UMTS Radio Theory

ZTE University

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Radio Transmission Technology

Requirements

Data

Voice

144 kbps High speed and driving

384 kbps Modest speed and walking
2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
4.75Kb/s -- 12.2Kb/s
64kb/s (Video Phone)

Information transmission at variable rate

according to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different service

3G services
Bit Error
Different QOS requirements

Delay

3G services
Categories

conversational

Streaming

Interaction

Background

Actual Service

Delay (One-way)

Bearer Speed

Voice

<150ms

12.2kbps

Video Call

<150ms

64kbps

VoIP

<150ms

15.3~39.6kbps

Interaction
Game

<250ms

N/A

Real-time Voice
Streaming

<2s

4.7~25kbps

Real-time Video
Streaming

<2s

64kbps~2Mbps

Web Browsing

<4s

N/A

WAP Browsing

<4s

N/A

E-commerce

<4s

N/A

FTP

No strict

N/A

E-mail

No strict

N/A

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Duplex mode

TDD mode uplink and downlink

has the same frequency
Adaptable to any frequency
band
Suitable for both asymmetric and
symmetric services
FDD mode uplink and downlink
has the different frequency
Paired frequency bands are
needed
Suitable for symmetric services

TDD ( Time division

duplex,Such as TD-SCDMA)

DDDDUUUU

FDD Frequency division

duplex, Such as WCDMA
and CDMA2000
DDDDDDDD
UUUUUUUU

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple access technologies enable various users access public
communication line but without interference.
Why Multiple Access?
Increased capacity: serve more users
Reduced capital requirements since
fewer media can carry the traffic
Decreased per-user expense
Types of Transmission Medium:
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
Air interface (radio signals)
Three methods are frequently used:
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA

Transmission
Medium

Each pair of users enjoys

a dedicated, private circuit
through the transmission
medium, unaware that the
other users exist.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

FDMA

Traffic channels are assigned to different users at

different frequency band, such as TACS, AMPS.
Users are using
different frequency
Time

FDMA

Frequency

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

TDMA

Traffic channels are assigned to different users at

different time, such as GSM, DAMPS.

Time

Users are using

different time slot
TDMA

Frequency

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA

Traffic channels are assigned to users at same time,

same frequency band, but with different code.

Time

Users are using different

orthogonal code sequence
CDMA
Code

Frequency

CDMA Application

BS2

Code A

BS1
Freq. 1
Code D
Co
de

Freq. 1

de
Co

Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF

codes
Self-interference system
CDMA system is restricted to interference (GSM system is
restricted to frequency resources)

Co
de

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Single Frequency Network

G S M 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 :

3 G (W C D M A ):

IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation

1850

1900

1950

ITU

2000
2050
2010 MHz
MSS

IMT 2000
1885 MHz

FDD

IMT 2000
1965
1970
1975

1910

1885
1890

PHS
1865
1870

USA

MSS TDD

1920

Japan

MSS

1850

D B

EF C

1900

MSS

2170 MHz

UMTS

MSS

FDD

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

A D B EF C

1950

2165 MHz

1990 MHz

PCS
A

2200

1980

TDD

1945

GSM
1800

2110 MHz

MSS

UMTS

1880

China

GSM 1800 DECT

2150

IMT 2000
2025 MHz

1930

Europe

2100

MSS

2000

Broadcast auxiliary

2050

2100

Reserve

2150

MSS

2200

3G Spectrum Allocation in China

1755 1785

1850 1880

1920

Satellite

30
MHz

60 MHz

FDD

2110

1980 2010 2025

Empty

40
MHz

2170 2200 2300

Satellite

15
MHz

TDD

100 MHz

155MHz

2400

3G Spectrum Planning in China

Main Operating Frequency Band

FDD mode 1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz
TDD mode 1880-1920MHz 2010-2025 MHz
Supplementary Operating Frequency Band
FDD mode 1755-1785 MHz / 1850-1880 MHz
TDD mode 2300-2400MHz
Frequency Band for Satellite Mobile Communication System
1980-2010 MHz / 2170-2200 MHz
The frequency bands, 825 - 835 MHz / 870 - 880 MHz, 885 - 915
MHz / 930 - 960 MHz and 1710 - 1755 MHz / 1805 - 1850 MHz, which
are currently allocated to public mobile communication system are
also allocated to expanded frequency bands of 3G public
communication system, but frequency using mode remains the same
for both uplink and downlink.

