CC GII PHP V CHNH SCH QUN L MI TRNG

CHN NUI
I. Thc trng chn nui v nhim mi trng trong chn nui:
1. Mt s kt qu t c:
Trong nhng nm gn y, pht trin chn nui trang tri lin tc tng
mnh, n nay c nc c trn 20.809 trang tri chn nui. ng ch l
chn nui trang tri khng ch i vi nhng vt nui truyn thng m cn ang
c s dch chuyn sang chn nui i vi cc loi vt nui hoc ng vt qu
him. Trong sut nhng nm i mi, ngnh chn nui n lc vt qua nhiu
kh khn nh th trng, bo gi u vo, dch bnh vn ln khng
ngng theo nh hng s pht trin thnh ngnh sn xut chnh ca nng
nghip nc nh tng lai. Hin nay chn nui ln ca Vit Nam ng th 4
th gii sau Trung quc, Hoa K v Brazil, chn nui vt ng th 2 th gii sau
Trung Quc, s lng tru ng th 6 th gii. Hng nm t trn 4 triu tn sn
phm chn nui, ng th 3 sau Trung Quc v n . Bnh qun sn phm
chn nui nm 2010 t trn 46kg tht hi, 3,5 kg sa ti v trn 67 qu
trng/ngi/nm. Trong thi gian ti, kinh t Vit Nam tip tc phc hi v pht
trin nhanh vi thu nhp bnh qun u ngi nm 2010 t 1200 USD, nn
nhu cu tiu dng sn phm chn nui s tip tc ngy cng tng cao v l ng
lc to ln thc y ngnh ny ngy cng tng trng mnh m.
Th ch hin nay to c khun kh php l cho cc c quan qun l
nh nc t Trung ng n a phng c iu kin thc hin tt cng tc
qun l, thanh tra, gim st, x l vi phm cc trng hp gy nhim mi
trng a phng. m bo x l ng ngi, ng hnh vi vi phm php
lut v bo v mi trng, gip bo v mi trng trong c nc ng thi thc
hin ng nguyn tc php ch x hi ch ngha - Mi ngi u bnh ng
trc php lut. Cc chnh sch khuyn khch, thu ht u t vo cng tc bo
v mi trng trong chn nui do ch yu l Chnh ph v B Nng nghip v
Pht trin Nng thn ban hnh. Mc khuyn khch c ch cao cc
quy m chn nui trang tri, chn nui hng cng nghip. iu ny ph hp
vi nh hng ca ngnh v pht trin chn nui theo hng tp trung cng
nghip ha, hin i ha.
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Cc vn bn v qun l mi trng bc u to s chuyn bin tch

cc trong phn ln h gia nh chn nui nh l, cc ch trang tri nui tp
trung cng nh gip c quan qun l nh nc c nh hng trong vic thc
hin chnh sch mi trng ti a phng. H thng vn bn trong th ch qun
l mi trng chn nui hin c pht huy c hiu qu tch cc, gip ngi
chn nui nh hng trong sn xut, ngoi quyn li to li ch kinh t cho c
nhn, tp th, cn phi c trch nhim vi mi trng chn nui, gip m bo
ngnh chn nui pht trin bn vng. Vic ban hnh cc vn bn, thc hin vic
qun l v mi trng trong chn nui c thng nht t Trung ng n a
phng, vn bn cp di khng mu thun vi vn bn cp trn to s qun
l php quyn x hi ch ngha, thng nht qun l gia cc c quan, B, ngnh
c lin quan. iu ny th hin s tp trung qun l ng b, phi hp tt gia
cc B, ngnh trong cng tc xy dng th ch lnh vc qun l mi trng
chn nui.
H thng vn bn quy phm php lut c ban hnh di lut kh y
v phong ph. Lnh vc bo v mi trng trong chn nui ch l mt lnh
vc mi c quan tm, cht thi l cht thi hu c d phn hy trong mi
trng t nhin nn cha thu ht c s ch cao trong nghin cu khoa hc
v qun l nh nc so vi cc lnh vc khc nh nhim trong giao thng, xy
dng, Song c kh nhiu cc quy nh, hng dn v cng tc bo v mi
trng trong chn nui v li khng ch do B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng
thn ban hnh v do nhiu B khc ban hnh nh B Ti nguyn v Mi trng,
B Y t, B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi V c bn, th ch qun l
mi trng chn nui kh y . Mt h thng vn bn quy phm php lut
do cc cp c thm quyn ban hnh c xy dng, ban hnh v thng
xuyn cp nht, i mi qun l kp thc tin sn xut.
Nhng nm gn y, phong tro s dng m lt sinh hc trong chn nui
c th nghim v p dng theo cc quy m khc nhau nhiu a phng.
Bin php ny gp phn gim thiu ng k s nhim mi trng v mi
do cht thi vt nui gy ra, ti mt s ni cn cho gi tr cao v hiu qu kinh t
v nng sut chn nui. Ngy 9/10/2013, Cc Chn nui, B Nng nghip v
Pht trin Nng thn chnh thc cng nhn tin b k thut, cng ngh mi
i vi Ch phm sinh hc BALASA N01 lm m lt sinh hc nui ln v
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g do hai tc gi TS. Nguyn Khc Tun v TS. Nguyn Th Tuyt L nghin

