ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual

ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual
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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Index of Test Cases .................................................................................................................................. 2
I. DesignModeler Descriptions ................................................................................................................... 7
1. VMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features ................................................................................. 9
2. VMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft ....................................................... 11
3. VMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep .............................................................................. 13
II. Mechanical Application Descriptions ................................................................................................... 15
1. VMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis ........................................................... 17
2. VMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading ................................. 19
3. VMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate .................................................................................... 21
4. VMMECH004: Viscoplastic Analysis of a Body (Shear Deformation) ...................................................... 23
5. VMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall ................................................................................. 25
6. VMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity .............................................................................. 27
7. VMMECH007: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity ................................ 29
8. VMMECH008: Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine ............................................................................... 31
9. VMMECH009: Stress Tool for Long Bar with Compressive Load ............................................................ 33
10. VMMECH010: Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate ......................................................................... 35
11. VMMECH011: Large Deflection of a Circular Plate with Uniform Pressure ........................................... 37
12. VMMECH012: Buckling of a Stepped Rod .......................................................................................... 39
13. VMMECH013: Buckling of a Circular Arch .......................................................................................... 41
14. VMMECH014: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System ......................................... 43
15. VMMECH015: Harmonic Response of Two Storied Building under Transverse Loading ........................ 45
16. VMMECH016: Fatigue Tool with Non-Proportional Loading for Normal Stress .................................... 47
17. VMMECH017: Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading ................................ 49
18. VMMECH018: A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief ....................................................... 51
19. VMMECH019: Mixed Model Subjected to Bending Loads with Solution Combination ......................... 53
20. VMMECH020: Modal Analysis for Beams ........................................................................................... 55
21. VMMECH021: Buckling Analysis of Beams ......................................................................................... 57
22. VMMECH022: Structural Analysis with Advanced Contact Options ..................................................... 59
23. VMMECH023: Curved Beam Assembly with Multiple Loads ............................................................... 61
24. VMMECH024: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System for Beams ......................... 63
25. VMMECH025: Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders ........................................................ 65
26. VMMECH026: Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge Moment ............................. 67
27. VMMECH027: Thermal Analysis for Shells with Heat Flow and Given Temperature .............................. 69
28. VMMECH028: Bolt Pretension Load Applied on a Semi-Cylindrical Face ............................................. 71
29. VMMECH029: Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Rectangular Beam .............................................................. 73
30. VMMECH030: Bending of Long Plate Subjected to Moment - Plane Strain Model ............................... 75
31. VMMECH031: Long Bar with Uniform Force and Stress Tool - Plane Stress Model ................................ 77
32. VMMECH032: Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk - Axisymmetric Model .... 79
33. VMMECH033: Electromagnetic Analysis of a C-Shaped Magnet ......................................................... 81
34. VMMECH034: Rubber cylinder pressed between two plates .............................................................. 85
35. VMMECH035: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Radiation ........................................................................ 87
36. VMMECH036: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rotating Bar using Temperature Dependant Density ......... 89
37. VMMECH037: Cooling of a Spherical Body ........................................................................................ 91
38. VMMECH038: Crashing Blocks Simulation with Transient Structural Analysis ...................................... 93
39. VMMECH039: Transient Response of a Spring-mass System ............................................................... 95
40. VMMECH040: Deflection of Beam using Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry ............................................. 97
41. VMMECH041: Brooks Coil with Winding for Periodic Symmetry ......................................................... 99
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iii
Workbench Verification Manual

42. VMMECH042: Hydrostatic Pressure Applied on a Square Bar with Fully, Partially Submerged in a Fluid ....................................................................................................................................................... 103
43. VMMECH043: Fundamental Frequency of a Simply-Supported Beam .............................................. 105
44. VMMECH044: Thermally Loaded Support Structure ......................................................................... 107
45. VMMECH045: Laterally Loaded Tapered Support Structure .............................................................. 109
46. VMMECH046: Pinched Cylinder ...................................................................................................... 111
47. VMMECH047: Plastic Compression of a Pipe Assembly .................................................................... 113
48. VMMECH048: Bending of a Tee-Shaped Beam ................................................................................. 115
49. VMMECH049: Combined Bending and Torsion of Beam ................................................................... 117
50. VMMECH050: Cylindrical Shell under Pressure ................................................................................. 119
51. VMMECH051: Bending of a Circular Plate Using Axisymmetric Elements .......................................... 121
52. VMMECH052: Velocity of Pistons for Trunnion Mechanism ............................................................... 123
53. VMMECH053: Simple Pendulum with SHM motion .......................................................................... 125
54. VMMECH054: Spinning Single Pendulum ........................................................................................ 127
55. VMMECH055: Projector mechanism- finding the acceleration of a point .......................................... 131
56. VMMECH056: Coriolis component of acceleration-Rotary engine problem ....................................... 133
57. VMMECH057: Calculation of velocity of slider and force by collar ..................................................... 135
58. VMMECH058: Reverse four bar linkage mechanism ......................................................................... 137
59. VMMECH059: Bending of a solid beam (Plane elements) ................................................................. 139
60. VMMECH060: Crank Slot joint simulation with flexible dynamic analysis .......................................... 141
61. VMMECH061: Out-of-plane bending of a curved bar ....................................................................... 145
62. VMMECH062: Stresses in a long cylinder ......................................................................................... 147
63. VMMECH063: Large deflection of a cantilever ................................................................................. 149
64. VMMECH064: Small deflection of a Belleville Spring ........................................................................ 151
65. VMMECH065: Thermal Expansion to Close a Gap at a Rigid Surface .................................................. 153
66. VMMECH066: Bending of a Tapered Plate ........................................................................................ 155
67. VMMECH067: Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar .............................................................................. 157
68. VMMECH068: Plastic Loading of a Thick Walled Cylinder .................................................................. 159
69. VMMECH069: Barrel Vault Roof Under Self Weight ........................................................................... 161
70. VMMECH070: Hyperelastic Thick Cylinder Under Internal Pressure ................................................... 163
71. VMMECH071: Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire .................................................... 165
72. VMMECH072: Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder ........................................................................... 167
73. VMMECH073: Modal Analysis of a Cyclic Symmetric Annular Plate ................................................... 169
74. VMMECH074: Tension/Compression Only Springs ........................................................................... 171
75. VMMECH075: Harmonic Response of Two-Story Building under Transverse Loading ........................ 173
76. VMMECH076: Elongation of a Tapered Shell with Variable Thickness ............................................... 175
77. VMMECH077: Heat Transfer in a Bar with Variable Sheet Thickness .................................................. 177
78. VMMECH078: Gasket Material Under Uniaxial Compression Loading-3-D Analysis ........................... 179
79. VMMECH079: Natural Frequency of a Motor-Generator ................................................................... 183
80. VMMECH080: Transient Response of a Spring-mass System ............................................................. 185
81. VMMECH081: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis ........................................................ 187
82. VMMECH082: Fracture Mechanics Stress for a Crack in a Plate .......................................................... 191
83. VMMECH083: Transient Response to a Step Excitation ..................................................................... 193
84. VMMECH084: Mullins Effect on a Rubber Tube Model Subjected to Tension Loading ........................ 197
85. VMMECH085: Bending of a Composite Beam .................................................................................. 199
86. VMMECH086: Stress Concentration at a Hole in a Plate .................................................................... 201
87. VMMECH087: Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic Bearings ......... 205
88. VMMECH088: Harmonic Response of a Guitar String ....................................................................... 209
89. VMMECH089: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Contact-Based Debonding ..................................................................................................................................................... 211
90. VMMECH090: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Interface Delamination ..... 213
III. Design Exploration Descriptions ....................................................................................................... 215
iv
Workbench Verification Manual

1. VMDX001: Optimization of L-Shaped Cantilever Beam under Axial Load ............................................ 217
2. VMDX002: Optimization of Bar with Temperature-Dependent Conductivity ....................................... 219
3. VMDX003: Optimization of Water Tank Column for Mass and Natural Frequency ................................ 221
4. VMDX004: Optimization of Frequency for a Plate with Simple Support at all Vertices ......................... 225
5. VMDX005: Optimization of Buckling Load Multiplier with CAD Parameters and Young's Modulus ....... 227
vi
Introduction
The following topics are discussed in this chapter:
Overview
Index of Test Cases
Overview
This manual presents a collection of test cases that demonstrate a number of the capabilities of the
Workbench analysis environment. The available tests are engineering problems that provide independent
verification, usually a closed form equation. Many of them are classical engineering problems.
The solutions for the test cases have been verified, however, certain differences may exist with regard
to the references. These differences have been examined and are considered acceptable. The workbench
analyses employ a balance between accuracy and solution time. Improved results can be obtained in
some cases by employing a more refined finite element mesh but requires longer solution times. For
the tests, an error rate of 3% or less has been the goal.
These tests were run on an Intel Xeon processor using Microsoft Windows 7 Enterprise 64-bit . These
results are reported in the test documentation. Slightly different results may be obtained when different
processor types or operating systems are used.
The tests contained in this manual are a partial subset of the full set of tests that are run by ANSYS
developers to ensure a high degree of quality for the Workbench product. The verification of the
Workbench product is conducted in accordance with the written procedures that form a part of an
overall Quality Assurance program at ANSYS, Inc.
You are encouraged to use these tests as starting points when exploring new Workbench features.
Geometries, material properties, loads, and output results can easily be changed and the solution repeated. As a result, the tests offer a quick introduction to new features with which you may be unfamiliar.
Some test cases will require different licenses, such as DesignModeler, Emag, or Design Exploration. If
you do not have the available licenses, you may not be able to reproduce the results. The Educational
version of Workbench should be able to solve most of these tests. License limitations are not applicable
to Workbench Education version but problem size may restrict the solution of some of the tests.
The archive files for each of the Verification Manual tests are available at the Customer Portal. Download
the ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual Archive Files. These zipped archives provide all of the necessary
elements for running a test, including geometry parts, material files, and workbench databases. To open
a test case in Workbench, locate the archive and import it into Workbench.
You can use these tests to verify that your hardware is executing the ANSYS Workbench tests correctly.
The results in the databases can be cleared and the tests solved multiple times. The test results should
be checked against the verified results in the documentation for each test.
ANSYS, Inc. offers the Workbench Verification and Validation package for users that must perform system
validation.
Introduction
This package automates the process of test execution and report generation. If you are interested in
contracting for such services contact the ANSYS, Inc. Quality Assurance Group.
Index of Test Cases

Test Case Number
Element Type
Analysis Type
Solution Options
VMMECH001
Solid
Static Structural
Linear
VMMECH002
Solid
Static Structural
Linear
VMMECH003
Solid
Modal
Free Vibration
VMMECH004
Solid
Structural
Nonlinear, Viscoplastic Materials
VMMECH005
Solid
Static Thermal
Linear
VMMECH006
Solid
Static Thermal
Nonlinear
VMMECH007
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear Thermal
Stress
VMMECH008
Solid
Static Thermal
Linear
VMMECH009
Solid
Static Structural
Linear
VMMECH010
Shell
Modal
Free Vibration
VMMECH011
Shell
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Large
Deformation
VMMECH012
Solid
Buckling
VMMECH013
Shell
Buckling
VMMECH014
Solid
Harmonic
VMMECH015
Solid
Harmonic
VMMECH016
Solid
Static Structural
Fatigue
VMMECH017
Solid
Static Structural
Linear Thermal
Stress
VMMECH018
Solid
Static Structural
Linear, Inertia relief
VMMECH019
Beam
Static Structural
Linear
Shell
VMMECH020
Beam
Modal
VMMECH021
Beam
Buckling
VMMECH022
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Contact
VMMECH023
Beam
Static Structural
Linear
VMMECH024
Beam
Harmonic
VMMECH025
Solid
Static Structural
Linear
VMMECH026
Shell
Static Structural
Fatigue
VMMECH027
Shell
Static Structural
Linear Thermal
Stress
VMMECH028
Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH029
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Plastic
Materials
Index of Test Cases

Test Case Number
Element Type
Analysis Type
Solution Options
VMMECH030
2-D Solid, Plane

Strain
Static Structural
VMMECH031
2-D Solid, Plane

Stress
Static Structural
VMMECH032
2-D Solid, Axisymmetric
Static Structural
Linear Thermal
Stress
VMMECH033
Solid
Static Structural
Electromagnetic
VMMECH034
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Large
Deformation
VMMECH035
Solid
Coupled (Static
Thermal and Static
Stress)
VMMECH036
Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH037
Transient Thermal
VMMECH038
Solid
Transient Structural
Flexible Dynamic
VMMECH039
Solid
Flexible Dynamic
Sequence Loading
Spring
VMMECH040
Beam
Static Structural
VMMECH041
Solid
Static Structural
Electromagnetic
VMMECH042
Solid
Static Structural
Hydrostatic Fluid
VMMECH043
Beam
Modal
VMMECH044
Beam
Static Structural
VMMECH045
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH046
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH047
Static Structural
VMMECH048
Beam
Static Structural
VMMECH049
Beam
Static Structural
VMMECH050
Axisymmetric Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH051
Axisymmetric Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH052
Multipoint Constraint
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH042
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH054
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH055
Rigid Dynamic
Linear Thermal
Stress
Nonlinear, Plastic
Materials
Introduction
Test Case Number
Element Type
Analysis Type
VMMECH056
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH057
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH058
Rigid Dynamic
VMMECH059
2-D Plane Stress

Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH060
Solid
Solution Options
Flexible Dynamic
VMMECH061
Beam
Static Structural
VMMECH062
Axisymmetric Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH063
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH064
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH065
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Large
Deformation
Linear Thermal
Stress
Shell
VMMECH066
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH067
Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH068
2-D Solid, Plane

Strain
Static Structural
VMMECH069
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH070
2-D Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH071
2-D Thermal Solid
Static Thermal
VMMECH072
2-D Thermal Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH073
Solid
Modal
VMMECH074
Solid
Rigid Body Dynamics
Nonlinear, Plastic
Materials
Nonlinear, Large
Deformation
Linear Thermal
Stress
Spring
VMMECH075
Solid
Harmonic
VMMECH076
Shell
Static Structural
VMMECH077
Thermal Shell
Static Thermal
VMMECH078
3-D Solid
Static Structural
3-D Gasket
VMMECH079
Pipe
Modal
VMMECH080
Spring
Transient Dynamic
Mode Superposition
Mass
Index of Test Cases

