Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aircraft Wiring Practice
Aircraft Wiring Practice
Presented by
Brett Portwood
FAA Technical Specialist, Safety and Integration
Massoud Sadeghi
Aging Systems Program Manager
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2
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14
Self-Assessment ................................................................................................ 6
Pre- & Post-Course Self-Assessment Questions..................................... 6
COURSE MATERIALS
Background ......................................................................................................
Introduction .............................................................................................
Aging Systems Program..........................................................................
ASTRAC findings ...................................................................................
Accident service history ..........................................................................
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Introductory Materials
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Who Is the
Target
Audience?
Brett Portwood
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Massoud Sadeghi
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1.
2.
3.
AC 25-16 is about
a. electrical load analysis.
b. electrical fault and fire detection.
c. wire routing.
d. wire maintenance and repair.
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6.
7.
8.
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9.
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Course Materials
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Portwood:
brett.portwood@faa.gov
(562)627-5350
I Massoud
Sadeghi:
massoud.sadeghi@faa.gov
(425)227-2117
1
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I.
Background
Background
I Why
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A. Introduction
1.
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a comprehensive aging
non-structural systems program
z
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1.
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2.
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team, cont.
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ATSRAC
Fleet sampling inspections
Service data review
Working group outputs
Products
Improved
Inspection &
design
maintenance practice
practices
improvements
Improved
Improved
system data
training
reporting
Corrective
actions
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FAA R,E,&D
Intrusive inspections
Arc fault circuit breaker development
Interconnect system testing and
assessment
Inspection and testing technology
development
7
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4.
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ATSRAC Findings
I Inspected
4 wire types
Laboratory analysis
I Purpose:
Purpose
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1.
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I On-aircraft
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2.
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I Recommendations:
Make
changes and additions to current
maintenance programs for wires
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3.
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maintenance/design
possibilities
z
In-situ NDT
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4.
5.
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possibilities, cont.
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I Ignition
I Neither
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1.
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On July 17, 1996, about 8:30 p.m., TWA flight 800, a Boeing
747-131, broke up in flight and crashed in the Atlantic Ocean
near East Moriches, New York. TWA flight 800 was operating
under part 121 as a scheduled international passenger flight from
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I Fuel
z
pump connectors
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I FQIS
z
wiring
probes
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2.
FQIS probes
a) Contamination in the fuel tanks (such as steel wool, lock wire,
nuts, rivets, bolts; and mechanical impact damage) caused
reduced arc path resistance between FQIS probe walls.
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straps
17
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charge
18
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3.
Electrostatic charge
a) In another case, the fuel tank refueling nozzles caused spraying
of fuel into fuel tanks in such a manner that increased fuel
charging, which also can lead to arcing inside the fuel tank.
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I Smoke
I Fire
in cockpit
I Metalized
I 23
I Investigation
on-going
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4.
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5.
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Wiring Overview
Physical
Properties
Age
Wire
Degradation
Environment
Installation
Maintenance
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1.
Wiring degradation
a) Wire degradation is a process that is a function of several
variables; aging is only one of these. Other main factors that
influence wire degradation are shown in the above slide.
2.
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I Moisture
I Maintenance
22
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1.
2.
3.
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damage
I Chemical
contamination
I Heat
I Installation
23
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4.
5.
6.
7.
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25.869
AC 43.13-1b
25.1529
Wiring
Practices
AC 25-16
25.1353
Policy
memo
AC 25-10
24
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Guidance: AC 43.13-1b
I AC
Flight Standards AC
Chapter 11- Aircraft Electrical
Systems
See Appendix in Participant Guide
25
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6.
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Guidance: AC 25-16
I AC
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7.
Guidance: AC 25-10
I AC
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8.
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load determination
I Breaker
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analysis
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1.
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load determination
I Breaker
I Routing/clamping/bend
radii
I Splicing
I Wire
terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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page 32
31
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of a circuit breaker as a
switch is not recommended
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c) For the most part, you wont know a circuit breaker has failed
until you need it.
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90 k VA
115v, 400 Hz
Exercise 1
T
T
Bus A
Bus C
#3
#2
Bus B
T
Determine appropriate
size for circuit
breakers #1-6.