cu. Cng ging nh cc chng trnh biogas, cc chng trnh d n s dng
ngun kinh ph Trung ng cha tin hnh h tr bt c m hnh no c th.
Tuy nhin, nhiu ni trong c nc ch ng t ngun kinh ph a phng
ng dng cho nng h chn nui ln, g c bit l vi ch phm BALASA
N01. Kt qu cho thy nhng tn hiu tt t vic p dng v c nhng bo
co nh gi thit thc trong qu trnh chn nui sn xut.
Hin nay c hng chc nghn cng trnh kh sinh hc ang hot ng
vi nhiu kiu thit b kh sinh hc khc nhau do nhiu t chc thit k v ph
bin. Cc chng trnh d n khuyn nng Trung ng cha c m hnh h tr
c th i vi ng dng cng ngh kh sinh hc biogas. Tuy nhin, trong cc
hot ng trin khai ca mt s d n yu cu cc h tham gia phi p dng
biogas nh mt tiu ch u tin hng u. Mt s d n c th nh chn nui ln
an ton sinh hc v p dng VietGAHP; Pht trin k thut chn nui v v bo
gia sc ln Trung tm Khuyn nng Quc gia trin khai d n Tng
cng nng lc cho h thng khuyn nng Vit Nam trong chin lc gim
thiu kh pht thi: Gim thiu kh pht thi nh knh trong nng nghip do B
Nng nghip Hoa K ti tr; trin khai 02 m hnh ti H Ni v Hu v Chn
nui i gia sc p dng k thut cn i khu phn thc n nhm gim pht
thi kh nh knh. Cc hot ng khuyn nng lin quan n ng dng cng
ngh kh sinh hc tp trung ch yu qua h thng khuyn nng a phng
thng qua cc hot ng thng tin tuyn truyn, o to tp hun, xy dng m
hnh Ngoi ra, nhng li ch t phn sinh hc gip tn dng c cc ph
ph phm t trng trt, chn nui to ra phn bn tt cho cy trng, lm gim
chi ph u t trong trng trt nh chi ph phn bn ha hc v thuc bo v
thc vt; tiu hy cc mm bnh c trong phn chung; phn hy cc hp cht
hu c, kh tiu thnh d tiu; lm tng ph nhiu ca t v c tc dng ci
to t rt tt T nhng li ch trn, h thng khuyn nng cc tnh c
nhng hng dn nng dn p dng cng ngh , cng ngh chuyn giao n
gin, gi thnh thp ng thi mang li hiu qu cao.
Pht trin cc cng ngh x l cht thi trong chn nui l rt cn thit
gim thiu nhim mi trng v m bo pht trin chn nui bn vng.
cng tc chuyn giao t hiu qu ti cc h gia nh i hi c s nghin cu
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nh gi ca cc nh khoa hc, nh qun l, cc chuyn gia v chnh cc h s

dng.
2. Nhng tnh trng cn tn ti:
Hin trng nhim mi trng do chn nui gy ra nc ta ang ngy
mt tng mc bo ng. Tnh trng ny ch yu do mt s nguyn nhn c
bn nh: Ngnh chn nui lun tng trng nhanh v mnh lin tc trong nhng
nm gn y nn to ra lng cht thi rt ln, hng triu tn mi nm; Vic x
l cht thi chn nui khng trit ; Qun l t u ngun n ht quy trnh
chn nui cha kim sot trit vn pht thi; T khu quy hoch, k thut
xy dng, nui dng, thu hoch, git m, ch bin, vn chuyn lu thng, bo
qun cn cha tp trung ng mc n qun l mi trng; H thng th ch,
chnh sch cha , thiu ng b, ng dng trc tip vo chn nui cn nhiu
kh khn; Cng tc nghin cu khoa hc, hp tc cha pht huy c th mnh.
Hin c nc c 8,5 triu h chn nui quy m gia nh, 18.000 trang tri
chn nui tp trung, nhng mi ch c 8,7% s h xy dng cng trnh kh sinh
hc. T l h gia nh c chung tri chn nui hp v sinh cng ch chim 10%
v ch c 0,6% s h c cam kt bo v mi trng. Vn cn khong 23% s h
chn nui khng x l cht thi bng bt k phng php no m x thng ra
mi trng bn ngoigy sc p n mi trng.
Cht thi chn nui tc ng n mi trng v sc khe con ngi trn
nhiu kha cnh: Gy nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm, mi trng kh, mi
trng t v cc sn phm nng nghip. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu
cn bnh v h hp, tiu ha, do trong cht thi cha nhiu vi sinh vt gy bnh.
T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) cnh bo, nu khng c bin php thu gom v
x l cht thi chn nui mt cch tha ng s nh hng rt ln n sc khe
con ngi, vt nui v gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. c bit l cc
virus bin th t cc dch bnh nh: l mm long mng, dch bnh tai xanh
ln c th ly lan nhanh chng v c th cp i sinh mng ca rt nhiu ngi.
Theo Bo co tng kt ca Vin Chn nui B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng
thn, nng kh H2S v NH3 trong cht thi chn nui cao hn mc cho php
khong 30-40 ln. Tng s vi sinh vt v bo t nm cng cao hn mc cho

