CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION An electric cizeuit is an interconnection of electrical elements. CHARGE, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND POWER CHARGE : One of the most fundamental concepts in electric circuit analysis is that of charge conservation. We know from basic physics that there are two types of charge: positive (corresponding to a proton} and negative (coresponding to an electron). For the most part, this text is concerned with circuits in which only electron flow is relevant.There are many devices (such as batteries, diodes, and transistors} in which positive charge motion is important to understanding internal operation, but external to the device we typically concentrate on the electrons which flow through the connecting wires. Although we continuously transfer charges between different parts of a circuit, we do nothing to change the total amount of charge. In other words, we neithe: create nor destroy electrons for protons| when running electric cirewits.1 Charge in motion represents a ‘The following points should be noted about electric charge’ 1. The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1.C of chasge, there are 1/(1.602x 16" = 6.24 » 10! electrons, ‘Thus realistic or laboratory values of charges are on the arder of pC, nC, or pC. 2, According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in nature ate integral multiples of the electronic charge €=1.602» 10" 3. The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be ‘Thus the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change. Change is an elsetrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured sn coulomtis (C) Banery CURRENT : Current is the flow of charged particles through a conducting medium, sw wwe talle aboutconducting material have lots of free electrons that float around from atom to atom and everywhere in between, The motion of these electrons is random, so there is no flow in any given direction, However, when we apply a vollage to the conductor, all of the [ree electrons will move in the same direction, creating a current curious thing about electric curvent is that while the electrical energy transfers through the conductor at nearly the speed of light, the electrons themselves move much, much slower. In fact, if you were to walk leisurely alongside @ current earzying wire, you would be traveling more than 100 times faster than cin amperes (A) VOLTAGE : We define voltage as the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit, One point has more charge than another. This difference in charge between the rwo points is called voltage. It is measured in volts, which, technically, is the potential energy difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge thst passes through it [don’t panic if this makes no sense, all will be expleined| ‘The unit “volt” is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who invented what is consicered the first chemical battery. Voltage is represented in equations and schematics by the letter *V". Voltage is a representation of the electric potential energy per unit charge. If a unit of electrical charge ‘were placed in a location, the voltage indicates the potential energy of it at that point. In other words, i is a measurement of the energy contained within an electric field, or an electric circuit, at a given point = eA he Ditect current Sinusodial Current Exponential Current Damped sinusodial current ‘Two methods of representation for the exact same current, In the cireuit shown in Fig., calculate the current i, the conductance G, and the power p ?