#1
#4
TRU
115Vac to 28Vdc
R = 5
#5
R = 10
R = 10
#6
R = 5
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= 3.29 A
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CB1 =44.38 = 45 A
CB2 =13.53 = ? A
CB3 =27.05 = ? A
CB4 =11.88 = ? A
CB5 = 3.29 = ? A
CB6 = 6.59 = ? A
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3.
Wire Selection
I Size
wires so they:
40
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(allowable
voltage drop between bus and utilization equipment ground)
Nominal
System
Voltage
Allowable
Voltage Drop
Continuous
Allowable
Voltage Drop
Intermittent
12
28
115
200
0.5
1
4
7
1
2
8
14
41
a) The voltage drop in the main power wires from the generation
source or the battery to the bus should not exceed 2% of the
regulated voltage when the generator is carrying rated current
or the battery is being discharged.
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Check
Calculated
Voltage Drop
1V
100 ft
20 A
#6
(.000445 ohm/ft)
(100 ft) (20 A) = 0.89 V
0.5 V
50 ft
40 A
#2
(.000183 ohm/ft)
(50 ft) (40 A) = 0.366 V
4V
100 ft
20 A
7V
100 ft
20 A
#14
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(.00202 ohm/ft)
(100 ft) (20 A) = 4.04 V
(.00304 ohm/ft)
(100 ft) (20 A) = 6.08 V
42
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than #20
z
z
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Determining Current-Carrying
Capacity
I Effect
Altitude
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Wire length = 40 ft
Circuit current = 20 A
Source voltage = 28 V
Max ambient
temperature = 50 C
8 wires in a bundle
Use AC 43.13:
z
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gauge = #12
I Current for #12 wire at 150 C = 60 A
I Altitude derating factor for 20,000 ft. = 0.92 x 60 = 55.2 A
I Bundle of 8 wires = 0.5 x 55.2 = 27.6 A
I Calculate
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I AC
43.13-1b, Section 5:
tables and figures provide
an acceptable method of
determining wire system
design
49
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Use AC 43.13
z
z
z
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Wire Selection
I Conductor
z
I Platings
z
stranding
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load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend
radii
I Splicing
I Wire
terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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1.
Wiring Routing
I Eliminate
I Position
to eliminate/minimize use as
handhold or support
I Minimize
exposure to damage by
maintenance crews or shifting cargo
I Avoid
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A
B
A
B
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A
B
Wiring as a Handhold
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I Route
I Use
I Keep
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2.
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Wire bundle
breakout
re
fo
Wire
bundles
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Wire
bundle
Complex Type
Wire Bundle Breakouts
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d) Use of stand-offs
Stand-offs
I Use
I Exception:
Where impossible to
install off-angle clamps to maintain
wiring separation in holes,
bulkheads, floors, etc.
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A
B
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Clamping
I Support
I Supporting
devices should be of
suitable size and type with wire and/or
cables held securely in place without
damage to wire or wire insulation
70
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Clamps
I Wire
I RF
I Mount
I Tying
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Appropriate slack
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Clamp Distortion
Correct clamp position
Distortion of rubber on
clamp is NOT acceptable
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Clamp Orientation
905
Correct
Incorrect
905
Correct
Incorrect
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tail
i) These types of clamps are not suitable for large wire bundles
and should not be used in high temperature or high vibration
areas.
(1) Any type of plastic clamp or cable tie should not be used
where their failure could result in interference with
movable controls, wire bundle contact with movable
equipment, or chafing damage to essential or unprotected
wiring.
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Clamp
tabs
Wedge
Stand off
No
pinching
Do not pinch
wire here
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Clamp
tab
Clamp
slot
Correct
l) When using clamp tabs, make sure that the tabs are properly
engaged. Otherwise, the tab could become loose and cause
subsequent wire damage.
(1) Ensure that the clamp is snapped before installing and
tightening the bolt.
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Clamp Pinching
Incorrect
Do not pinch
wires here
Correct
n) Note the missing clamp hardware. Also note that the black
cable was using a tape build-up at the clamp. Some
manufacturers wiring specifications allow for wire cable
build-up under certain circumstances.
