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Lecture 3
Cosine
Derivative Formulas
There are two kinds of derivative formulas:
d
1. Specific Examples: -x" or dx
2. General Examples: (u
+ v)'(x)
=
=
=
(U U)(X a x ) - (U v)(x)
ax
U(X a x ) V(X AX) - U(X)- V(X)
lirn
Ax-0
ax
u(x Ax) - u(x) v (x Ax) - v(x)
lim
AX-O
Ax
Ax
lirn
Ax-0
x-0
sin x
x
d
-(sinx) I Z E o
=
dx
d
- ( c o ~ x ) I ~ = ~=
dx
1
lirn
sin(0
AX-o
lim
AX-0
COS(O
COS(O)
ax
AZ-O
ax
d
d
So, we know the value of - sin x and of - cos x at x = 0. Let us find these for arbitrary x.
dx
dx
d
sin(x Ax) - sin(x)
-sin x = lirn
dx
AX-0
ax
Lecture 3
Recall:
sin x cos Ax
lirn
Since
Ax
sin x(cos Ax - 1)
lim
AX-o
Ax
cos Ax - 1
AX-o
lim s i n s (
Ax
Ax-0
cos x sin Ax
Ax
) + lim
a s t oC
sin Ax
O S X ( ~ )
cos Ax - 1
sin Ax
+ 0 and that --+ 1, the equation above simplifies to
Ax
Ax
d
-sinx
dx
= cosx
= ulv
+ uvl
Proof:
(uv)(X
(uv)' = lim
+ AX)- (UV)(x) =
Ax
h x t ~
lim
u(x
Axto
Now obviously,
so adding that to the numerator won't change anything.
(uv)' = lirn
u(x
Ax-0
) V(X)+
lim
Ax-0
U(X
+ AX)
+ Ax) - u(x)
Ax
Ax-0
(uv)'
= ul(x)v(x)
+ u(x)vl(x)
I>
Ax-0
+ Ax) = u(x)
This proof of the product rule assumes that u and v have derivatives, which implies both functions
are continuous.
Lecture 3
An intuitive justification:
We want to find the difference in area between the large rectangle and the smaller, inner rectangle.
The inner (orange) rectangle has area uv. Define Au, the change in u , by
+Ax) - U ( X )
We also abbreviate u = u ( x ) ,so that u ( x + Ax) = u + Au, and, similarly, v ( x + A x ) = v + Av.
Therefore the area of the largest rectangle is (u + Au) (v + Av).
Au = u(x
If you let v increase and keep u constant, you add the area shaded in red. If you let u increase
and keep v constant, you add the area shaded in yellow. The sum of areas of the red and yellow
rectangles is:
[u(v Av) - uv] [v(u Au) - uv]= uAv vAu
If Au and Av are small, then ( A u ) ( A v ) FZ 0, that is, the area of the white rectangle is very
small. Therefore the difference in area between the laxgest rectangle and the orange rectangle is
approximately the same as the sum of areas of the red and yellow rectangles. Thus we have:
Lecture 3
+
+
u(x Ax)
U(X Ax)
u(x)
--
u+Au
v+Av
u
v
- -
("
V(X)
- u(v
(common denominator)
(v Av)v
( A u )~ u(Av)
(cancel uv - uv)
(v Av)v
Hence,
Therefore.
u
u'v
u2
uv'