure Classes are also
available when required.
Hydraulics
The hydraulic flow requirements of the reinforced concrete
irrigation system is used to determine the Size Class required.
The hydraulic pressure to provide the required flow discharge
in the pipeline is determined from the sum of the elevation
difference between the supply point and receiving discharge
point, and frictional losses along the pipeline caused by flows
along the pipe's surface. Table 7.4 presents Head Loss based
on the surface texture common to concrete pipe for irrigation
water (ks = 0.15mm).
Example 7 - Irrigation Pipe
ica
Pressure Class (kPa)

300
200
500
Internal diameter (mm) x Wall Thickness (mm)
300
300 x 31
375
367 x 34
367 x 34
367 x 34
450
446 x 36
446 x 36
440 x 39
525
534 x 41
534 x 41
534 x 41
600
610 x 44
610 x 44
675
685 x 48
685 x 48
750
760 x 52
760 x 52
Table 7.4 - Head Loss in metres per 10m Length of

Pipeline
Size
Class
(DN)
Discharge* litres/second
10
50
100
250
500
750
1000
300
0.016 0.055 0.36
375
0.0053 0.019 0.15
0.5
450
0.0022 0.0077 0.047 0.2
0.45
0.8
525
0.001 0.0035 0.025 0.065 0.15 0.25
600
0.0015 0.010 0.035 0.075 0.13
675
0.001 0.0055 0.020 0.045 0.075
750
0.0030 0.012 0.025 0.045
* See Page 35 for Conversions

18m
1m
typ
Size
Class
(DN)
Note: Values are for clean water (ks = 0.15mm)

Values to right of red line have pumped velocity > 3.0m/sec
and scour may occur in the channel at the outlet.
1500m
Not to scale
A pumped irrigation pipeline is proposed to supply water from

the river on a farm up to a storage dam for crop irrigation. The
distance from the river to the dam is 1500 metres and the river is
approximately 18 metres below the dam.
The dam is to be used to irrigate 1 hectare of cotton fields at
a frequency of 50mm every 10 days. Due to the characteristics of the nominated pump, the most efficient and economical
operation is to run the pump continuously for no less than 2 hours.
Specify an appropriate size and pressure class of irrigation pipe.
The quantity of water required to water the crops every 10 days
is:
10,000m2 x 0.005m = 500 m3 = 500,000 litres
As the pump should run continuously for more than 2 hours,
then the maximum pumping rate required filling the dam prior to
irrigation is 250,000 litres/hour (70 l/s).
36
Adopting a discharge rate of 50 l/s, the time to refill the dam

= 500,000 litres /180,000litres/hour = 2 hours 50 mins.
From table 7.4 of head loss (per 10m of pipeline):
Head loss due to friction in the pipeline, for say DN375 diameter
pipe with a discharge of 50 l/s:
0.0053 x 1500m/10m = 0.795m
Working head in the pipeline is static head plus friction head
losses:
= 18 + 0.795 = 18.8m
Working pressure in pipeline is thus:
18.8m x 9.81m/s2 = 184.4 kPa
Minimum Test Pressure as nominated in AS 40582007 Precast
concrete pipes pressure & non-pressure, clause 4.5(a) is 1.2 times
working pressure,
Therefore, Test Pressure = 1.2 x 184.4 = 221.3 kPa
Specify 225 kPa test pressure ie. Class 2/225 irrigation pipe.
Table 7.5 - Cylindrical Capacity (Litres) based on flush joint pipe, Load Class 2.
DN
mm
Length of Pipe (metres)

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.22
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.83
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6

300 15 29 44 58 73 87 89 102 116 131 133 145 160 174 177

375 23 47 68 91 114 137 139 160 182 205 209 228 251 274 278

450 33 66 98 131 164 197 200 230 262 295 300 328 361 394 400

525 45 90 134 179 224 269 273 314 358 403 410 448 493 538 547

600 59 117 175 234 292 351 357 409 468 526 535 585 643 701 713

675 74 147 221 295 369 442 450 516 590 663 676 737 811 885 899

750 91 182 274 365 456 547 556 639 730 821 835 912 1003
1095
1113
37
8. Jacking Pipes
concrete jacking pipes in diameters from DN300 to DN3600
(common size classes vary between DN300 and DN2100).
Historically jacking pipes in Australia and overseas were
based on a modification of pipes designed for installation by
conventional trenching techniques. In 2005 Humes introduced
the S and J-Series jacking pipes specifically designed for
installation by pipe jacking that incorporate a steel collar cast
onto one end of the pipe and an elastomeric seal (rubber ring)
providing a flexible and water tight joint.
Jacking Applications
The International Society for Trenchless Technology (ISTT)
defines pipe jacking as A system of directly installing pipes
behind a shield machine by hydraulic jacking from a drive shaft
such that the pipes form a continuous string in the ground.
The term microtunnelling is also often used to describe
this method of pipe installation however the definitions of
microtunnelling vary around the world. There is significant
variation in actual techniques now adopted; however, what
is common is that the concrete jacking pipe must meet the
requirements of both the pipe jacking contractor and the longterm asset owner.
Pipe jacking is used to install conduits below ground for a
variety of applications including:
8. Jacking Pipes
Sewerage pipelines.
Stormwater pipelines.
Road and rail culverts.
Pressure pipelines.
As a sleeve pipe into which other utility pipelines (commonly
water & sewerage) or electricity and communication cables
are installed.
A typical jacking pipe installlation, note air ducting and rail

transport of spoil material.
Detail - Humes Intermediate Jacking Station
Trail pipe
Rubber
rings
Timber joint packer

Lead pipe
(steel can)
Jacking direction
Jacks
Crane to
lower pipes
into position
Lubrication port
Standard pipe
Jacking direction
Drive Shaft with

hydraulic jacks
Standard pipe
Thrust ring
Working face
with jacking shield
Intermediate jacking station

to assist longer drives
Target Shaft
Figure 8.1 - Typical Pipe Jacking Set-Up (for pipes larger than 900 mm diameter)
38
Pipe Types
Humes can supply a range of different types of jacking pipes to
suit a wide range of applications and installation methods.
Butt Joint jacking pipes are available in the size range DN300
to DN3000 (standard range DN300 to DN2100). Butt Joint
jacking pipes are manufactured as a modification to the
standard Flush Joint drainage pipe. Butt Joint jacking pipes
incorporate a single wide jacking face. External recesses
at each end of the pipe allow for a rolled steel band to be
located between adjacent pipes, providing the necessary shear
connection (see Fig 8.2). Butt Joint jacking pipes can provide
a cost effective solution for typically short length applications
where only limited flexibility is required and a soil or watertight
joint is not required. This pipe is most suited to sleeve pipe
applications for road and rail crossings where the annulus
between the utility pipeline or conduit is to be filled with grout
after installation.
an elastomeric seal located within the steel collar and an

accurately formed spigot (see Figure 8.4). In this unique design
the seal is retained between the corrugations in the steel
collar ensuring that it remains in place and in compression in
deflected joints subject to either internal or external hydrostatic
pressure. This pipe provides a pipe with high axial load transfer
capacity and a flexible joint watertight tight joint. This is the
ideal choice for jacking pipes for stormwater, culverts and
sleeve pipe applications. Available diameters of these pipes are
listed in Table 8.2 (page 41) and further details are contained
in a separate brochure Humes S-Series Jacking Pipes.
Steel collar
Rubber
ring
Water stop
Steel plate
MDF* or softwood
Jacking direction
Figure 8.4 - S-Series joint profile
MDF* or softwood
Figure 8.2 - Butt Joint Profile
In-Wall Joint jacking pipes are available in the size range

