15. 16. iv. 18. 19. 20. a. Exercises 5.1 first weight is W = mg = 32m, so g2m= (3) and 32m= (3), From these equations we find 2 ‘ky. The given period of the combined system is 2x/w = m/18, so w = 30, Since the mass of an 8-pound weight is 1/4 slug, we have from w? = k/m k gta nak or b= 295. iA ‘We now have the system of equations 2ky = 3hy ‘Solving the second equation for k; and substituting in the first equation, we obtain 4(Sha/2)ko _ W2KE _ L2k> _ 9 Skt de 5 1125/8. Finally, the value of the first weight is _ Ay _ 1125/8 _ 375 W = 32m = f= SPE = 2 = 46.88 Ib For large values of t the differential equation is approximated by 2” = 0. The solution of this Thus, ky = 375/4 and ky equation is the linear function x = cit +02, Thus, for large time, the restoring force will have decayed to the point where the spring is incapable of returning the mass, and the spring will simply keep on stretching, [As t becomes larger the spring constant increases; that is, the spring is stiffening, It would seem that the oscillations would become periodic and the spring would oscillate more rapidly. It is likely that the amplitudes of the oscillations would decrease as t increases. (a) above (b) heading upward (a) below (b) from rest (a) below (b) heading upward (a) above (b) heading downward From J" +2! +2r = 0, 2(0) = ~1, and (0) = 8 we obtain 2 = 4te~ — e- and 2! = Sen — 16te4*. Hf x = 0 then ¢ = 1/4 second. If z' = 0 then ¢ = 1/2 stond and the extreme displacement is x = e~? feet. 196Exercises 5.1 22, From jx” + V22' + 2r= 0, 2(0) = 0, and 2/(0) = 5 we obtain 2 = Ste"?¥* and a! = 5e72V2t (1 2V31), If x! = 0 then t = V3/4 second and the extreme displacement 1s, SVBen1/4 feet. 23, (a) From 2" + 10x! + 162 = 0, z(0) = 1, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain 2 = fe7™ — Jer. Je% a for 24. (a) x= Je7* (4e% — 1) is never vero; the extreme displacement is 2(0) = 1 meter. (b) (b) From 2!" 4-2! + 162 = 0, 2(0) =1, and 2'(0) = -12 then 2 = Jer® (5206) = 0 when t= fIn§ ~ 0.153 second: if 2” = $ev* (¢ 10) = 0 then § In 10 ~ 0.384 second and the extreme displacement is x 0.232 meter. 25. (a) From 0.12" + 0.42" + 2¢ = 0, 2(0) = —1, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain 2 cost} sind Be sn +425) O then 4t-+4.25 = 2m, 3x, 4x, ... so that the frst time heading upward is .294 seconds. 26. (a) From 4x” +2! +5¢=0, 2(0) = 1/2, and 2'(0)=1 we obtain 2 = -% (J cost + }sindt) aL (v2 V8 nat) = Teen (40-42 ) AS cost + sinat) = » (+3) (c) fz =O then 4t+n/4 = 7, 2n, 3x, ... so that the times heading downward are t = (7+8n)7/16 forn = 0,1, 2, 27, From §2"+6z'+52 = 0 we find that the roots of the auxiliary equation are m = ~$6:{,/46? - 25 (a) If 46? - 25 > 0 then 6 > 5/2 (b) If 46? — 25 = 0 then A = 5/2. (c) 1848? - 25 < 0 then 0 < 6 < 5/2. 19728. 29. 30. a1. 32. 