Glass and Glazing

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1.

Main ingredient of glass

Silica or Sand (Silicon

Dioxide)

2.

Mixture of glass

Silica or Sand (Silicon

Dioxide) mixed with
ash, lime, alumina, and
chemicals then heated
to fuse them all together
into glass

3.

4.

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7.

8.

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10.

Supercooled liquid without

fixed shape or size

glass

made from a spun disc. The

center formed a bullseye which
was often discarded

Crown Glass

Pros and Cons of Crown Glass

* Pros: Clear high

quality glass due to
minimal contact with
surfaces
* Cons: Wasteful as
usually only glass
near the edges were
useable

made from glass cylinders.

Glass was first blown into
balloons, then the edges were
cut off. Glass was then reheated
and flattened into cylinders to
be processed

Cylindrical Glass

Pros and Cons of Cylindrical

Glass

* Pros: can produce

much bigger pieces
of glass
* Cons: glass often had
many impurities from
contacting surfaces

* Pros: Produced clear, smooth

sheets of glass of constant
thickness
* Cons: Requires a highly
specialized machine that can
control heat very specifically

Types of Glass - 12

- Tempered Glass
- Heat-strengthened Glass
- Laminated Glass
- Fire Rated Glass
- Wire Glass
- Patterned Glass
- Fritted Glass
- Spandrel Glass
- Tinted Glass
- Reflective Glass
- Insulating Glass
- Self-cleaning Glass

3/32" (2.5mm) to 1/8"

thick glass

single strength glass

14.

1/8" onwards thick glass

double strength glass

15.

Thickness of Glass

- Most glass is produced in

thicknesses up to 1" or 2.54cm
- Thickness of glass is
determined by size of window
and wind load

kind of glass that is

stronger but more brittle
than steel

Fiberglass

Strength of Glass

- Glass has low tensile

strength
- Shatters on impact
- Higher compressive strength
compared to tensile strength
- Strength decreases over
increasing surface area

gradual heating of glass to

remove internal stress
(strengthens glass)

annealing

- Annealed glass reheated

to 650'c then rapidly
cooled
- Is under tension along
the edges and
compression on the core
- 4x as strong as ordinary
annealed glass
- Breaks into small square
granules that aren't sharp
- Used in high traffic
areas and in cars for
safety

Tempered Glass

12.

13.

16.

produced from cylindrical glass

which was further processed
through framing and grinding
down with polishing
compounds.

Plate Glass

Pros and Cons of Plate Glass

* Pros: produced the

clearest possible glass
at the time
* Cons: manual
grinding proved to be
very laborious and
expensive

produced from ribbons of glass

which was made to float and
cool on a bed of molten tin.
Invented by Henry Bessemer

Pros and Cons of Modern

Float Glass

11.

17.

18.

Modern Float Glass

19.

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30.

- Reheated annealed glass but not heated

to as high a temperature as tempered
glass
- Cheaper than tempered glass but only
1/3 as strong
- Breaks into sharp, jagged edges

Heatstrengthened
Glass

- Polyvinyl Butryal sandwhiched

between two layers of glass
- PVB holds the glass in place when it
shatters
- Not as strong as annealed glass
- Is a good sound barrier
- Cheaper alternative for tempered glass
in some situations

Laminated
Glass

multiple layers of laminated glass is

used in

bulletresistant glass

- Used in fire walls and fire separation

doors
- Is rated according to how long they can
last in a fire
- Breaks before fire rated walls

Fire Rated
Glass

Fire rating of glass - 3

* Tempered
Glass: 20
mins
* Wired Glass:
45 mins
* Ceramic
Glass: 20mins
to 3 hrs

31.

32.

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35.

- Type of Fire Rated Glass

- Glass embedded with a wire or ceramic
wire mesh
- When glass melts, shatters, or gives
way in a fire, the mesh holds it in place

Wire Glass

- Glass with a frosted or warped texture

to provide privacy

Patterned
Glass

two types of patterned glass

- sticker
- sandblasted

frosted glass that uses a frosted effect

applied with an adhesive

sticker

glass hit with many tiny pellets to create

a rough texture on the glass

sandblasted

- Glass imprinted with ceramic

materials called frit
- Glass is fired and the frit and glass is
fused to form a permanent ceramic
- The frit can be designed in a multitude
of ways
- The pattern or design limits light and
heat penetration

Fritted Glass

36.

37.

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41.

- Opaque glass used in curtain wall

construction
- Made of glass with a coating of frit
- Covers the spandrels or where the glass
meets the floor slab

Spandrel
Glass

- Glass made with small amounts of

elemental pigments
- Reduces light emissivity by 14-75%

Tinted
Glass

- Glass with small amounts of metal oxides

in film either in between or on top of the
glass
- Has a mirror-like sheen
- Film reflects heat and light well
- Mirror-like effect when lit from the
outside, and dark glass when lit from within
the building

Reflective
Glass

Glass with multiple layers and empty space

in between

insulating
glass

two layers of glass with empty space in

between.
- Cuts heat loss in half

Double
glazed

three layers of glass with two layers of empty

space.
- Cuts heat loss to a third

Triple
glazed

- Glass with a layer of titanium dioxide that

allows sunlight to convert dirt into CO2 and
water
- Used in high-rise curtain wall
construction or areas where cleaning is
difficult

Selfcleaning
Glass

- Act of installing windows

- done to weatherproof the glass and the
gaps between the glass and the frame

glazing or
glaze

- Specialized glazing for areas where vertical

support bars are undesirable
- Used in panoramic windows and
storefronts
- A liquid silicone sealant is used to line the
gap between two sheets of glass. The glass is
installed into glazing bars

Butt joint
Glazing

- Glass is installed onto metal bars by means

of screws on the four corners of the glass
- Gives the appearance of floating glass due
to being unframed
- Used in lobbies and airports.

Glass
mullion
Systems

- require more care in glazing because of

wind stress
- Glazing must support the weight of glass,
air pressure, wind, contraction and
expansion, and contact with other materials

glazing
large
lights

42.

- Glass is held in place with glazier's points or small pieces of wood then puttied in place
- The putty is then coated with paint to protect it from the elements

glazing small lights