php rt nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, nc thi chn nui cn cha Coliform, E.coli,
COD... v trng giun sn cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php.
Cc tnh thuc ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng Cu Long l nhng
a phng c ngnh chn nui pht trin. Ti tnh Bn Tre, tnh n thi im
thng 6/2013 c n ln trn 424.000 con, n b gn 148.000 con, l a
phng c n gia sc ng u khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long. Tuy nhin,
vic m bo v sinh mi trng y mi ch ch trng cc doanh nghip
chn nui, cn cc h chn nui nh cha c quan tm. Trong khi, cc h
chn nui nh chim t l kh ln, nhng vic chn nui ca cc h dn phn
ln theo tp qun, thi quen x cht thi xung knh, rch dn n tnh trng
nhim mi trng, tng nguy c dch bnh cho vt nui, con ngi v nh
hng ln n s pht trin bn vng ca ngnh Chn nui. Theo d bo ca
ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng, vi tc pht trin mnh ca ngnh Chn
nui nh hin nay d tnh n nm 2020, lng cht thi rn trong chn nui
pht sinh khong gn 1.212.000 tn/nm, tng 14,05% so vi nm 2010.
Do khng c s quy hoch ban u, nhiu x nghip chn nui, l m, x
nghip ch bin thc phm cn nm ln trong khu dn c, trong cc qun ni
thnh, sn xut chn nui cn nh, manh mn, phn b ri rc trong khi sn xut
nng nghip c li nhun thp, gi c bp bnh, th trng khng t n nh. V
vy, sc u t vo khu x l mi trng trong chn nui cn thp. S lng
cc l m t yu cu v sinh ch khong trn 30%. Hin tng git m lu, git
m gia sc, gia cm b bnh, khng qua kim sot git m, nc s dng cht
thi t cc l m khng c kim sot cng l nhn t tc ng lm tng
nhim mi trng.
Cht thi chn nui l nguyn nhn gy nhim ln cho mi trng t
nhin do lng ln cc kh thi v cht thi t vt nui. Cc kh thi t vt nui
cng chim t trng ln trong cc kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh. Theo bo co
ca T chc Nng Lng Th gii (FAO), cht thi ca gia sc ton cu to ra
65% lng Nit oxit (N2O) trong kh quyn. y l loi kh c kh nng hp
th nng lng mt tri cao gp 296 ln so vi kh CO2. ng vt nui cn thi
ra 9% lng kh CO2 ton cu, 37% lng kh Methane (CH4) loi kh c kh
nng gi nhit cao gp 23 ln kh CO2. Theo s liu c tnh ca Cc Chn
nui, tng s cht thi rn hng nm t n gia sc, gia cm Vit Nam khong
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73 - 76 triu tn. Phn ln cht thi chn nui c s dng lm phn bn. Tuy
nhin trc khi a vo s dng, vic x l cht thi chn nui c s khc nhau
theo quy m chn nui. Vi quy m chn nui trang tri v gia tri th vic x l
cht thi c coi trng hn, cn ti cc h chn nui nh l gn vi sn xut
nng nghip, cht thi chn nui ch yu c vn chuyn trc tip t chung
nui ra ngoi ng bn cho cy trng, s lng c x l rt t. Theo kt qu
iu tra chn nui ln 8 vng sinh thi, s gia tri, trang tri chn nui ln c p
dng cc bin php x l cht thi chim khong 74%, cn li khng x l
chim khong 26%; trong cc h, cc c s c x l th 64% p dng phng
php sinh hc, s cn li 36% x l bng phng php khc.Nhiu bo co
nghin cu u khng nh l hu ht cc cht thi trong chn nui u cha
c x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. S phn khng c x l v ti s
dng li l ngun cung cp phn ln cc kh nh knh (ch yu l CO2, N2O)
lm tri t nng ln, ngoi ra cn lm ri lon ph ca t, gy ph dng,
nhim t v nhim nc. Cha k ngun kh thi CO2 pht tn do hi th ca
vt nui.
Hin nay, cn nhiu trang tri chn nui ln, b hng ngy thi ra mt
lng ln cht thi khng c x l v trc tip vo h thng thot nc,
knh mng trong vng lm nhiu h dn khng c nc sinh hot, t l ngi
dn b mc bnh tiu chy, mn nga v gh l cao. nhim do cht thi chn
nui khng ch nh hng nng ti mi trng sng dn c m cn gy
nhim ngun nc, ti nguyn t v nh hng ln n kt qu sn xut chn
nui. Cc hot ng gy nhim do chn nui vn ang tip tc din ra nhiu
ni trn c nc. Tnh trng chn nui th rng, chn th trn t dc, u
ngun nc... cn kh ph bin lm tng din tch t xi mn, suy gim cht
lng nc, gim thiu kh nng sn xut nng nghip trn vng rng ln.
nhim mi trng cn lm pht sinh dch bnh, nh hng ln n hiu qu
chn nui. Trong hn mi nm qua, dch l mm, long mng trn gia sc
din ra thng xuyn v n nay cha c khng ch trit . T cui nm
2003, dch cm gia cm bng pht. T nm 2003 n nay, dch ti pht 5
t, phi tiu hu trn 51 triu gia cm cc loi, thit hi c tnh ln n
hng ngn t ng. T u nm 2007 bng pht hi chng ri lon h hp v
sinh sn trn ln, gy tn tht ln cho ngnh chn nui, gy mt an ton thc
6

phm v cn c nguy c ly nhim sang ngi nguy him khng km cc bnh

truyn nhim.
nhim do chn nui c bit l chn nui ln khng ch lm hi tanh
khng kh m cn nh hng nng ti mi trng sng dn c, ngun nc v
ti nguyn t nh hng chnh n kt qu sn xut chn nui. Cc hot ng
gy nhim do chn nui vn ang tip tc din ra nhiu ni trn c nc.
Tnh trng chn nui th rng, chn th trn t dc, u ngun nc,... cn kh
ph bin gp phn lm tng din tch xi mn, suy gim cht lng t, nc,
gim thiu kh nng sn xut nng nghip trn vng rng ln.
Theo s liu iu tra ca Cc Th y, c nc c 17.129 c s git m gia
sc, gia cm, trong s c s git m tp trung c 617 c s, chim t l 3,6
%, tp trung ti mt s tnh Min Nam. 64,5% c s git m gia cm nm trong
khu dn c. Din tch git m gia cm rt cht hp. C t 50 n 78% cc c s
git m c h thng x l nc thi nhng rt n gin, hiu qu x l thp. i
vi cc c s git m nh nng thn din tch t rng thng lm h thng
x l t chy qua hm t hoi hoc ti biogas. Nhiu ch c s khng nhn thc
c s nguy hi ca cht thi l m, ch xy h thng x l cht thi i
ph, khng vn hnh, khng kim tra, khng tu b, sa cha. Kt qu phn tch
180 mu nc thi cho thy Coliform t 1,1.102 - 7,5.108/ml, E.coli t 1,9.102
- 6,7.108/ml, Clostridium t 0,2.102 - 2,1.104/ml, v u vt gii hn cho
php, trn 30% s mu pht hin Salmonella (+). 100% mu nc thi u
khng t TCVN 5945-2005 v cc ch tiu c bn nh COD, BOD, SS, nit
tng s, phospho tng s. Lng gy nhim cao gp 1,6 ln n hng ngn ln
so vi tiu chun. Phn ln cc c s, im git m nh l khng c kim
sot th y, khng c hng dn gim st, x l cht thi do gy nhim
mi trng rt ln. Lng COD, BOD, s lng vi sinh vt gy bnh trong cht
thi l m cao khng ch lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc, to ra nhiu
cht kh to mi nh NH3, H2S gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh,
nhim nc mt v nc ngm m cn l nguyn nhn gy lan truyn mm
bnh t ng vt sang ngi, gy mt an ton v sinh thc phm, gim sc cnh
tranh ca sn phm ng vt.
Theo s liu thng k c nc c khong gn 100 c s sn xut thuc
th y. 190 cng ty thuc 32 nc nhp khu khong 1.800 loi sn phm thuc
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th y cung cp nguyn liu cho sn xut thuc th y trong nc. Cc c s sn