Test Case Number
Element Type
Analysis Type
Solution Options
Pipe
Modal
Mass
Spectral
VMMECH082
Solid
Static Structural
Fracture Mechanics
VMMECH083
Spring, Mass
Transient Dynamic
Mode Superposition
VMMECH084
Solid
Static Structural
Nonlinear, Hypereleastic
VMMECH085
Solid
Static Structural
Composite Material
VMMECH086
Solid
Static Structural
VMMECH081
Submodeling (2D2D)
VMMECH087
Line Body
Modal
Point Mass
Bearing Connection
VMMECH088
Beam
Static Structural
Linear Perturbation
Modal
Harmonic
VMMECH089
Solid
Static Structural
Contact-Based Debonding
VMMECH090
Solid
Static Structural
Interface Delamination
Part I: DesignModeler Descriptions
VMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features
Overview
Feature:
Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend features.
A polygonal area is extruded 60 mm. A rectangular area of 30 mm x 40 mm [having a circular area of
radius 6 mm subtracted] is extruded to 20 mm. Both resultant solids form one solid geometry. A rectangular area (24 mm x 5 mm) is subtracted from the solid. Two rectangular areas (40 mm x 10 mm) are
extruded 10 mm and subtracted from solid. Two rectangular areas (25 mm x 40 mm) are extruded 40
mm and subtracted from solid. A Chamfer (10 mm x 10 mm) is given to 4 edges on the resultant solid.
Four Oval areas are extruded and subtracted from Solid. Fillet (Radius 5 mm) is given to 4 edges using
Blend Feature.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure 1: Final Model after creating Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Calculations
1. Volume of Solid after extruding Polygonal Area: v1 = 264000 mm3.
2. Volume of rectangular area having circular hole: v2 = 21738.05 mm3.
Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 285738.05 mm3.
3. Volume of rectangular (24mm x 5mm) solid extruded 30mm using Cut Material = 3600 565.5 = 3034.5
mm3.
Net volume V = 285738.05 3034.5 = 282703.5 mm3.
4. Volume of two rectangular areas each 40mm x 10mm extruded 10mm = 8000 mm3.
VMDM001
Net volume V = 282703.5 8000 = 274703.5 mm3.
5. Volume of two rectangular areas 25mm x 40mm extruded 40mm = 80000 mm3.
Net volume V = 274703.5 80000 = 194703.5 mm3.
6. Volume of four solids added due to Chamfer = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm3
Net volume V = 194703.5 + 2000 = 196703.5 mm3.
7. Volume of four oval areas extruded 10 mm = 7141.6 mm3.
Net volume V = 196703.5 - 7141.6 = 189561.9 mm3.
8. Volume of 4 solids subtracted due to Blend of radius 5 mm = 429.2 mm3.
Hence Net volume of final Solid body = V = 189561.9 429.2 = 189132.7 mm3.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
189561.95
189561.95
44439.29
44433.3
-0.0135
Number of Faces
52
52
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
10
VMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Overview
Feature:
Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft features.
A Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) is revolved about Z-Axis in 3600 to form a Cylinder. A circular
area of radius 30 mm is swept 100 mm using Sweep feature. A circular area of radius 30 mm is extruded
100 mm. A solid cylinder is created using Skin-Loft feature between two coaxial circular areas each of
radius 30 mm and 100 mm apart.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure 2: Final Model after creating Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Calculations
1. Volume of Cylinder created after Revolving Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) = v1 = 282743.3 mm3.
2. Volume of Cylinder created when a circular area (Radius 30mm) is swept 100 mm = v2 = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 282743.3 + 282743.3 = 565486.6 mm3.
3. Volume of Cylinder after extruding a circular area (Radius 30 mm) 100 mm = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume = V = 565486.6 + 282743.3 = 848229.9 mm3.
4. Volume of Cylinder created after using Skin-Loft feature between two circular areas of Radius 30 mm
and 100 mm apart. = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume of the final Cylinder = 848229.9 + 282743.3 = 1130973.2 mm3.
11
VMDM002
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
1130973.3
1130973.3
81053.1
81053.1
Number of Faces
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
12
VMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Overview
Feature:
Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep.
A rectangular area (103 mm x 88 mm) is extruded 100 mm to form a solid box. A circular area of radius
25 mm is revolved 900 using Revolve feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward
and Outward Thickness. A solid is subtracted using Skin-Loft feature between two square areas (each
of side 25 mm) and 100 mm apart. The two solid bodies are frozen using Freeze feature. A circular area
of radius 25 mm is swept using Sweep feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward
and Outward Thickness. Thus a total of 4 geometries are created.
Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.
Figure 3: Final Model after creating Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft and Sweep
Calculations
1. Volume of rectangular (103 mm x 88 mm) solid extruded 100mm = 906400 mm3.
2. Volume of solid after revolving circular area of Radius 25 mm through 900 = 29639.6 mm3.
Net Volume of solid box, Va = 906400 - 29639.6 = 876760.3 mm3.
3. Volume of additional body created due to Revolve feature = Vb= 11134.15 mm3.
4. Volume of the rectangular box cut after Skin-Loft between two square areas each of side 25 mm = 62500
mm3.
Net Volume of solid box becomes Va = 876760.3 62500 = 814260.3 mm3.
5. Volume of additional two bodies created due to Sweep feature:
13
VMDM003
Vc = 47123.9 mm3 and Vd = 28352.8 mm3.
And total volume that gets subtracted from box due to Sweep Feature = 75476.7 mm3.
Hence Net volume of box, Va = 814260.3 - 75476.7 = 738783.6 mm3.
Sum of volumes of all four bodies = Va+Vb+Vc+Vd = 738783.6 + 11134.15 + 47123.9 +28352.8 =
825394.4 mm3.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
825394.4
825394.5
101719.47
101719.95
Number of Faces
22
22
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
14
Part II: Mechanical Application Descriptions
VMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis
Overview
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory

and Problems, 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, pg.
22 and 26
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of three prismatic bars is supported at both end faces and is axially loaded with forces F1
and F2. Force F1 is applied on the face between Parts 2 and 3 and F2 is applied on the face between
Parts 1 and 2. Apply advanced mesh control with element size of 0.5.
Find reaction forces in the Y direction at the fixed supports.
Figure 4: Schematic
Material Properties
Geometric Properties
E = 2.9008e7 psi
= 0.3
= 0.28383 lbm/in3
Cross section of
all parts = 1 x
1
Length of Part
1 = 4"
Length of Part
2 = 3"
Length of Part
3 = 3
Loading
Force F1 =
-1000 (Y direction)
Force F2 = -500
(Y direction)
17
VMMECH001
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Y Reaction Force at Top

Fixed Support (lbf )
900
901.14
0.127
Y Reaction Force at Bottom

Fixed Support (lbf )
600
598.86
-0.190
18
VMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading
Overview
Reference:
J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, 1st

Edition, 1986, Table A-23, Figure A-23-1, pg. 673
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rectangular plate with a circular hole is fixed along one of the end faces and a tensile pressure load
is applied on the opposite face. A convergence with an allowable change of 10% is applied to account
for the stress concentration near the hole. The Maximum Refinement Loops is set to 2 and the Refinement
mesh control is added on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole with Refinement = 1.
Find the Maximum Normal Stress in the x direction on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole.
Figure 5: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 1000 Pa
=0
Length = 15 m
Width = 5 m
Thickness = 1
m
Hole radius =
0.5 m
Loading
Pressure = -100
Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Normal X Stress

(Pa)
312.5
315.2
0.864
19
20
VMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape,

Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-2, Case
4, pg. 247
Analysis
Type(s):
Free Vibration Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of three annular plates has cylindrical support (fixed in the radial, tangential, and axial
directions) applied on the cylindrical surface of the hole. Sizing control with element size of 0.5 is applied
to the cylindrical surface of the hole.
Find the first six modes of natural frequencies.
Figure 6: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2.9008e7 psi
= 0.3
= 0.28383 lbm/in3
Loading
Inner diameter
of inner plate =
20"
Inner diameter
of middle plate
= 28"
Inner diameter
of outer plate =
34"
Outer diameter
of outer plate =
40"
21
VMMECH003
Material Properties
Loading
Thickness of all
plates = 1"
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1st Frequency Mode (Hz)
310.911
310.21
-0.23
2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)
318.086
315.6
-0.78
3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)
318.086
315.64
-0.77
4th Frequency Mode (Hz)
351.569
346.73
-1.38
351.569
347.11
-1.27
442.451
437.06
-1.22
22
VMMECH004: Viscoplastic Analysis of a Body (Shear Deformation)
Overview
Reference:
B. Lwo and G. M. Eggert, "An Implicit Stress Update Algorithm Using a Plastic Predictor". Submitted to Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, January
1991.
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A cubic shaped body made up of a viscoplastic material obeying Anand's law undergoes uniaxial shear
deformation at a constant rate of 0.01 cm/s. The temperature of the body is maintained at 400C. Find
the shear load (Fx) required to maintain the deformation rate of 0.01 cm/sec at time equal to 20 seconds.
Figure 7: Schematic
y
Velocity = 0.01 cm/s
x
h
Problem Model
Material Properties
Ex (Young's Modulus) =
60.6 GPa
(Poisson's Ratio) =
0.4999
So = 29.7 MPa
Q/R = 21.08999E3 K
A = 1.91E7 s-1
= 7.0
h = 1 cm
thickness = 1
cm
Loading
Temp = 400C
= 673K
Velocity (x-direction) = 0.01
cm/sec @ y = 1
cm
Time = 20 sec
23
VMMECH004
Material Properties
Loading
m = 0.23348
ho = 1115.6 MPa
= 18.92 MPa
= 0.07049
a = 1.3
Results Comparison
Results
Fx, N
24
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
845.00
-791.76
-6.3
VMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall
Overview
Reference:
F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row Publisher,

3rd Edition, 1976, Example 2-5, pg. 39
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A furnace wall consists of two layers: fire brick and insulating brick. The temperature inside the furnace
is 3000F (Tf) and the inner surface convection coefficient is 3.333e-3 BTU/s ft2F (hf). The ambient
temperature is 80F (Ta) and the outer surface convection coefficient is 5.556e-4 BTU/s ft2F (ha).
Find the Temperature Distribution.
Figure 8: Schematic
Material Properties
Fire brick wall: k =

2.222e-4 BTU/s ft F
Insulating wall: k =
2.778e-5 BTU/s ft F
Loading
Cross-section =
1" x 1"
Fire brick wall
thickness = 9"
Insulating wall
thickness = 5"
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Minimum Temperature (F)
336
336.68
0.202
Maximum Temperature (F)
2957
2957.2
0.007
25
26
VMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity
Overview
Reference:
Vedat S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Book

Series, 1966, pg. 130
Analysis Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Thermal Analysis
Element Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A liquid is boiled using the front face of a flat electric heater plate. The boiling temperature of the liquid
is 212F. The rear face of the heater is insulated. The internal energy generated electrically may be assumed to be uniform and is applied as internal heat generation.
Find the maximum temperature and maximum total heat flux.
Figure 9: Schematic
Material Properties
k = [0.01375 * (1 + 0.001 T)]

BTU/s inF
Temperature (F)
Conductivity (BTU/s
inF)
32
1.419e-002
1000
2.75e-002
Radius = 3.937
Thickness = 1
Loading
Front face temperature = 212F
Internal heat generation = 10 BTU/s
in3
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Temperature (F)
476
480.58
0.96
Maximum Total Heat Flux

(BTU/s in2)
10
9.9997
-0.003
27
28
VMMECH007:Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Heat Transfer book
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A long bar has thermal conductivity that varies with temperature. The bar is constrained at both ends
by frictionless surfaces. A temperature of TC is applied at one end of the bar (End A). The reference
temperature is 5C. At the other end, a constant convection of h W/m2C is applied. The ambient temperature is 5C. Advanced mesh control with element size of 2 m is applied.
Find the following:
Minimum temperature
Maximum thermal strain in z direction (on the two end faces)
Maximum deformation in z direction
Maximum heat flux in z direction at z = 20 m
Figure 10: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.5e-05 / C
k = 0.038*(1 +
0.00582*T) W/m C
Temperature (C)
Conductivity (W/m C)
3.91e-002
800
0.215
Length = 20 m
Width = 2 m
Breadth = 2 m
Loading
Rear face temperature T =
100C
Film Coefficient
h = 0.005
W/m2C
Ambient temperature = 5C
Reference temperature = 5C
29
VMMECH007
Analysis
Temperature at a distance "z" from rear face is given by:
z
Thermal strain in the z direction in the bar is given by:

T=
Deformation in the z direction is given by:

=
Heat flux in the z direction is given by:

=
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Minimum Temperature (C)
38.02
38.014
-0.016
Maximum Thermal strain (z

= 20) (m/m)
0.000495
0.00049521
0.042
Maximum Thermal strain (z

= 0) (m/m)
0.001425
0.001425
0.000
Maximum Z Deformation
(m)
0.00232
0.002341
0.905
Maximum Z Heat Flux (z =

20) (W/m2)
0.165
0.16507
0.042
30
VMMECH008: Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine
Overview
Reference:
Kreith, F., Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row, 3rd Edition,
1976, Equation 2-44a, pg. 59, Equation 245, pg. 60
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A steel cooling spine of cross-sectional area A and length L extend from a wall that is maintained at
temperature Tw. The surface convection coefficient between the spine and the surrounding air is h, the
air temper is Ta, and the tip of the spine is insulated. Apply advanced mesh control with element size
of 0.025'.
Find the heat conducted by the spine and the temperature of the tip.
Material Properties
Material Properties
E = 4.177e9 psf
= 0.3
Thermal conductivity k = 9.71e-3
BTU/s ft F
Loading
Geometric
Properties
Cross section =
1.2 x 1.2
L = 8
Loading
Tw = 100F
Ta = 0F
h = 2.778e-4
BTU/s ft2 F
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature of the Tip (F)
79.0344
79.078
0.055
Heat Conducted by the

Spine (Heat Reaction)
(BTU/s)
6.364e-3
6.3614e-3
-0.041
31
32
VMMECH009: Stress Tool for Long Bar with Compressive Load
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A multibody of four bars connected end to end has one of the end faces fixed and a pressure is applied
to the opposite face as given below. The multibody is used to nullify the numerical noise near the
contact regions.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole multibody and the safety factor for each part using
the maximum equivalent stress theory with tensile yield limit.
Material Properties
Mater- E (Pa)
ial
Tensile Yield
(Pa)
Part 1
1.93e11 0
2.07e8
Part 2
7.1e10 0
2.8e8
Part 3
2e11
2.5e8
Part 4
1.1e11 0
2.8e8
Part 1: 2 m x 2
mx3m
Part 2: 2 m x 2
m x 10 m
Part 3: 2 m x 2
mx5m
Loading
Pressure = 2.5e8
Pa
33
VMMECH009
Part 4: 2 m x 2
mx2m
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Equivalent Stress

(Pa)
2.5e8
2.5e8
0.000
Safety Factor for Part 1
0.828
0.828
0.000
1.12
1.12
0.000
0.000
1.12
1.12
0.000
34
VMMECH010: Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate
Overview
Reference:
Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van

Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-4, Case 11,
pg. 256
Analysis
Type(s):
Free Vibration Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A rectangular plate is simply supported on both the smaller edges and fixed on one of the longer edges
as shown below. Sizing mesh control with element size of 6.5 mm is applied on all the edges to get
accurate results.
Find the first five modes of natural frequency.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Length = 0.25
m
Width = 0.1 m
Thickness =
0.005 m
= 7850 kg/m3
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1st Frequency Mode (Hz)
595.7
590.03
-0.952
2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)
1129.55
1118.4
-0.987
3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)
2051.79
2038.1
-0.667
2906.73
2879.3
-0.994
35
VMMECH010
Results
36
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
3366.48
3350
-0.489
VMMECH011: Large Deflection of a Circular Plate with Uniform Pressure
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko S.P., Woinowsky-Krieger S., Theory of Plates and

Shells, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, Article 97, equation 232, pg.
401
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Large Deformation On)
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A circular plate is subjected to a uniform pressure on its flat surface. The circular edge of the plate is
fixed. To get accurate results, apply sizing control with element size of 5 mm on the circular edge.
Find the total deformation at the center of the plate.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Loading
Radius = 0.25
m
Thickness =
0.0025 m
Pressure =
6585.18 Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Total deformation (m)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.00125
0.0012374
-1.008
37
38
VMMECH012: Buckling of a Stepped Rod
Overview
Reference:
Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress & Strains, McGraw

Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 2a, pg. 672
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A stepped rod is fixed at one end face. It is axially loaded by two forces: a tensile load at the free end
and a compressive load on the flat step face at the junction of the two cross sections. To get accurate
results, apply sizing control with element size of 6.5 mm.
Find the Load Multiplier for the First Buckling Mode.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Larger diameter
= 0.011982 m
Smaller diameter = 0.010 m
Length of larger diameter =
0.2 m
Length of smaller diameter =
0.1 m
Loading
Force at free
end = 1000 N
Force at the flat
step face = 2000 N
Both forces are
in the z direction
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
22.5
22.958
2.0356
39
40
VMMECH013: Buckling of a Circular Arch
Overview
Reference:
Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress Strains, McGraw

Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 10, pg. 679
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A circular arch of a rectangular cross section (details given below) is subjected to a pressure load as
shown below. Both the straight edges of the arch are fixed.
Find the Load Multiplier for the first buckling mode.
Material Properties
E = 2e5 MPa
=0
Arch cross-section = 5 mm x
50 mm
Mean radius of
arch = 50 mm
Included angle
= 90
Loading
Pressure = 1
MPa
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
544
546.07
0.4
41
42
VMMECH014: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Vibration Analysis book
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly where four cylinders represent massless springs in series and a point mass simulates a
spring mass system. The flat end face of the cylinder (Shaft 1) is fixed. Harmonic force is applied on the
end face of another cylinder (Shaft 4) as shown below.
Find the z directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system on the face to which force is
applied for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz for the following scenarios using Mode Superposition.
Solution intervals = 20.
Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Shaft 1
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Shaft 2
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Shaft 3
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Shaft 4
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Each cylinder:
Diameter = 20 mm
Length = 50 mm
Loading
Force = 1e7 N (Zdirection)
Point Mass =
3.1044 Kg
43
VMMECH014
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.1404
0.14123
0.591
Phase angle without damping (degrees)
180
180
0.000
Maximum Amplitude with

damping (m)
0.14
0.1408
0.577
Phase angle with damping

(degrees)
175.6
175.58
0.000
Maximum Amplitude
without damping (m)
44
VMMECH015: Harmonic Response of Two Storied Building under Transverse

