PRECISE KILOMETER

CALCULATION BY
UNDERGROUND CABLE
FAULT DETECTOR

Submitted by:

Contents

Project overview
Block diagram
Power supply
Microcontroller
ADC0804
Relay
Relay driver
LCD
Software requirements
Schematic & Working of the project
Advantages
Applications
Future scope
Conclusion

Project overview
The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law
where a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end
through a series resistor.
The current would vary depending upon the length of
fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or
3L or LG etc.
The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly
which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital
data which the programmed microcontroller would
display the same in Kilo meters.
The project is assembled with a set of resistors
representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is
made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross
check the accuracy of the same.

Block diagram

Power supply

Contd..
The 230V AC supply is first stepped down
to 12V AC using a step down transformer.
This is then converted to DC using bridge
rectifier.
The AC ripples is filtered out by using a
capacitor and given to the input pin of
voltage regulator 7805.
At output pin of this regulator we get a
constant 5V DC which is used for MC and
other ICs in this project.

Microcontroller
It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU

I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip
Microcontroller

Block diagram of mc

External
interrupts

Onchip
ROM
for
progra
m
code

Inter
rupt
Cont
rol

Onchip
RA
M

Timer/Coun
ter

Timer
1
Timer
0

CPU

OSC

Bus
Cont
rol

4 I/O
Ports

P0 P1 P2
P3

Address/Da

Se
ri
al
P
or
t
TxD
RxD

Cou
nter
Inpu
ts

Features of MC
8K Bytes of In-System
Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33
MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Pin description

Power on Reset circuit

+5V
+
10 uF
31
30 pF
8.2 K
30 pF

11.0592 MHz

19
18

EA/VPP
X1
X2

9 RST

ADC
Analog to digital converters find huge
application as an intermediate device to
convert the signals from analog to digital
form.
These digital signals are used for further
processing by the digital processors.
Various sensors like temperature,
pressure, force etc. convert the physical
characteristics into electrical signals that
are analog in nature.

 ADC0804 is a very
commonly used 8-bit
analog to digital
convertor.
It is a single channel
IC, i.e., it can take
only one analog
signal as input.

Features of ADC0804
Compatible with microcontrollers, access time is
135ns.
Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL
voltage level specifications.
Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference.
On-chip clock generator.
0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single
5V supply.
20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline
package.
Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or
analog span adjusted voltage reference.

Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever
and changes the switch contacts.
The coil current can be on or off so relays have
two switch positions and have double throw
(changeover) switch contacts as shown in the
diagram.

Contd..
Relays allow one circuit to switch a
second circuit which can be completely
separate from the first.
For example a low voltage battery circuit
can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit.
There is no electrical connection inside
the relay between the two circuits, the link
is magnetic and mechanical.
To drive relay through MC ULN2003 relay
driver IC is used

Relay driver ULN2003

ULN is Relay driver application
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and
high current Darlington transistor arrays.
It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that
features high-voltage outputs with commoncathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads.
The collector-current rating of a single Darlington
pair is 500mA.
The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher
current capability.

Contd..
The ULN functions
as an inverter.
If the logic at input
1B is high then the
output at its
corresponding pin
1C will be low.

Liquid crystal display (lcd)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2

and 20x2 displays.

This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters

per line by 2 lines, respectively.

The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the

controller chip which receives data from an external source (and

communicates directly with the LCD.

Contd..
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require
11 data lines(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for
the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN,
RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are
sending it data)
RS=Register Select. When RS=0; data is
treated as a command & When RS=1; data
being sent is text data.
R/W=Read/Write . When RW=0; the data
written to the LCD & When RW=0; the data
reading to the LCD.

Software requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,

real-time

kernels,

environments,

debuggers,

evaluation

boards,

simulators,
and

integrated

emulators

for

ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051

MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level

Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an

output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not
for other microprocessors.

Contd..
i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile
the code to run on the system for a particular processor like
x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a
compiler then compiler is a program that translates source
code into object code.

Working of project
The project uses a set of resistances in series i.e.
R10,R11,R12,R13 and R17,R16,R14,R21,
R20,R19,R18,R25,R22 as shown in the circuit diagram,
one set for each phase.
Each series resistors represents the resistance of the
underground cable for a specific distance thus 4 such
resistances in series represent 1-4kms.
3 relays are used to common point of their contacts are
grounded while the NO points are connected to the input
of the R17, R21 & R25 being the 3 phase cable input.
R10 is fed with a series resistor R1 to 5v supply. The
common point of R10 & R1 is given to input pin of 6 of
ADC0804 duely wired as explained above.