xut trong nc c khong gn 5000 loi sn phm, p ng c 70% nhu cu
thuc th y dng phng chng dch bnh trong nc ng thi xut khu i
hn 10 nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Cc c s ny c quy m khc nhau
nhng u sn xut cc loi ho c, ch phm sinh hc, vcxin dng trong th
y. Theo s liu c tnh c nc c khong gn 4000 trung tm nghin cu,
trung tm v phng xt nghim chn on bnh ng vt. Trong rt nhiu
bnh thuc danh mc bnh phi cng b dch ca OIE, bnh nguy him v bnh
ly chung cho ngi v vt nui nh nhit thn, cm gia cm H5N1, bnh do
Salmonella
Tuy quy m v mc ch hot ng khc nhau nhng thnh phn cht thi
ca cc c s sn xut thuc th y v cc phng xt nghim chn on bnh
ng vt u cha cc yu t nguy hi gm : mu, dch c th, cht bi tit; xc,
ph tng ca ng vt c cha mm bnh nguy him, cc bnh truyn ly gia
ngi v vt; cc bnh phm, mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt, xc ng vt
cng cng c cc bnh nguy him, bnh phm, mi trng nui cy vi sinh
vt, ng vt b cht khng r nguyn nhn trong qu trnh th nghim. y l
loi cht thi nguy him tng t cht thi y t, c nguy c lan truyn mm bnh
ra mi trng xung quanh rt cao nu khng c x l ng phng php.
Mm bnh trong cht thi gm vi trng, virus, nm, k sinh v u trng hay
trng ca chng. S tn ti ca vi sinh vt gy bnh trong cht thi ph thuc
nhiu yu t. Cc iu kin gip chng c kh nng tn ti lu trong bao gm:
s lng ban u ln; nhit mi trng thp di 10oC; hm lng cc cht
rn cao v loi ng vt cm nhim. Mm bnh sng lu nht trong phn tru b
v ngn nht trong phn gia cm nui lng. Cc vi sinh vt khc nhau s c sc
khng khc nhau: Mycobacterium, Brucella, Leptospira thng tn ti ngoi
c th lu hn Salmonella v E.coli.
S thi cht thi hoc nc thi t cc x nghip sn xut thuc th y, cc
c s xt nghim chn on bnh ng cha x l hoc x l khng thch hp
s gy nhim mi trng. Cht thi khng ch gy mt cnh quang mi trng
m cn tc ng bt li n h sinh vt c ch trong nc, t; Cc loi ng vt
thy sinh thn mm b nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc ho cht tn d, kim
loi nng, gy nhim cc ngun nc. Hu qu khng th trnh khi l nh
8

hng ti sc kho cng ng. Cc nghin cu cho thy vi khun Salmonella v

Vibrio cholera c tm thy trong nc sng, h, bin gn v tr nc thi chy
ra. Virus gy bnh ng rut nh poliovirus, coxackie virus, echovirus,
adenovirus, v rotavirus cng c pht hin trn bi bin ca mt s quc gia
nh Php, Israel, Brazil, , Ty Ban Nha v M. Tuy nhin Vit nam cha c
cc nghin cu v vn ny.
Trn n gia cm tht, cc bnh ch yu gm: Newcattle chim 40-50%,
Gumboro chim 27-32%, t huyt trng chim 14-15%, ngoi ra cn cc bnh
khc nh CRD, Marex, u g. Trn n thu cm tht, cc bnh ch yu
gm: Newcattle, t huyt trng , vim gan vt, dch t vt. n gia cm trng
thng b cc bnh Newcattle, t huyt trng, CRD, bch l, Hi chng gim
EDS. Theo bo co ca cc Th y, bnh Newcattle xy ra l t ti cc tnh ,
thnh ph. Nm 2008 c khong trn 44 ngn con mc bnh, s cht v x l
trn 26 ngn con. bnh Marex xy ra nhiu nht ti 3 tnh Tin giang, Long An,
ng Nai. S gia cm b bnh cht, tiu hu gn 48 ngn con. bnh Gumboro
vn gy thit hi ng k cho n ga nui tp trung theo hng cng nghip gy
cht hn 121 ngn con. T huyt trng, dch t vt xy ra l t cc a phng
gy cht hn 30 ngn con hng nm. nc ta, dch cm gia cm bng pht
t thng 12 nm 2003 n nay vi 6 t pht dch ln: t 1 t thng 12/2003
30/3/2004 xy ra trn 57/64 tnh, thnh ph, s lng gia cm b tiu hu gn 44
triu con gia cm; t 2 t thng 4/ 2004 12/2004 xy ra trn 17 tnh, thnh
ph, s lng gia cm b tiu hu gn 80 ngn con ; sau 17 thng khng xy ra
dch cm A H5N1 ngi; dch cm gia cm ti pht ng bng sng Cu
Long, sau min Bc v min Trung, 9 tnh c dch. Trong 8 thng nm 2008,
dch cm gia cm xy ra l t 27 tnh, thnh ph gy cht v tiu hu tng s
trn 75 ngn con. T chc Y t th gii WHO, T chc Th y th gii OIE cnh
bo dch cm gia cm, cm A H5N1 ngi vn tip tc din bin phc tp.
Nm 2008, dch PRRS xy ra ti mt s tnh gy thit hi ln, vi s
lng ln cht v tiu hu trn 200 ngn con. Kt qu nghin cu v nh gi
tc ng mi trng cho thy cc h chn gia cm trong tri chn nui gy
nhim cc b nc ngm tng nng khong cch 15-40m tu s lng gia
cm/h v iu kin th nhng tuy khng c du hiu gy nhim nc ging
khoan trong khu vc nhng theo Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26
9