Loading
Overview
Reference:
W. T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd Edition,

1999, Example 6.4-1, pg. 166
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A two-story building has two columns (2K and K) constituting stiffness elements and two slabs (2M and
M) constituting mass elements. The material of the columns is assigned negligible density so as to make
them as massless springs. The slabs are allowed to move only in the y direction by applying frictionless
supports on all the faces of the slabs in the y direction. The end face of the column (2K) is fixed and a
harmonic force is applied on the face of the slab (M) as shown in the figure below.
Find the y directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system at 70 Hz on each of the vertices
as shown below for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz using Mode Superposition. Use Solution intervals
= 50.
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Block 2
2e18
0.3
7850
Shaft 2
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Block 1
2e18
0.3
15700
Shaft 1
9e10
0.35
1e-8
45
VMMECH015
Block 1 and 2:
40 mm x 40 mm x
40 mm
Shaft 1 and 2:
20 mm x 20 mm x
200 mm
Loading
Force = -1e5 N (y
direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Amplitude for

vertex A (m)
0.20853
0.21174
1.5

vertex B (m)
0.074902
0.075838
1.2
46
VMMECH016: Fatigue Tool with Non-Proportional Loading for Normal Stress
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Machine Design book
Analysis
Type(s):
Fatigue Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A bar of rectangular cross section has the following loading scenarios.
Scenario 1: One of the end faces is fixed and a force is applied on the opposite face as shown below
in Figure 19: Scenario 1 (p. 47).
Scenario 2: Frictionless support is applied to all the faces of the three standard planes (faces not seen
in Figure 20: Scenario 2 (p. 47)) and a pressure load is applied on the opposite faces in positive yand z-directions.
Find the life, damage, and safety factor for the normal stresses in the x, y, and z directions for nonproportional fatigue using the Soderberg theory. Use a design life of 1e6 cycles, a fatigue strength factor
or 1, a scale factor of 1, and 1 for coefficients of both the environments under Solution Combination.
Figure 19: Scenario 1
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 4.6e8 Pa
47
VMMECH016
Material Properties
Yield Tensile Strength = 3.5e8 Pa
Endurance Strength = 2.2998e6 Pa
Number of
Cycles
Alternating Stress
(Pa)
1000
4.6e8
1e6
2.2998e6
Geometric
Properties
Bar: 20 m x 1 m
x 1m
Loading
Scenario 1: Force
= 2e6 N (y-direction)
Scenario 2: Pressure = -1e8 Pa
Analysis
Non-proportional fatigue uses the corresponding results from the two scenarios as the maximum and
minimum stresses for fatigue calculations. The fatigue calculations use standard formulae for the
Soderberg theory.
Results Comparison
Results
Stress Component - Component
X

Y

Z
48
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Life
3335.1049 3329.9
-0.156
Damage
299.8406
300.31
0.157
Safety
Factor
0.019
0.019025
0.132
Life
14765.7874 14653
-0.764
Damage
67.724
68.247
0.772
Safety
Factor
0.04569
0.045378
-0.683
Life
14765.7874 14766
0.001
Damage
67.724
67.725
0.001
Safety
Factor
0.04569
0.045696
0.013
VMMECH017: Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A cylindrical rod assembly of four cylinders connected end to end has frictionless support applied on
all the cylindrical surfaces and both the flat end faces are fixed. Other thermal and structural loads are
as shown below.
Find the Deformation in the x direction of the contact surface on which the remote force is applied. To
get accurate results apply a global element size of 1.5 m.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.2e-5/C
Loading
Diameter = 2 m
Lengths of cylinders in order
from End A: 2
m, 5 m, 10 m,
and 3 m.
Given temperature
(End A) = 1000C
Given temperature
(End B) = 0C
Remote force =
1e10 N applied on
the contact surface
at a distance 7 m
from end A.
Location of remote
force = (7,0,0) m
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum X Deformation
(m)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.101815
0.10025
-1.5
49
50
VMMECH018: A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Structural Analysis (Inertia Relief On)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A long bar assembly is fixed at one end and subjected to a tensile force at the other end as shown
below. Turn on Inertia Relief.
Find the deformation in the z direction
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Cross-Section =
2mx2m
Lengths of bars
in order from
End A: 2 m, 5
m, 10 m, and 3
m.
= 7850 kg/m3
Loading
Force P = 2e5 N
(positive z direction)
Analysis
z =
where:
L = total length of bar
A = cross-section
m = mass
51
VMMECH018
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum Z Deformation
(m)
52
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
2.5e-6
2.5043E-06
0.172
VMMECH019: Mixed Model Subjected to Bending Loads with Solution Combination
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam and Shell
Test Case
A mixed model (shell and beam) has one shell edge fixed as shown below. Bending loads are applied
on the free vertex of the beam as given below. Apply a global element size of 80 mm to get accurate
results.
Scenario 1: Only a force load.
Scenario 2: Only a moment load.
Find the deformation in the y direction under Solution Combination with the coefficients for both the
environments set to 1.
Material Properties
E = 2e5 Pa
=0
Shell = 160 mm
x 500 mm x 10
mm
Loading
Force F = -10 N (y
direction)
53
VMMECH019
Material Properties
Loading
Beam rectangular cross section

= 10 mm x 10
mm
Beam length =
500 mm
Moment M = 4035 Nmm @ z-axis
Analysis
y =
l3
l2
where:
I = total bending length of the mixed model
I = moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum Y-Deformation
(mm)
54
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-7.18742
-7.2542
0.929
VMMECH020: Modal Analysis for Beams
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Modal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so
that it acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer
beam (acting as a spring) is fixed. The cross section details are as shown below.
Find the natural frequency of the axial mode.
Figure 25: Cross Section Details for Both Beams
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Spring
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Mass
2e11
7.85e5
55
VMMECH020
Loading
Spring beam length =

500 mm
Mass beam length = 5
mm
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Natural Frequency of Axial

Mode (Hz)
1188.6
1190.5
0.160
56
VMMECH021: Buckling Analysis of Beams
Overview
Reference:
Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strains, McGraw

Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 3a, pg. 675
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A beam fixed at one end and is subjected to two compressive forces. One of the forces is applied on
a portion of the beam of length 50 mm (L1) from the fixed end and the other is applied on the free
vertex, as shown below.
Find the load multiplier for the first buckling mode.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
L1 = 50 mm
Total length =
200 mm
Rectangular
cross section =
10 mm x 10
mm
Loading
Force on L1 =
-1000 N (x direction)
Force on free vertex = -1000 N (x
direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
10.2397
10.198
-0.407
57
58
VMMECH022: Structural Analysis with Advanced Contact Options
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Strength of Material book
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of two parts with a gap has a Frictionless Contact defined between the two parts. The end
faces of both the parts are fixed and a given displacement is applied on the contact surface of Part 1
as shown below.
Find the Normal stress and Directional deformation - both in the z direction for each part for the following
scenarios:
Scenario 1: Interface treatment - adjust to touch.
Scenario 2: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0 m.
Scenario 3: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0.001 m.
Scenario 4: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = -0.001 m.
Validate all of the above scenarios for Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
Gap = 0.0005 m
Dimensions for
each part: 0.1
m x 0.1 m x
0.5m
Loading
Given displacement = (0, 0,
0.0006) m
Results Comparison
The same results are obtained for both Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.
59
VMMECH022
Results
Adjust To Touch
Add Offset. Offset = 0 m
Add Offset. Offset =

0.001 m
Add Offset. Offset = 0.001 m
60
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Maximum directional z deformation Part 1 (m)
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
6e-4
5.9786e4
-0.357
Maximum normal z stress

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
-2.4e8 -2.3915e8 -0.354
6e-4
1e-4

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8

Part 2 (Pa)
-4e7
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
1.1e3
1.0961e3
-0.355

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
-4.4e8 -4.3843e8 -0.357
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
0.000

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
6e-4
0.000
0.99644e- -0.356
4
2.4e8
0.000
-3.9858e7 -0.355
VMMECH023: Curved Beam Assembly with Multiple Loads
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
An assembly of two curved beams, each having an included angle of 45, has a square cross-section. It
is fixed at one end and at the free end a Force F and a Moment M are applied. Also, a UDL of "w " N /
mm is applied on both the beams. Use a global element size of 30 mm to get accurate results. See the
figure below for details.
Find the deformation of the free end in the y direction.
Equivalent Loading:
Material Properties
Beam 1:
E1 = 1.1e5 MPa
1 = 0
1 = 8.3e-6
kg/mm3
For each beam:
Cross-section =
10 mm x 10
mm
Radius r = 105
mm
Loading
Force F = -1000 N
(y direction)
Moment M = 10000 Nmm
(about z-axis)
61
VMMECH023
Material Properties
Loading
Included angle
= 45
UDL w = -5 N/mm
(y direction) on
both beams
This UDL is applied
as an edge force
on each beam
with magnitude =
-5 (2 x 3.14 x 105)
/ 8 = -412.334 N
Beam 2:
E2 = 2e5 MPa
2 = 0
2 = 7.85e-6
kg/mm3
Analysis
The deflection in the y direction is in the direction of the applied force F and is given by:
1
=
3
+
2
+
+
+ 4
2
+ 4
where:
= deflection at free end in the y direction
I = moment of inertia of the cross-section of both beams
Results Comparison
Results
Minimum Y Deformation
(mm)
62
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-8.416664
-8.4688
0.619
VMMECH024: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System for

Beams
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring-mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so
that it acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer
beam (acting as a spring) is fixed. A Harmonic force F is applied on the free vertex of the shorter beam
in z direction. Both beams have hollow circular cross-sections, as indicated below.
Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Find the z directional deformation of the vertex where force is applied at frequency F = 500 Hz for the
above scenarios with solution intervals = 25 and a frequency range of 0 to 2000 Hz. Use both Mode
Superposition and Full Method.
Material Properties
Mater- E
ial
(Pa)
(kg/m3)
Spring 1.1e11 0.34 1e-8

Mass
2e11
7.85e5
Cross-section of
each beam:
Outer radius =
10 mm
Loading
Harmonic force F
= 1 e6 N (z-direction)
63
VMMECH024
Loading
Inner radius =
5 mm
Length of
longer beam =
100 mm
Length of
shorter beam =
5 mm
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Mode Superposi- Maximum z directional deforma- 4.11332e- 4.078e-3

tion
tion without damping (m)
3
-0.859
Maximum z directional deforma- 4.11252e- 4.0765etion with damping (m)

3
3
-0.876
Maximum z directional deforma- 4.11332e- 4.1132etion without damping (m)

3
3
-0.003
Maximum z directional deforma- 4.11252e- 4.0695etion with damping (m)

3
3
-1.046
Full Method
64
VMMECH025: Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders
Overview
Reference:
Stephen P. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 - Advanced

Theory and Problems, 3rd Edition, pg. 208-214
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
One hollow cylinder is shrink fitted inside another. Both cylinders have length L and both the flat faces
of each cylinder are constrained in the axial direction. They are free to move in radial and tangential
directions. An internal pressure of P is applied on the inner surface of the inner cylinder. To get accurate
results, apply a global element size of 0.8 inches.
Find the maximum tangential stresses in both cylinders.
Note
Tangential stresses can be obtained in the Mechanical application using a cylindrical coordinate system.
To simulate interference, set Contact Type to Rough with interface treatment set to add offset
with Offset = 0.
Material Properties
Both cylinders
are made of
the same material
E = 3e7psi
Inner Cylinder:
ri = 4
ro = 6.005
Ri = 6
Loading
P = 30000 psi
65
VMMECH025
Material Properties
=0
= 0.28383
Ro = 8
Length of both
cylinders = 5
lbm/in3
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum normal y stress, inner

cylinder (psi)
35396.67
35738
1.0
Maximum normal y stress, outer

cylinder (psi)
42281.09
42279
0.0
Note
Here y corresponds to direction of a cylindrical coordinate system.
66
VMMECH026: Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge Moment
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Machine Design and Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Fatigue Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A plate of length L, width W, and thickness T is fixed along the width on one edge and a moment M
is applied on the opposite edge about the z-axis.
Find the maximum Bending Stress (Normal X Stress) and maximum Total Deformation of the plate. Also
find the part life and the factor of safety using Goodman, Soderberg, & Gerber criteria. Use the x-stress
component. Consider load type as fully reversed and a Design Life of 1e6 cycles, Fatigue Strength factor
of 1, and Scale factor of 1.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Ultimate tensile strength =
1.29e9 Pa
Endurance strength = 1.38e8 Pa
Yield Strenth = 2.5e8 Pa
No. of Cycles
Alternating Stresses
(Pa)
1000
1.08e9
1e6
1.38e8
Length L = 12e3m
Width W = 1e-3
m
Loading
Moment M = 0.15
Nm (counterclockwise @ z-axis)
67
VMMECH026
Loading
Thickness T = 1
e-3 m
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
9e8
9e8
0.000
Maximum total deformation (m)
6.48e-4
6.4981e4
0.279
SN-Goodman
Safety factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Safety factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Safety Factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Maximum normal x-stress (Pa)
SN-Soderberg
SN-Gerber
68
VMMECH027:Thermal Analysis for Shells with Heat Flow and Given Temperature
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Thermal Analysis book
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A plate of length (L), width (W), and thickness (T) is fixed along the width on one edge and heat flow
(Q) is applied on the same edge. The opposite edge is subjected to a temperature of 20 C. Ambient
temperature is 20 C. To get accurate results, apply a sizing control with element size = 2.5e-2 m.
Find the maximum temperature, maximum total heat flux, maximum total deformation, and heat reaction
at the given temperature.
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Coefficient of
thermal expansion = 1.2e5/C
Thermal conductivity k =
60.5 W/mC
Length L = 0.2
m
Width W = 0.05
m
Thickness T =
0.005 m
Heat flow Q = 5 W
Given Temperature
= 20C
Analysis
Heat Reaction = -(Total heat generated)
Heat flow due to conduction is given by:
=
h l
69
VMMECH027
where:
Th = maximum temperature
T1 = given temperature
Total heat flux is:
=
Temperature at a variable distance z from the fixed support is given by:
z
= h
Thermal deformation in the z-direction is given by:

l
=
0
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum Temperature (C)

2
Maximum Total Heat Flux (W/m )

Maximum Total Deformation (m)
Heat Reaction (W)
70
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
86.1157
86.116
0.000
2e4
2e4
0.000
7.93386e- 7.9958e5
5
-5
-5
0.781
0.000
VMMECH028: Bolt Pretension Load Applied on a Semi-Cylindrical Face
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A semi-cylinder is fixed at both the end faces. The longitudinal faces have frictionless support. A bolt
pretension load is applied on the semi-cylindrical face. To get accurate results, apply sizing control with
element size of 0.01 m.
Find the Z directional deformation and the adjustment reaction due to the bolt pretension load.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Length L = 1 m
Diameter D =
0.05 m
Loading
Pretension as preload = 19.635 N
(equal to adjustment of 1e-7 m)
Analysis
The bolt pretension load applied as a preload is distributed equally to both halves of the bar. Therefore
the z-directional deformation due to pretension is given by:
Pretension =
=
71
VMMECH028
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Minimum z-directional deformation