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Exercise: Clamping
A
B
4.
Exceptions
Terminations/reversing direction in bundle
(supported at both ends of loop) 3 times the diameter
RF cables - 6 times the diameter
Thermocouple wire - 20 times the diameter
83
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Diameter of
wire or cable
Support at both
ends of wire bend
b) This illustration shows the proper bend radii for three different
scenarios.
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A
B
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Unused Wires
I Secured
z
I Individually
I Pre-insulated,
closed-end connector
or 1-inch piece of insulating tubing
folded and tied back
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Contact
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Tying tape
Fold
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Tying tape
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Adhesive tape
End caps
Wire bundle
Fiberglass
tying tape
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Wire
bundle
ties
Clamp
(1) Coil and stow methods are often used to secure excess
length of a wire bundle or to secure wire bundles that are
not connected to any equipment, such as wiring
provisioning for a future installation.
(2) The key objective to coiling and stowing wiring is to
safely secure the wire bundle to prevent excessive
movement or contact with other equipment that could
damage the wiring.
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Excess wire
Wire bundle
Wire
bundle
Teflon
tape
Wire
bundle
ties
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A
B
Wire Replacement
I Wires
z
z
z
z
Chafed or frayed
Insulation suspected of being
penetrated
Outer insulation is cracking
Damaged by or known to have been
exposed to electrolyte, oil, hydraulic
fluid, etc.
Evidence of overheating can be seen
98
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Heat Discoloration
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requirements
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Incorrect
procedure
Correct
procedure
A
B
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load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire
terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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Wire Splicing
I Keep
to a minimum
I Avoid
I Locate
to permit inspection
I Stagger
in bundles to minimize
increase in bundle size
I Use
self-insulated splice
connector, if possible
105
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Staggered Splices
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d) Splices that are not crimped properly (under or over) can cause
increased resistance leading to overheat conditions.
Ganged
wire
splices
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f) The top two wires in this photo are experiencing stress due to
a preload condition. Also note that the wire bundle is not
properly clamped.
F. Wire terminals
load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire
terminals
I Grounding
and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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110
page 88
Terminals
I Tensile
I Resistance
of the wire-to-terminal
joint should be negligible relative to
the normal resistance of the wire
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1.
2.
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Brazed
joint
Position of tongue
before bending
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Terminal strips
Terminal Strips
I Barriers
I Current
I Studs
I Replace
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Terminal lugs
Terminal Lugs
I Connect
I No
I Lug
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lugs
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Terminal
Stacking
(like materials)
Nut
Lock washer
Flat washer
Copper terminal
lugs
Terminal stud
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Terminal Stacking
(unlike materials)
Nut
Lock washer
Flat washer
Copper terminal
Aluminum
terminals
Flat
washers
Terminal stud
c) When stacking unlike materials together, use a cadmiumplated flat washer to isolate the dissimilar metals.
Terminal
Stacking
Methods
Nut
Lock washer
Crimp barrel
(belly up)
Flat washer
Crimp barrel
(belly down)
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Terminal
Stacking
Methods, cont.
Nut
Lock washer
Flat washer
Crimp barrel
(belly up) in
center of V
Crimp barrel
(belly down)
in V split
Terminal
Stacking
Methods, cont.
Nut
Lock washer
Flat washer
Crimp barrel
(belly up) in
V split
Crimp barrel
(belly down)
in V split
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Correct
Nut
Lock
washer
Flat
washer
Lock washer
not compressed
Lock washer compressed
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Non-self
locking nut
Steel
washers
Aluminum
terminal
Correct
A
B
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nut
aluminum
lug
copper lug
flat washer
nut
lock
washer
A
flat washer
cadmium
washers
nut
aluminum
lug
lock washer
cadmiumplated
washers
flat washer
B
aluminum lug
copper
lug
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load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire terminals
I Grounding
and bonding
I Wire
marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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1.
130
Grounding Definition
I Grounding
is the process of
electrically connecting
conductive objects to either
a conductive structure or
some other conductive
return path for the purpose
of safely completing either a
normal or fault circuit.
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2.