thng 12 nm 2006 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, xc gia sc,

gia cm l loi cht thi c hi v vy, phi c thu gom, tiu hy v x l
theo ng quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi.
Cng tc qun l, ch o, hng dn ca ngnh nng nghip ni chung
v ngnh chn nui ni ring trong vic bo v mi trng chn nui bc u
cng c kt qu ng ghi nhn. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn
ban hnh khong gn 30 vn bn c ni dung lin quan chi tit n cng tc bo
v mi trng trong chn nui t khu xut nhp khu con ging, ch o sn
xut, phng chng dch bnh, ... v nhiu vn bn khc c yu cu ch n
mi trng trong sn xut, kinh doanh vt nui thng thng v vt nui qu
him. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng thit thc nh y mnh cng tc nghin cu,
ban hnh cc tiu chun, quy chun, thng t hng dn xy dng nh gi tc
ng mi trng, bn cam kt bo v mi trng, ... , cng tc thanh tra, kim
tra, cng tc h tr k thut, thit b x l cht thi, ci thin mi trng cho cc
quy m chn nui, ... cn cha p ng yu cu thc t. Vic lng ghp cng tc
bo v mi trng trong chn nui vi cc hot ng ch o sn xut, qun l,
thanh kim tra sn xut, kinh doanh ging vt nui cng cha cao. Cha xy
dng c nh gi mi trng chin lc trong chin lc pht trin ngnh
chn nui. S lng trang tri chn nui xy dng nh gi tc ng mi trng
c ph duyt v thc hin nghim tc cn t.
Cc cp qun l nhiu a phng cn b ng lnh vc bo v mi
trng chn nui, cha tp trung quy hoch di hn, quy hoch c th cho s
pht trin chn nui bn vng cng nh bo v mi trng chn nui ti a
phng nn h thng th ch, vn bn chnh sch trong lnh vc ny cn thiu
v yu, cha tng xng vi thc tin sn xut.Vic ban hnh quy nh thm
quyn ca cc c quan chc nng qun l v mi trng cng cha thng nht
gia cc a phng. Ch yu ph thuc vo cc c quan: Cng an mi trng,
thanh tra ca S Y t, S Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Cha pht huy c sc
mnh tng hp ca ton h thng chnh tr, cc on th, cc t chc. V vic
nhim mi trng khu vc nng thn ni chung v nhim trong chn nui ni
ring vn xy ra hng ngy, hng gi ti a phng. C quan qun l vn cha
thc s pht huy c tnh t gic v tinh thn u tranh chng nhim mi
trng nn d dn n tnh trng b ng khng x l hoc x l na vi, khng
10

trit . Vic ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v qun l, bo v mi trng

trong chn nui trn thc t vn cn nhiu bt cp, cc vn bn tn mn trong
nhiu vn bn di lut khc nhau t trung ng n a phng, gia cc B,
ban, ngnh cng c s nhn nhn khc nhau v tiu chun, quy nh, ch ti v
bo v mi trng. Nn vic ban hnh vn bn v ch o thc hin cha thc
s thng nht c theo chiu dc v chiu ngang.
Trong nhng nm gn y, tng n gia sc, gia cm tng ln khng
ngng, nhiu c s chn nui hng ho ra i, nhng chn nui nh l vn
chim u th, nc thi cht thi nhiu ni khng c x l, gy nhim mi
trng. S lng gia sc, gia cm tng nhanh song song vi vic gia tng lu
thng, vn chuyn gia sc, gia cm v sn phm ca chng t vng ny sang
vng khc khin cho tnh hnh dch bnh din bin phc tp, dch bnh xy ra
nhiu ni trong khi nhiu a phng, cng tc bo v mi trng cha c
quan tm thc s. Vic thc hin cc vn bn quy phm php lut v th y ca
mt b phn ngi sn xut cha nghim tc: chn nui, bun bn, git m tu
tin, khi gia sc mc bnh khng khai bo, git m gia sc b bnh, vt xc gia
sc ba bi.
H thng vn bn quy phm php lut, tiu chun quy chun k thut v
cng tc bo v mi trng trong chn nui, git m, kinh doanh sn xut thuc
tuy c b sung nhng cn thiu v bt cp. So vi cc nc trong khu vc,
cc vn bn quy phm php lut Th y ca Vit Nam cha a ra cc quy nh
c th, chi tit v thng thp hn quy nh ca quc t. Cc bin php x php
nhim mi trng trong hot ng cn thiu, bt cp. Vic tuyn truyn ph
bin cc vn bn lut cha kp thi, su rng v s thc thi cha c trit .
Cha c t chc qun l cng tc bo v mi trng ca cc Th y v cc
a phng. Hot ng bo v mi trng t trc n nay c thc hin di
dng cc ti, d n nghin cu theo i hi ca thc t. Trnh chuyn mn
v bo v mi trng ca cn b cha p ng yu cu, cha c o to v
chuyn mn nghip v nn h gp nhiu kh khn khi thc thi cng vic. C s
vt cht v trang thit b tuy c u t nhng cha y , c bit cc a
phng.