DN1200 to DN3600 (standard range DN1200 to DN2100).
These pipes are manufactured as a modification to the standard
Rubber Ring In-wall drainage and sewerage pipes. In-wall joint
jacking pipes incorporate a concrete socket formed in the wall
of the pipe, a rubber ring located on the pipe spigot and timber
packers on one or both joint faces (see Fig 8.3). In-Wall Joint
jacking pipes can provide a cost effective solution for typically
short length applications where a flexible watertight joint is
required, however, this type of joint can have limitations in
jacking load transfer. J-Series pipe should be specified in these
situations
Steel joint cover plate
Rubber ring
J-Series jacking pipes are available in the size range DN800

to DN2000 inclusive and are a custom designed jacking pipe
incorporating a single wide jacking face including timber
packers, a steel collar cast onto the pipe, an elastomeric seal
and muck ring located on the pipe spigot (see Figure 8.5). In
this design the elastomeric seal is retained within the accurately
formed recess on the pipe spigot that will remain in place and
in compression in deflected joints subject to either internal or
external hydrostatic pressure. The muck ring limits the ingress
of soil into the joint during jacking.
8. Jacking Pipes
Jacking direction
The J-Series is a complete jacking pipe system incorporating

standard jacking pipes, pipes with specially designed threaded
fittings for injection of lubricants and grout and intermediate
jacking station (interjack) pipes. The J Series range of pipes all
provide high axial load transfer capacity and a flexible water tight
joint including the interjack pipes. This is the ideal jacking pipe
for all stormwater, sewerage (including an inert thermoplastic
lining if required), culvert, sleeve pipe and jacked low pressure
pipeline applications. Available diameters of these pipes are
listed in Table 8.2 (pg 41) and further details are contained in a
separate brochure Humes J-Series Jacking Pipes.
Receiving Pit
Steel collar
Muck ring
MDF* or softwood
Rubber
ring
Ligature
Water stop
Inside of pipe
Jacking direction
Figure 8.3 - In-wall Joint Profile

S-Series jacking pipes are available in the size range DN300
to DN700 inclusive and are a custom designed jacking pipe
incorporating a single wide jacking face including timber
packers, a stainless steel corrugated collar cast onto the pipe,
MDF* or softwood
Jacking direction
Internal joint recess for

secondary sealant
(if required)
Figure 8.5 - J-Series joint profile
*Medium Density Fibreboard
39
Selection of Jacking Pipes

The most basic requirements of all jacking pipes is that they must
be capable of supporting the excavation (earth and traffic loads),
transferring axial load, providing a shear connection between
adjacent pipes and joint flexibility that allows for each pipe to
follow the path excavated in front of the shield. In addition
jacking pipes may need to prevent ingress of surrounding soil,
groundwater, lubricants or grouts and provide a joint capable of
withstanding internal pressure in stormwater, sewerage or pressure

pipeline applications.
As stated above the jacking pipe must meet both the needs of the
pipe jacking contractor and asset owner who is usually represented
by the pipeline designer. Table 8.1 provides a summary of the
capabilities of each of the different types of jacking pipes for
different requirements and applications.
Capability/Suitability of Humes Jacking Pipes

Jacking Pipe Requirements
or Application
Standard Size Class
Asset Owner
Asset Owner and Contractor
S-Series
J-Series
DN1200 - DN2100
DN300 - DN700
DN800 - DN2000
Extended Diameter Range
DN2250 - DN3000
DN2250 - DN3600
DN800
> DN2000
Incorporation of inert
thermoplastic lining
N/A
Available
N/A
Available
Suitability in different soil

conditions
Not recommended in
soft silts/clays or sandy
2
soils
All soil types
All soil types
All soil types
External grouting
Not suitable
Limited suitability3
Suitable for short

lengths
Ideally suited
Internal Pressure Test

4
Capability (kPa)
N/A
90
90
150
Application of internal
secondary sealants
Not suitable
Limited suitability
N/A
Suitable
Sewerage pipelines
Not suitable
Suitable
Limited suitability
Ideally suited
Stormwater pipelines
Limited suitability
Suitable
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Road and rail culverts
Limited suitability
Suitable
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Suitable
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Sleeve pipe applications
Contractor
In-Wall Joint
DN300 - D2100
1
8. Jacking Pipes
Butt Joint
Limited suitability
8
Length of jacked pipeline (m)
0 - 50
0 - 50
0 - 150
< DN1000: 0 - 150

DN1000 - DN2000:
10
no limit
External Pressure Test

11
Capability
N/A
90
90
250
Jacking Force Transfer
Good
Moderate
Excellent
Excellent
Intermediate Jacking Stations

Pipes
To be provided by
contractor
To be provided by
contractor
N/A
Available
DN900 - DN2000
Open Face Shields
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Suitable
Closed Face Pressure Shields
Not Suitable
Limited Suitability
Ideally suited
Ideally suited
Limited Suitability
N/A
Ideally suited
Lubrication along length of

pipeline
12
Not Suitable
Table 8.1 - Jacking Pipe Type Selection Guide

Notes:
1. Refer to Humes for availability
2. The joint is not water or soil tight, this could lead to ingress of soil surrounding
the pipe and ultimately collapse of the ground above the pipeline. Attempts to
seal the BJ with internally applied joint sealants are generally not effective in
the long term life of the pipeline.
3. Grout pressures need to be carefully monitored.
4. Test to AS/NZS 4058: 2007.
5. Higher pressures are possible with certain diameters refer to Humes for
advice if higher pressures are required.
8. Lack of joint flexibility largely controls maximum length. This could be

