1

0
3

1
0

0
3

1
0

0
3

1
0
3


1
0
3

2
1

5
3

n :
cij :i j

n
n

n = 16 15!/ 2 = 653.837.184.000

1987: 666 interesting locations in the world

1998: 13509 cities in the USA

2001: 15112 cities in Germany

2002: 16862 cities in Italy

2004: 24978 cities in Sweden

1
2

n :
cij :i j

2
1

1
n

1
2

3
2

(i,j)

 (i,j)

2
1

1
2

3
2

xij

(i,j)

(i,j)

0
xij = 0
cij
xij = 1

x21 {0,1} x31 {0,1} x41 {0,1} x32 {0,1} x42 {0,1} x43 {0,1}

2
1

x12 = 1 x13 = 0 x14 = 1

1

2
1

3
2

x23 = 1 x24 = 0 x34 = 1

x21 = 0 x31 = 0 x41 = 0
x32 = 0 x42 = 0 x43 = 0

n n

cij xij = 1*1 + 2 * 0 + 1*1 + 1*1 + 2 * 0 + 1*1 +

i =1 j =1

+ 1* 0 + 2 * 0 + 1* 0 + 1* 0 + 2 * 0 + 1* 0 = 4

4
x12 {0,1} x13 {0,1} x14 {0,1} x23 {0,1} x24 {0,1} x34 {0,1}

n n

cij xij

i =1 j =1

min

n n

cij xij

i =1 j =1

xij = 1

j = 1,2,..., n

xij = 1 i = 1,2,..., n

i =1

xij S 1 S {1,2,..., n}

iS jS

j =1

n n

min cij xij

i=1 j =1

xij = 1 j = 1,2,...,n

i=1
n

xij = 1 i = 1,2,...,n

j =1

xij S 1 S {1,2,...,n}

iS jS

xij {0,1} i = 1,2,...,n

j = 1,2,...,n

x12 = 0 x12 = 1

x =1 x = 0 x =1

x13 = 0

13

14

14

1
0

1
0