11

Nguyn nhn ch yu ca nhng tn ti trn l do: Trnh hc vn ca

ngi nng dn cn thp cng vi tm l, thi quen lao ng tiu nng, gin
n cn tr ngi lao ng trong vic tip cn nhng kin thc lao ng
chuyn mn v kin thc v an ton v sinh lao ng. Ch c khong 8% ngi
lao ng nng nghip qua o to ngh, trong khu vc ng bng sng Cu
Long s thanh nin lao ng nng thn c trnh cng nhn k thut chim
6,27%, c trnh s cp ngh chim 2,64% v cha c trnh chuyn mn k
thut l 87,16%.
X l cht thi, tiu hy gia sc, gia cm hu ht cn cha ng k thut,
gy nh hng ln n ngun nc, cht t v cht lng khng kh khu vc
c chn nui. a s cc ch l m cha c thc k lut y v vic cn
thit x l cht thi v ngn nga dch bnh trong qu trnh sn xut. Hu ht c
s khng c h thng nc thi hon chnh.
II. xut mt s gii php nhm nng cao cng tc qun l mi
trng chn nui trong thi gian ti:
pht trin bn vng v m bo mi trng ti cc trang tri, gia tri,
cc a phng cn quan tm hn na n vic to iu kin, h tr cc h chn
nui quy m ln u t xy dng m hnh x l cht thi theo cng ngh hin
i. Ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch ng phi hp vi ngnh Nng
nghip v Pht trin Nng thn tng cng kim tra, x l, nh ch sn xut i
vi cc trang tri gy nhim mi trng nghim trng; n c cc trang tri,
gia tri gy nhim mi trng, thc hin cc bin php x l trit tnh trng
nhim; yu cu cc trang tri phi c y cng trnh, bin php bo v mi
trng p ng yu cu v x l nhim; khn trng quy hoch vng chn
nui cho tng loi vt nui, tng bc hn ch, khng cho php chn nui gia
tri, chn nui quy m nh trong khu dn c; trin khai ng dng m hnh x l
nc thi sau b biogas, lm c s hng dn, nhn rng p dng cho cc trang
tri chn nui.
M rng v khai thc trit th trng trong nc, tng bc hng ti
xut khu cc sn phm chn nui. Sn xut chn nui phi tha mn nhu cu
trong nc v cc loi tht, trng vi mc tng nhu cu tiu th ni a hng
nm l 7-8%. y mnh c v s lng v cht lng sn phm chn nui
12

thay th dn cc sn phm nhp khu nh sa nguyn liu, da, tht cht lng
cao. Hng ti xut khu nhng sn phm chn nui nhiu tim nng nh tht
gia cm, mt ong, t tm, tht mt s vt nui bn a nh hu, ln c, b u
ru,
Chuyn i dn phng thc chn nui nh, phn tn sang chn nui theo
hng trang tri gn vi cng nghip ha. Hnh thnh cc vng chn nui trng
im gn vi bo v mi trng v an ton sinh hc. Nng cao kh nng kim
sot dch bnh v v sinh thc phm i vi chn nui nng h. Cp nht v vn
dng linh hot cc quy trnh qun l tin tin, cng ngh hin i trong chn
nui trang tri, cng ngh v sinh phng dch, x l cht thi v cng nghip
ha git m, ch bin tng bc nng cao gi tr sn phm chn nui v v
sinh an ton thc phm.
Hnh thnh h thng dch v chn nui, th y ph hp vi kinh t th
trng c s kim sot ca nh nc. Khuyn khch cc ngnh kinh t trong
nc nh cng nghip c kh, ha cht, tin hc,... u t gia tng t l ni a
ha trang thit b v nguyn liu cho pht trin chn nui. Cng c h thng v
tng cng nng lc qun l nh nc v chn nui t Trung ng n cc a
phng.
Cc qui nh c bn nht v cng tc bo v mi trng trong chn nui
c p dng i vi mi t chc, c nhn trc tip tham gia vo sn xut, kinh
doanh chn nui trong ton quc. l cc qui nh v vic phi ng k Cam
kt bo v mi trng hoc nh gi tc ng mi trng; Vic chu s kim
tra, thanh tra ca cc c quan chuyn ngnh v lin c quan c thm quyn v
chp nhn cc ch ti x l khi vi phm. ngh cc c quan chuyn ngnh
a phng hng dn ngi chn nui cc k thut x l cht thi chn nui c
bn.
Nhm cc k thut n l, khuyn co c ty nghi p dng theo kiu
la chn mt trong cc cch hoc c th p dng mt s cch sao cho ph hp
vi iu kin chn nui thc t ca c s chn nui. Nhm ny bao gm cc
bin php l s dng cng trnh kh sinh hc, hot cht sinh hc EM, cc bin
php phn, b lng, h sinh hc, thng sc khNhm cc bin php thit k
v xy dng c s h tng nh cng tc quy hoch, la chn v tr xy dng
13

chung hp l v hng chung khoa hc, xy dng h thng thu gom v x l

cht thi, xy dng chung tri ph hp vi kh nng sn xut v c im sinh
l ca loi vt nui Nhm cc bin php h tr: K thut chn nui ph hp,
mt v din tch chung nui, cc k thut b tr cc dy chung nui hp l,
cng tc v sinh chung tri, trng cy xanh,
Ngn nga, hn ch s nhim, suy thoi mi trng trong qu trnh pht
trin ngnh gp phn xy dng mt nn nng nghip bn vng, bo v sc khe
cng ng, bo v mi trng sinh thi. Xy dng v hon thin quy ch hot
ng ca nhm lm vic, gip lnh o Cc Th y xy dng k hoch ngn hn,
di hn trong cng tc bo v mi trng trong cc hot ng ca ngnh. Xy
dng v hon thin vn bn quy phm php lut, tiu chun, quy chun k thut
v bo v mi trng trong lnh vc ngnh Th y qun l, phng chng dch
bnh, kim dch, kim sot git m, v sinh th y, sn xut thuc v chn on
iu tr bnh ng vt.
Nng cao nhn thc ca cn b v ngi sn xut v tc hi ca nhim
mi trng trong hot ng sn xut, p dng cc bin php gim thi, x l
cht thi, ti s dng cht thi nhm bo v mi trng, sn xut bn vng,
phng nga v hn ch cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng trong qu trnh sn
xut. iu tra, nh gi thc trng, nguy c gy nhim mi trng trong hot
ng chn nui, git m, sn xut kinh doanh thuc th y lm c s cho cc bin
php phng chng nhim mi trng ; n nm 2015, c 100 % c s git m
tp trung c nh gi tc ng mi trng v c h thng x l cht thi t tiu
chun mi trng; 100% c s chn on xt nghim bnh ng vt; 100% c
s sn xut kinh doanh thuc th y c h thng x l cht thi t chun; c h
thng x l cht thi t chun. Tng bc p ng yu cu v mi trng
trong hi nhp kinh t quc t.
Vi tim lc sn c ca ngnh, Cc Th y c ch trng xy dng t
chc b my gn, nh, ng ph nhanh, lm vic c hiu qu, phn cng, phn
cp c th khng chng cho, phi hp cht ch gia cc c quan ca Cc n
tng chi cc; Pht huy sc mnh sn c ca t chc th y t Trung ng n a
phng; S dng ti a cc tim lc v my mc, thit b v nhn lc sn c
ng thi tng cng nng lc cc phng th nghim phc v cng tc bo v
mi trng; Phng k Hoch, Khoa hc v hp tc Quc t - Cc Th y l b
14