extended in certain soil conditions and if some damage to pipe joints is
acceptable.
9. Intermediate jacking stations not available and length is mainly limited by
installation equipment. Some pipe jacking contractors may be able to achieve
longer lengths of individual drives in certain soil conditions. Refer to jacking
pipe contractor for advice for longer drives.
10. The maximum length will be controlled by installation equipment rather than
pipe capability.
6. If corrosive sewage gases are expected consider using vitrified clay jacking
pipes distributed by Humes.
11. There is no published test method for external joint testing of reinforced
concrete pipes. External pressures due to lubrication or grouting can be well
in excess of ground water pressures.
7. The Butt Joint jacking pipe is suitable for short length drives in certain soil
conditions if the annulus between the concrete sleeve pipe and the product
pipe is grouted. This grout should also flow into the annulus between the
sleeve pipe and the excavated ground.
12. For lubrication to be effective, the annulus between the external diameter of
the pipe and the excavated soil needs to be filled. The Butt Joint pipe will not
provide an effective sealed joint.
40
natural ground where the soils natural cohesion contributes to

arching over the pipe. Where the calculation includes the effects
of arching due to soil cohesion extensive soil investigations should
be carried out to determine the appropriate design soil properties.
The jacking installation results in a recommended bedding factor
between 2 and 3 that is used to determine the minimum suitable
pipe class required due to permanent loads. The higher value is
recommended when the annulus between the pipe and ground
is grouted. Grouting of this annulus with a suitable cementitious
grout is recommended in most installations as any voids could
create a drainage path external to the pipeline which in turn
could lead to soil erosion, lowering of ground water tables and,
in aggressive soil conditions, an increased risk of corrosion of pipe
materials.
Size Class
The internal diameter (ID) of the jacking pipe will be determined
by the in-service requirements of the pipeline. The external
diameter (OD) in turn must be compatible with the shield machine
used by the pipe jacking contractor. Table 8.2 contains details of
internal and external diameters for Humes standard range of Class
4 jacking pipes. The external diameters of the S and J Series are
typically compatible with overseas pipe jacking equipment. The
nominal diameters of some S and J Series pipes correspond to
nominal diameters adopted in European standards and differ to
current Australian Standards.
Load Class
Jacking pipes are subject to substantial installation loads and
permanent soil and live loads as for any buried pipe. These
permanent loads are usually much less than those which may act
on the pipe during installation. As such a minimum Class 4 pipe is
usually recommended although in some short length drives a Class
3 may be suitable. The Class 4 pipe to Australian Standard AS/NZS
4058: 2007 has very similar strength requirements to load classes
specified for jacking pipes in European and Japanese Standards.
The axial loading from the pipe jacking is not directly included
in the selection of the pipe load class. Timber packers are placed
between the jacking faces of the concrete pipes to avoid high
stresses that could result from direct concrete to concrete contact.
The axial load capacity of the concrete pipe is determined based
on the minimum pipe wall thickness, concrete strength, properties
of the timber packers and the deflections that can be expected at
pipe joints during installation. The allowable jacking forces and
associated maximum joint deflections are calculated in accordance
with the Concrete Pipe Association of Australasias publication
Jacking Design Guidelines.
AS/NZS 4058: 2007 gives the method for determining the

permanent vertical loads acting on pipes installed using pipe
jacking. The jacking pipe is installed underground into undisturbed
Table 8.2 - Jacking Pipe Diameter Selection Chart (Standard range is equivalent to load class 4 pipes)
In-Wall Joint
ID
OD
DN300
Butt Joint
S Series
ID
OD
280
362
DN350
DN375
363
ID
J Series
OD
300
430
350
480
DN400
400
540
450
606
500
672
600
774
700
876
438
534
518
616
DN500
DN525
DN600
586
698
DN675
653
781
730
864
790
946
DN700
DN750
DN800
DN825
DN900
875
1029
DN975
951
1111
1026
1194
DN1000
DN1050
DN1100
DN1200
1200
1500
DN1350
OD
800
1000
900
1110
1000
1220
1100
1332
445
DN450
DN475
ID
8. Jacking Pipes
Nominal
Diameter
1163
1359
1200
1450
1324
1524
1350
1626
DN1500
1452
1676
1500
1800
DN1650
1596
1842
1650
1974
DN1800
1756
2006
1800
2150
1930
2198
2000
2420
DN1950
1920
2220
DN2000
DN2100
2088
2388
2096
2388
Note: Alternative internal diameters (and external diameters) may be available to

suit project specific requirements, please refer to Humes for advice.
41
Hydraulics
Whether the jacking pipes are used in culvert, stormwater,
sewerage or pressure applications, the same hydraulic design
methods used for trenched pipe apply. The relevant information
is provided in each of these respective sections:
Section 3 - Pipes for culvert applications
Section 4 - Pipes for stormwater applications
Section 5 - Pipes for sewerage applications
Section 6 - Pipes for pressure applications
Installation
Humes S and J-Series jacking pipes are provided with cast in
lifting anchors as standard. These anchors can also be provided
in some sizes in the butt and in-wall joint pipes.
Humes Interjack station.
Threaded steel fittings can be included in all man-entry

sized jacking pipes for injection of both lubricating fluid and
cementitious grout into the annulus external to the pipe. These
fittings are usually located midway along the pipe length at
the four quarter points of the pipe circumference starting at 45
degrees from the top of the pipe. The actual details of the fittings
and the number of pipes with these fittings are usually advised by
the pipe jacking contractor prior to manufacture.
Timber packers are attached to one end of the jacking pipe using
a suitable adhesive well in advance of jacking. It is essential that
the correct sized packers are placed in the correct position to
ensure satisfactory load transfer between pipes.
8. Jacking Pipes
Jacking forces and joint deflections must be monitored during

installation to ensure that the pipe is not overstressed during
installation. If maximum jacking forces and associated joint
deflections are exceeded spalling of the concrete in the pipe joint
may occur. This spalling often occurs on the external surfaces of
the joint that may not be visible from inside the pipeline.
Further installation instructions are contained in the separate
S-Series and J-Series product brochures for these pipes.
Starting shaft showing exit opening and jacking station.
42
9. Handling and Installation

Placing Your Order
When ordering Pipeline Systems products, the following basic
information helps us quickly meet your requirements.
Written instructions are usually the best instructions. The

Pipe Design Request Sheet on the inside back cover of this
publication should be used when giving written instructions
for ordering the pipe. Alternatively AS/NZS 4058: 2007 also
includes an ordering checklist.
Arriving at the Site