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Grounding
I Types
z
z
z
of grounding
AC returns
DC returns
Others
I Avoid
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Grounding, cont.
I Design
I Grounding
should provide a
constant impedance
I Ground
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Grounding, cont.
I Heavy
z
current grounds
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Bonding
Bonding
I Equipment
z
bonding
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Bonding, cont.
I Metallic
z
surface bonding
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Bonding, cont.
I Static
z
bonds
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load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire
marking
I Connectors
and conduits
I Wire insulation properties
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1.
Purpose
Wire Marking
I Necessary
z
z
z
for:
Safety of operation
Safety to maintenance personnel
Ease of maintenance
I To
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I Markings
I <3
z
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3.
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A
B
load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors
I Wire
and conduits
insulation properties
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1.
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142
page 112
Connectors
I Many
Circular type
Rectangular
Module blocks
I Selected
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143
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Circular Connectors
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d c
e
e
a
c
d
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Circular Connectors
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Rectangular Connectors
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View A
Acceptable
wire
View A
Unacceptable
grommet
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A
B
3.
Conduits
I Purpose
z
I Standards
z
Proper clamping
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a) Standards
(1) Size of conduit. Conduit size should be selected for a
specific wire bundle application to allow for ease in
maintenance, and possible future circuit expansion, by
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I Provide
I Support
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Acceptable conduit
covering
4.
.2"
Select an answer:
a. 1 inch
b. 5 inches
c. 7 inches
d. 8 inches
e. 7.4 inches
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.7"
.4"
.2"
.5"
.2"
.8"
.2"
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load determination
I Breaker and wire sizing/selection
I Routing/clamping/bend radii
I Splicing
I Wire terminals
I Grounding and bonding
I Wire marking
I Connectors and conduits
I Wire
insulation properties
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1.
Environmental characteristics
characteristics based on
environment
z
Abrasion resistance
Flame resistant
Arc resistance
Mechanical strength
Corrosion resistance
Smoke emission
Cut-through strength
Fluid resistance
Dielectric strength
Heat distortion
158
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Mil Spec
PTFE
22759/12
ETFE
22759/16
22759/80-92
159
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Balancing properties
I Consider
influence of design,
installation and maintenance
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160
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
Plus
z
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Comparative properties
Comparative Properties of Wire Insulation Systems
Most desirable
Least
Relative Ranking
Weight
PI
ETFE
COMP
PTFE
PTFE
COMP
PI
ETFE
Abrasion resistance
PI
ETFE
COMP
PTFE
Cut-through resistance
PI
COMP
ETFE
PTFE
Chemical resistance
PTFE
ETFE
COMP
PI
Flammability
PTFE
COMP
PI
ETFE
PI
COMP
PTFE
ETFE
PTFE
ETFE
COMP
PI
PI
COMP
PTFE
ETFE
ETFE
COMP
PI
Temperature
Smoke generation
Flexibility
Creep (at temperature)
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5.
Insulation selection
Conclusion on Insulation
I Aircraft
I Physical
I Safest
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existing guidance
provided in AC 43.13-1b
I Should
I Not
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1.
2.
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breaker resets
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1.
2.
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3.
Wire Separation
I Regulatory
z
requirements
I Manufacturers
z
standards
167
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1.
2.
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1.
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1.
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1.
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1.
2.
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replacement instructions
include information on how to:
z
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2.
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ICA, cont.
I ATSRAC
recommendations
Clean-as-you-go philosophy
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Clean-as-you-go philosophy
Clean-as-you-go Philosophy
I Keep
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I Connectors
points
z
Worn seals
Improper
installation
Clamp/wire
damage
Clamp cushion
migration
Loose
connectors
Lack of strain
relief
Drip loops
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I Grounding
Lugs/splices
I Backshells
z
z
points
Improper build-up
Lack of strain relief
z
z
Tightness
Cleanliness
Corrosion
I Damaged
sleeving
and conduits
177
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I Engine/APUs/pylon/nacelle
z
Heat/vibration/chemical contamination
I Landing
z
gear/wheel wells
Environmental/vibration/chemical
178
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Batteries
z
Chemical contamination/corrosion
Power feeders
z
z
Feeder terminations
Signs of heat distress
179
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I Can
I Can
181
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I Maintenance
procedures should
address this aspect, as required
182
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A
B
A
B
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A
B
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A
B
A
B
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Compliance Documentation
I Project
I Load
analysis
I Wiring
diagrams
I Wiring
installation drawings
I Wire
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Wiring Diagrams
I
Wire selection
z
z
z
Connectors
z
z
z
Gauge/breaker size
Insulation
Environmental considerations
Pin/socket ratings
Pin arrangement (best practices)
Environmental considerations
Grounding
187
1/20/01
2.