(m)
-5.00E08
-5.0002E- 0.004
08
Maximum z-directional deformation 5.00E-08

(m)
4.9502E08
-0.996
Adjustment Reaction (m)
1.00E-07
0.000
72
1.00E-07
VMMECH029: Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Rectangular Beam
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko S., Strength of Materials, Part II, Advanced Theory

and Problems, Third Edition, Article 64, pp. 349
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Plastic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rectangular beam is loaded in pure bending. For an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-strain behavior,
show that the beam remains elastic at M = Myp = ypbh2 / 6 and becomes completely plastic at M =
Mult = 1.5 Myp. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.5 inches.
Figure 35: Stress-Strain Curve
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.0
yp = 36000 psi
Length L = 10
Width b = 1
Height h = 2
Loading
M = 1.0 Myp to 1.5
Myp
(Myp = 24000 lbf in)
73
VMMECH029
Analysis
The load is applied in three increments: M1 = 24000 lbf-in, M2 = 30000 lbf-in, and M3 = 36000 lbf-in.
Results Comparison
M/Myp
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
State
Equivalent
Stress (psi)
State
Equivalent
Stress (psi)
fully
elastic
36000
fully
elastic
36059
0.164
1.25
elasticplastic
36000
elasticplastic
36288
0.800
1.5
plastic
solution not
converged
plastic
solution not
converged
74
VMMECH030: Bending of Long Plate Subjected to Moment - Plane Strain Model
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Plane Strain Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long, rectangular plate is fixed along the longitudinal face and the opposite face is subjected to a
moment of 5000 lbf-in about the z-axis. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element
size to 0.5 inches.
Find X normal stress at a distance of 0.5 inches from the fixed support. Also find total deformation and
reaction moment.
Material Properties
E = 2.9e7 psi
= 0.0
Length L =
1000
Width W = 40
Thickness T =
1
Loading
Moment M = 5000
lbf-in
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane (the x-y plane), the above problem can be analyzed as
a plane strain problem. Therefore, the moment applied will be per unit length (5000/1000 = 5 lbf-in).
Analysis takes into account the unit length in the z-direction.
75
VMMECH030
Figure 38: Plane Strain Model (analyzing any cross section (40 x 1) along the length)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Normal Stress
30
30
0.000
Maximum Normal Stress in

the X-Direction (psi)
30
30
0.000
Maximum Total Deformation

(in)
0.1655e-2
0.16553e-2
0.018
Reaction Moment (lbf-in)
-5
-5
0.000
76
VMMECH031: Long Bar with Uniform Force and Stress Tool - Plane Stress Model
Overview
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
Plane Stress Analysis
Element Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long, rectangular bar assembly is fixed at one of the faces and the opposite face is subjected to a
compressive force. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 1 m.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole assembly and safety factor, safety margin, and safety
ratio for the first and last part using the maximum equivalent stress theory with Tensile Yield Limit.
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
Tensile Yield (Pa)
Part 1
1.93e11
2.07e8
Part 2
7.1e10
2.8e8
Part 3
2e11
2.5e8
Part 4
1.1e11
2.8e8
Part 1: 2
3m
Part 2: 2
10 m
Part 3: 2
5m
Part 4: 2
2m
mx2mx
mx2mx
Loading
Force = 1e9 N in
the negative x-direction
mx2mx
mx2mx
77
VMMECH031
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress
problem. Analysis is done considering thickness of 2 m along z-direction
Figure 40: Plane Stress Model (Analyzing any cross section along Z)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Equivalent Stress (Pa)
2.5e8
2.5e8
0.000
Safety Factor
0.828
0.828
0.000
Safety Margin
-0.172
-0.172
0.000
Safety Ratio
1.207
1.2077
0.058
Safety Factor
1.12
1.12
0.000
Safety Margin
0.12
0.12
0.000
Safety Ratio
0.892
0.89286
0.096
Part 1
Part 4
78
VMMECH032: Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk Axisymmetric Model
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Heat Transfer book
Analysis
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A copper disk with thickness t and radii Ri and Ro is insulated on the flat faces. It has a heat-generating
copper coaxial cable (of radius Ri) passing through its center. The cable delivers a total heat flow of Q
to the disk. The surrounding air is at a temperature of To with convective film coefficient h. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.002 m.
Find the disk temperature and heat flux at inner and outer radii.
Material Properties
E = 1.1e11 Pa
= 0.34
Thermal conductivity k = 401.0 W/mC
Ri = 10 mm
Ro = 60 mm
t = 8 mm
Loading
Q = 100 W (Internal
Heat Generation =
39788735.77 W/m3)
Film coefficient h =
1105 W/m2-C
Surrounding temperature To = 0C
Analysis
Because the geometry and loading are symmetric about the y-axis, the above problem can be analyzed
as an axisymmetric problem.
79
VMMECH032
Figure 42: Axisymmetric Model
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Temperature (C)
38.9
38.896
-0.010
Minimum Temperature (C)
30
30.007
0.023
1.98943e5
197840
-0.554
33157
33151
-0.018
Maximum Heat Flux (W/m )

Minimum Heat Flux (W/m )
80
VMMECH033: Electromagnetic Analysis of a C-Shaped Magnet
Overview
Reference:
J. A. Edminster, Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics, Tata

McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, Example 11.9, pg. 181
Analysis
Type(s):
Electromagnetic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A C-shaped magnet has a coil with 400 turns and a cross section of the core with area 4 cm2. A current
of 0.1 A flows through the coil. The air gap is 0.2 cm and the coil details are given in Figure 44: Coil
Details in cm (p. 82). Flux parallel is applied on the nine outer faces as shown in Figure 46: Flux Parallel
Applied on 9 Outer Faces (p. 82). To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size
to 0.003 m.
Find the total flux density and total field intensity.
81
VMMECH033
Figure 44: Coil Details in cm
Figure 45: Current and Voltage
Figure 46: Flux Parallel Applied on 9 Outer Faces
Material Properties
Young's Modu- Poisson's Ralus (Pa)
tio
Density
(kg/m3)
Relative Permeability
Electric Resistivity (ohmm)
Air Body
1e7
Coil
1.1e11
0.34
8300
2e-7
Core
2e11
0.3
7850
500
Given in Figure 44: Coil
Details in cm (p. 82)
82
Loading
Voltage = 0 V
Current = 0.1 A
VMMECH033
Loading
Depth = 2cm
Analysis
Using the analogy of Ohm's law of Magnetism, we have the following equation:
Magnetic flux is:

where:
N = number of turns
I = current
Lc = mean core length
La = air gap
Ac = cross-sectional area of core
Aa = apparent area of air gap
c = permeability of core
a = permeability of air
The air-gap average flux density is given by:
The air-gap average filed intensity is given by:

=
Results Comparison
Results
Total Flux Density (T)
Total Field Intensity (A/m)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
4.061e-2
0.040662
0.128
32320.0585
32357
0.114
83
84
VMMECH034: Rubber cylinder pressed between two plates
Overview
Reference:
T. Tussman, K.J. Bathe, "A Finite Element Formulation for Nonlinear Incompressible Elastic and Inelastic Analysis", Computers
and Structures, Vol. 26 Nos 1/2, 1987, pp. 357-409
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis (Large Deformation ON)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rubber cylinder is pressed between two rigid plates using a maximum imposed displacement of max.
Determine the total deformation.
Material Properties
Loading
Solid1:
Solid1:
Displacement in Y direction
= -0.1m
E = 2e11Pa
= 0.3
0.05 m x 0.01m x 0.4 m
= 7850 kg/m3
Solid2: Mooney-Rivlin Constants Solid2: Quarter Circular Cylinder
C10 = 2.93e5 Pa
C01 = 1.77e5 Pa
Incompressibility Parameter D1 1/Pa =0
Radius = 0.2 m
Length = 0.05m
Analysis
Due to geometric and loading symmetry, the analysis can be performed using one quarter of the cross
section.
Frictionless supports are applied on 3 faces (X = 0, Z = 0 and Z = 0.05 m).
85
VMMECH034
Given displacement of 0.1m is applied on the top surface.
The bottom surface of Solid1 is completely fixed.
Frictionless Contact with Contact stiffness factor of 100 is used to simulate the rigid target.
Augmented Lagrange is used for Contact formulation.
Results Comparison
Results
Total Deformation (m)
86
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.165285
0.16526
VMMECH035: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Radiation
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Heat transfer and Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Coupled Analysis (Static Thermal and Static Stress)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Heat of magnitude 2500 W and Heat Flux of magnitude 625 W/m2 is flowing through a long bar (2 x 2
x 20) m in an axial direction, and radiating out from the other face having emissivity 0.3; Ambient
Temperature is maintained at 20C. Find the following:
Temperatures on End Faces.
Thermal strain and Directional deformation and Normal Stress in Z direction if both the end faces have
frictionless supports and Reference temperature of 22C.
Material Properties
E = 2.0e11 Pa
v=0
= 1.2 x 10-5 1/C
k = 60.5 W/mC
Part 1: 2
2m
Part 2: 2
5m
Part 3: 2
10 m
Part 4: 2
3m
Loading
mx2mx
Heat Flow = 2500W on Part

4
mx2mx
Heat Flux = 625 W/m2 on

Part 4
Radiation = 20C, 0.3
mx2mx
mx2mx
Analysis
(Heat flowing through body) Q = (Heat Flow) + (Heat Flux * Area) = 5000 W
87
VMMECH035
(Heat flowing through body) = (Heat Conducted through body) = (Heat Radiated out of the Surface)
i.e. Q = Qr =QC = 5000 W.
Heat Radiated out of the body
Qr = A (T24 T4 ) W;
Heat Conducted through the body
c=
gives T2 = 260.16C.
K 1
b
gives T1 = 673.38C.
Thermal strain is given by,

_
ax = = . 0 673.38 = 7.8 656 0 m / m
in = = ! =
9 "
The compressive stress introduced is given by,

z = -#vg$the%&#l$st%#'* E = -+,:<=>>? +:@ P#
Temperature at a distance z from the face with higher temperature is given by,
BD = FGHNHI FGHNHI JFLNMF C = FGHNHI JLNFFMC

JL
Only half-length is considered for calculating deformation, since deformation is symmetric
dUo
k
|
| }q }
= p}q~ } w q ~q} ~~yq{ +

~ }
=
= O VXYZ[\] + ^VZu`VuZ\] RSfj
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature on Part 4(C)
673.38
673.49
Temperature on Part 1 (C)
260.16
260.15
Maximum Thermal Strain

(m/m)
7.81656e-3
7.8179e-3
Minimum Thermal Strain

(m/m)
2.85792e-3
0.0028578
Normal Stress in Z direction

(Pa)
-1.067448e9
-1.0183e9
-4.6
Directional Deformation in
Z direction (m)
-0.0123966
-0.012572
1.4
88
VMMECH036: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rotating Bar using Temperature

Dependant Density
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Stress Analysis (Sequence Loading)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A Bar (2 m x 2m x 20m) with one end fixed and with a rotational velocity about X axis at location (1, 1,
0) is subjected to a Uniform Temperature (Thermal Condition Load) in three steps. For all the steps,
Reference Temperature is 0C. Frictionless Support is applied on all the longitudinal faces.
Material Properties
Geometric
Properties
E = 1 x 106 Pa
= 1 x 10-5 1/C
=0
Temperature C
Density kg/m3
Part 1:
2mx2
m x 20
m
Loading
Rotational Velocity (rad/s) in
steps:
1. (1, 0, 0)
2. (0.5, 0, 0)
50
100
150
30
60
90
3. (0.25, 0, 0)
Thermal Condition C
1. 50C
2. 100C
3. 150C
89
VMMECH036
Analysis
Rotational Stress
2 2
Thm
3

Df

!"#$ Equ%v#$&'" (")&**
56789 :;<6=>87?6@
CFCGH
./.14
+!"#"%!'#$ (")&**
A6787?6@89 :;<6=>87?6@
+
+
,&)-#$ ( " )&**
5B;=>89 :; <6=>87?6@
Results Comparison
Results
Equivalent Stress (Pa)
Total Deformation (m)
90
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Step 1
6500
6502.6
0.040
Step 2
4000
4001.3
0.032
Step 3
2625
2625.5
0.019
Step 1
0.09
0.09
Step 2
0.06
0.06
Step 3
0.045
0.045
VMMECH037: Cooling of a Spherical Body
Overview
Reference:
F. Kreith, "Principles of Heat Transfer", 2nd Printing, International

Textbook Co., Scranton, PA, 1959, pg. 143, ex. 4-5.
Analysis
Type(s):
Transient Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Plane
Test Case
Determine the temperature at the center of a spherical body, initially at a temperature T0, when exposed
to an environment having a temperature Te for a period of 6 hours (21600 s). The surface convection
coefficient is h.
Initial temperature, T0 = 65 F
Surface temperature, Te = 25F
Convection coefficient h = 5.5556e-4 BTU/s-ft2-F
Time, t = 21600 seconds
Radius of the sphere ro = 2 in = 1/6 ft
Material Properties
K = (1/3) BTU/hr-ft-F
3
= 62 lb/ft
c = 1.075 Btu/lb-F
Quarter Circular lamina

Radius = 0.16667 ft
Loading
Convection applied
on Edge = 5.5556e4 BTU/s-ft2-F
Ambient Temperature for Convection
= 25F
91
VMMECH037
Analysis
Since the problem is axisymmetric, only a 2-D quarter model is used.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature at the Centre

of body after 21600s (F)
28
28.688
2.457
92
VMMECH038: Crashing Blocks Simulation with Transient Structural Analysis
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Kinematics book.
Analysis
Type(s):
Flexible Dynamic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Left Block of mass 2.355e-4 kg is given a constant initial velocity of 100 mm/sec to collide with the
middle block1of mass 1.1775e-4 kg. All three blocks are resting on Base. Frictionless supports are applied
as shown in the figure and also on the bottom faces of left and middle blocks. Right block is fixed using
Fixed Support and the base is fixed by applying Fixed Joint.
Find the velocity of both the moving blocks after impact.
Material Properties
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
= 7.85e-6kg/mm3
Left Block = 3mm x

2mm x 5mm
Middle Block = 2.5mm
x 2mm x 3mm
Right Block =3mm x
6mm x 4mm
Loading
Left Block Initial
Velocity = 100
mm/s (X direction)
93
VMMECH038
Material Properties
Loading
Base = 3mm x
8.607mm x 75.15mm
Analysis
For Perfectly Elastic Collision between the blocks,
mL (Li - Lf) = mM (Mf - Mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I
Li + Lf = Mf + Mi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
mL, mM = Mass of Left and Middle Block in kg
Li, Lf = Initial and Final Velocity of the Left Block in mm/sec
Mi = Initial velocity of Middle Block in mm/sec = 0 as it is at rest
Mf = Velocity of Middle Block after impact in mm/sec
Solving I and II,
Lf = 33.3 mm/sec
Mf = 133.34 mm/sec
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Velocity of Left Block after

impact (mm/sec)
33.3
33.809
1.5
Velocity of Middle Block

after impact (mm/sec)
133.4
132.38
-0.8
94
VMMECH039: Transient Response of a Spring-mass System
Overview
Reference:
R. K. Vierck, Vibration Analysis, 2nd Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY, 1979, sec. 5-8.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Spring
Test Case
A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a
pulse load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history
shown.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
= 0.25 kg/m3
k1 = 6 N/m
k2 = 16 N/m
m1 = 2 kg
m2 = 2kg
2 Blocks = 2m x 2m x
2m
Length of L1 spring =
6m
Length of L2 spring =
7m
Loading
F0 = 50 N
td = 1.8 sec
95
VMMECH039
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Y1, m (@ t = 1.3s)
14.48
14.335
-1
Y2, m (@ t = 1.3s)
3.99
3.9151
-1.9
Y1, m (@ t = 2.4s)
18.32
18.511
Y2, m (@ t = 2.4s)
6.14
6.1971
0.9
96
VMMECH040: Deflection of Beam using Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A long bar 1m X 1m X 24m with simply supported ends is subjected to lateral load of 1000 N at a distance
of 8m from one end. Find Deformation at the 8m from simply Supported end.
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
Bar = 1m x 1m x 24m
= 0.001 kg/m3
Loading
Force = -1000 N (Ydirection) at 8m
from Simply Supported end
Analysis
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
=
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry
97
VMMECH040
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Scenario 1: Directional Deformation in Y-direction (m)
-2.569e-5
-2.5695e-5
0.019
Scenario 2: Directional Deformation in Y-direction (m)
-1.70662e-6
-1.7383e-6
1.856
98
VMMECH041: Brooks Coil with Winding for Periodic Symmetry
Overview
Reference:
W. Boast, Principles of Electric and Magnetic Fields, 1948 Harpers

Brothers, Page 242, Equation 12.05.
Analysis
Type(s):
Electromagnetic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
The winding body is enclosed in an Air Body. The radius of Coil is 30 mm and cross section is 20 mm
X 20 mm. The number of turns is 200 and current is 0.5 A. "Flux Parallel" is applied on all the 7 outer
surfaces. Periodic Symmetry is applied on two faces. The dimensions of the air body are such that it
encloses the coil. Find the Total Flux Density.
Figure 54: Dimensions of Body
99
VMMECH041
Figure 55: Schematic Diagram
Material Properties
Young's
Modulus
(Pa)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
(kg/m3)
Relative Permeability
Electric Resistivity
(ohm-m)
DSVM41_MAT1
(Emag Part)
1e7
DSVM41_MAT2
(Winding Body)
1.1e11
0.34
8300
2e-7
Analysis
Flux Density =