The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)
publication,"A Foremans Laying Guide is available as a PDF
from the web site or in hard copy for site use. The content
covers a broad range of the issues which may be encountered
on site. In addition, the CPAA has a DVD covering the
installation practices for SRCP.
When stacking on site, pipes should always be placed with the
"Top" mark facing upwards. Take extra care when pipes are
double stacked.
If pipes are to be stored on the job for a period of months,
orientating them east to west, when possible, will reduce the
sun's effects on the barrel of the pipes. This, although not
essential, will help to ensure integrity until installed below
ground level.
Handling On-Site
When installing Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) pipes, minimise the
rubber rings' exposure to direct sunlight. Rubber rings are best
stored inside the pipe barrel and left in plastic or hessian bags
when supplied. EB bands as available for Flush Joint (FJ) pipes
should also be stored inside the pipe.
Concrete pipes loaded onto truck for delivery to site.
Rubber rings and EB bands should be fitted to the pipe's spigot

at the ground surface before lowering the pipe into the trench.
The rubber ring is fitted into the groove on the spigot as shown
in Figure 9.1 and should be checked to ensure that the ring has
no twists around its circumference. This guarantees uniform
rolling when jointing.
If the pipes are joined and excessive "springback" is experienced
in the joint, then the joint should be pulled open and the
rubber ring again fitted onto the spigot, ensuring that no twists
occur around its circumference.
It's a good idea to stack pipes on timber bearers at one-third
points along the barrel for easy access when fitting lifting
equipment.
All pipes should be chocked to prevent movement when
stacked.
RRJ pipes can be supplied with lifting devices if requested
for handling and laying, however, more commonly suitable
lifting straps or chains are used for handling the pipes. Where
chains are used, take care to minimise damage to the pipe and
bedding when removing the chains after placing the pipe.
Humes Rubber Ring Lubricant is supplied with all skid ring joint
pipes. The lubricant is a special mix of soft soap solution (see
Figure 9.2). NEVER use petroleum products, (e.g. grease) as a
substitute lubricant.
9.Handling and Installation
Give the details of the delivery address and unloading

requirements, the specific pipe details, diameter, type, class,
quantities and delivery schedules. Any other particular pipe or
delivery requirements. List any other requirements ie. fittings
or associated products. If necessary specification type or
application type details if you require verification of product
suitability. Also include any testing or special inspection
requirements.
Rolling rubber rings do not need lubrication as they rely on

the natural effects of rubber on concrete to roll. Ensure the
spigot end (male end) of the pipe is clean and dry.
Ensure no twists
in ring
Apply lubricant to front face of ring
and spigot surface in front of Rubber
Ring after fitting
Pipe Spigot
Rolling Rubber Ring
Note: Do not lubricate
Ring sits in Groove

Ensure ring sits
against Spigot Step
Pipe Socket
Apply
lubricant to
socket lead-in
Pipe Spigot
Pipe Spigot
Skid Ring
Figure 9.1 - Fitting Rubber Ring
Inside surface
Note: Do not apply lubrication

to underside of skid ring
Figure 9.2, Skid Joint Lubrication
43
Flush joint (FJ) pipes are generally supplied with lifting holes
and plugs are provided which should be secured after laying.
Lifting equipment (certified for the pipe load) should be sized
so as not to damage the pipe (see Figure 9.3).
Batter excavation above top of pipe

as required to suit ground stability
150mm
Note: Lifting equipment to

suit pipe mass as stencilled
on pipe
Lift
Pipe OD
Lifting hole
Load Spreader Bar
Figure 9.4 - Trench Profile

250 up to 1050 size
500
above 1050 size
Compacted
embankment
Height of pipe
Figure 9.3 - Lifting Equipment
Where a pipe is to be laid at natural surface level, the more

severe loading from an embankment condition results in a
higher pipe class requirement. A trench load condition can
be simulated by placing and compacting fill material to 95%
Modified Maximum Dry Density up to the level of the top of
pipe, and then excavating the trench into the placed fill as
shown in Figure 9.5.
Natural
ground surface
Height of pipe
Step 1 - Place embankment fill to level of top of pipe.
Step 2 - Excavate trench into the placed fill, lay pipe.
Figure 9.5 - Stages for creating trench

conditions at embankment installations.
The Pipeline Foundation

The foundation for a pipeline at the trench invert under the
pipes, provides stability and uniformity along the pipeline.
Hard or soft spots in the foundation under the pipeline should
be removed and replaced with compacted granular material to
give uniform support to the pipe (see Figure 9.6).
Trench installation of RRJ pipe, note battered excavation
Digging the Trench
Finished surface
Remember, all trenches, deep or shallow, can be dangerous

environments.
Excavated material should be placed far enough from the
top of the trench to allow sufficient clearance for installation
operations, and to minimise the danger of rocks or lumps
rolling back into the trench.
The design engineer has specified the pipe strength class
based on a maximum trench width at the top of the pipe. The
width of the trench nominated by the specifier should not be
exceeded without first checking with the pipeline designer.
Trench walls may be battered or benched above the top of
pipe without affecting the pipe design strength class (see
Figure 9.4).
44
Rock broken away for min.

300mm and compacted fill
placed between rock and pipe
Soft spot removed and

refilled with compact fill
Figure 9.6 - Trench Foundation Conditions
Placing the Bed
Laying the Pipe
Concrete pipes are placed on a prepared flat bedding. Shaped

bedding is not necessary for concrete pipe. Bed material is
spread across the full trench width to the depth required, and
compacted to prevent settlement of the pipeline. Bed material
should be granular and fall within the specified size limits given
in Table 9.1.
EB bands when fitted to flush joint pipes are "flipped" into

position across the joint after settling the pipe in place on the
prepared bed.
Weight passing
(%)
19.0
100
2.36
100 to 50
0.60
90 to 20
0.30
60 to 10
0.15
25 to 0
0.075*
10 to 0
Maximum joint draw
Witness Mark
Locations
Spigot
Sieve Size
(mm)
For RRJ pipes less than DN1800, a laying gap is indicated on

the outside of the pipe by a series of witness marks (see Figure
9.8) which show that the joint has been pushed fully "home",
thus ensuring proper jointing.
Witness
Marks
Table 9.1 - Recommended Grading Limits for

Select Fill in Bed and Haunch Zones
*Low plasticity required
In many instances, the pipe mass is sufficient to compact the
bed under the pipe after an allowance of extra depth of loose
bed material is made to accommodate settlement during
natural compaction. Bed material each side of the pipe should
be compacted to give a good stable support to the embedment
soil profile higher up in the installation. Chases must be dugout for belled-socket joints as shown in Figure 9.7.
Socket
Spigot
Maximum
joint draw
Normal laying gap
Figure 9.8 - Rubber Ring Joint Witness Marks

RRJ pipes laid around a curve where the joint is to be deflected,
should firstly be pushed fully home (zero laying gap) and then
the pipe levered at the opposite end to produce the required
deflection as shown in Figure 9.9.
Correct
Positive
overlap
Incorrect
Figure 9.7 - Trench Foundation Preparation
Excavation
of Socket
Zone
Maximum Deviation
Zero Gap
The recommended procedure for laying pipe is to fit the spigot

into the socket. In this orientation, joints are restrained from
opening as a result of pipe movement during pipeline settling.
Laying in this manner protects surfaces inside the pipe socket
from the entry of bed material which may occur if jointed
socket onto spigot. Even so, if adequate precautions are taken,
there is no reason why concrete pipes cannot be jointed and
laid in the reverse manner.
Preparing the bedding to accommodate the socket.
45
Jointing the Pipes