phn gip vic Cc trng v lm u mi, lin h vi C quan cp trn l V

Khoa hc cng ngh v Mi trng - B Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng thn,
vi cc trung tm k thut thuc cc Cc, Chi Cc Th y. Trn c s , Cc
Th y thnh lp nhm lm vic bao gm thnh phn: Ph cc Trng ph trch,
01 cn b phng K hoch - trng nhm cng cc thnh vin ca cc th y,
Trung tm chuyn ngnh v cc chi cc; Nhm hot ng theo quy ch c
Cc Th y ban hnh sau khi c kin ca Phng Mi trng - V Khoa hc
cng ngh v Mi trng B Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng thn.
Tuyn truyn, gio dc nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim v bo v mi
trng trong hot ng ca ngnh Th y. Hot ng bo v mi trng l mt
nhim v khng th tch ri trong cc hot ng phng chng dch bnh, kim
dch, kim sot git m, v sinh th y, sn xut, kinh doanh thuc ca ngnh
Th y do lng ghp chng trnh tuyn truyn bo v mi trng trong cc
hot ng pht trin cng ng, cc hot ng x hi v trn cc phng tin
thng tin i chng. T chc cc kha tp hun, hi tho, ta m nhm cung
cp thng tin cho ngi dn, gii p cc vn mi trng, phn nh kp thi
cc vn mi trng ang tn ti hoc mi pht sinh. Cng khai cc c nhn,
t chc, cc v vic vi phm qui nh bo v mi trng ti a phng. Thng
qua tuyn truyn, kt hp vi Trung tm khuyn nng Quc gia tp hun nng
dn p dng cc bin php x l cht thi chn nui, git m bng cc cng
ngh ph hp nhm gim nhim mi trng.
Tng cng nng lc qun l, bo v mi trng, th ch ho yu cu bo
v mi trng trong cc hot ng, sn xut. Xy dng v hon thin h thng
vn bn quy phm php lut; Xy dng v ban hnh cc quy chun, quy
phm,hng dn trin khai thc hin cng tc bo v mi trng trong th y;
Tng cng cng tc phi hp qun l mi trng gia cc n v trong v
ngoi ngnh th y.
Nghin cu, ng dng cc bin php nhm bo v mi trng trong hot
ng chn nui, th y. Xy dng d n iu tra c bn v hin trng mi trng
v nguy c gy nhim mi trng trong hot ng chn nui, phng chng
dch bnh, git m gia sc, nui tyrng ch bin thu sn...lm c s cho vic
xy dng cc chnh sch qun l ph hp. y mnh cng tc nghin cu, ng
dng khoa hc - cng ngh bo v mi trng cc lnh vc: cng ngh x l
15

cht thi trong chn nui gia sc, gia cm, ch bin git m, sn xut thuc v
nui trng v ch bin thu sn;
Nghin cu hon chnh h thng qun l dch bnh, kim dch, kim tra
v sinh th y, git m gn lin vi cng tc bo v mi trng trn phm vi c
nc. Nghin cu, la chn m hnh qun l cht thi l m, trang tri chn
nui, c s sn xut thuc th y, cc c s kho nghim, kim nghim ging vt
nui ph hp p dng vo thc t. Nghin cu c ch, chnh sch h tr vn,
u i, khuyn khch cc hot ng bo v mi trng trong cc khu vc chn
nui, git m tp trung c quy hoch; cc c quan, n v v c nhn tham
gia nhng hot ng bo v mi trng nh: nghin cu ng dng v kho
nghim ging, thc n, ho cht v cng ngh x l nhim, bo v mi trng.
Trin khai cc chng trnh nghin cu, ng dng v chuyn giao khoa
hc cng ngh bo v mi trng cho cc c s sn xut; p dng cng ngh
mi tit kim ti nguyn, thn thin vi mi trng hn; khuyn khch cc c s
p dng sn xut sch hn. u t v c s vt cht, trang thit b k thut v
o to ngun nhn lc cho cc Trung tm Kim tra V sinh Th y Trung ng
1 v 2 , vin Th y, vin chn nui tng cng nng lc trong cng tc, kim
tra, kim sot v quan trc cnh bo mi trng, dch bnh. m bo cc trung
tm ny c kh nng kim sot v x l cc vn mi trng ca ngnh
trn phm vi qun l. C c ch khuyn khch cc nh khoa hc trong v ngoi
nc u t, nghin cu gii quyt nhng vn mi trng ni cm trong lnh
vc chn nui - th y.
Thc hin nghim tc nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc c s
chn nui, git m, ch bin, sn xut mi thnh lp. Nu khng t yu cu
kin quyt khng cp php xy dng. y mnh ng dng tin b k thut thn
thin vi mi trng, sn xut sch hn. Ty iu kin c th tng ni la
chn cc m hnh ph hp nhm m bo vic thu gom trit ngun thi t
qu trnh chn nui, khng cc ngun thi pht tn ra ngoi mi trng, s
dng mt s ch phm sinh hc b sung vo thc n v cht thi chn nui
nhm hn ch kh c hi v vi sinh vt c hi, gim nhim mi trng.
Khuyn khch vic ti s dng cht thi ca vt nui thng qua h sinh thi t
nhin hoc tc ng ca con ngi. y cng l xu th chung ca cc nc trn
th gii hng ti nhng hnh ng thn thin vi mi trng. X l cht thi
16