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C
C == Blog
Blog22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)

Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum
communications.

Spread Spectrum Principles

MAT
HAM H
MER

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

MATH
HAMMER

12 KHz
5 MHz

Spread Spectrum Principles

Spreading

Despreadin
g

radio channel
Noise

Transmitter

Receiver

User information bits are spread over a wide

bandwidth by multiplying high speed spread
code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original
signal bandwidth Rb

Spread Spectrum Principles

Sf

Sf
signal

signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise

signal
White noise

signal
f0

Before despreading

signal

interference

f0

After despreading

White noise

Spreading Mode

Direct sequence spread spectrum DS-SS

Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise

sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence
generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited
by power detection accuracy
WCDMA uses DS-SS

Frequency hopping spread spectrum FH-SS

Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier

frequency hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional
narrowband modulation
No near-far effect

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading

signal spectrum.
Wideband
Signal

Slow
Information
Sent

Slow
Information
Recovered

TX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

RX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

spread and then added together to
create a composite signal

Spread Spectrum Principles

Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received

composite signal by using the right orthogonal code
Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than
interference and noise

Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Unwanted Power from
Other Resoures

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1

Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1

-1

Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1

-1

Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1
Mul

-1

Mul

-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1
+1

Sum

Sum

+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
-2
Non-orthogonal

0
Orthogonal

Orthogonal
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0

Example of orthogonal code

-1 1

MUL

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1

1 -1 1 -1

Integral

MUL

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1

-4

Judge

-1

Direct spread technique

S1xC1

S1

Spreading

W
S2

S
N

S2XC2

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC
1
=S1

Air Interface

(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]x
C2
=S2

C1xC2=0,
C1,C2,orthogonal

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol

Data=010010

1
-1
Chip

Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )

Spreading

1
-1

Spread signal
= Data code

Spreading code

1
-1

Despreadin
g

1
-1
1
-1

Data =
Spread signal
Spreading code

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability

Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Purpose of Channel Coding

By adding redundant information in the original

data stream, receivers can detect and correct the
error signal, and improve data transmission rates.

No correct coding: BER<10 ~ 10

-1

-2

Convolutional coding BER<10-3

Turbo coding

BER<10-6

Can not satisfy

the communication
Can satisfy the
speech communication
Can satisfy the
data communication

Principle of Channel Coding

Channel coding

Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the

original data
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/2 1/3 are
widely applied.
Increase noneffective load and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

WCDMA

W W C C D D M M AA

W ? C C D D M M AA

TURBO

T T UURRBBOO

T T

S P E A K Encoding S S P P E E A A K K
Decoding

? URRBBOO

S S PPE E A? K K

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the
unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity
disadvantage
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for
the unexpected error.
e.g.

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x1

x6

x11 x16 x21

x2

x7

x22

Data output

x3

x8

x23

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

x4

x9

x24

x5

x10

x25

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA
TURBO

Encoding

SPEAK

W W C C D D M M AA
T T UURRBBOO

WTSWTS
Interleaving

S S PPE EAAK K

CUPCUP
DREDRE
M BAMBA

Encoding + Interleaving can correct both

continuous and non-continuous errors

Decoding

W??CDDMMA?
T ? ?UR??BOO
S ? ?P?EAAKK

AOKAOK

WTS???
Deinterleaving

? ? ?CUP
DR?D?E
M ?AM BA
AOK?OK

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation

UMTS Radio mechanism

Principle of Modulation

Definition

Modulation is the process where the amplitude,

frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical signal
carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness

Classification

Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation

bit

Modulation

Symbol

Analog Modulation

The purpose of analog modulation is to impress

an information-bearing analog waveform onto a
carrier for transmission.

Common analog modulation methods include:

Amplitude modulation (AM)

Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)

Digital Modulation

The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an

information-bearing discrete-time symbol
sequence into a continuous-time waveform
(perhaps impressed on a carrier).

Basic analog modulation methods include

Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of UMTS
Spreading Technology of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

UE Data

Encoding &
Interleaving

Baseband
modulation

Spreading

Modulation

RF Transmitting

Despreading

Baseband
demodulation

Demodulation

RF Receiving

Decoding &
Deinteleaving

UE Data

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of UMTS
Spreading Technology of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS

Convolutional Code

Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel

Coding rate is and 1/3.