When joining RRJ pipes there is a "nominal" recommended
joint laying gap and a maximum laying gap, as shown in Table
9.2 and Figure 9.10.
Pipes larger than DN450 and up to DN1200 can be pushed

home using simple leverage tools combined with the slung
pipe mass as shown in Figure 9.11.
The force required to joint RRJ pipes increases as the pipe

diameter increases. Generally speaking, pipes less than DN450
can readily be pushed home without using leverage tools.
Size Class
Size Class
(DN)
(DN)
100
150
225
300
10
375
12
450
12
525
12
600
12
675
12
750
12
825
10
900
15
1050
10
15
1200
10
20
1350
10
15
1500
10
18
1650
10
18
1800
10
55
1950
10
25
2100
10
33
Belled Socket Joint

In-wall Joint
Maximum
(mm)
Laying Gaps*
Nominal
(mm)
2250
10
36
2400
10
37
2700
15
44
3000
15
48
Figure 9.11 - Jointing Small Diameter Pipes
Pipes larger than DN1200 require jointing by use of a

come-along, or by a winch and rope to the slung pipe from
the laid pipeline. The jointing load is resisted by a "dead man"
timber located upstream in the pipeline as shown in Figure
9.12.
HW Timber Dead Man located
2 to 3 pipes in the layed pipeline
Wire Rope or Chain

Come-along
* Laying gaps as viewed from pipe bore
External
Witness marks
Nominal laying gap for

good practice
Figure 9.10 - Rubber Ring Joint Laying Gaps

Note: In-wall joint similar
46
HW Timber Bearer
placed in socket
Figure 9.12 - Jointing Large Diameter Pipes
Table 9.2 - Laying Gaps (mm)
Maximum laying gap

(ensures joint overlap of spigot into socket)
Rubber Ring
on Spigot
Jointing of large diameter sewerage pipes.
Multiple 1350 diameter Rubber Ring Joint stormwater pipes.
Preparing the bedding at the socket end of the pipe to be joined.
Approximate jointing loads are given in Table 9.3 for standard

RRJ pipes.
Bedding and Backfilling the Pipe
150mm
Size Class
(DN)
Indicative
Jointing Load
(kg)*
300
110-140
375
150-170
450
180-250
525
250-290
600
300-380
675
320-400
750
420-470
825
500-590
900
570-660
1050
700-770
1200
810-850
1350
900-980
1500
1000-1200
1650
1200-1350
1800
1600-1700
1950
1600-1800
2100
1700-1850
Pipe Embedment
Table 9.3 - Table of Indicative

Jointing Loads - Standard Range
Overlay Zone
Side Zone
(HS only)
Haunch Zone
Bed Zone
Figure 9.13 - Pipe Embedment Profile
Flush joint pipes are easily jointed without effort, but always
ensure that the joints interlock is properly made.
Pipe embedment is the general name given to the soil profile

around the installed pipe and includes the bed zone, where
required, and overlay zone as shown in Figure 9.13. Pipe
bedding refers to the bed and haunch zones which provide the
underlying support to the pipe.
Bedding
Where lifting devices are fitted for handling, these are used to
make the jointing operation quick and easy.
The four most important points when bedding and backfilling

around reinforced concrete pipes are:
Avoid damaging the pipes by excessive impact from
heavy compaction equipment. Keep large rocks
(greater than 300mm) and other such hard objects out of
the fill adjacent to the pipes.
Bring up the haunch and side zones on both sides of the
pipe, so that the difference between the level of the
material never exceeds two compaction layer
thicknesses. This ensures that the pipes will not be
eased slightly out of alignment.
Avoid running heavy construction equipment over the
pipes until a sufficient cushion of material has been
placed, approximately 300mm for normal equipment.
When using vibrating compaction equipment, allow a
500mm cushion of material over the pipe or alternatively
turn off the vibration until this level is reached.
*Note: The lower figure is the most

commonly achieved in practice.
47
Large vibrating rollers should always be checked for their

effects. Humes engineers can provide guidance.
The "Haunch Zone" in both "H" and "HS" type installations
is essential to support the lower portion of the pipe. Voids in
the haunch zone under the pipe should not exist as they may
cause instability in the embedment compaction.
The "Side Zone" compaction in HS Type installations is
important in supplying side support to laterally resist the load
on the pipe.
When installing pipes in HS type installations, it is a requirement
that the trench side walls also have sufficient strength to carry
the load shed from the pipe and through the side zone material.
Visual inspection of the physical nature of the exposed surface
is usually sufficient to determine if this condition is achievable,
however, when in doubt, Humes engineers can provide
guidelines and recommendations.
The range of recommended concrete pipe installations varies
from that which requires the least amount of work, "Type U",
through to the installation containing the greatest amount of
preparation and supervision, the "Type HS3" installation.
Compacting of fill material is a critical part of the installation
"Type U" support shown in Figure 9.14 is an uncontrolled

pipe installation and only requires that there should be no
unevenness in support under the pipe. In many instances,
the inbuilt strength of reinforced concrete pipe allows this
very inexpensive method to be used. Where the pipeline is to
be subjected to vehicle loads, this type of installation is not
recommended.
Finished surface
Backfill
Embankment fill
150mm
150mm
150mm
Ordinary fill
D

Soil
Bed (only required where

foundation is rock)
Rock
Trench
Embankment
Figure 9.14 - Type U Support
48
"Type H" support involves the selection and compaction,

not only of the bed material, but also the haunch material as
illustrated in Figure 9.15.
Table 9.4 - Equivalent

Compaction Stiffness
Standard
Compaction*
Max. Dry
Density
Selection of the bed and haunch material to be used should

be made to suit the grading limits described in Table 9.1 (page
45).
These grading limits have been derived from experience, of
both stability of the compaction after installation and ease of
compaction during placement.
The depth of the Haunch Zone and the degree of compaction
is dependent on the type of support specified, either H1 or
H2.
The measurement of compaction given "Density Index",
relates to the non-cohesive material specified. If a cohesive
material outside the grading limits and containing significant
amounts of clay and silt is to be used, then "Maximum Dry
Density" for standard compaction is used to describe the
degree of compaction.
Density
Index
95%
70%
90%
60%
85%
50%
*Compactive effort shall be applied

at 90-100% of optimum moisture
content.
Table 9.4 presents a table of equivalent support stiffness.
Backfill
Embankment fill
150mm
150mm
150mm
After placement of the haunch material, ordinary fill material

can be used in the Overlay Zone around the pipe. This material
only requires that no stones be greater than 150mm and no
specific compaction level is needed.
Haunch zone
0.10 x OD (H1)
0.30 x OD (H2)
Bed zone
Compact 50% (H1)