chn nui bng cng ngh sinh hc l gii php c u tin so vi cc gii
php khc. Thc hnh qun l h thng chn nui ng b theo mt quy trnh
khp kn t khu sn xut cho n khu tiu th.
y mnh hp tc gia cc t chc, c quan. Tuyn truyn, ph bin v
thc thi cc Cng c quc t lin quan n bo v mi trng. Hng nm t
chc cc cuc hi tho tng kt, nh gic nhng ni dung thc hin, tn
ti cn khc phc trong cng tc bo v mi trng ng thi trao i kinh
nghim trong cng tc quan l v nghin cu ng dng khoa hc cng ngh
gia cc Cc, V, Vin, cc tnh thnh ph. Nng cao nng lc thc hin cc
chng trnh, d n pht trin chn nui th y c lin quan n mi trng.
B sung c th hn cc ni dung yu cu bo v mi trng trong chn
nui trong mt s Lut lin quan ca th ch. Mt s Lut nh Lut V sinh an
ton thc phm, Lut Bo v sc khe ngi tiu dng, Lut Cnh tranh tuy
c mt s ni dung yu cu cc sn phm cn phi c truy xut ngun gc,
c mi trng sn xut v sinh nhng cc yu cu ny trong thc t t khi
ngi chn nui tip cn v thc hin hiu qu v th nht cc quy nh ny nm
Lut khng iu chnh trc tip cc quan h, hnh vi trong ngnh sn xut
chn nui nn t c tm hiu hn, th hai l n c quy nh kh chung
chung vi nhiu loi sn phm khc m tnh yu cu v mi trng trong sn
xut cha bc thit nh chn nui. V vy trong thi gian ti, c th iu chnh,
b sung mt s iu khon quy nh c th hn cho cc sn phm t ngnh
chn nui v d nh iu kin sn xut, ch bin, bo qun sn phm tht v
cc ph phm t tht c tham gia giao dch trn th trng hoc cc sn phm
t ngnh chn nui c chng nhn s dng tiu chun ISO 14000, nhn sinh thi
dn trn bao b ca cc sn phm chn nui c u tin hng cc chnh sch
v cnh tranh, h tr xy dng th trng, qung b thng hiu,
Chn nui trong nhng nm gn y pht trin nhanh chng cung cp
ngun thc phm di do, p ng yu cu i sng x hi, ci thin i sng
cho a s ngi dn nng thn. Song mt tri ca chn nui khi pht trin l
nhim mi trng. Cht thi rn, cht thi lng ca trang tri chn nui, ca cc
c s git m, ch bin tht gia sc, gia cm tc ng xu n sc khe con
ngi thng qua vic nhim ngun nc, khng kh hoc t.
17

Tuy cha c mt thng k tht y v chuyn mn su v hin trng

nhim mi trng do chn nui nh suy thoi cht lng nc mt, nc ngm,
t, khng kh cng nh thit hi ca chn nui do nhim mi trng, bin
i kh hu gy ra: dch bnh, cun tri do l lt, cht rt, stress nhit song
cng tc bo v mi trng trong chn nui ang l vn rt bc xc, l hng
i tt yu ca s pht trin ngnh chn nui. Mi trng chn nui trong , c
ngi lao ng trong chn nui cng l mt nhn t sinh thi b nhim li
quay tr li tc ng trc tip vo ngnh chn nui lm ngnh ngy khng ch
kh khn v t liu sn xut, v kh nng sn xut sn phm sch, kh nng
cnh tranh v pht trin bn vng, m cn kh khn gp bi trong cng tc qun
l v x l cht thi.
Trong nhng nm ti, nhu cu thc phm: tht, sa, trng ca x hi
ngy cng tng, tt yu thc y ngnh chn nui pht trin. c tnh, Vit Nam
vi tc tng trung kinh t 8%/nm, tc pht trin dn s 1,3%/nm th
tc tng trng ca ngnh chn nui phi tng t 9 10%/nm mi p ng
c nhu cu x hi. Ngnh chn nui pht trin nu khng i km vi cc bin
php gim thiu nhim s lm mi trng sng ca con ngi xung cp
nhanh chng. Mi trng b nhim li quay tr li tc ng trc tip n
ngnh chn nui lm ngnh ny khng ch kh khn v kh nng sn xut, kh
nng cnh tranh, kh khn trong cng tc qun l m cn khng th pht trin
bn vng.
Vic bo v, x l mi trng trong chn nui gia sc gia cm l vic lm
ht sc cn thit v cp bch. Vic thc hin nghim tc v trit cng tc bo
v mi trng trong chn nui l iu kin tin quyt, l bin php tt yu gip
ngnh chn nui ch ng khng ch dch bnh, m bo v sinh an ton thc
phm, thc hin chn nui hu c, tng kh nng cnh tranh trn cc mc th
trng, gp phn bo v mi trng, nng cao sc khe cng ng v pht trin
chn nui bn vng. Trong hng lot cc gii php c a ra nh gii php v
vn, v khoa hc k thut, v hp tc quc t, ... th nhm gii php th ch,
chnh sch c xc nh l c vai tr quan trng nht v mang tnh ch o.
Tnh bc thit i hi phi xy dng mt hnh lang php l y hn, khoa
hc v hon thin hn c nhn thy ngay trong thc t sn xut chn nui.
18

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