Input

D
Output 0
G0 = 557 (octal)
Output 1
G1 = 663 (octal)
Output 2
G2 = 711 (octal)

Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

Characteristics of Convolutional code

Easy decode
Short delay
Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm
Channel bit error rate is 10 3 magnitude
Suitable to realtime service

e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code

Used in Data service channel

Code Rate is 1/3
Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long
delay services
Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control
code combinations. The information bits are interleaved in the two
Encoder, and generate two information flow. At last, this
information can be multiplexed and punctured
Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation

input

Encoder 1

Interleaver

Encoder 2

Multiplex

output

Characteristics of Turbo Codes

Complex decoding
Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic
Channel bit error rate is 10 6 magnitude
Very suitable to non-realtime package service
which is BER sensitive & delay insensitive,
e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail, multimedia
transmission.

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of UMTS
Spreading Technology of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS

Spreading Process of UMTS

Symbol

Chip

Data

Spread Data

3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps

OVSF Code

Scrambling
Code

Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For UMTS SF of uplink channelization code 4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Channelization Code

Adopt OVSF code

Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where
SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1, - 1 ,1, - 1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, -1, 1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Scrambling Code

UMTS Scrambling code is pseudo random binary

sequence
It has similar noise array character, seemingly random
but with regularity.
Can make the user data further random , strengthened
by scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication.
UMTS scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence
Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.

Characteristic of Scrambling code

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are

used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells

Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,

which are code 0 1 8191. They are divided
into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary
scrambling codes in each group.

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling

Codes 2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
18

(0..262142)

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code

Group

No. 511 Scrambling Code

Group
No.0 Primary Scrambling Code
Group

No. 7 Scrambling
Code
No.
Scrambling
Code
8176510
PSC
Group
Group

8177 SSC
No. 1
Scrambling
Code
504
Scrambling
Code
112
8176
PSC

8160No.
8160
Group
No. 0 Scrambling Code

8191 8161Group 113 8177

8191 8161
SSC
Group

16 16 PSC
8064
8064
81758065 127 8191
17
0 0 PSC
17 SSC
81758065

1 1 SSC

31
8079
31 SSC

8079
15
15 SSC
8176
8177

Code Functions

Channelization code ---- for separation of physical

channels in the uplink and separation of users in
the downlink

Scrambling code ---- for separation of

users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in
the downlink.

Spreading code & scrambling code

cch1
cch 2

cscrambling

cch 3

Cch spread code

Air
Interface

Relative to service rate extended to 3.84Mchips/s

A kind of orthogonal code

Cscrambling scrambling code

Have no effect on signal bandwidth

Downlink for identifier cell uplink identifier terminal
A pseudo-random sequence

Modulatio
n

Processing Gain
P

Processing
Gain

Processing Gain

Wc
Rb

Despreading
W

Rb

PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after

spread/despread
The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg ,
the better

The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG

Eb =

Eb
N0

Signal Power
Bit Rate

=
N
W

E/t
B/t

Noise Power

N0 =

Bandwidth

N
W

Signal to Noise

S
R

S
R

S
R

W
N

S
N

W
R
Processing Gain

The more the expansion multiples, the higher the

processing gain, the stronger the anti-jamming capability

Despreading procedure

Method of despreading

Input signal

Output after despreading

Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of UMTS
Spreading Technology of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS

Modulation Methods in UMTS

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum

Modulation Process-Downlink
Serial
Parallel
Downlink physical Switch

channel 2

G1

j
I+jQ

Cch,SF,m

Sdl,n

P-SCH
S-SCH

Serial
Parallel
Downlink physical Switch

I+jQ

Cch,SF,m

channel 1

Sdl,n

G2

Im(T)

Gp
Gp

Separation
of real
Parts
And
Imaginary
parts

Re(T)

cos(wt)
Pulse
Forming

Pulse
Forming

-sin(wt)

Physical Channel Spread-Spectrum

Modulation Process-Uplink
C

d,1

DPDCH1

Cd,3

DPDCH3
DPDCH5

cc

DPDCH2
DPDCH4
DPDCH6
DPCCH

cc

Cd,5

d
d

I+jQ

Cd,2

Cd,4

Cd,6

Cc

Q
Q

cos(wt)
Separation
of real
Parts
And
Imaginary
parts

Re(S)

Im(S)

Pulse
Forming

Pulse
Forming

-sin(wt)

Sdpch,n