Compact 60% (H2)
Trench
Haunch zone
Bed zone
Embankment
Figure 9.15, Type H Support
49
The third type of bedding support available is the "HS Type", which specifies both
haunch and side support, as indicated in Figure 9.16.
Table 9.5 - Grading Limits

for Select Fill in Side Zones
This type of installation is an extension of the haunch type support and includes a
Side Zone with material meeting the requirements given in Table 9.5.
Depth of placement and compaction of both this side zone material and the
haunch zone material lower down in the soil profile, is dependent on the type of
support specified, HS1, HS2 or HS3.
Sieve Size
(mm)
Weight passing
(%)
Narrow trenches can cause difficulty in working and compacting the bedding to the
required levels which must be achieved to give the assumed support for the pipe.
75.0
100
9.5
100 to 50
This is particularly important for Type HS3 Support where significant levels of side
support are assumed.
2.36
100 to 30
0.60
50 to 15
0.075
25 to 0
Remember, if the width of the trench is increased during installation, this will
cause an increase in the load on the pipe.
The trench width however, may be increased by benching or battering above the
level of the top of the pipe as shown in Figure 9.17.
Backfill
Embankment fill
Side zone
150mm
150mm
150mm
0.5 OD
Haunch zone
0.10 x OD (HS1)
0.30 x OD (HS2,HS3)
Haunch zone
Bed zone
Compact 50% (H1)

Compact 60% (H2)
Compact 70% (H3)
Bed zone
Trench
Side zone
Embankment
Figure 9.16 - Type HS Support
Specified Trench Width
Specified Trench Width
150mm
minimum
Bench trench walls

if necessary above
top of pipe
150mm
minimum
Figure 9.17 - Trench Profile Above Pipe Installation
50
Bench and batter

trench walls if
necessary above
top of pipe
10. Reference Material

The following is a compilation of informative
reference material, useful for the hydraulic design
and installation of steel reinforced concrete pipe.
Figure 10.1 - Approximate Critical Depth Relationships for Circular Pipe

1.0
.8
.6
.4
dc /D
.2
.1
.08
.06
dc
.04
Q = m3/s
D=m
g = m/s2
.02
.01
.0001
.001
.01
.1
1.0
Q/(g)0.5(D)2.5

1.0
.9
.7
Qf
.6
Q/
.5
.4
Vf
.3
V/
.8
Q = Part-full Velocity
.2
Qf = Full Flow Discharge

V = Part-full Velocity
.1
Vf = Full Flow Discharge

0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
51
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1) Square edge with headwall

(2) Socket end with headwall
(3) Socket end projecting
Figure 10.3 - Flow Relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts
52
To use scale (2) or (3) project horizontally to scale (1), then use straight
inclined line through D and Q scales,
or reverse as illustrated
Entrance loss coefficient:

ke = 0.5 for:
- sq. cut pipe end
- mitred precast end
- headwall with sq. end
ke = 0.2 for:
- socket end protruding

- headwall with socket end
Figure 10.4 - Energy head relationships for pipes flowing full (n = 0.011)
53
.0100
.0090
.0060
2.5
m/
.0070
.0050
DN
225
.0002
DN
300
m/
0.8
0.7
900
.0001
0
135
DN
DN
.0002
150
.0003
DN
105
0
DN
112
5
DN
DN 1200
127
5
m/
975
825
750
DN
0.5
DN
.0004
DN
0.6
m/
.0005
m/
675
DN
DN
600
DN
.0007
.0006
m/
525
.0010
.0009
.0008
0.9
DN
450
DN
375
.0001
DN
.0020
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m/
s
1.8
m
1.7 /s
m
1.6 /s
m/
s
1.5
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
DN
150
.0030
10
20
30
40
60
80 100
200
300
500
800
1000

k s = 0.06mm
Figure 10.5 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula k s = 0.06mm

(applicable to concrete culverts carrying stormwater)
54
.0400
8.0
m
7.5 /s
m/
s
7.0
m/
s
6.5
m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
m/
s
5.0
m/
s
.0300
4.5
m/
4.0
5
0
3.5
3.0
m/
300
500
700
1000
2000
3000
50
00
27
0
28 0
50
24
50
DN
DN
DN
25
00
DN
DN
22
50
50
DN
21
19
DN
DN
18
00
16
15
00
DN
DN
DN
11
25
DN
12
00
DN
1
DN 275
13
50
10
DN
97
2.5
1.9
m
1.8 /s
m/
s
1.7
m
1.6 /s
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
.0010
50
90
0
m/
DN
DN
82
DN
.0020
200
.0030
100
m/
DN
75
DN
67
.0050
4000
5000
7000
10000

ks = 0.15mm

(applicable to concrete rising mains carrying clean water)
.0005
m/
DN
60
DN
52
DN
45
.0100
DN
37
DN
30
.0200
55
.0400
7.5
m/
s
7.0
m/
s
6.5
m/
s
6.0
m/
s
5.5
m/
s
DN
30
.0300
DN
37
.0200
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
m/
2.5
.0010
500
700
1000
2000
3000
m/
50
4000 5000
00
DN
2
DN 250
2
DN 400
25
50
DN
2
DN 700
28
50
50
DN
21
19
DN
DN
18
00
16
15
00
DN
DN
DN
97
5
DN
10
50
DN
1
DN 125
12
00
DN
12
75
DN
13
50
DN
90
.0020
300
3.0
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m/
s
1.8
m
1.7 /s
m
1.6 /s
m/
s
1.5
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
200
m/
DN
82
DN
75
DN
67
DN
60
.0030
100
m/
.0050
.0005
m/
5
DN
52
DN
45
.0100
m/
7000
10000

ks = 0.6mm

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying stormwater)
56
.0400
Ma
x. V
elo
city
The
rmo
DN
37
DN
30
5
0
n. V
elo
city
Sel
fC
lea
0
5
25
ng
.0010
0.9
00
21
DN
19
50
00
50
DN
18
16
DN
nsi
15
12
7
13 5
50
DN
m/
00
00
12
11
50
10
DN
DN
97
82
90
DN
rol
DN
Mi
2.5
2.0
m
1.9 /s
m
1.8 /s
m
1.7 /s
m/
s
1.6
m
1.5 /s
m/
s
1.4
m/
s
1.3
m/
s
1.2
m/
s
1.1
m/
s
1.0
m/
s
ont
m/
DN
eC
.0030
.0020
3.0
DN
Slim
m/
75
DN
60
DN
67
3.5
DN
city
m/
DN
elo
4.5
4.0
DN
x. V
er
DN
52
Ma
Lin
DN
45
.0050
stic
m/
.0100
m/
.0005
50
100
300
500
700
1000
s
2000
4000
6000 8000

ks = 1.5mm
Figure 10.8 - Full Flow Conditions Colebrook-White Formula ks = 1.5mm

(applicable to concrete pipes carrying sewerage)
pla
.0200
DN
.0300
57
Vibratory Rammer
(Up to 75kg)
Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller
(Up to 7t)
Vibratory Trench Roller