2+
where:
N = number of turns (1)
I = current per turn (100)
mu = (4 x x 10-7)
S = width of coil (20e-3m)
R = radius to midspan of coil (3*S/2)
=
100
-
VMMECH041
Results Comparison
Results
Total Flux Density (T)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1.99e-3
0.0019848
-0.3
101
102
VMMECH042: Hydrostatic Pressure Applied on a Square Bar with Fully, Partially

Submerged in a Fluid
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Long bar 20m x 2m x 2m is immersed in a fluid and is fixed at one end. Fluid density is 1000 kg/m3
and Hydrostatic acceleration is 10 m/s2 in negative Z direction. Hydrostatic pressure is applied on a
longitudinal face normal to X-axis at different locations as given in the scenarios below. Find normal
stress in Z direction of square bar.
Scenario 1: Square bar is partially immersed in the fluid up to 15 m in Z direction from the fixed support.
Scenario 2: Square bar is fully immersed in the fluid up to 25 m in Z direction from the fixed support
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 7850 kg/m3
Long bar = 20m x 2m
x 2m
Loading
Hydrostatic Pressure Acceleration =
-10 m/s2 (Z direction)
Surface Location:
103
VMMECH042
Material Properties
Loading
Scenario 1: (2,1,5)
m
Scenario 2: (2,1,-5)
m
Analysis
Scenario 1: Partialy Submerged (Pressure distribution in triangular form)
Pressure distribution on square bar in triangular form, one end is maximum and other end is zero
Pressure on square bar = P = x g x h
Load per meter is w = P x L
Maximum bending moment =

Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus
Scenario 2: Fully Submerged (Pressure distribution in trapezoidal form)
Maximum bending moment =
where:
W1 = Maximum Load per meter (@ 25m)
W2 = Minimum Load per meter (@ 5m)
Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Normal Stress (Partially Submerged) (Pa)
8.4375e6
8529300
-1.088
3.50e7
3.5241e7
0.689
Normal Stress (Fully Submerged) (Pa)
104
VMMECH043: Fundamental Frequency of a Simply-Supported Beam
Overview
Reference:
W. T. Thompson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 18, ex. 1.5-1
Analysis
Type(s):
Modal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Determine the fundamental frequency f of a simply-supported beam of length = 80 in and uniform
cross-section A = 4 in2 as shown below.
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
=0.2836 lb/in3
Loading
= 80 in
A = 4 in2
h = 2 in
I = 1.3333 in4
Results Comparison
Results
Frequency (Hz)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
28.766
28.613
0.532
105
106
VMMECH044: Thermally Loaded Support Structure
Overview
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory

and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
NY, 1955, pg. 30, problem 9.
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
An assembly of three vertical wires has a rigid horizontal beam on which a vertically downward force
Q is acting. Length of the wires is 20 in, the spacing between the wires is 10 in and the reference temperature is 70 F. The entire assembly is subjected to a temperature rise of T. Find the stresses in the
copper and steel wire of the structure shown below. The wires have a cross-sectional area of A.
Material Properties
VMSIM044_material_rigid:
Er = 3e16 psi
r = 0
VMSIM044_material_copper:
A = 0.1 in2
Loading
Q = 4000 lb (Y direction)
T = 10 F
Ec = 1.6e7 psi
c = 0
c = 9.2e-6 / F
VMSIM044_material_steel:
107
VMMECH044
Material Properties
Loading
Es = 3e7 psi
s = 0
s = 7e-6 / F
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stress in steel (psi)
19695
19695
0.00
Stress in copper (psi)
10152
10152
0.00
108
VMMECH045: Laterally Loaded Tapered Support Structure
Overview
Reference:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of

Solids, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 342,
problem 7.18.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cantilever beam of thickness t and length has a depth which tapers uniformly from d at the tip to
3d at the wall. It is loaded by a force F at the tip, as shown. Find the maximum bending stress at the
mid-length (X = ).
Material Properties
Es = 3e7 psi
s = 0
Loading
F = 4000 lb (Y direction)
= 50 in
d = 3 in
t = 2 in
Results Comparison
Results
Bending stress at mid length (psi)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
8333
8373.7
0.5
109
110
VMMECH046: Pinched Cylinder
Overview
Reference:
R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element

Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 1981, pp. 284-287
H. Takemoto, R. D. Cook, "Some Modifications of an Isoparametric Shell Element", International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 3, 1973.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A thin-walled cylinder is pinched by a force F at the middle of the cylinder length. Determine the radial
displacement at the point where F is applied. The ends of the cylinder are free edges. A one-eighth
symmetry model is used. One-fourth of the load is applied due to symmetry.
Material Properties
Es = 10.5e6 psi
s = 0.3125
= 10.35 in
r = 4.953 in
t = 0.094 in
Loading
F = 100 lbf (Y direction)
111
VMMECH046
Analysis
Due to symmetrical boundary and loading conditions, one-eighth model is used and one-fourth of the
load is applied.
Results Comparison
Results
Deflection (in)
112
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-0.1139
0.11376
-0.1
VMMECH047: Plastic Compression of a Pipe Assembly
Overview
Reference:

ex. 5.1.
Analysis
Type(s):
Plastic Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric
Test Case
Two coaxial tubes, the inner one of 1020 CR steel and cross-sectional area As, and the outer one of
2024-T4 aluminum alloy and of area Aa, are compressed between heavy, flat end plates, as shown below.
Determine the load-deflection curve of the assembly as it is compressed into the plastic region by an
axial displacement. Assume that the end plates are so stiff that both tubes are shortened by exactly
the same amount.
Material Properties
VMSIM047_CR_steel:
= 10 in
Steel:
Es = 26,875,000 psi
(yp)s = 86,000 psi
VMSIM047_T4_aluminum alloy:
Inside radius =
1.9781692 in
Loading
1st Load step: = 0.032 in
2nd Load step: =
-0.05 in
3rd Load step: =
-0.10 in
113
VMMECH047
Material Properties
Ea = 11,000,000 psi
(yp)a = 55,000 psi
= 0.3
Loading
Wall thickness = 0.5

in
Aluminum:
Inside radius =
3.5697185 in
Wall thickness = 0.5
in
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Load, lb for Deflection @ 0.032 in
1.0244e6
1033900
0.9
1.262e6
1262800
0.1
1.262e6
1267200
0.412
114
VMMECH048: Bending of a Tee-Shaped Beam
Overview
Reference:

ex. 7.2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Find the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in an unsymmetrical T beam subjected
to uniform bending Mz, with dimensions and geometric properties as shown below.
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
Loading
b = 1.5 in
h = 8 in
y = 6 in
Mz = 100,000 lbf-in
(Z direction)
Area = 60 in2
Iz = 2000 in4
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
StressBEND, Bottom (psi)
300
300
StressBEND, Top (psi)
-700
-700
115
116
VMMECH049: Combined Bending and Torsion of Beam
Overview
Reference:

NY, 1955, pg. 299, problem 2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A vertical bar of length and radius r is subjected to the action of a horizontal force F acting at a distance d from the axis of the bar. Determine the maximum principal stress max.
Figure 63: Problem Sketch
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
= 25 ft
r = 2.33508 in
d = 3 ft
Loading
M = 9000 lbf-in (Z
direction)
117
VMMECH049
Results Comparison
Results
Principal stressmax (psi)
118
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
7527
7515.5
-0.153
VMMECH050: Cylindrical Shell under Pressure
Overview
Reference:

and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New
York, NY, 1955, pg. 45, article 11.
A. C. Ugural, S. K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied
Elasticity, Elsevier, 1981.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell element
Test Case
A long cylindrical pressure vessel of mean diameter d and wall thickness t has closed ends and is subjected to an internal pressure P. Determine the axial stress y and the hoop stress z in the vessel at
the mid-thickness of the wall.
119
VMMECH050
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
Loading
t = 1 in
d = 120 in
P = 500 psi (radial

direction)
Analysis
An axial force of 5654866.8 lb ((Pd2)/4) is applied to simulate the closed-end effect.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stressy (psi)
15000
15000
Stressz (psi)
30000
30002
0.007
120
VMMECH051: Bending of a Circular Plate Using Axisymmetric Elements
Overview
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory

NY, 1956, pp. 96, 97, and 103.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell element
Test Case
A flat circular plate of radius r and thickness t is subject to various edge constraints and surface loadings.
Determine the deflection at the middle and the maximum stress max for each case.
Case 1: Uniform loading P, clamped edge
Case 2: Concentrated center loading F, clamped edge
Case 1:
Case 2:
121
VMMECH051
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
r = 40 in
t = 1 in
Loading
Case 1:
P = 6 psi
Case 2:
F = -7539.82 lb (y
direction)
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Case 1:
Deflection (in)
Stressmax (psi)
-0.08736
7200
-0.087114
7212.8
-0.282
0.178
Case 2:
Deflection (in)
Stressmax (psi)
-0.08736
3600
-0.088025
3607.9
0.761
0.219
122
VMMECH052: Velocity of Pistons for Trunnion Mechanism
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Kinematics book
Analysis
Type(s):
Rigid Dynamic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Multipoint Constraint Element
Test Case
The Trunnion mechanism has the following data (all distances are center-to-center distances):
Crank radius OA = 100 mm and is oriented at 30 deg to Global Y Axis
AB = 400 mm
AC = 150 mm
CE = 350 mm
EF = 300 mm
Constant Angular Velocity at Crank = 12.57 rad/s
Center of Trunnion is at distance of 200 mm from line of stroke of Piston B horizontally and 300 mm
vertical from Center of Crank
Find the Velocity of Piston (F) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
Find the Velocity of Piston (B) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
123
VMMECH052
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
AB = 400 mm
AC = 150 mm
CE = 350 mm
EF = 300 mm
Loading
Constant angular
velocity at crank =
12.57 rad/s
Analysis
Analysis done using graphical solution.
Consider the Space Diagram, Velocity Diagram at the 180 from Initial Position.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Velocity of Piston (F) m/s
501.8
497.04
-0.949
Velocity of Piston (B) m/s
955
959.72
0.494
124
VMMECH053: Simple Pendulum with SHM motion
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A simple pendulum as shown in Figure 69: Schematic (p. 125) has a SHM motion about its hinged point
given by the following equation:
= 1.571*sin (0.5235*t) rad
The hinge point coordinates are:
1. Hinge point = (0, 0, -35.56) mm
Find the relative angular acceleration of pendulum after t = 3s.
Material Properties
E = 2000000 MPa
= 0.3
Hinge point = (0, 0, 35.56) mm
Loading
Rotation =
1.571*sin (0.5235*t)
rad
Analysis
The pendulum is having SHM motion in X-Z plane about the hinge.
Angular acceleration of pendulum:
125
VMMECH053
=
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Relative angular acceleration

of pendulum after t = 3s
(rad/s2)
-0.433
-0.43054
-0.568
126
VMMECH054: Spinning Single Pendulum
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A uniform bar A is connected to a vertical shaft by a revolute joint. The vertical shaft is rotating around
its vertical axis at a constant velocity . A point mass M is attached at the tip of the bar in the figure
below. The length of bar A is L. Its mass is m, its rotational inertia to its principal axis are Jx, Jy, Jz.
The angle of the bar A to the vertical axis is denoted as . The motion equation has been established
as follows.
( J z + 14 ml 2 + Ml 2 ) ( J x J y + 14 ml 2 + Ml 2 ) 2
+ mgl
+ Mgl
The problem is solved for { { during the first second of motion. The WB/Mechanical results are compared
to a fourth order Runge-Kutta solution.
127
VMMECH054
Material Properties
Loading
L= 2.2361 m
= tan-1(1,2)
=0
= 17.1522
m = 551.45 kg
M = 100.0 kg
Jx = 229.97 kg-m2
Jy = 2.7293 kg-m2
Jz = 229.97 kg-m2
Results Comparison
Results
at 0.5 sec
at 0.5 sec
128
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-1.3233
-1.3233
0.0
116.1368
116.1368
0.0
VMMECH054
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-2.6755
-2.6755
0.0
119.8471
119.8471
0.0
at 1.0 sec
at 1.0 sec
Figure 71: Plot of from 0 to 1 sec
Figure 72: Plot of from 0 to 1 sec
129
130
VMMECH055: Projector mechanism- finding the acceleration of a point
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The mechanism shown in figure is used to pull a movie through a projector. The mechanism is driven
by the drive wheel rotating at a constant -58.643 rad/s. The link lengths of all the links are constant as
given below.
Link AB length r1 = 18mm
Link BC length r2 = 48mm
Length BX = x = 45 mm and CX = y = 28 mm
The horizontal distance between A and C is length=34 mm. Determine the acceleration of point C with
a change of angle of link AB (1) from 0 to 60 in counter clockwise direction.
131
VMMECH055
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Loading
r1 = 18 mm
r2 = 48 mm
x = 45 mm
y = 28 mm
Constant rotational
velocity = -58.643
rad/s
Analysis
Linear acceleration of point C is given by

c = 2
1 2
+ 2
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Relative acceleration (1 =
10) mm/s2
-12.06
-12.043
-0.141
30) mm/s2
1.317
1.3168
-0.015
60) mm/s2
6.739
6.7386
-0.006
132
VMMECH056: Coriolis component of acceleration-Rotary engine problem
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
Kinematics diagram of one of the cylinders of a rotary engine is shown below. OA is 50mm long and
fixed at point o. The length of the connecting rod AB is 125mm. The line of stroke OB is inclined at 50
to the vertical. The cylinders are rotating at a uniform speed of 300 rpm in a clockwise direction, about
the fixed center O.
Find Angular acceleration of the connecting rod.
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Connecting rod AB is
125mm Crank OA is
50mm long
OB is inclined at 50 to
the vertical.
Loading
Constant rotational
velocity = 300 rpm
133
VMMECH056
Analysis
Angular acceleration of the connecting rod is given by:

AB =
t
3
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Angular acceleration (radian/s2)
294.52
294.53
134
VMMECH057: Calculation of velocity of slider and force by collar
Overview
Reference:
Beer-Johnston Vector Mechanics for Engineers Statics & Dynamics (In SI Units), 7th Edition, TATA McGRAW HILL Edition
2004, Problem 13.73, Page No: 793
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A 1.2 Kg collar is attached to a spring and slides without friction along a circular rod in a vertical plane.
The spring has an undeformed length of 105 mm and a constant K = 300 N/m. Knowing that the collar
is at rest at "C" and is given a slight push to get it moving.
Length OP = 75 mm.
Length OB = 180 mm.
Determine the force exerted by the rod on the collar as it passes through point "A" and "B".
135
VMMECH057
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Loading
Spring:
Gravitational acceleration = -9.8066
Undeformed length =
105 mm
Stiffness K = 300 N/m
m/s2 (Y Direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
At point A (N)
14.88
14.992
0.753
At point B (N)
-23.6
-23.667
0.3
136
VMMECH058: Reverse four bar linkage mechanism
Overview
Reference:
Results are simulated using MATLAB
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The figure (below) shows a reverse four bar linkage consisting of uniform rigid links PQ, QR, and RS and
ground PS.
Link PQ is connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points Q and P, respectively. Link RS is
connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points R and S, respectively.
The link lengths of all the links are constant as given below.
Fixed Link PS length r1 = 0.5m
Crank Link PQ length r2 = 0.15m
Link QR length r3 = 0.4m
Link RS length r4 = 0.45m
Gravity g = 9.81m/sec2
Determine the angular accelerations, angular velocity and rotation of link RS at joint R.
137
VMMECH058
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Loading
Link PS length r1 =
0.5m
Link PQ length r2 =
0.15m
Link QR length r3 =
0.4m
Link RS length r4 =
0.45m
Gravitational acceleration = -9.8066

m/s2 (Y Direction)
Analysis
Results are obtained using MATLAB.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Angular Acceleration (rad/s )
39.6
39.336
-0.671
Angular Velocity (rad/sec)
-5.16
-5.1247
-0.7
Rotation (rad)
-0.36
-0.36255
0.7
138
VMMECH059: Bending of a solid beam (Plane elements)
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 4th Edition, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1965, pp. 104, 106.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
2-D Plane Stress Shell element
Test Case
A beam of length and height h is built-in at one end and loaded at the free end with:
a moment M
a shear force F
For each case, determine the deflection at the free end and the bending stress Bend at a distance d
from the wall at the outside fiber.
Case 1:
Case 2:
139
VMMECH059
Material Properties
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.3
= 10 in
h = 2 in
d = 1 in
Loading
Case 1:
M = 2000 ibf-in (Z
direction)
Case 2:
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress
problem.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Case 1:
Deflection (in)
StressBend (psi)
0.00500
-3000
0.00500
-3000
0
0
Case 2:
Deflection (in)
StressBend (psi)
0.00500
-4050
0.0051232
-4051.5
2
0
140
VMMECH060: Crank Slot joint simulation with flexible dynamic analysis
Overview
Reference:
Mechanical APDL Multibody Analysis
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Multipoint Constraint Element
Test Case
The figure shows crank slot model consists of a base and two rods. The two rods are attached to each
other and the base with three bolts. The base of the model is fixed to the ground via a fixed joint and
Bolt3 connected with slot joint to base. Define Rod1 and Rod2 as a flexible body and run the crank slot
analysis using a Flexible Dynamic Analysis.
Determine the Equivalent (von Mises) Stress for both flexible rods.
Material Properties
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
Rod1 length = 75mm
Rod2 length = 115mm
Loading
Constant angular
acceleration at base
to Bolt1 = 25 rad/s2
141
VMMECH060
Analysis
Figure 79: Contour Plot
Figure 80: Equivalent (von Mises) Stress
Figure 81: Total Force at Base to Bolt1
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Equivalent (von Mises) Stress

