1

( ), ,
,
. ,
.
,
. ( ).
,
.
-, :
Paul G. FitzGerald, (2008) Time magazine

1
,
, 50 .

,
. ,
,

.
.
,
. ,
,
.

.
, :
,
, ,

2
. ,
.

.

, ,
, ,
.
40

.
,
.

. .
-
1960,
.
, ,
.

, ,

.

,
20 .
,
, .

, ,
.

1
/

2
, ,
. ,
(,
1977). , ,
,
. ,
, .. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
, , , .
(, 1977).

2.1


(.. , 1989). support
(.. Hoek.,
Kaizer & Bawden, 1995). (.
sub),
(,

1964),

.

.

.
.

, ,
.

, ,

.
(. )
(, 1964).
.

1
/

4

.

. Stillborg (1986)
(support) (reinforcement)
.
(ground control) (strata control) -
- .
(temporary)
(permanent).

.
,
,

,
.

(),

()

1
/

1. .

(primary) (secondary)
.
,
.

1 , -

, ,
.
,

. ,
. (, 1988),
(, 1986), (,
1976)
. , (
. - stiffness).

2.2

. ,
, ,
, .
,

(,

1989),

(, 1985), , , , (Anon, 1990), ..

.
rockbolt (.. Stillborg, 1986, 1996),

1
/

6
(boulon).


.
, .
.

2.
. DSI
. Swellex
. rsta

1
/

7
(
, , 1989) ( 2)
, perfo, , , .
, .
dowel (, .. Hoek et al., 1995).
( = , , 1964)
()
() (. , dowel action).
2

. , ()
,
. Hoek & Brown (1980, p.281)
.
-
.
( 2) (
, , 1989 , , 1985).

, .

, ( ,
, 1964). rockbolt
() (.. Hoek et al.,
1995).
.

.

. ,

.
, ,
. ,
, (reinforcement, Brady &

1
/

8
Brown, 1985) (. , , .).
, ,
,
(reinforcement) .
, ,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. , .

2.3
, ,
(, 1964),
. ,
sets.
(rib)
.

, .

,
() (beam).

(post)

,
( 3).
,
. (invert strut)

( 3).
.
.

1
/

3. .

2.4

.

.

(TBM), ,
,
.

2.5 N.A.T.M.


, .

.
N.A.T.M. (Anon., 1980) :


.
, Kovari (1994) ,
, .

1
/

10
,
.
N.A.T.M.
pi
, .
pi -
i .

. Kovari (1994)
( 4)
. N.A.T.M.
.

4.

(Muller, 1978).

N.A.T.M.
. ,
, .
,
.
N.A.T.M.
.
,
,

1
/

11
,
.

N.A.T.M.
. (Anon., 1995) ,
, .

,
.

(Anon.,

1995)
(I.S.O.M.).
.

SCL (Sprayed

Concrete Lining), ,
, .

3
.

. ,
,
.
, .

, . ,
, ,
,

3.1
, .
:
()
,
.

1
/

12
()

. ,
,
, .
() .
.
(),
.
,
.

.
,
.
,
.
, .

,
.
,
.
, ,

. ,
, , ,
.

3.2

1
/

13
(..
),
.

, . ,

. ,
,
.

, ,
.


. ,
, .

3.2.1

. ,
. ,
, .

.

5,

,
.
,
,
rr,
.
, :
=

; = ; =

1
/

14

rr =

Ab Eb

Ar E r

5.
.

Ab, Eb, Young Ar, Er,

, Poisson , b
, . ,
Young,
,
. , Young
Er=1GPa, =0.29 (Eb=210GPa)
db=25mm
(Ar=0.25m2), rr=0.12.
12% ,
.
, , .

3.2.2

, .
,
, ,
.
(
), .

1
/

15
. ,

- -
, .
,
.

, ,

. , ,

.
.
,
, ,
,
.

.