(Up to 2t)
Concrete Pipe
Association of
Australasia
Reproduced by authority of Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
Figure 10.9 - CPAA Compaction Charts

.
58
Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller

(Up to 10t)
15t Excavator and
Compaction Wheel
Notes:
1. When using a pedestrian
vibrating plate the minimum
compacted fill is 125mm for all
pipe classes and trench types.
2. The graphs and diagrams
shown are for guidance only.
For special applications or for
applications not shown on
the drawing refer to AS/NZS
3725: 2007 or use the CPAA
software, PipeClass v1.2.
3. Widening of the trench
beyond the minimum specified
in AS/NZS 3725: 2007 will
increase the load carried by the
pipe and will require a review
of the pipe class and trench
compaction method.
25t Excavator and

Compaction Wheel
4. The pipe cover shown on

the graphs refers to compacted
depth of fill above the pipe
crown
Reproduced by authority of Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia
59
5. To obtain sufficient
compaction you may have to
use shallower fills and possibly
a lighter roller.
10.10 - Imperial and metric equivalents

Length
1 mm
= 0.039370 in
1 in
= 25.4 mm
1m
= 3.28084 ft
1 ft
= 0.3048 m
1 km
= 0.621371 miles
1 mile
= 1.609344 km
Area
1 cm2
= 0.1550 in2
1 in2
= 6.4516 cm2
1 m2
= 10.7639 ft2
1 ft2
= 0.0929063 m2
1 ha
= 2.47105 acres
1 acre
= 0.404686 ha
Volume
1 m3
= 35.3147 ft3
1 ft3
= 0.0283168 m3
Liquid Measure
1 litre
= 0.0353147 ft3
1 ft3
= 28.3168 litres
1 litre
= 0.219969 imp gal
1 imp gal = 4.54609 litres
1 litre
= 0.2642 US gals
1 US gal = 3.785 litres
1 megalitre
= 0.08104 acre ft
1 acre ft = 1.234 megalitres
Velocity
1 m/sec
= 3.28084 ft/sec
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/sec
1 kph
= 0.621371 mph
1 mph
= 1.609344 kph
Mass
1 gram
= 0.035274 oz
1 oz
= 28.3495 grams
1 kg
= 2.20462 lb
1 lb
= 0.45359 kg
1 tonne
= 0.984207 tons
1 ton
= 1.01605 tonnes
= 1.102312 US tons
1 US ton = 0.90718 tonnes
Volumetric
1 litre/sec
= 13.19814 imp gal/min
1 imp gal/min = 0.075768 litre/sec
Flow Rate
1 litre/sec
= 0.0353147 cusecs
1 cusec = 0.0283168 cumecs
Force
1 kN
= 224.809 lbf
1 lbf
= 0.004448 kN
= 0.100361 tonf
1 tonf
= 9.96402 kN
Pressure
= 0.064749 tonf/in2
1 tonf/in2 = 15.4443 MPa
and Stress
1 MPa
1 kPa
60
= 0.145038 lbf/in
1 lbf/in2 = 6.89476 kPa
= 0.3346 ft head
1 ft head = 2.989 kPa
Access Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Additional cover to reinforcement . . . . . . 21
AKS Sheeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47
Bedding Supports
Type H2 & Type HS2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Type HS3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Material Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Butt Joint
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Calcareous Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Compaction Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Comparative Fill Heights
Standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Corrosion Protection Liners
Plastiline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
AKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Critical Depth Relationships . . . . . . . . 10, 51
Culvert Pipe
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Deflections
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
joint details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
maximum joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Durability
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
E.B. Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Embedment Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Field Test
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Flow Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52
Flush Joint (FJ),
dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
lifting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Foundation
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Full Flow
ks=0.06mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 54
ks=0.15mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,36, 55
ks=0.6mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 34, 56
ks=1.5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 26, 57
General
introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Grading
bed & haunch zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
side zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 50
Handling and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Head Loss
culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Hydraulics
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Imperial and Metric Equivalents . . . . . . . . 60
Induced Trench Installation
bedding type HS2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Inlet Control
flow relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52
Installation
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
trench profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Irrigation
applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Jacking Pipes
applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
suitability chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Joint Profile
culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Joint Type
culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Jointing Pipes
large size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
small size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Laying Gaps
rubber ring joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Load Class
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
super strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lubrication Points
handling/installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Maintenance Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Manufacturing
centrifugal cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Maximum Depth
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Maximum Fill Height
bedding Type H2, trench . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
bedding Type HS2, trench . . . . . . . . . . . 6
bedding Type HS3, embankment . . . . . . 7
bedding Type HS2, embankment . . . . . . 7
bedding Type H2, embankment . . . . . . . 7
Maximum Jack Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
Other Products
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Outlet Control
flow relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pipe Support
Type U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Type H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Type HS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Pipe Type
culvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Placing an order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Placing the Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Plastiline Sheeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22

Pressure Class
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Pressure Pipe
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
max pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Profile
trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Pump Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
QuickTee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Radius
centreline for RRJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Rainfall Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rubber Ring In-wall,
dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
belled socket dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 17
belled socket profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
dimensions & masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
in-wall profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
jacking, in-wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
jacking, steel band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Sacrificial Layer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sewerage Pipe
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Site
arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Size Class
culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
jacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
sewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
standard range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Skid Joint
lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Splays
radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
curved alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Standard Class Range
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Standard Pressure Classes
irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Storage Capacity
flush joint pipe (indicative) . . . . . . . . . . 25
flush joint pipe (cylindrical) . . . . . . . . . 37
Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Stormwater Pipe
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Test Loads
standard strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
super strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Thrust Block
pressure pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Trench
digging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Uniform Flow
stormwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Witness Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46
61
Index
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet

Refer AS 4058:2007, Section 6
Client:
Project:
Quotation Basis:
Pressure Requirements
This section only applies where a pipeline

is to:
operate at a specified working pressure,
be field tested for acceptance,
where watertightness is specified.
Budget Estimate Tender
Design Standard:

AS 4058-2007, or
Other (list)

General Details:
(tick as applicable)
Culvert & Stormwater Application:

Flush Joint
Rubber Ring
Gravity
Pressure
Microtunnelling (Jacking Pipe)

Unsealed Joint
Have installation conditions been considered & included in working pressure?*

No, or Yes
Line is: Gravity, or
Sewerage Application:

Pressure Class
Working pressure in pipeline
(State working pressure including dynamic
& surge effects)
kPa, or
metres
Sealed Joint
Pressure/Irrigation
Pumped
Field acceptance test:

Is the installed line to be subjected to a
field acceptance test?*
No, or Yes:
kPa
Watertightness requirements for
non-pressure pipe:
Is a watertightness test (90 kPa) required?*
Other (list):
No Yes
Pipe Class (complete table):
Size Class
Load Class
Total Length (m)
Is a project specific factory pressure test

required?
No, or Yes
kPa
Note: Refer purchaser/specifier

to AS/NZS 3725:2007 and
AS/NZS 4058:2007 to confirm the
nominated tests are appropriate to the
installation and pipeline application.
62
HumesPipelineSystems
page 1 of 2
Pipe Quotation Request Sheet

Refer AS 4058:2007, Section 6
Special Requirements
(indicate special requirements below)
Quote Finalisation / Contact Details

Response required (date): __________
Tender closing (date): _____________
Cement type:
Reinforcement cover:
Name:
Reo. Grid Type:

Circular, or Elliptical
Job Title:
Sacrificial Layer:
Company:
Yes, or No
Calcareous Aggregates:
Yes, or No
Location:
Minimum bore diameter: _______ mm
Phone:
Other (list):
Fax:
Corrosion Protection Lining
Email:
Type of lining:
Plastiline AKS
Signature:
Quantity:
Date:
Pipe Diameter:

No. pipes:
Degree of lining:
359 330
300 270
Other:
HumesPipelineSystems
page 2 of 2
National Sales: 1300 361 601
Email: info@humes.com.au
Website: www.humes.com.au
Sunshine Coast
Ph: (07) 5472 9700
Fax: (07) 5472 9711
NEW SOUTH
WALES
Ph:
(07) 4758 6002
Lismore
Ph: (02) 6621 3684
Fax: (02) 6622 1342
Echuca
Ph: (03) 5480 2371
Fax: (03) 5482 3090
Townsville
WESTERN
Ph: (0
AUSTRALIA
Brisbane/Gold Coast
Ph: (07) 3866 7100
Fax: (07) 3866 7101
Grafton
Ph: (02) 6644 7666
Fax: (02) 6644 7313
Newcastle
Ph: (02) 4966 4669
Fax: (02) 4966 4914
Townsville
Ph:
(07) 4758 6002
TASMANIA
Fax: 0419 477 386
Perth/Welshpool
Ph: (08) 9351 6999
Fax: (08) 9351 6977
Bundaberg
Ph: (07) 4152 2644
Fax: (07) 4152 5847
Kempsey
Ph: (02) 6562 6755
Fax: (02) 6562 4235
Canberra
Ph: (02) 6285 5309
Fax: (02) 6285 5334
Invermay
Ph: (03) 6335 6300
Fax: (03) 6335 6330
QUEENSLAND
Rockhampton
Ph: (07) 4924 7900
Fax: (07) 4924 7901
Sydney
Ph: (02) 9832 5555
Fax: (02) 9625 5200
Townsville
Ph:
(07) 4758 6002
VICTORIA
Fax: 0419 477 386
Townsville
SOUTH
Ph:
(07) 4758 6002
AUSTRALIA
Fax: 0419 477 386
Perth/Gnangara
Ph: (08) 9302 8000
Fax: (08) 9309 1625
Townsville
NORTHERN
TERRITORY
Ph: (07) 4758 6002
Townsville
Ph: (07) 4758 6000
Fax: (07) 4758 6001
Toowoomba
Ph: (07) 4633 1420
Fax: (07) 4634 3874
Tamworth
Ph: (02) 6765 7766
Fax: (02) 6765 2683
Melbourne
Ph: (03) 9360 3888
Fax: (03) 9360 3887
Adelaide
Ph: (08) 8168 4544
Fax: (08) 8168 4549
Darwin
Ph: (08) 8984 1600
Fax: (08) 8984 1614
HEAD OFFICE
18 Little Cribb St
Townsville
Milton 4064 QLD
Ph:
Ph: (07)
(07) 4758
3364 6002
2800
Fax:
477 386
Fax: 0419
(07) 3364
2963
Copyright Humes - January 2009

Concrete Pipes: Expertise Expertise

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Concrete Pipes

10.3. Flow relationships for Inlet Control in Culverts ...........

10.4. Energy Head relationships for pipes flowing full .........

10.5. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.06 ....................

10.6. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 0.15 .................... 55

10.8. Colebrook White Nomograph, ks = 1.5 ......................

10.9. Minimum pipe cover required for various compactors . 58

Humes is the leading manufacturer of steel reinforced concrete

80 year old Humes pipes

Pipes manufactured in 1920 at Loveday S.A. have been exhumed and

consulting the "Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS

Size Class (DN)

The standard also provides a range of recommended Bedding

Comprehensive tables listing the availability of Size Classes (DN)

The letter 'H' in the terminology indicates haunch support only.

Design Tables 1.1 & 1.2 (page 5) for Bedding Type H2

The numeric classification system adopted to identify the load

See Section 2: Test Load Data, for further information on test

The Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia (CPAA)

The load class for concrete pipes can be determined by

Natural ground surface

Figure 1.1 - Type H1 and Type H2 Supports

Natural ground surface

Figure 1.2 - Type HS Support

Indicative depth of fill

Note: Economies may be

Table 1.1 Material Quantities - H1 & HS1 Support Types

Material Quantities (m3/lin.m)

HS2 & HS3

Note: Volume quantities based on assumed 10% bulking

Table 1.3 Max. Fill Heights

Pipe Load Class

Table 1.4 Max. Fill Heights

Notes: Assumed minimum trench width & Clayey Sand

Pipe Load Class

>25 metre height

Notes: Assumed minimum trench width &

Table 1.5 Max. Fill Heights - Embankment Installation, H2 (& HS2)

Table 1.6 Max. Fill Heights

Pipe Load Class

Notes: Assumed Clayey Sand Soil with p=0.3.

2. Test Load Data

Steel Reinforced Concrete Pipes are manufactured and

Table 2.1 - Test Loads in kilonewtons/metre length

2. Test Load Data

Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate Crack Ultimate

3. Pipes for culvert applications

Size Class (DN)

Flush Joint (FJ)

The most appropriate culvert installation can be obtained by

FJ pipes with External Bands (EB) are recommended for normal

Humes concrete culvert pipes are available in Standard-Strength

For large fill situations, a combination of Super-Strength

Humes can provide a comprehensive range of steel reinforced

Further information on the Load Class of concrete pipes can be

Figure 3.1 - Flush Joint Profile

Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) is a guide to flood

Inlet control conditions shown in Figure 3.2 exist in a pipeline

Figure 3.2 - Inlet Control

Figure 3.3 - Outlet Control

Humes culvert pipes above DN525 are normally supplied with

Where inlet flow conditions exist in a culvert, the flow capacity

See Section 9 (page 43) : Handling and Installation for further