(MPa)
0.398
0.40834
2.6
142
VMMECH060
Results
Force @ Bolt1 (N)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
7.67
7.6808
0.141
143
144
VMMECH061: Out-of-plane bending of a curved bar
Overview
Reference:

NY, 1955, pg. 412, eq. 241.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A portion of a horizontal circular ring, built-in at A, is loaded by a vertical (Z) load F applied at the end
B. The ring has a solid circular cross-section of diameter d. Determine the deflection at end B and the
maximum bending stress Bend.
Material Properties
Loading
r = 100 in
d = 2 in
= 90
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.3
F = -50 lb (Z direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Deflection (in)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-2.648
-2.655
0.264
145
VMMECH061
Results
StressBend (psi)
146
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
6366.0
6399.2
0.522
VMMECH062: Stresses in a long cylinder
Overview
Reference:

NY, 1956, pg. 213, problem 1 and pg. 213, article 42.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is initially subjected to an internal pressure p. Determine the radial displacement r at the inner surface, the radial stress r, and tangential stress t, at the inner and outer surfaces
and at the middle wall thickness. Internal pressure is then removed and the cylinder is subjected to a
rotation about its center line. Determine the radial r and tangential t stresses at the inner wall and
at an interior point located at r = Xi.
Case 1:
Case 2:
147
VMMECH062
Material Properties
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.3
= 0.281826 lbm/in3
Loading
a = 4 in
b = 8 in
Xi = 5.43 in
Case 1:
Pressure = 30,000
psi (radial direction)
Case 2:
Rotational velocity
= 1000 rad/s (Y direction)
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Case 1:
Displacementr, in (r
= 4 in)
Stressr, psi (r = 4 in)
Stresst, psi (r = 8 in)
0.0078666
-30000.
-7778.
0
50000.
27778.
20000.
0.0076267
-29988
-7775.3
0.79611
49988
27775
19999
-3.05
-0.04
-0.035
--0.024
-0.011
-0.005
Case 2:

Stressr, psi (r = 5.43
in)
Stresst, psi (r = 5.43
in)
0
40588.
4753.
29436.
6.5483
41672
4933.7
29719
-2.671
3.802
0.961
148
VMMECH063: Large deflection of a cantilever
Overview
Reference:
K. J. Bathe, E. N. Dvorkin, "A Formulation of General Shell Elements - The Use of Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,
Vol. 22 No. 3, 1986, pg. 720.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cantilever plate of length , width b and thickness t is fixed at one end and subjected to a pure
bending moment M at the free end. Determine the true (large deflection) free-end displacements and
the top surface stress at the fixed end using shell elements.
Material Properties
E = 1800 N/mm2
= 0.0
= 12 mm
b = 1 mm
t = 1 mm
Loading
M = 15.708 N-mm
(Y direction)
Analysis
Large deformation is used to simulate the problem.
149
VMMECH063
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Xdirection (mm)
-2.9
-2.9354
1.221
Directional Deformation Zdirection (mm)
-6.5
-6.608
1.662
94.25
94.266
0.017
Normal Stress X-direction

(N/mm2)
150
VMMECH064: Small deflection of a Belleville Spring
Overview
Reference:

NY, 1956, pg. 143, problem 2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
The conical ring shown below represents an element of a Belleville spring. Determine the deflection y
produced by a load F per unit length on the inner edge of the ring.
Material Properties
Loading
a = 1 in
b = 1.5 in
t = 0.1 in
= 7 = 0.12217 rad
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.0
Line pressure = 100 lb/in (Y direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Ydirection (in)
-0.0028205
-0.0029273
3.8
151
152
VMMECH065: Thermal Expansion to Close a Gap at a Rigid Surface
Overview
Reference:
C. O. Harris, Introduction to Stress Analysis, The Macmillan Co.,

New York, NY, 1959, pg. 58, problem 8.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Shell
Test Case
An aluminum-alloy bar is initially at a temperature of 70F. Calculate the stresses and the thermal strain
in the bar after it has been heated to 170F. The supports are assumed to be rigid. Use a global mesh
size of 0.25 in.
Material Properties
E = 10.5 x 106 psi
-5
= 1.25 x 10 /F
= 3 in.
= 0.002 in.
Loading
t = 170F - 70F
153
VMMECH065
Material Properties
Loading
= 0.0
Results Comparison
Results
Normal Stress Y (psi)
Thermal Strain Y (in/in)
154
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-6125
-6122.4
1.25e-003
1.25e-003
VMMECH066: Bending of a Tapered Plate
Overview
Reference:

Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A tapered cantilever plate of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a load F at its tip. Find the maximum deflection and the maximum principal stress 1 in the plate. Use a global mesh size of 0.75 in.
Material Properties
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.0
L = 20 in
d = 3 in
t = 0.5 in
Loading
F = 10 lbf
155
VMMECH066
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Principal Stress

(psi)
1600
1614.7
0.9
Directional Deformation Z
(in)
-0.042667
-0.042746
-0.2
156
VMMECH067: Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar
Overview
Reference:

Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A tapered aluminum alloy bar of square cross-section and length L is suspended from a ceiling. An
axial load F is applied to the free end of the bar. Determine the maximum axial deflection in the bar
and the axial stress y at mid-length (Y = L/2). Use a global mesh size of 0.5 in.
157
VMMECH067
Material Properties
Loading
L = 10 in
d = 2 in
E = 10.4 x 106 psi

= 0.3
F = 10000 lbf
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Y
(in)
0.0048077
0.0048215
- 0.287
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi)
4444
4463
- 0.428
158
VMMECH068: Plastic Loading of a Thick Walled Cylinder
Overview
Reference:

NY, 1956, pg. 388, article 70.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static, Plastic Analysis (Plane Strain)
Element
Type(s):
2-D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure p (with no end cap load). Determine
the radial stress, r, and the tangential (hoop) stress, t, at locations near the inner and outer surfaces
of the cylinder for a pressure, pel, just below the yield strength of the material, a fully elastic material
condition. Determine the effective (von Mises) stress, eff, at the same locations for a pressure, pult,
which brings the entire cylinder wall into a state of plastic flow. Use a global mesh size of 0.4 in along
with a Mapped Face Meshing.
159
VMMECH068
Material Properties
Loading
a = 4 in
b = 8 in
E = 30 x 106 psi
yp = 30,000 psi
= 0.3
pel = 12,990 psi

pult = 24,011 psi
Analysis
This problem is modeled as a plane strain problem with only a quarter of the cross-section as shown
in the above figures. Symmetry conditions are used on the edges perpendicular to X and Y axes. Load
is applied in two steps as shown in the above table. The stresses are calculated at a distance of r = 4.4
in and 7.6 in, w.r.t a cylindrical coordinate system whose origin is same as that of the global coordinate
system.
Results Comparison
Results
Fully Elastic
Fully Plastic
160
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Stressr, psi (X = 4.4 in)
-9984
-9948.8
-0.4
Stresst, psi (X = 4.4 in)
18645
18609
-0.2
Stressr, psi (X = 7.6 in)
-468
-469.1
0.2
Stresst, psi (X = 7.6 in)
9128
9129.1
Stresseff, psi (X = 4.4 in)
30000
30000
Stresseff, psi (X = 7.6 in)
30000
30000
0.00
VMMECH069: Barrel Vault Roof Under Self Weight
Overview
Reference:
R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,

2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981, pp.
284-287.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cylindrical shell roof of density is subjected to a loading of its own weight. The roof is supported
by walls at each end and is free along the sides. Find the x and y displacements at point A and the top
and bottom stresses at points A and B. Express stresses in the cylindrical coordinate system. Use a
global mesh size of 4 m.
161
VMMECH069
Material Properties
E = 4.32 x 108 N/m2

= 0.3
= 36.7347 kg/m3
Loading
t = 0.25 m
r = 25 m
= 50 m
= 40
g = 9.8 m/s2
Analysis
A one-fourth symmetry model is used. Displacements, UX and UY, and the longitudinal rotation, ROTZ,
are constrained at the roof end to model the support wall.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
@ A, m
-0.3019
-0.30903
2.362
Directional Deformation X
@ A, m
-0.1593
-0.16267
2.116
Stressz, Top @ A, Pa
215570
223680
3.762
Stressz, Bottom @ A, Pa
340700
350030
2.738
Stressangle, Top @ B, Pa
191230
184270
-3.639
Stressangle, Bottom @ B, Pa
-218740
-210980
-3.5
162
VMMECH070: Hyperelastic Thick Cylinder Under Internal Pressure
Overview
Reference:
J. T. Oden, Finite Elements of Nonlinear Continua, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1972, pp. 325-331.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static, Large Deflection Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Structural Solid Elements
Test Case
An infinitely long cylinder is made of Mooney-Rivlin type material. An internal pressure of Pi is applied.
Find the radial displacement at the inner radius and the radial stress at radius R = 8.16 in. Use a global
mesh size of 1 in along with a Mapped Face Meshing.
163
VMMECH070
Material Properties
Mooney-Rivlin material coefficients:
Loading
ri = 7.0 in
ro = 18.625 in
Pi = 150 psi
C10 = 80 psi
C01 = 20 psi
D1 = 0 /psi
Analysis
Because of the loading conditions and the infinite length, this problem is solved as a plane strain
problem. A one-fourth symmetry model is used. The total pressure is applied in two load increments
90 and 150 psi. Stress and Deformation are expressed in cylindrical coordinate system.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Deformation at inner radius

in radial direction, in
7.18
7.1819
0.026
Radial Stress at r = 8.16 in,

psi
-122
-122
164
VMMECH071: Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire
Overview
Reference:
W. M. Rohsenow, H. Y. Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer,

2nd Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963, pg.
106, ex. 6.5.
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Test Case
Determine the centerline temperature TcL and the surface temperature Ts of a bare steel wire generating
heat at the rate Q. The surface convection coefficient between the wire and the air (at temperature Ta)
is h. Also, determine the heat dissipation rate q. Use a global mesh size of 0.02 ft along with a Mapped
Face Meshing.
165
VMMECH071
Material Properties
-3
k = 3.6111 x 10 Btu/sft-F
Loading
ro = 0.03125 ft
h = 1.3889 x 10-3
Btu/s-ft2-F
Ta = 70F
Q = 30.92 Btu/s-ft3
Analysis
Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an
axisymmetric problem. The solution is based on a wire 1 foot long.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Centerline Temperature, F
419.9
419.94
0.01
Surface Temperature, F
417.9
417.85
0.012
-0.094861
-0.094861
0.00
Heat dissipation rate, BTU/s
166
VMMECH072: Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder
Overview
Reference:

and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co, Inc., New York,
NY, 1956, pg. 234, problem 1.
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is maintained at a temperature Ti on the inner surface and To on the outer
surface. Determine the temperature distribution through the wall thickness. Also determine the axial
stress a and the tangential (hoop) stress t at the inner and outer surfaces Edge sizing is used for all
edges and edge behavior is defined as hard.
Material Properties
E = 30 x 106 psi
a = 0.1875 in
b = 0.625 in
Loading
Ti = -1F
167
VMMECH072
Material Properties
Loading
To = 0F
= 1.435 x 10-5/F
= 0.3
k = 8.333e-4 Btu/s-in-F
Analysis
Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an
axisymmetric problem. The axial length is arbitrary and it is taken has 0.1 in. Nodal coupling is used in
the static stress analysis. Model is used for the thermal and stress solutions.
Results Comparison
Thermal Analysis
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
T,F (at X = 0.1875 in)
-1.0000
-1.0000
T,F (at X = 0.2788 in)
-0.67037
-0.67052
0.022
T,F (at X = 0.625 in)
Static Analysis
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.1875 in)
420.42
416.06
-1.037
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.1875 in)
420.42
405.31
-3.594
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.625 in)
-194.58
-195.06
0.247
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.625 in)
-194.58
-195.01
0.221
168
VMMECH073: Modal Analysis of a Cyclic Symmetric Annular Plate
Overview
Reference:
R. D. Blevins, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape,

New York, NY, VanNostrand Reinhold Publishing Inc., 1979, PP.
246-247, 286-287.
Analysis
Type(s):
Mode-Frequency Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
The fundamental natural frequency of an annular plate is determined using a mode-frequency analysis.
The lower bound is calculated from the natural frequency of the annular plates that are free on the inner
radius and fixed on the outer. The bounds for the plate frequency are compared to the theoretical results.
37 cm
0.5cm
100 cm
Material Properties
E = 7.1 x 105 kg/cm2

= 0.3
100 cm
Loading
Outside Radius (a) = 50

cm
169
VMMECH073
Material Properties
= 2.79 x 10
-9
kg/cm2
-6
= 1.415 x 10 kgsec2/cm3
Loading
Inside Radius (b) = 18.5

cm
Thickness (h) = 0.5 cm
Sector Angle = 30
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

According to Blevins, the lower bound for the fundamental natural frequency of the annular plate is
found using the formula presented in Table 11-2 of the reference:

=

Where,
2 = 4.80
Results Comparison
Results
Frequency (Hz)
170
Target
23.38
Mechanical
Error (%)
23.0747648726393
-1.305539
(1)
VMMECH074: Tension/Compression Only Springs
Overview
Reference:
Rao, Singiresu S. Mechanical Vibrations. 4th ed. Singapore:

Prentice Hall, 2004. 20.
Analysis
Type(s):
Rigid Body Dynamic Spring Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
This test calculates the elastic forces of both tension and compression only springs. A compression only
spring uses a negative (compressive) displacement. A tension only spring uses a positive (tensile) displacement. Both spring types are analyzed in tension and compression loading. The detection of the
spring state being in tension or compression is determined by the non-linear solver.
0.5 m
0.5 m
1m
natural
length
Tensile (x 1 )
Material Properties
Compressive (x 2 )
k = 1.0e7 N/m
x1 = 0.5 m
x2 = -0.5 m
m = 7850 kg
Loading
Lo = 1 m

Hookes Law:
Elastic Force = Spring Constant * Displacement
F = k*x
Spring 1: Compression Only spring
171
VMMECH074
Spring 2: Tension Only spring
Results Comparison
Tensile Displacement (x1)
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Elastic Force (N) Spring 1
5.0e6
5.0e6
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-5.0e6
-5.0e6
Compressive Displacement (x2)

Results
172
VMMECH075: Harmonic Response of Two-Story Building under Transverse Loading
Overview
Reference:
W. T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd Edition,

1999, Example 6.4-1, pg. 166
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A two-story building has two columns (2K and K) constituting stiffness elements and two slabs (2M and
M) constituting mass elements. Find the y directional deformation frequency response of the system
at 70 Hz on each of the vertices for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz using mode superposition as
the solution method.
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Block 2
2e18
0.3
7850
Shaft 2
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Block 1
2e18
0.3
15700
Shaft 1
9e10
0.35
1e-8
Block 1 and 2:
40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm
Shaft 1 and 2:
20 mm x 20 mm x 200 mm
Loading
Force = -1e5 N (y direction)
173
VMMECH075

The material of the columns is assigned negligible density to make them as massless springs. The slabs
are allowed to move only in the y direction by applying frictionless supports on all the faces of the
slabs in the y direction. The end face of the column (2K) is fixed and a harmonic force is applied on the
face of the slab (M) as shown in Figure 96: Schematic (p. 173).
Set the solution intervals to 50. Add the frictionless support and fixed support in a modal system, and
then link the modal system to a harmonic response system.
Note
There are frictionless supports on 8 faces of the geometry shown.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)

Vertex A (m)
0.20853
0.2119
1.6

Vertex B (m)
0.074902
0.075859
1.3
174
VMMECH076: Elongation of a Tapered Shell with Variable Thickness
Overview
Reference:

Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A tapered aluminum alloy plate of length L with varying thickness across length is suspended from a
ceiling. An axial load F is applied to the free end of the plate. Determine the maximum axial deflection
in the plate and the axial stress y at mid-length (Y = L/2). Use a global mesh size of 0.5 in with
mapped-face meshing.
Material Properties
E = 10.4 x 106 psi
= 0.3
Tapered plate:
Loading
F = 10000 lbf
L = 10 in
Base width = 2 in
Top width = 1 in
Thickness varying from
2 in to 1 in from base
to top.
175
VMMECH076
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
(in)
0.0048077
0.0048137
-0.1246
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi)
4444
4454.6
-0.2379
176
VMMECH077: Heat Transfer in a Bar with Variable Sheet Thickness
Overview
Reference:
For basic equation: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt,

Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002, 5th Edition
pg. 5.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A 10 x 50 mm plate with a thickness varying from 1 mm to 4 mm is maintained at temperatures of 100
C and 200 C as shown below. Find the following:
Temperatures at mid of the surface.
Heat flow reactions on end edges.
Material Properties
E = 2.0e11 Pa
v=0
= 1.2 x 10-5 1/C
k = 60.5 W/mC
Plate Dimensions : 10
X 50 mm.
Thickness Variation : 1
mm to 4 mm
Loading
Temperature (T1)
on edge (@ 1mm
thickness) = 100 C
Temperature (T2)on
edge (@ 4mm
thickness) = 200 C
177
VMMECH077
Analysis
Heat flow due to conduction is given by:

=
(2)
The area for conduction varies from A1 to A2. The area Ay at any distance y is given as:
+
=
Inserting Equation 3 (p. 178) in equation Equation 2 (p. 178) and integrating the equation from 0 to L,

=

(3)
(4)
Temperature at any point y is given as:
!=
" & # & '( ,,.