3.3 -

. ,
CHILE (Continuous, Homogeneous, Isotropic, Linearly Elastic),
:
ur =

R
s 1 + s 2 + 2 1 2 (s 1 s 2 ) cos 2 s 3
E

(1)

R , 1 , 2 , 3
, (1 , 2 , 3
), (1),
E .
CHILE

Inhomogeneous,

Anisotropic,

Non

Elastic)

1
/

DIANE

(Discontinuous,

16
.
.

.

,
.

, ,

.

.

.
, . ,
,

.
,
, .
,
.

. ,
,
.

3.4
.

.
, ,
.

1
/

17

1.

,
, .

, ,
.

.

4
(Capacity)
(Demand) .
, , . ,
() C,
, D.

1
/

18
, ,
.

,
.
.

Competent rock layer

Weak rock layers

sl

sc
ts
sc
6.

= 27 kN/m3,

= 1.0 m = 0.5 m.

( 6)
17mm, , 7,
= 1.5 m 1.5 m. D

, = 61.5 kN
(271.01.52), = 28.2 kN (270.51.52).
C
C = 78.5 kN, C= 3.7 kN.

1
/

19

7. t s s

4.1
,
,
, .
, ,
() C () D.
, ,
,
, .

, ()
( ) :
D = W= D = 61.5 kN
()
:
C = C = 78.5 kN
() :

1
/

20
FS= 78.5/61.5=1.3

.

4.2
.
, .

.

( )
. 0.7 1.3m
70 90 kN, ,

D,

70/(271.31.52)=0.88 90/(270.71.52)=2.12.
0.88 ,
,
, .. .

4.3
, ,
,
.

, Monte Carlo ,
. ,
,
.
,
C D, LC, UC, LD, UD,
.
(Nomikos & Sofianos, 2011). fC fD
8, ,
, :

1
/

21

= 78.5; = 3.7; = / = 0.047

= + 3 = 78.5 + 3.7 3 = 84.91

= 3 = 78.5 3.7 3 = 72.09

() = 1/( ) =

1
1
=
= 0.078 1
84.91 72.09 12.8

= 1.0 = 61.5; = 0.5 = 28.2; = / = 0.459

= + 3 = 61.5 + 28.2 3 = 110.34

= 3 = 61.5 28.2 3 = 12.66

() = 1/( ) =

1
1
=
= 0.010 1
110.34 12.66 97.68

0.080

fC(C) or fD(D)

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000
0

25

50

75

100

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

8 C D
.

C D, 8,
4 12. fs
LC/UD UC/LD:
min{} =

72.09
84.91
=
= 0.65; max{} =
=
= 6.71
110.34
12.66

1
/

125

22
fs (3) (4)
, :
=
2 =

( + ) ln( / )
= 1.74
2( )

( + )2
2 = 1.39 = 1.18
3

... fs , 11

= 5.69 > 0.77 =

9
fs, a, d b ( 11,
2):
a, 0.65<fs<0.77.
2

1.44 2

() =

= 2.20

2 ( )( )

2

1
2.08

() =
= 4.86 2
2 ( )( )

d, = 0.77 5.69 =

() =
() =

+
0.80
2
= 1.13

1
+
1
84.9 + 72.1
0.80

=
2 2 2 2 110.3 12.7 2

b, 5.69<fs<6.71.

1.70

() = 1
= 1
0.25
2 ( )( )

2
2.88
1

() =
=
0.064
2 ( )( ) 2

1
/

23

1.4

1.00
UC/UD

Probability density

0.80
F(fs)

1.0
f(fs)

0.8

0.60

0.6

0.40
0.33

0.4

0.20
0.2

LC/LD

LC/UD

Cumulative probability

1.2

UC/LD

0.0

0.00
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0
4.0
Safety factor, fs

5.0

6.0

7.0

9.
.

4 :
(1) =

2
2 110.34 84.91 72.09
=
= 0.33
2( )
2(110.34 12.66)

33 100 .
.

Hoek et al. (1995),

1.41, 0.71 30 %.

,
.
25 %.
:
= 1.25 2

~50%.

1
/

24
.
, ,
LC=UD=> min(fs)=1 ( 8),
= 2 ; = / = / ; = / s:

1 3

2 =

= 1.43 = 1.20 m
1 + 3

1.25 m, 2.34%.

1
/

25

5
5.1
: ,
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
.
: (PDF)
.

.
(CDF) ,
.
(sample mean) :
1 n
x = xi
n i =1

.
(variance)
:
2

1 n
s =
(xi x )
n 1 i =1
2

(standard deviation):
s = + s2

(coefficient of variation):
COV =

s
x

(normal distribution):

1
/

26
1 x 2
ex

2
f x ( x) =
2
< x <

Weibull.

5.2

(, C) (, D),
D>C.

, ,
.
,
, fs,
, :
=

; = = ( 1)

(1)

fs Ffs.
C>0 D>0, Ffs :
() =

<

(2)

. ,

() ,
() .
,
, . ,
, .

5.2.1
, C D
(Sofianos et al., 2013) ,
.

1
/

27
), 10. ,

fC(C) or fD(D)

= 1/( ), = 1/( ).

LD

LC

UD

UC

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

10.
.

2
f(fs), fs LC /LD

UC /UD . ,
, 11, LC/LD
UC/UD.
2
fs (Nomikos & Sofianos, 2011).

()
()
a

< ( / ; / )

> ( / ; / )

/ /

/ /

2 ( )( )

2 ( )( )

( + ) 2
2( )

1 +

1
2 ( )( )

+
2

1
/

2
2
1

2 ( )( )

1
+

2
2

Probability density, f(fs)

28

UC
UD

LC
LD

UC
LD

fs

UC
LD

fs

Probability density, f(fs)

LC
UD

LC
UD

LC
LD

UC
UD

11. : () :
LC/LD>UC/UD, () : LC/LD<UC/UD.

fs fs2,
:
=
2

( + ) ln( / )
2( )

() =

2
2 ()
=

( + )2
2

3

(3)

(4)

. (3) (4)

=

( + )2

=
1
2

(5)

C D ,

= 1 3 , = 1 + 3

= 1 3 , = 1 + 3

1
/

(6)

29
. (3) :
=

3
1 + 3

ln

6
1 3

(7)

fs / ,
:
min =

1 3
=

1 + 3

max =

1 + 3
=

1 3

(8)

(
).
fs=1,
C D 12.
/ .

= ( 1 D

C) / :
1 + 3
=

1 3

(9)

C D ,
.
, (ramp
functions) . ( 13 )
( 13 ) .

2
D

fC(C) or fD(D)

fC(C) or fD(D)

LD

LC

UD

UC

LC

UC

UD

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

1
/

30
( )2
1

2 ( )( )

(1) =

1 + 3 1 3
=
24

(1) = 1

1 + 3 1 3
=1
24

3 ( )

C
fC(C) or fD(D)

fC(C) or fD(D)

(1) =

4 ( )

LC

( )2
1
2 ( )( )

UD

LD

LD

UC

LC

UC

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

Capacity (C) or Demand (D)

+ 2 1 3 ( )
=
2( )
2
6

(1) =

UD

+
1 3 ( )
2
=

2
6

12. C D
.

(C) (D)

(C) (D)

13. () ()
.

() i = j = 1
() i = j = 2, , fs
(Sofianos et al. 2013):

2
F fs ( fs ) =
i =1

0,
2

fs <

LC1
U D2

F fs,ij ( fs),
j =1

LC1
U
fs C 2
U D2
LD1
U
1, fs > C 2
LD1

(10)

Ffs,ij(fs) i j
. :

1
/

31

L
0, fs < Ci

U
Dj

N ij

LCi
U
fs Ci
F fs ,ij ( fs ) = wCi wDj M ij 2 ,
U
LDj
fs
Dj

U
1, fs > Ci

LDj

wCi =

(11)

(U Ci LCi ) ; w (U Dj LDj )
(U C 2 LC1 ) Dj= (U D 2 LD1 )

M ij = hCi

(RUij LCi ) + (1 h ) (RUij LCi )2

(U Ci LCi )

(U Ci LCi )2

Ci

RUij = U Dj min Ci , fs ; RLij = LDj max Ci , fs

U Dj

LDj

N ij = K 4ij Q4ij + [ K 2ij fs + K 3ij + K 4ij ( LDj fs LCi )]Q3ij + [ K1ij + K 2ij ( LDj fs LCi )] fs Q2ij
Qkij

(
RUij LDj fs )k (RLij LDj fs )k
=

(12)

; k = 2,3,4

)1 (U Ci LCi )1
K 2ij = 2 hDj (1 hCi ) (U Dj LDj )1 (U Ci LCi ) 2
K 3ij = hCi (1 hDj )(U Dj LDj ) 2 (U Ci LCi )1
K 4ij = 2(1 hCi )(1 hDj )(U Dj LDj ) 2 (U Ci LCi ) 2
K1ij = hCi hDj U Dj LDj

hC1= hD1=0, hC2= hD2=2

fs fs2,
:
U C 2 L D1

fs = U C 2 LD1

F fs dfs
LC 1 U D 2

(13)

U C 2 L D1

s 2fs = (U C 2 LD1 )2 2

fsF fs dfs fs
2

(14)

LC 1 U D 2

. P(fs1)
fs fs=1.

5.2.2

,

.

1
/

32
Monte Carlo.
( 14,
).
= 1 (),

[0, 1].

( ),
.
,

.
Monte Carlo

1.0

F()

0.91

Latin Hypercube

1.0
0.92

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.76

0.47

0.45

0.4

0.4

0.32
0.26

0.2

0.2

0.15
0.08

0.0
70

0.08

73.674.8

76.6 78.0

82.8

80
X

0.0

90

70

73.5

76.0 77.8

80.6

80
X

83.0

90

14. 5
Monte Carlo () Latin Hypercube () .

,
( 14, )
(Latin Hypercube sampling, LHS).

= 1/ .

1
/

33

6
Anon. (1980) Neue Oestereichische Tunnelbaumethode, Definition und Grundsaetze,
Selbstverlag der Forschungsgesellschaft fur das Strassenwesen im O.I.A.V., Wien.
Anon. (1990) ,
, .-/9, ...
Anon. (1995) Comment - Whats in a name, Tunnels & Tunnelling, September.
Aldorf J. & Exner K. (1986) Mine openings : Stability and support, Elsevier
Brady B.H.G. and Brown E.T. (1985) Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining,
Allen & Unwin.
. (1988),
, ,
..., 3, 73-76.
. (1964), , . .
.
Hoek E. and Brown E.T. (1980) Underground excavations in rock, I.M.M.
Hoek E., Kaizer P.K. & Bawden W.F. (1995), Support of underground excavations
in hard rock, Balkema.
Hudson JA & Harrison JP (1997). Engineering Rock Mechanics, An Introduction to
the principles, Pergamon.
. (1976),
, ...
Kovari K. (1994) Erroneous concepts behind the New Austrian Tunnelling Method,
Tunnels & Tunnelling, November, 38-42.
Muller L. (1978) Der Felsbau, Dritter band: Tunnelbau, Abb. 16-130, Enke Verlag,
Stuttgart.
.. (1986). , , ,
.
Nomikos PP and Sofianos AI (2011). An analytical probability distribution for the
factor of safety in underground rock mechanics, Intern. J. R.M. Min. Sci.
.. (1989). - , ...
. . (1985) .
Proctor R.V. & White T.L. (-). Rock tunneling with steel supports, Commercial
Shearing & Stamping Company
.. (1997).
, 3
, 2, . 417-23.
Sofianos, A.I., Nomikos, P.P., Papantonopoulos, G (2013). Distribution of the factor
of safety, in geotechnical engineering, for independent piecewise linear capacity
and demand density functions. Computers and Geotechnics 55 , pp. 440-447

1
/