33. Exercises 5.1 From 0.782" + Ba! + 6x = 0 and @ > 3V2 we find that the roots of the auxiliary equation are m= —-90 + 3B? - 18 and = 7 [cosh 2/98 18e + casith 2/98 — 184] Tf 2(0) = 0 and 2/(0) = -2 then c) = 0 and cz = ~3/ 8? - 18, If a" + $x! + 6x = 10cosdt, 2(0) = ~2, and (0) = 0 then 7 \ zoel (cost eersin Ye 2 2 tnd zp = 12(cos 3¢ + sin 3t) so that the equation of motion is 4 vi, 64 VHF) 0 (8 eos VAT in re) sO (cost + sin e ( Leto sapan gt) + Flcosst + sin) (a) Ix" +22'+52 = 12c052t+3sin2t, 2(0) = —1, and 2°(0) =5 then re = ec; cos 2¢-+ea sin 2t) and zp = 3sin2t so that the equation of motion is cos 2t + 3sin 2¢. (b) seanty-anage OF cercere From 2" + 8c! + \6r = Ssindt, (0) = 0, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain a, = ce + onte™* and p= —}.cosdt so that the equation of motion is 2 areal “+ ter — = cosit 4 aa sin4t, 2(0) = 0, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain 2, = ce“ + opie and From 2” + 82/ + 16 = —Bherteosat~ gem 2, sin dt so that = 1 6-*(24c084t + 7sin 4t) As t 00 the displacement « — 0. From 22" + 322 = 68% cos4t, (0) = 0, and 2/(0) = 0 we obtain x = cycos4t + epsin4t and tp = Jen cost ~ 2e% sin 4 so that 8 Xcstt + Saintes eens 2e Mi 19834. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Exercises 5.1 Since 2 = 2B sin(4t —_0.219) — let sin(4¢ 2.897), the amplitude approaches 85/4 as t ~ oo. (a) By Hooke’s law the external force is F(t) = kh(t) so that ma" + fa! + ke = kh(?) (b) From $2422! + 4x = 20cost, 2(0) = 0, and 2/(0) = 0 we obtain ze and zp = cost + #3 sint so that 26; cos 2t-+ 7 sin 2t) 56 2 nat) + cost + = at) + Fpeast + Ty sint (a) From 1002” + 16002 = 1600'sin 8, 2(0) = 0, and 2/(0) = 0 we obtain x. = c; cost + ensin dt and tp = ~} sin ¢ so that, Banat} sine 3 (b) Itz = 4sin 4t(2— 2cos4t) = 0 then t = nm/4 for 01,2, (c) Ifa’ = § cos 4t—§ cos8t = $(1—cos 4t)(1+2cos4t) = Othen t = 2/3+nn/2andt = 7/6-+nn/2 for n= 0, 1, 2, ... at the extreme values. Note: There are many other values of ¢ for which a! =0. (d) x(n /6 + nx/2) = ¥3/2 om. and (1/3 +nx/2) = -V3/2 om. (e) + al From 2" + 4r = —Ssin2t + 3cos2t, 2(0) = —1, and 2'(0) = 1 we obtain ze = cy cos2t + opsin2t, ap = Htsin2t + ftcos2t, and 1 3 gino 2 —cos2t— gsin 2 + Ftsin2¢+ st ece2e. From 2" +9z = 5sin 3t, 2(0) = 2, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain xc = cy cos 3¢+c2 in 3, 2» = —$tcos3t, and 5 8, = 2eos3t + Fe sin3t — Ftcos3t (a) From 2” +uts = Focost, 2(0) = 0, and 2'(0) = 0 we obtain ae = cy coswt + cpsinut and Bp = (Faces yt)/ (w? — 9?) 20 that Fy Fy coswit + a cost 19940. 41. 42. Exercises 5.1 in FO =Futsingt _ (©) Jing ya (cos rt ~ cont) = Li, “FREE TE ms Be sint From 2” + wz = Fycoswt, 2(0) = 0, and «'(0) = 0 we obtain re = cy coswt + epsinut and ‘Hp = (Fot/2u) sinut so that 2 = (Ft/2u) sinwt and Jig $Resinu Pesinut (a) From cos(u~ ») = cos ucos + sinusin v and cos(u + v) = cosucos ~sinusiny we obtain sin usiny = }[cos(u —v) — cos(u + »)]. Letting u = (7 —w)t and v = }(7 +), the result follows. (b) he= }(y—w) then 7 uso that x = (Fo/2e7)sinet sin t. See the article “Distinguished Oscillations of a Forced Harmonic Oscillator" by T.G. Procter in The College Mathematics Jounal, March, 1995. In this article the author illustrates that for Fy = 1, A= 0.01, 7 = 22/9, and u = 2 the system exhibits beats oscillations on the interval [0,9n], but that this phenomenon is transient as t ~ oo. . (a) The general solution of the homogeneous equation is econo? 02 2) + exe sin( ya? = Pt) = Ae™ sin{yu? — 02 + 4), where A= ef +cf, sing Fo(u* = 9?) Fo(=2A) e(t) 1/A, and cos = e/a. Naw = re sin tt + op ee cost = Asin yt +8) AO EE ne OES TRAE sate 8, where Fo{-24y) Boye = sing = LPO? 2h 4 =P eae FPP a? and Fou? ~ 7") (B_aP Fae A KP ys any Vera sae? 200Exercises 5.1 (b) If g/(9) = 0 then > (9? +24 — w®) = 0 s0 that y= 0 or y= Vu7= 2A, The first derivative test shows that g has a maximum value at y= VGF— DX, The maximum value of g is (VFR) « RawlF—w (c) We identify a? = Am = 4, d= 8/2, andy = Vo BY = 4 F/2. As 80, +2 and the resonance curve grows without bound at 71 = 2. That is, the system approaches pure resonance. g 4 6 Ty Toe 3 2.00] 1-41 | 0.58 i100) 1187 | 2.03, 0175 | 1193 | 1.36 7 150 | 1.97 | 2:02 0:25] 1:9 | 4:01, ‘The system is in pure resonance when 2m1/2r = w/2n, ot sin yt = sin atsin? ot = Hsin t ~ sin-yteos27f) Now sin(A+ B) +sin(A ~ B) = 2sin AcosB sin-yt cos 2yt = 5 [sin 3yt — sin yf] and 3 1 faint ~ jsindyt Thas 3 1 ute = Zsinyt- 5 sin 2 4ute = Fsingt— Fsindyt The frequency of free vibration is w/2n, Thus, when /2x = w/2n or 7 = w, and when 3yp/2n = w/2n oF 372 = w oF 93 = u/3, the systern will be in pure resonance. 20147, 48. 49, }. Solving }q" + 209’ + 300g = 0 we obtain g(t) = cre“ + cye~™, The initial conditions 9(0) 10) Solving dq” + 2g! + 100g = 0 we obtain a(t) = e~"(cy cos 40t + cysin 40t). The initial conditions (0) = 5 and ¢'(0) = imply c= 5 and cz = 5/2. Thus a) = 2%" (Scos4ot + Ssindot) ~ 35+ 25/4er™ sin(40e + 1.1070) and 9(9.01) ~ 4.5676 coulombs. The charge is zero for the first time when 40t + 0.4636 = or t= 0.0509 second. 2. Thus g(t) = Ge-2F — ae 6, and q'(0) = 0 imply cy = 6 and cy Setting q = 0 we find e'* = 1/3 which implies t <0. Therefore the charge is never 0. Solving $4” + 10q' +30q = 300 we obtain q(t) (0) = 4'(0) = 0 imply cr 10. Thus g(t) = 10- 10e“™(cos 3 +sin3t) and i(t) = 60e"* sin3t. Solving i(t) = 0 we see that the maximum charge occurs when t = #/3 and 4(7r/3) ~ 10.432. Solving q" + 1004’ + 2500q = 30 we obtain g(t) = eye + cate~®* + 0.012. The initial conditions (0) = 0 and q’(0) = 2 imply cy ~ ~0.012 and cp = 1.4. Thus a(t) = -0.0122- + 14teS* 4 0.012 and aft) = 26% — Oke" (61 cos 3t-+ 02 sin 3t) +10. The initial conditions Solving i(t) = 0 we see that the maximum charge occurs when ¢ = 1/35 and 4(1/35) ~ 0.01871 Solving g" +24 + 4q = 0 we obtain ye = e~ (cos V3t + sin V3#). The steady-state charge has the form yp = Acost + Bsint, Substituting into the differential equation we find 50 cost. (34 +2B) cost +(3B — 24) sin. ‘Thus, A= 150/13 and B= 100/13. The steady-state charge is 150 100 Q(t) = Fy cost + Fy sint and the steady-state current is 150 100 igft) = TP sine + Ty cost 202Exercises 5.1 50. From = a(R eS att) = B (Zsinat - Foon) and Z = /X7 +R we see that the amplitude of ip(t) is = (BE, 8? _ 2 ee Ange tg ZR = 7 51. The differential equation is }q"+20q' + 10009 = 100sint, To use Example 10 in the text we identify Eo = 100 and y = 60. Then (60) ~ 13.3333, i ‘001,(60) Zn XP + Re = VX? + 400 ~ 24.0870, and From Problem 50, then p(t) = 4.1603(600 + ¢) Cone ae angle. Now ¢ = —0.5880 and /Z. Thus tan $= -X/R = —0.6667 and ¢ is a fourth quadrant g(t) = 4.1603(60t — 0.5880) 52. Solving 4q” + 20g’ + 1000g = 0 we obtain ge(t) = (cr cos 40t + op sin 40t). ‘The steady-state charge has the form gp(t) = A sin 601+ B cos 60t + Csin 40t + Dcos40t, Substituting into the differential equation we find (—1600A ~ 24008) sin 60t + (24004 — 1600B) cos 60% + (400C - 1600D) sin 40t + (26000 + 400D) cos 40 = 200sin 60t + 400 cos 40 Equating coefficients we obtain A = -1/26, B= state charge is 3/32, C = 4/17, and D = 1/17, The steady- 1 3 4 1 p(t) = ~g Sin 6Ot ~ = cos 60 + 5 sin 40t + 5 cos 408 and the steady-state current is 160 40 “Tp cosd0t — Fp sin doe53. 54. 55. 56. 87. Exercises 5.1 Solving }q” + 10q' + 100q = 150 we obtain g(t) = e~!*(c cos 10¢ + c2sin 10t) + 3/2, The initial conditions ¢(0) = 1 and q'(0) =0 ituply er = 2 = ~1/2. Thus e-(e05 10+ in 10H) + 3 Ast = 00, g(t) = 3/2 By Problem 50 the amplitude of the steady-state cutrent is Bo/Z, where Z = VXT+RE and X = Ly~1/Cy, Sinve Ep is constant the amplitude will be a maximum when Z is 4 minimum, Since R is constant, Z will be a minimum when X = 0. Solving Ly — 1/C = 0 for 7 we obtain y= 1/VIG. The maximum amplitude will be Eo/R. By Problem 50 the amplitude of the steady-state current is Eo/Z, where Z = VX™+RE and X = Ly~1/Cy. Since Eo is constant the amplitude will be maximum when Z is a minimum. Since Ris constant, Z will be a minimum when X= 0. Solving Ly — 1/Cy = 0 for C we obtain C= 1/Ly Solving 0.19” + 10g = 100sin yt we obtain g(t) = cycos 10t + cpsin 10t + qp(t) where gp(t) = Asin yt + Boos yt. Substituting gp(t) into the differential equation we find (100 — »)A sin yt + (100 — 72) Boos 7t = 100sin 7. . 100 Equating coefcients we obtain A = 100/(100~72) and B +0. Thus, p(t) = s55~—ysint. The initial conditions 9(0) = ¢(0) = 0 imply er = 0 and cy = ~107/(100— 72). The charge is 19 alt) = Gqp yp liosin at — 7s 100) and the current is 10 at) = — cos 104) (8) = Fags ). In an L-C seties circuit there is no resistor, so the differential equation is eq at ‘Then g(t) = cx cos (¢/ VEC) + cp sin (¢/ VEC ) +qp(t) where ap(t) = Asinyt+B cost. Substituting 4gp(t) into the differential equation we find lag + Bobet) singe + ( Equating coefficients we obtain A = 0 and B = EC/(1 — LC"). Thus, the charge is L = E(t) = Ly?) Boos yt = Ep cost ale 1 Ego sin ast + os 7t theasin gt + Tacos 204