3.
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2.
It is advisable for the engineer or designee to perform a firstof-a-model or first-of-a-design general wiring compliance
inspection in addition to reviewing the wiring diagrams and
wiring installation drawings. Consideration should be given to
the complexity of the wiring system in determining the
appropriate depth of the compliance inspection.
3.
I Feed
z
z
throughs/pass throughs
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4.
5.
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z
z
Chafing
Location with respect to fluid lines, lavs,
and galleys
Drip loops
Bend radius
193
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6.
Proper slack
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Sized properly
Bend radius
Drain holes
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DWG Size
DWG No PL TRA7015
NEW
Rev
WIRE INSTALLATION
Title:
LOWER CARGO____________
SHEET
OF
Engineer Draftsman
Date
L. Macintosh
1
4
03/27/97
Design Group
Part or Identifying
No
Nomenclature or
Description
-3
CONDUIT
Cage
No
CC
Stock Size
Material
Specification
and/or Supplier
.75 I.D. x
TUBE
DMS 2024
2024-2
TYPE 2
.010 x 14 IN
N Item
O Find
T No
E
S
Zone
28
2
4
6
3
3
10
Participant Guide
MS21919WDG-12
CLAMP
S426-14-3
CLAMP
S7934111-6SA
CLAMP
MS25281-R4
CLAMP
9DO166-15
CLAMP
NMC1001-1
CLAMP
3
1
15
5D0061-2
TIE MOUNT
10
CSCS-M
SPACER
11
9D0254-1-1-9
STRAP TIE
DOWN
12
MS21266-2N
GROMMET
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UM PCD INC
645 SHADE AVE
ORANGE, CA
NYLON MOLDING
716 ORANGE ST.
SHADE, CA
28
35
29
28
28
31
35
35
31
35
page 156
Questions ??
196
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Thank You
197
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Appendices
Appendix A: AC 43.13-1b, Chapter 11
Appendix B: AC 25-16
Appendix C: Course Evaluation Forms
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Appendix C
Participant Guide
Version 1.0
Aircraft Certifications
Aircraft Wiring Practices
March 28 & 29, 2001
Please give us your candid opinions concerning the training youve just completed. Your
evaluation of the IVT course is important to us, and will help us provide the best possible
products and services to you. NOTE: Your keypad responses are not identifiable by name;
only average item responses are provided to the instructor and to others responsible for
the training.
Use your Viewer Response keypad to answer the following questions.
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very
Poor
1. Length of course
2. Depth of information
3. Pace of training
4. Clarity of objectives
5. Sequence of content
Participant Guide
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Good
Average
Poor
Very
Poor
9. Effectiveness of instructors
B. NO
C. UNDECIDED
Participant Guide
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SELF-STUDY VIDEO
EVALUATION
Please give us your candid opinions concerning the training youve just completed. Your
evaluation of the self-study video course is important to us, and will help us provide the best
possible products and services to you.
Course title: _____________________________________________________________
Date:
Number of years of FAA experience:
(Optional)Name:
Office phone: (
For the following, please darken the circle appropriate to your response.
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very
Poor
N/A
1. Length of course
2. Depth of information
3. Pace of training
4. Clarity of objectives
5. Sequence of content
6. Amount of activities/practice {
8. Effectiveness of instructors
11. Rate your level of knowledge of the topic before and after taking this self-study course.
Participant Guide
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Low
Moderate
High
Very
High
14. What previous experience, if any, have you had with self-study courses?
{ None
{ Moderate
{ Considerable
{ Undecided
{ Undecided
Participant Guide
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