+
$ & ) %# %*+
(5)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Heat reaction at T1 (W)
2.618
2.6188
0.00
Heat reaction at T2 (W)
-2.618
-2.6188
0.00
166.083
166.09
0.00
Temperature at mid of surface (C)
178
VMMECH078: Gasket Material Under Uniaxial Compression Loading-3-D Analysis
Overview
Reference:
Any Nonlinear Material Verification Text
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Analysis (ANTYPE=0)
Element
Type(s):
3-D Structural Solid Elements

3-D Gasket Elements
Test Case
A thin interface layer of thickness t is defined between two blocks of length and width l placed on top
of each other. The blocks are constrained on the left and bottom and back faces. The blocks are loaded
with pressure P on the top face. Determine the pressure-closure response for gasket elements.
179
VMMECH078
180
VMMECH078
Material Properties
E = 104728E6 Pa
= 0.21
Loading
L=1m
T = 0.02 m
P1 = 44006400 Pa
P2 = 157147000 Pa
Analysis
A 3-D analysis is performed first using a mesh of 4 x 4 gasket elements. In order to simulate the loadingunloading behavior of gasket material, the model is first loaded with a pressure P1 and unloaded and
then loaded with a pressure P2 and unloaded. The pressure-closure responses simulated are compared
to the material definition. Because of convergence issues, the model could not be unloaded to 0 Pa
and was instead unloaded to 100 Pa.
Results Comparison
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Gasket Pressure and Closure at End of 1st Loading:

GK-PRES
4.4006E+07
4.4006E+07
GK-CLOS
4.064E-04
4.064E-04
Gasket Pressure and Closure at End of 2nd Loading:

GK-PRES
1.5715E+08
1.5715E+08
GK-CLOS
6.8327E-04
6.8327E-04
181
182
VMMECH079: Natural Frequency of a Motor-Generator
Overview
Reference:
W. T. Thomson. Vibration Theory and Applications. 2nd Printing,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. pg. 10, ex. 1.3-3. 1965.
Analysis
Type(s):
Mode-Frequency Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Pipe Element
Test Case
A small generator of mass m is driven by a main engine through a solid steel shaft of diameter d. If the
polar moment of inertia of the generator rotor is J, determine the natural frequency f in torsion. Assume
that the engine is large compared to the rotor so that the engine end of the shaft may be assumed to
be fixed. Neglect the mass of the shaft also.
Material Properties
Loading
d = .375 in
E = 31.2 x 106 psi
= 8.00 in
m = 1 lb-sec /in
J = .031 lb-in-sec2
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Lower Order F, Hz
48.781
48.781
Higher Order F, Hz
48.781
48.781
183
184
VMMECH080: Transient Response of a Spring-mass System
Overview
Reference:
R. K. Vierck. Vibration Analysis. 2nd Edition. Harper & Row

Publishers, New York, NY, 1979. sec. 5-8.
Analysis
Type(s):
Transient Dynamic Mode Superposition Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a
pulse load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history
shown.
Material Properties
k1 = 6 N/m
k2 = 16 N/m
m1 = 2 Kg
m2 = 2 Kg
Loading
F0 =
50
N
td =
1.8
sec
185
VMMECH080
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Y1 , m (@ t = 1.3s)
14.48
14.349
-0.9
Y2 , m (@ t = 1.3s)
3.99
3.9478
-1.1
Y1 , m (@ t = 2.4s)
18.32
18.097
-1.2
Y2 , m (@ t = 2.4s)
6.14
6.094
-0.7
186
VMMECH081: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis
Overview
Reference:
P.Bezler, M. Hartzman, and M. Reich. Dynamic Analysis of Uniform

Support Motion Response Spectrum Method, (NUREG/CR-1677),
Brookhaven National Laboratory, August 1980. Problem 2. Pages
48-80.
Analysis
Type(s):
Modal analysis
Spectral analysis
Element
Type(s):
Elastic straight pipe elements

Structural Mass element
Test Case
This benchmark problem contains three-dimensional multi-branched piping systems. The total mass of
the system is represented by structural mass elements specified at individual nodes. Modal and response
spectrum analyses are performed on the piping model. Frequencies obtained from modal solve and
the nodal/element solution obtained from spectrum solve are compared against reference results. The
NUREG intermodal/interspatial results are used for comparison.
187
VMMECH081
Material Properties
Loading
Pipe Elements:
Straight Pipe:
Acceleration response spectrum

curve defined
by SV and FREQ commands.
Outer Diameter =
2.375 in
Wall Thickness =
0.154 in
E = 27.8999 x 106 psi.

Nu = 0.3
Density = 2.587991718e10 lb-sec2/in4
Mass Elements (lb-sec2/in):
(Mass is isotropic)
Mass @ node 1: M =
0.447000518e-01
Mass @ node 2: M =
0.447000518e-01
Mass @ node 3: M =
0.447000518e-01
Mass @ node 4: M =
0.447000518e-01
Mass @ node 5: M =
0.432699275e-01
Mass @ node 6: M =
0.893995859e-02
Mass @ node 7: M =
0.432699275e-01
Mass @ node 8: M =
0.893995859e-02
Mass @ node 9: M =
0.893995859e-02
Mass @ node 10: M =
0.432699275e-01
Mass @ node 11: M =
0.893995859e-02
Mass @ node 12: M =
0.432699275e-01
Mass @ node 13: M =
0.893995859e-02
Mass @ node 14: M =
0.893995859e-02
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
8.712
8.7121
0.00
8.806
8.8091
0.04
17.510
17.509
0.01
40.370
40.368
0.00
41.630
41.642
0.03
188
VMMECH081
Results Node
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
UX at node6
0.46186
0.46186
0.00
UY at node8
0.0025747
0.0025747
0.00
UZ at node8
0.446591
0.44949
0.65
189
190
VMMECH082: Fracture Mechanics Stress for a Crack in a Plate
Overview
Reference:
W.F.Brown, Jr., J.E.Srawley, Plane strain crack toughness testing

of high strength metallic materials, ASTM STP-410, (1966).
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A long plate with a center crack is subjected to an end tensile stress 0 as shown in problem sketch.
Symmetry boundary conditions are considered and the fracture mechanics stress intensity factor KI is
determined.
191
VMMECH082
Material Properties
Loading
E = 30 x 106
psi
a = 1 in
0 =
0.5641895
psi
= 0.3
b = 5 in
h = 5 in
t = 0.25 in
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stress Intensity KI
1.0249
1.0504
2.5
192
VMMECH083: Transient Response to a Step Excitation
Overview
Reference:
W. T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd

Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg.
102, article 4.3.
Analysis
Type(s):
Mode-Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A spring-mass-damping system that is initially at rest is subjected to a step force change F acting on
the mass. Determine the displacement u at time t for damping ratio, = 0.5.
193
VMMECH083
Material Properties
Loading
m = 0.5 lb-
F=
200
lb
sec /in
k = 200 lb/in

The damping coefficient c is calculated as 2 sqrt(km) = 10 lb-sec/in for = 0.5.
194
VMMECH083
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Total Def Max ( = 0.5) Time

= 0.20 sec
1.1531
1.1544
0.1
Figure 104: Maximum Deformation vs. Time (damped)
195
196
VMMECH084: Mullins Effect on a Rubber Tube Model Subjected to Tension Loading
Overview
Reference:
.W.Ogden, et al., A Pseudo-elastic Model for the Mullins

Effect in Filled Rubber", Royal Society of London Proceedings Series A., (1989), pg: 2861-2877.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An axisymmetric rubber plate made of Neo-Hookean material is modeled with radius R and height H.
The model is subjected to cyclic displacement loading on the top surface. The axial stress obtained at
different load steps is compared against the reference solution.
Material Properties
Loading
Neo-Hookean Constants:
R = 0.5m
One cycle of
loading
= 8 MPa
H = 1m
Step 1: = 1.5
Ogden-Roxburgh Mullins
Constants:
197
VMMECH084
Material Properties
r = 2.104
m = 30.45
=0.2
Loading
Step 2: = 2.0
Step 3: = 3.0
Step 4: = 2.0
Step 5: = 1.5
Step 6: = 1.0
Results Comparison
Results
Axial Stress
(Pa)
Stretch
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1.5
12.666
12.667
0.008
2.0
28.000
28.000
0.0
3.0
69.333
69.333
0.0
2.0
20.819
20.823
0.019
1.5
8.660
8.6704
0.12
1.0
0.000
0.0
0.0
Figure 106: Variation of Axial Stress
198
VMMECH085: Bending of a Composite Beam
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Roark, W. C. Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pg. 112114, article 7.2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A beam of length and width w made up of two layers of different materials is subjected to a uniform
rise in temperature from Tref to To, and a bending moment My at the free-end. Ei and i correspond to
the Young's modulus and thermal coefficient of expansion for layer i, respectively.
Determine the free-end displacement (in the Z-direction) and the X-direction stresses at the top and
bottom surfaces of the layered beam.
Material Properties
Loading
MAT1:
= 8 in
To =
100F
E1 =
1.2 x
6
10 psi
1 =
1.8 x
10-4
in/in/F
w = 0.5 in
t1 = 0.2 in
t2 = 0.1 in
Tref =
0F
My =
10.0 inlb
MAT2:
199
VMMECH085
Material Properties
Loading
E2 =
0.4 x
106 psi
2 =
0.6 x
10-4
in/in/F
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Displacement, in
-0.832
-0.832
0.0
StressxTOP , psi
1731
1731
0.0
StressxBOT , psi
2258
2258
0.0
200
VMMECH086: Stress Concentration at a Hole in a Plate
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1965, pg. 384
Analysis Type(s):
Static Structural, Submodeling (2D-2D)
Element Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Determine the maximum stress at a circular hole cut into a rectangular plate loaded with uniform tension
P.
Figure 108: Plate Problem Sketch
Material Properties
L = 12 in
d = 1 in
t = 1 in
E = 30 x 106 psi
= 0.3
Loading
P = 1000 psi

Due to symmetry, only a quarter sector of the plate is modeled. The reference result is from an infinitely
long plate. Using a transferred load from the coarse model, the submodel result closely approximates
the fine model.
201
VMMECH086
Results Comparison
2D-2D Results
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Fine Model
Equivalent Stress - Max
3018
3025.7
0.255
Coarse Model
3018
2272.1
-24.715
Submodel
3018
3032.8
0.490
Figure 109: 2D-2D Fine Model Equivalent Stress
Figure 110: 2D-2D Coarse Model Equivalent Stress
202
VMMECH086
Figure 111: 2D-2D Submodel Equivalent Stress
203
204
VMMECH087: Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic

Bearings
Overview
Reference:
Nelson, H.D., McVaugh, J.M., The Dynamics of RotorBearing Systems Using Finite Elements, Journal of Engineering for Industry, Vol 98, pp. 593-600, 1976
Analysis Type(s):
Modal Analysis
Element Type(s):
Line Body
Point Mass
Bearing Connection
Test Case
A rotor-bearing system is analyzed to determine the forward and backward whirl speeds. The distributed
rotor is modeled as a configuration of six elements, with each element composed of subelements. See
Table 1: Geometric Data of Rotor-Bearing Elements (p. 205) for a list of the geometric data of the individual elements. Two symmetric orthotropic bearings are located at positions four and six. A modal
analysis is performed on the rotor-bearing system with multiple load steps to determine the whirl speeds
and Campbell values for the system.
Figure 112: Rotor-Bearing Configuration
Table 1: Geometric Data of Rotor-Bearing Elements

Element Number
1
2
3
Subelement
number
Axial Distance to
Subelement
Inner Diameter
(cm)
Outer Diameter (cm)
0.00
0.51
1.27
1.02
5.08
0.76
7.62
2.03
8.89
2.03
205
VMMECH087
Element Number
4
5
6
Subelement
number
Axial Distance to
Subelement
Inner Diameter
(cm)
Outer Diameter (cm)
10.16
3.30
10.67
1.52
3.30
11.43
1.78
2.54
12.70
2.54
13.46
1.27
16.51
1.27
19.05
1.52
22.86
1.52
26.67
1.27
28.70
1.27
30.48
3.81
31.50
2.03
34.54
1.52
2.03
Material Properties
Loading
Shaft
Refer to Table 1: Geometric Data of Rotor-Bearing

Elements (p. 205)
Rotational Velocity
E11 = 2.078 x 1011 Pa

G12 = 1.0 x 1014 Pa
Density = 7806 kg/m3
Mass Element
Mass = 1.401 kg
Polar inertia = 0.002 kgm2
Diametral inertia = 0.00136 kgm2
Bearing Element
Spin (1) =
1000 RPM
Spin (2) =
20000 RPM
Spin (3) =
40000 RPM
Spin (4) =
60000 RPM
Spin (5) =
80000 RPM
Spin (6) =
100000 RPM
Spring coefficients
K11 = K22 = 3.503 x 107 N/m
K12 = K21 = -8.756 x 106 N/m

A modal analysis is performed on the rotor-bearing system with QR Damp methods using pipe elements
(PIPE288) to determine the whirl speeds and Campbell values.
A point mass is used to model the rigid disk (concentrated mass). Two symmetric orthotropic bearings
are used to assemble the rotor system. No shear effect is included in the rotor-bearing system. The
displacement and rotation along and around the X-axis is constrained so that the rotor-bearing system
does not have any torsion or traction related displacements.
206
VMMECH087
Backward and forward whirl speeds for slope = 1 @ 100000 RPM are determined from the modal analysis.
Results Comparison
Target
Mechanical
Ratio
Backward and forward whirl speeds for slope = 1 @ 100000 RPM

PIPE288
Mode 1 (BW)
10747.0000
10793.4
1.004
Mode 2 (FW)
19665.0000
19560.0
0.995
Mode 3 (BW)
39077.0000
39668.4
1.015
Mode 4 (FW)
47549.0000
48207.0
1.014
Figure 113: Campbell Diagram for Rotor-Bearing System
207
208
VMMECH088: Harmonic Response of a Guitar String
Overview
Reference:
Blevins, R.D., Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode

Shape, Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY, 1979, pg. 90,
tab. 7-1
Analysis Type(s):
Static Structural
Linear Perturbed Modal
Linear Perturbed Harmonic
Element Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A uniform stainless steel guitar string of length l and diameter d is stretched between two rigid supports
by a tensioning force F1, which is required to tune the string to the E note of a C scale. The string is
then struck near the quarter point with a force F2. Determine the fundamental frequency, f1. Also, show
that only the odd-numbered frequencies produce a response at the midpoint of the string for this excitation.
Material Properties
l = 710 mm
c = 165 mm
d = 0.254 mm
E = 190 x 109 Pa
= 7920 kg/m3
Loading
F1 = 84 N
F2 = 1 N

Enough elements are selected so that the model can be used to adequately characterize the string dynamics. The stress stiffening capability of the elements is used. Linear perturbed harmonic analysis determines the displacement response to the lateral force F2.
Figure 114: Guitar String Problem
209
VMMECH088
Results Comparison
Target
Mechanical
Ratio
Modal
f, Hz
322.2
322.621
1.001
Frequency Response
f1, (322.2 Hz)
Response
Response, 320 < f <

328
f2, (644.4 Hz)
No Response
No Response
f3, (966.6 Hz)
Response
Response, 966 < f <

974
f4, (1288.8 Hz)
No Response
No Response
f5, (1611.0 Hz)
Response
Response, 1611 < f <

1619
f6, (1933.2 Hz)
No Response
No Response
Figure 115: String Midpoint Displacement Amplitude
210
VMMECH089: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using

Contact-Based Debonding
Overview
Reference:
Alfano, G., Crisfield, M.A., Finite Element Interface Models for the Delamination Analysis o
Mechanical and Computation Issues, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engine
1736, 2001
Analysis Type(s):
Static Structural
Element Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A double cantilever beam of length l, width w, and height h with an initial crack of length a at the free
end is subjected to a maximum vertical displacement Umax at the top and bottom free end nodes. Determine the vertical reaction at point P, based on the vertical displacement using the contact-based
debonding capability.
Figure 116: Double Cantilever Beam Sketch
Material Properties
Composite
E11 = 135.3 GPa
E22 = 9.0 GPa
E33 = 9.0 GPa
G12 = 5.2 GPa
12 = 0.24
13 = 0.24
23 = 0.46
l = 100 mm
a = 30 mm
h = 3 mm
w = 20 mm
Loading
Umax = 10 mm
Interface
C1 = 1.7 MPa
C2 = 0.28 N/mm
211
VMMECH089
Material Properties
Loading
C5 = 1.0 x 10-5

A double cantilever beam is analyzed under displacement control using 2-D plane strain formulation
elements. An imposed displacement of Uy = 10 mm acts at the top and bottom free vertex. Contact
debonding is inserted at the interface.
Defined fracture-energy based debonding material is used to define the material for contact debonding.
Equivalent separation-distance based debonding material is also used for the contact debonding object.
Based on the interface material parameters used, results obtained using Mechanical are compared to
results shown in Figure 15(a) of the reference material.
Results Comparison
Target
Mechanical
Ratio
Max RFORCE and corresponding displacement using debonding

RFORCE FY (N)
50.677
50.677
1.000
DISP UY (mm)
1.50
1.50
1.000
RFORCE and corresponding displacement U = 10.0 using debonding

RFORCE FY (N)
24.553
24.553
1.000
DISP UY (mm)
10.00
10.00
1.000
212
VMMECH090: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Interface

Delamination
Overview
Reference:
Alfano, G., Crisfield, M.A., Finite Element Interface Models for the Delamination Analysis o
Engineering, Vol 50, pp. 1701-1736, 2001
Analysis Type(s):
Static Structural
Element Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A double cantilever beam of length l, width w, and height h with an initial crack of length a at the free
end is subjected to a maximum vertical displacement Umax at the top and bottom free end nodes. Determine the vertical reaction at point P based on the vertical displacement for the interface model.
Figure 117: Double Cantilever Beam Sketch
Material Properties
Composite
E11 = 135.3 GPa
E22 = 9.0 GPa
E33 = 9.0 GPa
G12 = 5.2 GPa
12 = 0.24
13 = 0.24
23 = 0.46
l = 100 mm
a = 30 mm
h = 3 mm
w = 20 mm
Loading
Umax = 10 mm
Interface
C1 (maximum stress) = 25 MPa
C2 (normal separation) = 0.004 mm
C3 (shear separation) = 1000 mm
213
VMMECH090

A double cantilever beam is analyzed under displacement load using interface elements for delamination
and 2-D plane strain formulation elements. An imposed displacement of Uy = 10 mm acts at the top
and bottom free vertex.
An Interface Delamination object is inserted to model delamination.
Equivalent material constants are used for the interface material, as Mechanical uses the exponential
form of the cohesive zone model and the reference uses a bilinear constitutive model.
Results Comparison
Lower Order Results
Target
Mechanical
Ratio
Max RFORCE and corresponding DISP:

RFORCE FY
(N)
60.00
60.069
1.001
DISP UY
(mm)
1.00
1.000
1.000
End RFORCE and corresponding DISP

RFORCE FY
(N)
24.00
24.288
1.012
DISP UY
(mm)
10.00
10.00
1.00
Higher Order Results

Target
Mechanical
Ratio
Max RFORCE and corresponding DISP

RFORCE FY
(N)
60.00
60.063
1.001
DISP UY
(mm)
1.00
1.000
1.000
End RFORCE and corresponding DISP

RFORCE FY
(N)
24.00
24.289
1.012
DISP UY
(mm)
10.00
10.00
1.00
214
Part III: Design Exploration Descriptions
VMDX001: Optimization of L-Shaped Cantilever Beam under Axial Load
Overview
Reference:
From the Basic Principle
Analysis
Type(s):
Goal Driven Optimization
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
An L-shaped beam with dimensions 30 x 25 mm with 4 mm as the rib thickness and 300 mm in length
has the surface fixed at one end. A force of 10,000 N is then applied to the opposite end of the beam.
Input Parameters:
Width, Height, and Length (CAD Geometry)
Response Parameters:
Volume, Stress, and Deflection
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 7850 kg/m3
Geometric
Properties
Width = 25 mm
Height = 30
mm
Rib Thickness =
4 mm
Length = 300
mm
Loading
Fixed Support
Force F =
10000 N (Z direction)
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Width
Input
20 mm W 30
mm
No Preference
High
Height
Input
25 mm H 35
mm
No Preference
High
217
VMDX001
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Length
Input
250 mm L 350
mm
No Preference
High
Volume
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
Low
Stress
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Deflection
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Analysis
Beam volume:
=
Maximum axial deformation under load F:

=
Normal stress along Z-direction:

=
Combined objective function becomes:

=
Minimizing we get dimensions as:

L = Length = 0.250 m
W = Width = 0.030 m
H = Height = 0.035 m
Results Comparison
Results
Volume (V)
Deformation (D)
Stress ()
218
Target
DesignXplorer Error (%)

6.9E-05 m3
0.0
4.5290e-5 m
4.5339E-05
m
0.10862
3.62319e7
Pa
3.623065E07 Pa
0.00046
6.9e-5 m
VMDX002: Optimization of Bar with Temperature-Dependent Conductivity
Overview
Reference:
From the Basic Principle
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
A long bar 2 X 2 X 20 m is made up of material having thermal conductivity linearly varying with the
temperature K = k0*(1 + a*T) W/m-C, k0 = 0.038, a = 0.00582. The bar is constrained on all faces by
frictionless support. A temperature of 100C is applied at one end of the bar. The reference temperature
is 5C. At the other end, a constant convection coefficient of 0.005 W/m2C is applied. The ambient
temperature is 5C.
Input Parameters:
Convection coefficient, coefficient of thermal expansion and length
Temperature (scoped on end face), thermal strain
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.5E-05/C
K = k0*(1 + a*T)
W/m-C
k0 = 0.038
a = 0.00582
Geometric
Properties
Breadth B = 2
m
Width W = 2 m
Length L = 20
m
Loading
Frictionless Support (on
all faces)
Reference temperature
= 5C
Temperature on end
face T = 100C
Convection on other
end face
Convection coefficient
h = 5e-3 W/m2C
Ambient temperature
Ta = 5C
219
VMDX002
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Length (l)
Input
15 m l 25 m
No Preference
Low
Convection
coefficient
(h)
Input
0.004 W/m2C h
0.006 W/m2C
No Preference
Low
Coefficient
of temperature expansion ()
Input
1.4e-5/C
1.6e-5/C
No Preference
Low
Temperature
(T)
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Thermal
strain ()
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Analysis
Temperature:
s
7 22
a
Thermal strain:
=
=
Combined objective function becomes,

Minimizing we get input parameters as:

l = beam length = 25 m
h = convection coefficient = 0.006 W/m2C
= coefficient of thermal expansion = 1.4e-5/C
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Length (l)
25 m
25 m
0.006
W/m2C
0.006
W/m2C
Coefficient of thermal expan- 1.4e-5/C

sion ()
1.4e-5/C
Temperature (T)
29.6528C
29.553C
-0.3278
Thermal strain ()
3.4514e-4
m/m
3.437e-4
m/m
-0.4115
Convection coefficient (h)
220
VMDX003: Optimization of Water Tank Column for Mass and Natural Frequency
Overview
Reference:
S. S. Rao, Optimization Theory and Application Second edition,

example 1.10, page 28-30
Analysis
Type(s):
Goal Driven Optimization with APDL
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
A uniform column of rectangular cross section b and d m is to be constructed for supporting a water
tank of mass M. It is required to:
1. minimize the mass of the column for economy
2. maximize the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the system for avoiding possible resonance
due to wind.
Design the column to avoid failure due to direct compression (should be less than maximum permissible
compressive stress) and buckling (should be greater than direct compressive stress). Assume the maximum permissible compressive stress as max. The design vector is defined as:
T=
where:
b = width of cross-section of column
d = depth of cross-section of column
Input Parameters:
Width and Height
Mass, Natural Frequency, Direct Stress, Buckling Stress
Material Properties
Geometric Perperties
Loading
E = 3e10 Pa
Width, b = 0.4 m
Mass of water tank M = 1000000

Kg
= 2300
Depth, d =1.2 m
Kg/m
Acceleration due to gravity =
Length, I = 20 m
9.81 m/s2
max =
4.1e7 Pa
Sample Size:
10000
221
VMDX003
Results
Target
Width b
0.36102 m
0.36102 m
0.000
Depth d
1.3181 m
1.318137 m
0.002
Mass of column M
21890 kg
21889.77 kg
0.001
0.87834
rad/sec
0.87816
rad/sec
-0.020
Direct stress
2.0386e7 Pa
2.0383e7 Pa
-0.015
Buckling stress
6.1526e6 Pa
6.15174e6
Pa
-0.013
Natural frequency w
Analysis
Minimize:
Mass of the column =
Maximize:
N r rqy r vr vibr i

w r k w =
1/ 2
Subject to constraints:

D _S = x

d Bg_S =
Required objective is obtained by having:

b = 0.36102 m
d = 1.3181 m
M = (minimum) = 21890 kg
W = (maximum) = 0.87834 rad/sec
Direct stress = 2.0386e7 Pa
Buckling stress = 6.1526e6 Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Width b
0.36102 m
0.36102 m
0.000
Depth d
1.3181 m
1.318137 m
0.002807
Mass of column M
21890 kg
21890.1957
kg
-0.00089
222
VMDX003
Results
Natural frequency w
Target
0.87834
rad/sec
0.87816
rad/sec
-0.02074
Direct stress
2.0386e7 Pa
2.0383e7 Pa
-0.01277
Buckling stress
6.1526e6 Pa
6.15174e6
Pa
-0.0139
223
224
VMDX004: Optimization of Frequency for a Plate with Simple Support at all

Vertices
Overview
Reference:
Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van

Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, pg. 269-271
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Shell
Test Case
A square plate of side 250 mm and thickness 5 mm is simply supported on all its vertices.
Input Parameters:
Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and density
First natural frequency
Material Properties
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
= 7.850 e-6
kg/mm3
Geometric
Properties
Length a = 250
mm
Width b = 250
mm
Thickness h = 5
mm
Loading
All vertices are
simply supported
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Young's Modulus E
Input
1.8e11 Pa E
2.2e11Pa
No Preference
Low
Poisson's Ratio
Input
0.27 0.30
No Preference
Low
225
VMDX004
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Density
Input
7065 kg/m3
8635 kg/m3
No Preference
Low
First Natural Frequency w
Output
N/a
Minimum Possible
High
Analysis
First Natural Frequency:
1/ 2
Objective function becomes:


Young's Modulus E = 1.8e11 Pa
Poisson's Ratio = 0.27
Density = 8635 kg/m3
First Natural Frequency w = 124.0913 rad/s
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Young's Modulus E
1.8e11 Pa
Poisson's Ratio
1.8e11 Pa
0.27
Density
8635 kg/m
First Natural Frequency w
226
124.0913
rad/s
0.00
0.27
3
8635 kg/m
0.00
3
123.36 rad/s
0.00
-0.5894
VMDX005: Optimization of Buckling Load Multiplier with CAD Parameters and

Young's Modulus
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 (Advanced theory and

problems), pg. 167168
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
The cantilever bar of length 25 feet is loaded by uniformly distributed axial force p = 11 lbf on one of
the vertical face of the bar in negative Z-direction. The bar has a cross-sectional area A is 0.0625 ft2.
Input Parameters:
Side of Square C/S , Length of Cantilever Bar and Young's Modulus
Load Multiplier of the First Buckling Mode
Optimization Method:
Genetic Algroithm
Sample Size:
200
Material Properties
E = 4.1771e 9 psf
= 0.3
Geometric
Properties
Cross-section of
square = 0.25
ft. x 0.25 ft.
Length of bar =
25 ft.
= 490.45 lbm/ft3
Loading
Fixed support
on one face,
Force = 11 lbf
(Negative Z-direction) on top
face
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Cross-section side
Input
0.225 ft. a
0.275 ft.
No Preference
N/A
227
VMDX005
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Length
Input
22.5 ft. l 27.5

ft.
No Preference
N/A
Young's Modulus
Input
3.7594e9 psf E
4.5948e9 psf
No Preference
N/A
First buckling mode

load multiplier
Output
N/A
Maximum Possible
N/A
Analysis
Assuming that under the action of uniform axial load a slight lateral bucking occurs.
The expression for deflection is:
The critical load is given by,
cr
cr
where:
q = force per unit length
The first critical buckling load is:

4
The load multiplier is given by the ratio of critical load to applied load
The first buckling multiplier is:

Combined objective function becomes:

=
5 E.a

l
228
VMDX005
Cross-section side a = 0.275 ft.
Length l = 22.5 ft.
Young's Modulus E = 4.5948e9 psf
Buckling load multiplier = 3083.32
Results Comparison
Results
Target
First buckling mode load

multiplier
3083.32

3036.07
-1.532
229
230

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Index of Test Cases

Nonlinear, Viscoplastic Materials

Linear, Inertia relief

Index of Test Cases

2-D Solid, Plane

2-D Solid, Plane

2-D Solid, Axisymmetric

2-D Solid, Axisymmetric

2-D Solid, Axisymmetric

2-D Plane Stress

2-D Solid, Plane

2-D Thermal Solid

2-D Thermal Solid

Rigid Body Dynamics

Index of Test Cases

Part I: DesignModeler Descriptions

VMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features

Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend

Surface Area (mm )

VMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft

Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft

Surface Area (mm )

VMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep

Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep

Surface Area (mm )

Part II: Mechanical Application Descriptions

VMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis

S. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory

Linear Static Structural Analysis

Y Reaction Force at Top

Y Reaction Force at Bottom

VMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading

J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, 1st

Linear Static Structural Analysis

Maximum Normal X Stress

VMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate

R. J. Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape,

Free Vibration Analysis

1st Frequency Mode (Hz)

2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)

3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)

4th Frequency Mode (Hz)

5th Frequency Mode (Hz)

6th Frequency Mode (Hz)

VMMECH004: Viscoplastic Analysis of a Body (Shear Deformation)

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall

F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row Publisher,

Linear Static Thermal Analysis

Fire brick wall: k =

Minimum Temperature (F)

Maximum Temperature (F)

VMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity

Vedat S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Book

Nonlinear Static Thermal Analysis

k = [0.01375 * (1 + 0.001 T)]

Maximum Temperature (F)

Maximum Total Heat Flux

VMMECH007:Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity