BAOVETHUCVAT

LC S PHAT TRIEN CUA HOA CHAT BAO VE THC VAT
I. THI KY XA XA
T thi co ai TBVTV a c s dung t nhieu. Sach Ebers Papyrus, c viet
vao khoang 1550 B.C. co liet ke cac cach thc che tao thuoc e uoi bo chet ra
khoi nha. Tai lieu co nhat ve lu huynh la cua Homer (khoang 1000 B.C.) viet
rang Odyssey ot lu huynh"...e lam sach ai sanh phong va cung nh..."
(Odyssey XXII, 492-494). Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) ghi vao sach lch s t
nhien cua ong nhieu cau chuyen ve dung thuoc sat trung trong 3 en 4 the ky
trc o. Nha y hoc ngi Hy Lap Dioscorides (40-90 A.D.) a biet ve tnh oc
cua lu huynh va thach tn. a co nhng tai lieu cho thay rang vao khoang 900
A.D. ngi Trung Quoc dung arsenic sulfides e tr con trung trong vn. Hai
loai cay Veratum album va V.nigrum (cay le l) a c ngi La Ma dung lam
thuoc tr loai gam nham. Vao 1669, tai lieu au tien ve arsenic phng Tay
la tai lieu ve cach dung arsenic tron vi mat e bay diet kien. Vao cuoi the ky
17 a co cach dung thuoc la lam thuoc tiep xuc tr ch ran. Cac hp chat ong
c biet en t 1807 dung e tr nam va dung dch Bordeaux (gom voi ngam
nc va sulfat ong) c dung au tien phap vao 1883. Acid hydrocyanic
c ngi Hy Lap va La Ma dung lam chat oc. Nam 1877 chat nay c
dung xong hi e tieu diet dch hai pha cac bo su tap con trung trong nha bao
tang. CS2 a c dung lam chat xong hi e diet con trung vao nam 1854.
Cho en nam 1930 phan ln thuoc tr dch hai co nguon goc t nhien hoac la
cac hp chat vo c. Cac chat goc arsenic c dung pho bien bat ke tnh oc
hai cua no.
Mac du viec s dung thuoc tr sau goc arsenic trong nong nghiep giam dan i
khi cac thuoc tr sau loai mi xuat hien, viec dung cac thuoc diet co goc
arsenic van con tiep dien.
au the ky 19 (1802) a co nhng e ngh au tien ve viec dung lu huynh e
tr benh. Vao khoang nam 1850 ngi ta biet en tnh chat xong hi cua lu
huynh. Mai en nam 1903, 95% lu huynh dung tren the gii c lay t ao
Sicily. Mac du co s xuat hien thuoc diet nam lu huynh hu c nh: captan,
maneb va nhng chat khac vao nhng nam cuoi cua thap nien 1950 chung van
co khuyet iem do co oc tnh v vay lu huynh vo c van con la thuoc diet
nam quan trong. u the chnh cua lu hynh la chung t oc vi ngi, ong vat
hoang da va moi trng.
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Nicotine c dung rong rai e diet con trung khap ni tren the gii, rotenone
cung vay, chat nay c dung e thuoc ca Nam My t nam 1725. HgCl2
c s dung rong rai lam thuoc tr nam ke t 1891 va dan dan b thay the
bi cac hp chat thuy ngan phenyl (1915), thuy ngan alkyloxyalkyl (vao nhng
nam 1920) va thuy ngan anlyl (vao nhng nam 1940). Cac hp chat thuy ngan
hu c a gay ra tai hoa nhiem oc chet ngi Iraq nam 1971-1972 do ngi
an banh m lam t cac hat ngu coc x ly thuoc. Khoang 5000 ngi lam nan
trong bien co nay. Rat nhieu nhiem oc lien tuc do mat phai thuy ngan hu c
a khien loai thuoc nay b han che s dung dan dan.
Thuoc diet con trung tong hp au tien c em s dung rong rai la cac hp
chat dinitro va thiocyanates vao au nhng nam 1930. T o, nhieu kham pha
quan trong a dien ra va a en s phat trien o at cua cac loai thuoc tr dch
hai tong hp mi bao gom DDT, cac lan hu c va pyrethroids
II. S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC THUOC SAT TRUNG MI
Thi ky t 1935 en 1950 la thi ky phat trien cua DDT va cac thuoc sat trung
goc clo khac. Mac du a c Zeidler tong hp trc tien vao nam 1874, mai
en nam 1939 DDT (Dichloro Diphennyl Trichloroethane) mi c Paul
Muller chng minh la co tac dung oc tiep xuc diet ruoi muoi va cac con trung
khac. Nam 1940 kham pha nay c cap bang sang che va en nam 1942 che
pham a c thng mai hoa di ten Gerasol va Neocid va nhieu ten khac.
Vao nam 1948 ong Muller c nhan giai Nobel Y hoc ve kham pha nay.
Trong suot the chien th II gia tr thc tien cua DDT a c chng minh v no
giup chan ng thanh cong dch sot phat ban tram trong Naples. Benh nay do
chay ran ky sinh tren c the truyen i, Tam bot DDT vao ao quan cua 1,3 trieu
ngi a khong che hoan toan cn dch. Sau o DDT a c dung mot cach
thanh cong vao cac chng trnh diet tr sot ret. Trong suot na the ky nay, co
khoang 300 trieu ngi b benh sot ret moi nam trong so o co 3 trieu ngi
chet.
Trc khi co DDT hau het nhng no lc diet tr sot ret eu khong thanh cong.
Mot v du ve s thanh cong cua DDT la tnh Latina (Y) co 50-60 trng hp
benh sot ret tren moi ngan dan c vao nam 1944. Con so nay giam en zero
vao nam 1949 sau khi khi ong chien dch phun DDT vao nam 1945. Sc san
xuat DDT My a len en cao iem vao nhng nam au thap nien 1960 va
sau o giam xuong dan. Nam 1962, Rachel Carson xuat ban cuon sach Mua
Xuan Cam Lang (Silent Spring), ch trch hoa chat a gay o nhiem moi trng,
ac biet nhan manh vao s tch luy sinh hoc cua DDT va anh hng cua thuoc
tren s sinh san cua chim. Cuon sach nay a thuc ay chnh phu Lien bang My
e ra cac bien phap chong lai s o nhiem nc va khong kh cung nh chong

mot so thuoc sat trung co tnh ben b. Do o, viec san xuat va ban DDT a b
cam Thuy ien nam 1970 va My nam 1973. Th trng the gii ve cac
thuoc hydrocarbon clo hoa van duy tr trong khoang 10 nam tiep theo sau o
chu yeu bi v DDT van con can dung nhieu vung tren the gii e tr cac con
trung moi gii truyen benh sot ret.
Bang 1
Nam
Lch s phat trien cua thuoc tr dch hai

Loai thuoc
1000BC
900 BC
1763
1800
1848
1939
1940-1950
1944
Ngi Hy Lap dung lu huynh.

Ngi Trung Quoc dung cac chat thach tn
Dung nicotine trong thuoc la tho e diet con trung.
Lan au tien dung pyrethrin chau A
Lan dau tien dung cac chat rotenoids
P. Muller kham pha tnh chat sat trung cua DDT
Phat trien thuoc sat trung clo hu c (aldrin, dieldrin...)
G. Schrader tong hp parathion
1950
1963
Phat trien cac thuoc carbamate

Schering A.G. tong hp chat Chlordimeform, chat au
tien trong nhom thuoc sat trung formamidine
Phat trien cac thuoc pyrethroids i mi.
1970
Cung vi DDT cac thuoc sat trung hydrocarbon clo hoa cung a c phat trien
trong cung thi ky. Chat au tien la hexachlorocyclohexan (con goi la benzen
hexachloride, BHC) c Faraday tong hp nam 1825 nhng tnh sat trung cua
no khong c phat hien trong suot hn 100 nam sau o. Vao nhng nam au
cua thap nien 1940, cac nha khoa hoc Anh va Phap tm ra chat ong phan
gamma cua BHC, thng c goi la Lindane co tnh sat trung manh va san
xuat a vao th trng. Cac thuoc sat trung hydrocarbon clo hoa co dang
cyclodien bat au a vao th trng vao nhng nam gia thap ky 1940. Cac
tnh chat diet con trung cua chlordane c mo ta vao nhng nam 1945, vao
nam 1948 heptachlor c a vao su dung trong nong nghiep va trong vong
nam nam sau o dieldrin va aldrin cung c a vao th trng.
Tai My, th phan DDT a b thay the bi cac hp chat lan hu c bao gom phan
ln cac thuoc sat trung ang dung hien nay. Vao nam 1931, Willy Lange
Vien ai hoc Berlin tong hp mot so chat cha noi P-P. Trong khi tong hp
dimethyl va dimethyl phosphofluoridate, ong va sinh vien la G. Von Kreuger,
phat hien thay hieu ng oc hai cua the hi chat nay len chnh ho. Ho a viet
lai nh sau:... The hi cua cac hp chat nay co mot mui thm manh, de chu,
nhng sau khi ht phai ch vai phut, phan yet hau nghe b ep nang ne va khong
th c. The roi, y thc bat au roi loan, chong mat va mat au buot v tr
nen qua nhay vi anh sang. Sau nhieu gi trieu chng mi giam bt ... Ch can
mot lng nho u e tao ra trieu chng ke tren... Lange hoan toan biet ve kha
nang dung cac hp chat lan hu c e lam thuoc sat trung nhng ong ta sau o
a ri nc c va khong tiep tuc hoat ong trong lanh vc nay. Bi vay,
Gerhard Scharader c xem nh la cha e cua cac loai thuoc sat trung lan hu
c. Ong la mot nha hoa hoc tai I.G. Farbenindustrie (Bay gi la Bayer A.G.).
Vao nhng nam gia cua thap nien 1930 tai c tat ca tai nguyen eu c s
dung vao viec xay dng cac d an quoc phong, han che toi a cac nhap cang
khong can thiet, trong o co nicotine va rotenone, von la nhng chat can thiet
e bao ve cay trong. Trong khi tong hp cac hp chat fluorine va lu huynh
hu c, vao mot ngay thang 12 nam 1936, Schrader ghi lai rang: ... khi toi i
tren ng ve nha, th lc toi hi b giam, mai en ngay hom sau th lc mi
tr lai bnh thng va toi mi lam viec lai c, ro rang la th lc b roi loan do
mot chat mi tong hp c. Ve sau ong a phan lap c chat nay nhng no
qua oc oi vi ong vat mau nong nen khong the dung trong nong nghiep.
Vao nhng nam au cua thap nien 1940, Schrader va cac ong nghiep a tm ra
mot phng phap n gian e tong hp mot ester ac trng cua acid
pyrophosphoric (tetraethylpyrophosphate; TEPP) va chat nay c thng mai
hoa vao nam 1944 di ten thng mai la Bladan. Rat thu v la mot nha hoa
hoc Phap ten la de Clermont a tong hp c cung mot chat va a cung ghi
lai la ong a thoat nan khi th mui v cua thuoc.
Tuy nhien, cung a hn 100 nam troi qua trc khi kham pha ra c tnh oc
tiep xuc cua thuoc oi vi con trung. Bi v Bladan khong u ben vng trong
dung dch long, sau o ngi ta a tong hp ra cac hp chat hu c mi. Cho
en luc ket thuc chien tranh Schrader a tong hp c 7000 chat lan hu c.
Vao nam 1944, mot chat mi c tong hp (ma hieu la E 605) co hoat tnh
diet con trung va o ben vng cao. Sau chien tranh the gii th hai, phng
phap tong hp chat nay a b lc lng ong minh chiem lay; sau o chat E
605 c a vao th trng nong dc di ten thng mai la Parathion, sau
o tr thanh thuoc sat trung thong dung nhat trong nhom lan hu c. Trong
khoang nhng nam o a tong hp c nhng chat oc hn nh Sarin, Sorman
va Tabun dung trong chien tranh va chnh phu c gi b mat rat ky. Nam 1946
Mc Combie va Saunder lan au tien tong hp c chat organophotphate
diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DEP).
Cung vi viec tong hp cac chat, ngi ta a kham pha ra c che gay oc cua
lan hu c, o la s c che men acetylcholinesterase. Cac nha khoa hoc c
a tm ra hieu ng parasympatomimetic cua cac chat lan hu c va tm thay
rang atropin co the dung e giai oc. Nhng hieu biet ve hieu ng va c che
cua chat physostigmine chac chan a tao tien e thuan li cho kham pha nay.
Chat physostigmine la mot alkaloid c Jobst va Hesse Anh ly trch t hat
cay au Calabar vao nam 1864. Cay au nay co ten khoa hoc la Physostigma
venenosum, la mot loai cay lau nam moc vung nhiet i Tay Phi , von t lau
c xem nh mot chat oc th toi trong cac cuoc le phu thuy. Hoat tnh co
ong t cua chat nay va tnh oi khang vi atropin a c phat hien sm vao
nam 1863. Vao nam 1926 Loewi va Nevratil a tm thay cach tac ong c che
men acetylcholine. Tren nen tang nay vao nam 1939 Gros a sm e ra c
c che tac ong cua cac chat lan hu c. Vao nam 1949 Du Bois a khang nh
rang oc tnh cua parathion la do s c che men cholineterase.
Cac kham pha quan trong khac trong lch s cac chat lan hu c la viec kham
pha s tai hoat hoa va gia coi cua nhng men cholinesterase phosphoryl hoa.
Vao nhng nam gia cua thap nien 1950 Wilson a tm thay rang chat oximes
co the tai hoat hoa acetylcholinesterase sau khi no a b chat lan hu c c
che. Hobbiger kham pha ra rang tnh tai hoat hoa cua oxime b giam theo thi
gian, o la s kien cac men phsphoryl hoa gia coi khong the phuc trang bang
oximes va nh vay phan nao anh hng ti ly thuyet nhiem oc do lan hu c.
Ke t nam 1930 ngi ta a biet rang mot so chat lan hu c co kha nang gay
ra benh thieu nang a than kinh khi co hn 10 000 ngi My nhiem oc bi
cresyl phosphate c s dung e chiet trch cu gng e lam trong ru chng
cat. C che lien quan en hieu ng ac biet nay cua cac lan hu c a c
nghien cu mot cach co he thong ch trong thap nien qua, va khong do s c
che cua cholinesterase. Khai niem ve s chuyen hoa bien dng cua lan hu
c thanh chat c che cholinesterase mang hoat tnh va tiem nang tang tnh oc
cua chung do cac hoa chat hoac nong dc khac la hai kham pha chu yeu khac
trong lnh vc nay vao thap nien 1950.
Mac du co nhng nghien cu ve physostigmine, cac carbamate ch c a
vao lam thuoc diet con trung vao nhng nam cuoi thap nien 1940 va trong thap
nien 1950. Loai chat carbamate au tien c a vao s dung rong rai nhat
My la carbaryl do cong ty Union Carbide san xuat nam 1953.
Bang 2: Mot so s kien lien quan en tnh oc do hoa chat tr dch hai
gay ra.
Nam
1930
phosphate gay ra
1962
1970-1973
My cam s
1971-1972
1976
trong
1977
no tren c
1984
20.000 ngi
1986
Bien co
Chng bai liet Ginger Jake My do chat cresyl
Rachel Carson xuat ban cuon Mua Xuan Cam Lang
V anh hng len moi trng, DDT a b Thuy ien va
dung
Ngo oc thuoc tr nam alkyl thuy ngan Iraq
Ngi phun thuoc Pakistan b ngo oc do cac tap chat
malathion
Gii han s dung dibromochloropropane do oc tnh cua
quan sinh duc nam gii.
Ngo oc carbaryl Bhopal, An o gay chet khoang
va hn 100,000 b nhiem oc
Tran 100 tan thuoc sat trung vao song Rhine
Nhom thuoc sat trung quan trong c kham pha gan ay nhat la cac
pyrethroid tong hp. Cac hp chat nay dan xuat t phan t ly trch c trong
hoa cay thuy cuc. Loai hoa nay c dan trong cac bo toc vung Caucase va
Persia s dung t 1800 e tr chay ran c the. Hoa thuy cuc c san xuat hang
hoa lan au tien Armenia vao nam 1828. Nam T khi s san xuat vao nam
1840 va tap trung san xuat cho en the chien th nhat, sau o hoa c trong
Nhat va ong Phi. Chat trch t thuy cuc cha 6 ester co quan he gan gui vi
nhau va eu co tnh sat trung c goi chung la pyrethrin, cau truc cua chung
c biet ro vao khoang 1910-1924. Trong thi gian nay hang tram chat
pyrethroids a c tong hp va chat au tien c thng mai hoa la allethrin.
Sau khi allethrin c thng mai hoa ch co mot vai loai pyrethroids c tiep
tuc kham pha. Mai en nam 1966 Cong ty hoa chat Sumitomo Nhat Ban va
phong th nghiem Michael Elliot (Tram th nghiem Rothamsted tai Harpenden
Anh) mang lai nhng bc phat trien mi ve pyrethroids. Mot so pyrethroids
dung sat trung thong dung nhat la Permethrin, Cypermethrin va Fenvalerate,
eu c tong hp vao nhng nam trong thap nien 1970, bi v chung t oc cho
loai co vu va t ben vng trong moi trng, trong nhng nam ti mc s dung
loai nay se gia tang.
Trong nhng thap nien qua, TBVTV hoa hoc a c phat trien manh me. Dan
so a cau gia tang nhanh chong lam tang nhanh nhu cau ve thc pham va cac
loai nong san khac. Do vay, Bao ve Thc vat tr thanh mot lanh vc trong tam
cua cac nha lam luat va nha khoa hoc.
Ngoai no lc e phat trien cac loai thuoc tr dch hai co the thang c tnh
chong chu cua cac oi tng gay hai, nhieu nghien cu cung a c tien hanh
e tm ra cac chat thay the thuoc tr dch hai hoa hoc. V hien nay cong chung
hieu ro ve moi hiem hoa i lien vi cac hoa chat tr dch hai c tong hp ,
cung vi s phat trien nhanh chong cua cong nghe sinh hoc, phong tr dch hai
bang bien phap sinh hoc ang tr thanh nganh ky nghe phat trien. Nhng tien
bo nay dan en khai niem ve IPM, la bien phap s dung ca hoa chat , sinh hoc
va cac bien phap canh tac co he thong e tr dch hai va cai thien san xuat cay
trong.
CAC HAU QUA XAU DO VIEC S DUNG THUOC BAO VE THC VAT
Co nhieu loai tac hai i kem vi viec s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat (TBVTV). Ngi
tiep xuc vi mot so loai TBVTV co the ganh chu nhng hau qua dai han hoac ngan
han. D lng qua cao cua TBVTV trong moi trng lam giam chat lng nc va tac
hai en cac sinh vat khong phai la dch hai nh ong mat, chim choc va cac loai sinh
vat hoang da khac. TBVTV cung co the gay oc cho cay trong khi s dung. Dung
khong ung cach TBVTV se lam cho dch hai quen thuoc tr nen e khang hoac tieu
diet het cac oi tng la thien ch cua dch hai.
I. S TAC ONG CUA TBVTV TREN NGI
Ht th, nuot hoac lam o, toe TBVTV vao mat co the se gay nen mot so ton thng.
Cac hoa chat oc gay hai hoac lam chet ngi bang cach ngan tr cac chc nang sinh
ly sinh hoa cua c the. ac iem va mc o ton thng tuy thuoc vao tnh oc cua hoa
chat va lieu lng xam nhap vao c the. Mot so TBVTV cc oc gay hai lieu rat
thap, trai lai co nhng hoa chat t oc gay hai cho sinh vat vi lieu lng rat cao. V
kha nang gay nguy hiem cua cac loai TBVTV , nhng ngi lam viec vi TBVTV can
phai tranh khong e thuoc xam nhap vao c the qua da, phoi, he tieu hoa va mat. Can
phai can than vi moi loai TBVTV. Khong ai co the tien oan hau qua cua viec tiep
xuc lap lai lau dai ngay ca vi nhng loai TBVTV t nguy hai nhat.
1.1 Cach xam nhap cua thuoc vao c the ngi:
Co nhieu cach thuoc xam nhap vao c the ngi lam viec vi TBVTV nhng nhieu
nhat la luc pha tron phun xt thuoc hoac khi i vao vung x ly thuoc ngay sau khi mi
phun thuoc xong. Do o khi vao vung mi phun xt thuoc can phai co u dung cu bao
ho, can phai theo ung quy nh tren nhan hieu ve khoang thi gian cach ly trc thu
hoach e bao am sc khoe cho ngi tieu dung.
Con ngi con co the tiep xuc vi lieu lng thap cua TBVTV neu ho song gan vung
s dung thuoc, an phai thc pham b nhiem TBVTV, s vao thuoc mi phun len gia
suc gia cam e tr ky sinh, s vao tan la, san pham ton tr .v.v. co x ly TBVTV.
TBVTV b o tran do tai nan cung la mot moi e doa nghiem trong cho sc khoe con
ngi. Cach nhiem oc co the do hap thu mot lng thuoc ln mot lan hoac hap thu
lau dai nhieu lan lng thuoc nho. Con ngi phan ng khac nhau vi cung mot lieu
lng thuoc. Tuoi tac va the trong cung anh hng en s hap thu thuoc. Tre em va n
gii nhay vi thuoc hn so vi ngi ln va nam gii.
1.1.1 Tiep xuc do tai nan:
Thong thng s tiep xuc do tai nan la nguy hai hn ca, oi khi con do s thieu can
than khi tiep xuc vi thuoc. Trong nong nghiep, so ngi b tai nan do TBVTV cao
nhat va phan ln xay ra khi pha che va phun xt thuoc. o tran, no hoac cac loai tai
nan khac xay ra trong khi che tao va ong goi se gay hai cho nhng cong nhan lam
viec trong nha may hoac nhan dan song trong vung phu can vi nha may(v du tai nan
nha may Union Carbide Bhopal, An o lam thoat thuoc hi thuoc sat trung lam
chet gan 6000 ngi). o tran, chay no nha kho cha co the gay hai nghiem trong cho
cong nhan, nhan vien cu cap va nhieu ngi khac.
1.1.2 Tiep xuc do cong viec:
Mac du ngi phun xt va van chuyen b rui ro nhieu nhat do TBVTV , nhng ngi
khac co lien quan gian tiep en san xuat nong nghiep cung co the b anh hng. Tuan
thu theo quy nh thi gian an toan trc khi vao tr lai vung phun xt hoa chat oc la
cach tot nhat e bao ve sc khoe cua nong dan. Huan luyen cach s dung thuoc an
toan cho nong dan la mot viec lam rat can thiet. Ra sach se cac dung cu phun xt
thuoc la bien phap rat can thiet e tranh vay thuoc vao ngi khi phun xt lan sau. Bao
am thi gian dng thuoc trc thu hoach va bao ve sc khoe ngi tieu thu va bao
ve cong nhan trong cac xng ong hang nong san, trong nha may che bien nong san.
Nong dan lam viec trong nha kieng, vn m tiep xuc de dang vi tan la dnh thuoc
do trong cay day va loi i lai chat hep cung nh khong kh t thong thoang. ieu kien
nay cung xay ra cho nhng ngi phun xt thuoc trong nhng ni khep kn nh nha ,
kho tang, nha xng, van phong. Do vay nhng ngi lam viec trong cac ieu kien nay
can phai luon luon mang dung cu bao ho lao ong.
1.1.3 Tiep xuc vi thuoc trong nha :
Dung qua nhieu hoac khong ung cach TBVTV trong nha se gay hai cho con ngi.
Thng gap nhat trong cac vung phi nong nghiep la trng hp tre con tnh c nuot
phai TBVTV. Can phai e thuoc tranh xa tam tay cua tre con.
1.1.4 Tiep xuc qua thc pham b nhiem thuoc:
D lng TBVTV tren thc pham thng lam cho ngi tieu thu b trung oc. D
lng trong thc pham con nhieu la do nong dan s dung sai cac loai TBVTV. Mot so
loai TBVTV e lai d lng tren thc pham theo nhng o dai thi gian khac nhau tuy
theo loai thuoc va nong san. Cac loai TBVTV ton lu trong at cung co the c cay
hut vao va tao ra d lng trong nong san thc pham. Cac c quan quoc te nh FAO,
WHO a e ra nhng tieu chuan d lng trong nong san thc pham, tng quoc gia
cung e ra tieu chuan rieng cua mnh tuy theo ieu kien cu the. Tren cac nhan thuoc
thng quy nh lieu lng va thi gian dng thuoc trc thu hoach, can phai tuan thu
theo cac hng dan nay. Nhng c quan chu trach nhiem ve an toan thc pham phai
thng xuyen kiem nghiem e giam sat d lng trong thc pham.
Thnh thoang, thc pham cung b nhiem TBVTV do s s dung sai TBVTV sau khi thu
hoach. TBVTV thng c dung trong viec bao quan cac nong san trong kho va,
thng bang cach xong hi. Cong nghiep thc pham co the dung TBVTV trong khi
ong kien, che bien va ong goi hop e tieu diet hoac ngan nga dch hai ben trong
cung nh ben ngoai nha may. oi khi TBVTV cung c dung nhng ni ton tr va
ban le thc pham e phong diet cac dch hai xam nhiem . Cac tiem an cung co the
dung TBVTV e diet bon gam nham . e co the giam sat d lng mot cach hieu qua
can phai co u he thong luat le can thiet va nha nc phai kiem tra cac c s che bien,
ton tr va phan phoi nong san thc pham .
Neu s dung qua nhieu TBVTV e tieu diet ky sinh song tren c the cac loai gia suc,
gia cam co the dan ti s nhiem oc cac san pham sa trng tht. e giai quyet tnh
trang nay cung can phai co luat le va s kiem soat cua nha nc. Can phai co thi
gian cach ly sau khi s dung TBVTV tren cac san pham c dung lam thc an cho gia
suc gia cam .
Nc uong nhiem TBVTV cung la mot cach a thuoc vao c the con ngi. Thong
thng s thai bo hoac dung khong ung cach TBVTV cung lam cho nc ngam hay
nc mat b nhiem thuoc sat trung
1.1.5 S tiep xuc vi TBVTV t cac nguon khac:
Cac nguon khac co the la: (1) thuoc d lai sau khi xong hi nha hoac khu vc lam
viec, (2) thuoc dnh tren o go, tham lot nha c x ly TBVTV e chong con trung,
nam moc, (3) thuoc lu lai tren cac ong vat nuoi trong nha c x ly thuoc e chong
ky sinh trung.
II. Cac con ng thuoc i vao c the:
TBVTV co the i vao c the qua nhieu con ng. Cac con ng hay gap nhat la: (1)
qua da; (2) qua mieng; (3) qua he ho hap; va (4) qua mat.
2.1 Qua da: ay la con ng tiep xuc thong thng nhat. Khi dnh vao da, TBVTV
thng gay man o hoac kch ng, mot so TBVTV khac co the lam h da. Neu lng
thuoc tham qua da qua nhieu se dan en nhiem oc mau va cac c quan cua c the.
S tham qua da tuy thuoc vao loai TBVTV. Cac loai thuoc de hoa tan trong dau hoac
cac dung moi dau la tham sau vao da de dang hn nhng thuoc hoa tan de dang vao
trong nc. e phong nga s tiep xuc qua da can phai mang ay u dung cu bao ho
khi lam viec vi TBVTV.
2.2 Qua ng mieng: S xam nhap TBVTV qua ng mieng xay ra do viec tnh
c nuot phai thuoc, do s toe thuoc vao mieng khi pha thuoc, an uong cac thc pham
thc uong b nhiem TBVTV. Hut thuoc khi s dung thuoc cung a TBVTV vao c
the. Thuoc c tham vao mau qua mang lot cua mieng, bao t va ruot. Can phai e
rieng thc pham ra khoi cac khu vc ton tr, pha che thuoc, gi tat ca TBVTV trong
chai lo nguyen thuy, khong nen chiet tach ra cac loai chai lo von dung e ng cac
chat long khac. Khong c dung dung cu nha bep e ong o TBVTV.
2.3 Qua ng ho hap: Nhng ngi s dung thuoc sat trung co the b ton hai do bui
hoac hi cua TBVTV i vao phoi. Neu khong mang khau trang th rat kho tranh ht
phai thuoc hoac bui trong khi pha tron TBVTV.
2.4 Qua mat: Thuoc i vao mat se gay nen nhng ton hai nghiem trong va t o co
the i vao c the qua he tuan hoan. Khi TBVTV vng vao mat phai doi ra that nhieu
bang nc sach trong vong 15 phut, sau o phai en bac s e kham ieu tr neu can.
III. Hau qua cua s tiep xuc vi TBVTV :
Hnh thc ngo oc va o tram trong tuy thuoc vao o oc cua thuoc, cach thc tac
ong cua TBVTV; lng thuoc tham vao c the va kha nang phan huy bai tiet TBVTV
cua c the. o tram trong do ngo oc co the giam i neu s cu sm . Hau qua cua s
tiep xuc co the cuc bo nh rat mat, da, co hong hoac toan c the neu TBVTV tham
vao trong mau va dan en cac c quan khac. TBVTV co the anh hng en nhieu he
thong ben trong c the cung luc.
Neu tiep xuc vi TBVTV va co nghi ng b nhiem oc can phai i kiem tra sc khoe.
3.1 Trieu chng ngo oc:
Trieu chng ngo oc la nhng ieu kien bat thng ma benh nhan thay hoac cam nhan
c hoac thong qua cac th nghiem trong phong th nghiem cho thay rang c the b
ton hai, tat benh hoac roi loan. S nhiem oc co the dang cap tnh the hien ra ngoai
lap tc hoac kinh nien, ch the hien sau mot thi gian dai tiem an. Mot so cac trieu
chng thng gap c ghi bang 8.1
Bang 8.1
Cac trieu chng nhiem oc TBVTV thong thng
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cac trieu chng co the co do da tiep xuc vi dang bui, long va hi TBVTV
- Da b nhuom mau
- Da b o len vung tiep xuc
- Phong nhe hoac cam giac nga ngay
- Cam giac chay bong au rat
- Da phong dop len
- Mong tay chan b nt va ton hai
Cac trieu chng co the xay ra khi thuoc dang bot, long hoac hi vng vao mat
- Kho chu, bao gom chay nc mat va bong nhe
- Bong dop nang au rat (co the thiet hai mat vnh vien)
Cac trieu chng co the xay ra do ht hoac nuot TBVTV dang bot, long hoac hi
- Nhay mui
- Kch thch mui va co hong
- Nghet mui
- Sng tay mieng va co hong
- Ho
- Kho th
- Th ngan hi
- au ngc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cac trieu chng nhiem oc thay oi tuy theo nhom thuoc va tuy theo ca cac TBVTV
khac nhau trong cung mot nhom . Trieu chng tuy theo lieu lng tiep xuc. Cac trieu
chng thong thng gom : noi man da, au au hoac kch thch mat, mui, hong. Cac
trieu chng nay co the bien mat i sau mot thi gian ngan hoac oi khi kho phan biet
vi trieu chng do d ng hoac cam cum. Cac trieu chng khi hap thu mot lng ln
thuoc thng la: m mat, chong mat, ra mo hoi, suy yeu, oi ma, au bao t, tieu chay,
rat khat nc, bon chon, cau knh, da phong dop, co giat, lac l va mat nhan thc. Mac
du cac trieu chng va ke co the ch ra s trung oc, van co the lam lan vi trieu
chng do benh tat hoac roi loan c the. Thong thng can phai co xet nghiem y khoa
can than.
3.2 Loai ton thng:
Cac ton thng co the sinh ra do c the hap thu mot lng ln thuoc mot lan hay hap
thu nhieu lan va lau dai cac lng nho. Ton thng co the xay ra dang cap tnh, ot
phat va mau dt hoac dang kinh nien keo dai rat lau. Cac ton thng gay ra co the hoi
phuc mot cach t nhien do kha nang c the hay do ieu tr bang y dc hoac khong the
hoi phuc ma e lai cac di chng nh au benh kinh nien, mat kha nang va chet.
3.3 Cac anh hng khac tren con ngi:
3.3.1 D ng: Co mot so ngi b d ng vi cac loai TBVTV s dung ni lam viec
hoac ni . Chat gay d ng co the la ban than hoat chat TBVTV hoac cac phu lieu co
mat trong che pham. Trieu chng co the la kho th, nhay mui, chay nc mat va nga
mat, da noi man, kho chu trong ngi .
3.3.2 Lo au: S lo au phai tiep xuc vi TBVTV mot phan gay ra do s thieu thong tin
hoac nhan thong tin sai lac ve kha nang gay nguy hai cua viec s dung TBVTV. Cac
trng hp tai nan, ngo oc, va d lng trong thc pham c cong bo thng xuyen
tren phng tien thong tin ai chung va tiep tuc c cong chung quan tam. Tuy nhien
thong tin ve s ch li cua viec s dung ung an TBVTV en nong dan hay con t oi.
IV. O nhiem nc ngam:
O nhiem nc ngam do cac TBVTV la mot s kien nghiem trong. Khoang 97% tong
lng nc tren the gii la nc man trong ai dng. Ch co khoang t hn 1% tong
long nc tren a cau la co the s dung c e uong, ti cay, dung trong nha va
che ben. Hai phan ba lng nc nay la nc ngam , b ket trong cac va at di sau.
Phan nc con lai nam trong ho, ao, song, suoi. S kien o nhiem nc ngam do
TBVTV mi c lu y gan ay. Luc au ngi ta cho rang TBVTV khong e doa en
nc ngam v luc bay gi cac phng tien khoa hoc khong phat hien c. Nhieu
nghien cu cho biet rang vi sinh vat, cac yeu to moi trng, at se phan huy va hap
thu phan ln TBVTV trc khi chung co the tiep xuc vi nc ngam . Tuy nhien trong
thi gian gan ay do cac phng phap phan tch hien ai, ngi ta co the tm thay
nhng lng nho cac hoa chat ke ca TBVTV co trong nc ngam . Can phai ban hanh
nhng luat le chat che ve viec loai thai cac hoa chat oc hai e bao ve nguon nc
ngam .
TBVTV i vao nc ngam theo cach: (1) do b ra troi trc tiep t at hoac (2) xam
nhap vao cac loai gieng co lien lac vi mach nc ngam. Cac loai TBVTV i vao
nc ngam t nhng cach phun xt bnh thng tren ong ruong goi la o nhiem phan
tan. Co mot so trng hp do tai nan hoac do loai thai TBVTV khong ung cach ma
TBVTV i vao nc ngam vi mot so lng rat ln, trng hp nay goi la o nhiem
iem .
Cac yeu to anh hng en s o nhiem nc ngam:
Cac yeu to anh hng en s o nhiem nc ngam gom co: (1) ac iem cua chnh
TBVTV, cac loai CHC ben b trong moi trng nhng t di ong v thng ket chat
trong cac hat at, do o chung tap trung tang at mat va t lam o nhiem nc ngam.
Tuy nhien trong thi gian gan ay, cac loai thuoc t ben c dung nhieu nhng chung
co tnh di ong cao, chang han nh cac hp chat phenoxy, urea, carbamate. Cac
TBVTV nay khong ket chat vao hat at va mot so lai de hoa tan trong nc nen de
ngam sau vao nc ngam. Tnh di ong cua TBVTV c liet ke trong Bang 8.2
Bang 8.2
Tnh di ong cua cac loai TBVTV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tnh di ong loai I (rat kho di chuyen trong at)

Aldrin
Ethion
Benomyl
Heptachlor
Chlordane
Lindane
Dacthal
Morestan
DDT
Paraquat
Dieldrin
Parathion
Diquat
Phorate
Disulfoton
Trifluralin
Endrin
Tnh di ong loai II (co the di chuyen chut t trong at)
Azinphos-methyl
Linuron
Bensulide
Molinate
Carbaryl
Prometryn
Chlorpropham
Propanil
Diazinon
Pyrazon
Diuron
Tnh di ong loai III (co kha nang di chuyen trung bnh trong at)
Alachlor
Prometone
Atrazine
Propham
Diphenamid
Simazine
Endothall
Terbacil
Fenuron
2,4,5-T
Tnh di ong loai IV (Diazinon chuyen trong at de dang)
Amitrole
Fenac
Bromacil
MCPA
2,4-D
Picloram
Tnh di ong loai V (di ong manh me trong at)
Chloramben
Dicamba
Dalapon
TCA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kha nang gay o nhiem nc ngam con tuy thuoc loai at va cau tao a chat khu
vc s dung thuoc. Chat long tham qua cat va soi nhanh hn qua cac loai at bun
snh, at tht hay at set. Lng chat hu c trong at anh hng en s lu gi cac
TBVTV va phan huy chung nhanh chong. Cac yeu to pH, o am, cac muoi hoa tan.
Lng va loai vi sinh vat at co the anh hng en tnh ben vng cua TBVTV va anh
hng en kha nang tham sau xuong tang noc ngam cua TBVTV. Neu ben di vung
s dung thuoc khong co mach nc ngam hoac co nhng rat sau th kha nang o nhiem
nc ngam giam toi thieu. Trai lai neu mc nc ngam cao th kha nang b o nhiem rat
ln. Mot so yeu to anh hng en s o nhiem nc ngam do TBVTV c liet ke
trong Bang 8.3
Bang 8.3
Cac yeu to anh hng en s ra troi cua TBVTV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ky thuat canh tac

1. Lng va loai TBVTV c s dung
2. Phng phap s dung thuoc
3. Ky thuat ti tieu tai iem phun thuoc
a. Tan so ti
b. Thi bieu ti va phun thuoc
ieu kien a chat tai iem s dung thuoc
1. o doc
2. Cau tao lp at ben di
3. o lan can cua cac vc cha nc mat nh ao, ho, song
Tng tac gia TBVTV trong at
1. Tnh chat cua TBVTV
a. Tnh hoa tan trong nc
b. Tnh bay hi
c. S hap thu cua at
d. S phan huy
2. Tac ong cua at len TBVTV
a. Cau truc at
b. Lng chat hu c trong at
c. Lng nc trong at
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Phng phap chong o nhiem nc ngam:
5.1 Ton tr: Ton tr thuoc ni kn ao, khong b nc ma tat, nen khong tham
5.2 Pha tron thuoc: Tranh o vai TBVTV, neu b o th phai don sach bang nhng
phng phap thch hp. Ra sach chai thuoc ba lan va o het vao bnh phun. Cac loai
bnh cha phai c loai thai ung cho thch hp. Khong o thuoc qua nhieu lam tran
bnh phun.
5.3 Phun xt: Nen dung cac loai thuoc t di chuyen trong at va de phan huy trong moi
trng at. Chon ieu kien thi tiet thch hp e phun xt. Trong nhng khu vc nc
ngam de b o nhiem can phai:
(1) Giam s dung TBVTV bang cach thay cac bien phap phong tr dch hai
khac.
(2) Ch dung TBVTV khi that can thiet
(3) Dung lng va u e diet dch hai
(4) Giam bt tan so s dung
5.4 Loai thai: Khong loai thai TBVTV d hoac nc thuoc a pha vao at, he thong
cong ranh, ong thoat nc hay ham t hoai.
5.5 Ky thuat canh tac: Tranh ti nc sau khi phun xt thuoc xong, ngan chan nc
ti chay tran.
5.6 Ghi chep: Lu tr cac ghi chep ve lng va loai cac TBVTV a s dung tren
vung trong. Ghi chep can thiet cho viec quy hoach cac bien phap khong che dch hai
sau nay.
V. Tac ong en cac sinh vat khong oi tng:
Mot so TBVTV co anh hng manh me en moi trng ni va xung quanh ni phun
thuoc bao gom ca sinh vat, khong kh, at va nc. Khoang 55% TBVTV s dung se
ri khoi khu vc x ly do bay lac, bay hi, ra troi, chay tran va theo at b xoi mon.
6.1 Ong mat: Mot so TBVTV co the lam hai ong mat lam thiet hai cho nhng nha
nuoi ong va va lam giam thu phan cho mot vai loai cay trong. Do vay vao mua ra hoa
co nhieu ong lai vang can phai tranh phun thuoc hoac dung cac loai t oc hai cho ong.
Phun thuoc vao luc that sm , xe chieu se giam bt thiet hai trc tiep cho ong v luc
nay chung t lai vang. Neu phun thuoc can bao cho nhng nha nuoi ong biet trc e
tranh thiet hai.
6.2 Cac thien ch va nhng sinh vat co ch khac: Ngoai ong ra, TBVTV con tac
hai en cac sinh vat hu ch khac. Cac thien ch ky sinh tren cac dch hai gop phan
lam giam dan so cua chung. Mot so cac sinh vat nh bo canh cng va nhieu con trung
at khac giup phan huy xac ba thc va ong vat trong at. Cac loai nam va tuyen
trung gi vai tro quan trong trong viec phan huy vat chat cung nh gop phan vao qua
trnh au tranh sinh hoc lau dai trong moi trng at, chung co the b tieu diet do xong
hi hoac phun xt. Do vay neu pha v c che phong tr t nhien th co the tao ra s le
thuoc thng xuyen vao TBVTV. Cac phng thc e lam giam thiet hai cho cac sinh
vat co ch la:
(1) Chon TBVTV t oc cho cac sinh vat co ch
(2) S dung TBVTV vao nhng thi ky t ton hai nhat cho cac sinh vat hu ch, chang
han phun thuoc vao thi ky ngu cua con trung.
(3) Giam bt lieu lng khi co the
(4) Dung phng phap x ly gii han tai cho e giam bt tac ong tai hai
6.3 S troi day cua dch hai va phat sinh dch th cap:
Cac dch hai trong t nhien thng b khong che bi cac thien ch va tao ra mot s
can bang ve dan so. Do o tr khi dung loai thuoc rat chuyen tnh, phan ln cac thuoc
eu giet hai luon ca thien ch. Cac thien ch thoat chet do thuoc cung se chet v
thieu thc an la cac dch hai a b thuoc tieu diet het. Bi v cac thien ch song tuy
thuoc vao dch hai nen chung can nhieu thi gian hn e phat trien dan so. V vay, sau
khi s dung thuoc, dch hai co the di chuyen tr lai nhanh chong, luc o con lai qua t
thien ch e tieu diet dch hai, chung se bung phat dan so nhanh chong hn trc, ay
la s troi day cua dch hai. Mot van e khac lien quan en viec s dung TBVTV la s
phat sinh dch th cap. Cac dch hai th cap trc ay do b thien ch kiem ham va b
dch hai chnh canh tranh, khi cac canh tranh nay b mat i th dch hai th cap co c
hoi e phat sinh manh me gay thiet hai kinh te.
6.4 Anh hng en sinh vat hoang da: Sinh vat hoang da co the b thiet hai do
TBVTV trc tiep khi b trung oc hoac gian tiep khi nguon thc an hoac ni sinh song
cua chung b mat i. Cac ong vat co xng song ke ca chim thng kiem an va c tru
gan cac canh ong co dung TBVTV. oi khi chung la b ngo oc do cac moi ba oc
hoac chung an cac dch hai b chet do TBVTV. Mac du TBVTV co the khong giet chet
trc tiep cac ong vat hoang da nhng thuoc lam cho he mien dch cua chung b yeu
i, hay nhiem benh tat, anh hng en sc sinh san va chung khong kiem c moi
hoac nc uong hoac t bao ve chong lai cac thien ch.
Ca thng rat nhay cam vi nhieu TBVTV co trong nc ngay ca nong o thap. Mot
so TBVTV co tnh ben vng cao tch luy lai trong chuoi thc pham vi nong o cao
dan len trong chuoi, ay la hien tng tch luy sinh hoc. Cac loai thuy cam th b ngo
oc do kiem thc an t nhng canh ong co s dung TBVTV .
6.5 Anh hng en thc vat: Thuoc diet co dung e khong che co dai tren ong
ruong va ven ng co the anh hng en cac thc vat khac khong phai la oi tng.
Co nhieu loai thc vat co tam quan trong trong viec bao ve lu vc, lam giam xoi
mon, cung cap thc pham va ni cho thu hoang. Cac thc vat nay la mot bo phan cua
he sinh thai can bang cua t nhien, khi b he sinh thai nay b roi loan co the lam boc
phat cac thc vat mi khong mong muon hoac suy giam li ch cho hoang thu va lu
vc cac song ngoi.
6.6 oc tnh oi vi thc vat: oc tnh oi vi thc vat co the la mot tr ngai oi
vi viec s dung mot so TBVTV v chung co the lam h hai cac hoa mau khac, cay
kieng hoac cay tao canh quan. oi khi oc tnh khong gay ra do chat hoat ong nhng
do cac chat phu gia hoac tap chat. Cac ieu kien moi trng nh nhiet am, thi gian
phun thuoc co the anh hng en oc tnh thc vat.
VII. Tnh khang cua dch hai:
Khi s dung mot loai TBVTV nao qua lau, dch hai se tang dan tnh chong chu v vay
phai tang dan lieu thuoc e at c cung mot ket qua phun xt nh lan trc. Cuoi
cung thuoc hau nh mat tac dung. S thay oi cac loai thuoc cung co tac dung nhng
oi khi dch hai van phat trien tnh chong thuoc ngay ca oi vi cac loai thuoc khong
cung nhom , hien tng nay goi la khang cheo. S khang thuoc lien quan en s thay
oi tnh di truyen cua quan the dch hai lam tang dan t le cac ca the co bo may di
truyen qui nh s chu ng oi vi TBVTV ang c s dung.
Tnh khang cua con trung oi vi hp chat lu huynh voi c phat hien nam 1914.
Vao nhng nam 1920 ngi ta a phat hien c tnh khang cua con trung oi vi cac
TBVTV co arsenic. Vao nhng nam 1950, con trung khang vi DDT. Trong may thap
nien qua, TBVTV c s dung rat rong rai, tnh khang cheo vi cac TBVTV cu lai
dien ra vi cac TBVTV the he mi a lam tang tnh khang tong quat cua dch hai. Tuy
nhien tnh khang cua dch hai la mot tr ngai co the giai quyet c va tuy thuoc vao
cac yeu to di truyen va sinh hoc va phng thc s dung.
VII. D lng TBVTV :
D lng la phan con lai cua TBVTV sau khi x ly tren ong ruong hay nong san. D
lng lien quan en tnh chat cua thuoc va dang che pham, tan so va lieu lng
TBVTV x ly va moi tng tac gia chung vi cac yeu to moi trng. D lng cung
can thiet trong trng hp can thuoc lu lai lau dai e tieu diet dch hai. Tuy nhien, d
lng lai co hai cho ngi tieu thu.
Cac nc eu co nhng quy nh cho phep mc ton d toi a (MRL= maximum residue
limit) cua TBVTV tren nong san thc pham . Mot so th du ve tieu chuan nay cho
bang 8.4
Bang 8.4
Mc d lng toi a cho phep (MRL) tren mot so nong san cua mot so
thuoc BVTV do FAO a ra
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten thong dung
Ten khac
MRL (mg/kg)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diazinon
Basudin
Ngu coc :
0,1
Rau qua :
0,5-0,7
Dichlorvos
DDVP
Ngu coc :
2
Rau qua :
0,2
Bi-58
Dimethoat
Rau, qua, cu: 0,5-1
Rau an la : 0,1
Sumithion
Fenitrothion
Rau qua:
0,5
Rau an cu : 0,05
Malathion
Carbofos
Rau an la, qua:1,0
Rau an cu:
1,0
Monitor
Methamidophos
Rau cac loai 0,1-0,2
Azodrin
Monocrotophos
Ca chua
1,0
Ca rot
0,002
Methyl Parathion
Wofatox, Metaphos
Ca chua
Rau an qua khac
Ca rot
Dipterex
Trichlorofon
Sevin
Carbaryl
Rau qua
Rau ho au
Cac san pham khac
Rau qua
Rau cu
Furadan
Carbofuran
Padan
Cartap
Polytrin, Sherpa
Cypermethrin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ngoai MRL e khuyen cao ve tong lng d lng co the hap thu hang ngay ngi ta
con s dung khai niem mc cho phep an vao hang ngay (ADI= acceptable daily
intake).
CHNG II
AI CNG VE HOA CHAT BAO VE THC VAT
I. MOT SO KHAI NIEM VE CHAT OC NONG NGHIEP:
1.1 nh ngha thuoc bao ve thc vat:
FIFRA (ao luat Lien bang My ve thuoc tr con trung, nam va bon gam
nham [Federal Insecticde, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]) nh ngha ve
thuoc bao ve thc vat (TBVTV) nh sau:
TBVTV la n chat hoac hon hp cac chat thuoc c dung e :
ngan nga, tieu diet, xua uoi, hoac lam giam bt con trung, bon gam
nham , tuyen trung, nam , co dai hoac cac dang sinh vat khac c xem
nh la dch hai.
kch thch tang trng cay trong, gay rung hoac lam kho la.
TBVTV bao gom cac hoa chat hu c tong hp nhan tao hoac hoa chat hu
c hoac vo c co san trong t nhien, cac vi sinh vat hoac mot so cac chat
khac c dung thng ngay nh chlorine (dung kh trung nc uong, nc
ho tam, dung kh trung trong nha).
oc tnh (cua TBVTV) la kha nang gay ton hai en sinh vat cua mot hoa
chat . Cac TBVTV co oc tnh khac nhau, thuoc cang co oc tnh cao th
lng gay oc cang nho. Cac chat oc khi xam nhap vao c the vi lng
nho cung co the gay nen ngo oc, pha huy nghiem trong cac chc nang cua
c the hoac lam cho c the b chet. Chat oc con c nh ngha la chat gay
tac ong xau khi xam nhap vao ben trong te bao song.
Tuy vay khai niem oc mang tnh chat quy c v co nhng chat tuy oc oi
vi sinh vat nay nhng oc t hoac khong oc oi vi sinh vat khac. Mat
khac cung la mot chat ma tuy theo ieu kien va phng phap s dung ma co
the la chat oc hay khong. oc tnh con thay oi theo tuoi va gii tnh cung
nh trang thai c the sinh vat va ieu kien moi trng.
oc tnh cua mot chat oc la kha nang gay oc cua chat o oi vi c the
tnh theo lieu lng s dung. o oc cua mot loai chat oc thay oi tuy theo
oi tng b gay oc the hien nhng lieu lng khac nhau. Lieu lng la
lng chat oc can co e gay mot tac ong nhat nh tren c the sinh vat.
Cach e xac nh o oc la cho cac sinh vat th nghiem hap thu mot lieu
lng nhat nh chat oc va theo doi dien tien ket qua.
1. 2 Lieu lng va nong o gay chet
Trong thc te ngi ta thng e cap lieu lng gay chet 50% sinh vat th
nghiem, ky hieu
LD50 (lethal dose). n v cua LD50 la mg ai/kg (mg chat oc hoat ong
(active ingredient) tren moi kg the trong cua sinh vat th nghiem). oc tnh
con c dien ta nh la nong o hi hoac bui trong khong kh hoac lng
chat oc dang long hoa tan trong nc song suoi ho co the gay chet cho 50%
so sinh vat th nghiem . Nong o nay c ky hieu la LC50 (lethal
concentration). LC50 co n v la microgram (10-6 gram) tren moi lt khong
kh hoac nc. TBVTV xam nhap vao c the thong qua mieng, da, mat,
phoi. TBVTV con co the c tiem vao c the qua tnh mach. LD50 thng
c tnh qua ng da hoac mieng.
Mot loai thuoc co LD50 cao cha chac la an toan, lieu lng ban gay chet
cua mot so thuoc cung co the gay ra cac trieu chng da va mat nh: kch
nga, au au, oi ma va cac tat benh khac.
Bang 2.1
Mot so v du ve LD50 cua thuoc:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hoa chat
Ten thng mai
LD50
Loai thuoc BVTV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carbofuran
Furadan
8-14
Diet
con trung(DCT)
Parathion-methyl
Wofatox
14
DCT
Carbaryl
Sevin
850
DCT
Aldicarb
Temik
0,79
DCT
BT
Dipel
Diazinon
300
Iprodione
Rovral
3500
Diet nam (DN)
Zineb
Dithane
5200
DN
Captan
9000
DN
Metalaxyl
Ridomil
670
DN
Glyphosate
Roundup
4300
Diet co (DC)
Trifluraline
Treflan
3700
DC
2,4-D
375
DC
Simazine
Princep
5000
DC
Propagite
Omite
2200
Diet nhen (DNh)
Difocol
Kelthane
668
Diet nhen
Metaldehyde
600
Diet oc sen
Zinc phosphide
45,7
Diet chuot
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Co nhieu quy c phan loai cac chat oc da vao LD50 cua chung nh sau:
Nhom I
Nhom II
Nhom III
Nhom IV
: Rat oc LD50 < 100mg/kg.

: oc cao LD50 = 100 - 300 mg/kg.
: oc va: LD50 = 300 - 1000 mg/kg.
: oc t: LD50 > 1000mg.
Co the chia chi tiet hn nh sau:

I : ac biet oc : LD50 < 1 mg/kg
II : Rat oc
: LD50 = 1 - 50 mg/kg
III : oc cao
: LD50 = 50 - 100 mg/kg
IV : oc va
: LD50 = 100 -500 mg/kg.
V : oc t
: LD50 = 500 - 5000mg/kg
VI : oc khong
ang ke : LD50 = 5000 - 15000 mg/kg
1. 3 Mc khong thay c hieu ng cua thuoc (No Observable Effect

Level = NOEL)
La lieu lng toi a cua mot chat oc khong tao ra c mot hieu ng thay
ro ret cac ong vat th nghiem . NOEL thng c dung lam hng dan
e lap ra cac mc tiep xuc toi a ngi va thiet lap cac mc d lng chap
nhan c tren cac loai nong san. Thong thng, mc tiep xuc va mc d
lng chap nhan c c quy nh khoang 100 en 1000 lan nho hn
NOEL e co c s an toan can thiet.
1. 4 Tr so ngng gii han (Threshold Limit Value = TLV)
TLV oi vi mot hoa chat, chang han nh chat c dung lam thuoc xong
hi la nong o cua hoa chat (tnh theo ppm ) khong tao ra nhng anh hng
xau cho sinh vat trong mot khoang thi gian nao o. TLV thong dung nhat
thng ap dung cho nong dan la nong o cua hoa chat ma nong dan phai
chu ng trong vong 8 gi moi ngay va trong 5 ngay lien tuc. oi khi co
nhng tr so TLV ngan han ap dung cho nong dan v cong viec phai i vao
vung x ly thuoc. Tnh TLV bang cach cho sinh vat tiep xuc vi nhng nong
o chat oc khac nhau roi khao sat va phan tch cac ket qua.
TBVTV thng c phan thanh 3 hang I, II, va III. Hang I la nhng
TBVTV rat oc, s dung phai rat han che. Hang III gom cac TBVTV t oc
hai nhat. Moi mot loai mang nhng dau hieu khac nhau tren nhan va co quy
che rieng.
1.4.1 Cac TBVTV trong Hang I
Cac TBVTV thuoc Hang I co LD50 ng mieng bang hoac nho hn 50
mg/kg va LD50 qua da bang hoac nho hn 200 mg/kg. Theo quy c quoc te,
cac nhan thuoc nhom nay co ghi ch Nguy hiem cung vi ch Chat oc
vi dau hieu so ngui va hai xng bat cheo. Cac thuoc trong hang nay gay
nhieu rui ro nhat v chung qua oc. Cac TBVTV t oc hn van co the c
xep vao Hang I neu chung gay ra nhng nguy hiem ac biet nh: ton thng
nghiem trong da va mat hoac nguy hai oi vi moi trng. Trong trng hp
nay tren nhan ch co ch nguy hiem ma khong ghi ch chat oc. Mot vai
giot en 1 mot muong ca phe thuoc nay co the lam chet mot ngui ln.
1.4.2 Cac TBVTV trong hang II
Hang nay bao gom cac TBVTV co LD50 ng mieng t 50 en 500 mg/kg
hoac LD50 qua da t 200 en 2000 mg/kg. Tren nhan thuoc loai nay co ghi
ch Can than. Lieu khoang 1-6 muong ca phe co the lam chet mot ngi
ln.
1.4.3 Cac TBVTV trong hang III
Hang III gom cac TBVTV co LD50 ng mieng ln hn 500 mg/kg va
LD50 qua da ln hn 20000 mg/kg. Ngoai nhan co ghi ch Lu y. Nuot
khoang 30 g thuoc hang nay, ngi ln co the chet.
1.5 Phng phap trac nghiem tnh oc vi ong va thc vat
Sinh vat thng c dung e trac nghiem o oc la : tho, cho, kh, nai,
chuot trang, chuot lang, bon bo sat, ca, thc vat, ong. Trong vai nam gan ay
mot phng phap mi c s dung la dung cac vi khuan phat sang
(phytobacteria) tron lan vi oc chat pha loang theo cac nong o khac nhau
va o o phat sang cua vi khuan e xac nh o oc. Phng phap nay cho
ket qua rat nhanh chong. Cac con so ve lieu gay oc LD50 eu phai ch nh
ro loai sinh vat th nghiem . Ngoai ra con co viec th hieu lc thuoc tren cac
con trung oi tng.
Theo quy luat thong thng cua t nhien, nhng ong vat nho be thng co
sc e khang manh hn cac ong vat ln nen trong thc te ngi ta lay 1/10
lieu lng LD50 e ch nh o oc cua thuoc oi vi ngi ln khoe manh.
oi vi ngi gia, tre em va phu n co thai th ch so o con nho hn nhieu
na. Trong trang thai say ru kha nang e khang cua ngi say con thap
hn rat nhieu lan.
Ngoai s sai biet do cac giong sinh vat khac nhau em lai, LD50 con thay oi
theo con ng xam nhap cua thuoc vao c the. Chat oc thng co the xam
nhap vao c the sinh vat theo 3 con ng: tieu hoa, tiep xuc va ho hap. Do
o chung ta cung co 3 loai LD50 tng ng:
- LD50 qua ng mieng (Oral LD50): thuoc xam nhap vo ng tieu hoa.
- LD50 qua ng da (Dermal LD50): thuoc xam nhap qua da do tiep xuc.
- LD50 qua ng th (Inhalation LD50); thuoc xam nhap ng ho hap.
Trong 3 loai nay, LD50 qua ho hap thng co tr so thap nhat bi v thuoc
xam nhap qua he ho hap se c nhanh chong chuyen vao mau, a i khap
c the va gay oc cap ky. Ke en la s xam nhap cua chat oc qua ng
tiep xuc, nhat la oi vi chat oc de hoa tan trong mo m, hoac la khi thuoc
ri vao cac v tr nh canh mui, mat, co hoac vet thng.
Cac thuoc co nguon goc khac nhau th tnh oc va kha nang gay oc khac
nhau:
luy.
* Cac thuoc goc lan co o oc cap tnh cao nhng t hoac khong tch
* Cac thuoc goc Clo co o oc cap tnh khong ln nhng tch luy
trong m.
* Cac thuoc vo c nh Cu va S co o oc keo dai.
* Cac thuoc goc thao moc co o oc cap tnh cao nhng phan giai
nhanh.
Thuoc goc lan thng kiem ham enzyme cholinesterase trong khi thuoc goc
Clo tac ong len he than kinh. Co khi thuoc lam liet c va than kinh cua
ong vat co xng song th lai khong co cung tac dung con trung.
Co nhieu loai trac nghiem vi ong va thc vat , tuy theo muc tieu ma la
chon cac phng phap khac nhau, chang han:
e xac nh NOEL va lieu lng di t vong (sublethal dose) hoac o oc
man tnh (chronic), hoac ngi ta thng cho ong vat hap thu hang ngay
lieu nho hn LD50. Trac nghiem nay cung dung e anh gia s bat duc, sinh
con khuyet tat, ung th, hoac cac van e sc khoe khac ngi.
e xac nh oc cap tnh thng s dung LD50 va LC50. Vat th nghiem
c cho hap thu lieu cao va n oc e khao sat hieu ng, t o giup d
oan moi nguy c tiep xuc vi thuoc lieu nho va lau dai ngi.
1. 6 Cac yeu to anh hng en oc tnh cua TBVTV
Co nhieu yeu to lam tang hoac giam kha nang phong diet cua TBVTV oi
vi cac dch hai. Cac yeu to anh hng gom co: nhiet o, am o, anh sang,
gio, ma, yeu to di truyen, tuoi va the trang cua sinh vat. Thi gian can co
e mat i mot na lng thuoc ban au goi la ban sinh (half life) cua thuoc.
Ban sinh cua thuoc tuy thuoc vao ac iem cua hoa chat va dang bao che, vi
sinh vat at, UV, chat lng nc pha thuoc cung nh cac chat lan tap trong
thuoc. Tron cac loai thuoc BVTV lai vi nhau co the lam tang hoac giam
ban sinh. Loai thuoc ton tai lau trong thien nhien di dang hoat ong c
goi la thuoc ben vng. Sau ay la cac yeu to chnh anh hng en oc tnh
cua TBVTV .
1.6.1 Giai oan sinh trng cua dch hai:

Giai oan sinh trng cua dch hai co the anh hng en ap ng cua chung
oi vi TBVTV. Chang han, cay con nho thng nhay cam vi thuoc diet co
hn la cay ln; cay a nien ang tro hoa b anh hng cua thuoc diet co
nhieu hn cay bat au tro hoa hoac a tro hoa xong.Cac loai co a nien kho
b diet khi chung a phat trien ay u he thong than ngam. Cac giai oan
phat trien khac nhau cua con trung t trng en sau non, nhong, au trung
eu co ap ng khac nhau vi TBVTV do cac khac biet ve ac iem ly hoa
khac biet cua chung cung nh tnh an va v tr cac c phan cua c the.
1.6.2 S hap thu TBVTV:
Phan ln cac TBVTV eu co v tr tac ong ac thu. Trc khi tac ong
thuoc phai c dan ti cac v tr nay. S khac biet ve cau tao c the, lp
phu c the, va thoi quen cua dch hai co the anh hng en s xam nhap
cua thuoc. Dang che pham va ieu kien moi trng cung anh hng en s
hap thu TBVTV. Sinh vat hap thu TBVTV theo nhieu cach
- Thuoc tiep xuc (contact): loai thuoc nay i vao c the sinh vat xuyen qua
lp cau tao phu ngoai c the (chang han nh lp cutin cua thc vat, bon chan
ot, hoac da cua cac ong vat co xng song).
- Thuoc v oc (stomach poisons) : e gay oc thuoc phai c an vao, t o
thuoc tham qua lp te bao lot cua mieng hoac ng ruot cua con trung
- Thuoc xong hi (fumigant): c sinh vat hap thu vao qua s ho hap hoac
qua cac bo phan th. hoac qua da hoac lp bieu b. Co loai TBVTV co ca ba
phng thc xam nhap ke tren.
Phan ln TBVTV nguyen chat khong thch hp cho viec tieu diet dch hai
bi v chung qua am ac hoac kho tron lan vi nc, hoac khong c ben
v vay nhng nha bao che thng them vao cac chat khac e cai thien kha
nang ton tr, thao tac van chuyen va s dung an toan hn. San pham cuoi
cung goi la che pham TBVTV (pesticide formulation). Che pham TBVTV
bao gom :
1) chat hoat ong; 2) chat mang nh cac loai dung moi hoac
khoang set; 3) cac chat tac ong be mat bao gom chat dnh va chat trai; 4)
cac chat khac nh chat on nh, chat nhuom va cac hoa chat e cai thien
hoac tang cng tac ong cua TBVTV . x lanh, trong che pham TBVTV
con cha cac chat chong ong do nhiet o thap. Sau cung, cac che pham
c s dung di dang hoa loang vi nc hoac dau. Co mot so thuoc tr
dch hai c che tao ac biet e s dung trong nha.
II. TIEU CHUAN CUA THUOC BVTV DUNG TRONG NONG

NGHIEP:
Cac thuoc BVTV can phai co cac ac tnh sau:
* Co tnh oc oi vi dch hai nhng an toan oi vi cay trong (t nhat la
nong o thng dung) va t chu anh hng cua ieu kien ngoai canh (nhiet,
am, anh sang ...)
* Tnh oc phai a nang song phai co tnh chon loc.
* Bao quan, van chuyen va s dung de dang.
* An toan oi vi moi trng.
* De ket hp gia thuoc vi nhau hoac vi phan bon.
* Mau sac de phan biet e de kiem tra va bao am an toan khi s dung.
* Gia thanh ngi tieu dung chap nhan c.
III. PHAN LOAI THUOC TR DCH HAI
Tat ca cac hoa chat dung trong cong tac BVTV eu c mang ten chung la
TBVTV hay thuoc tr dch hai (pesticide). Viec phan loai thuoc tr dch hai
co the thc hien theo nhieu cach:
1.1 Phan loai theo oi tng:
Diet con trung: Insecticide
Diet vi khuan: Bactericide
Diet nam : Fungicide
Diet tuyen trung : Nematicide
Diet co: Herbicide, Weed killer
Diet nhen: Acaricide
Diet Aphid : Aphicide
Diet oc sen: Molluscicide
Diet chuot: Raticide
2.2 Phan loai theo con ng xam nhap:
V oc(v): Dipterex (tx) DDT (tx) 666(tx xh) Wofatox (tx) ...
Tiep xuc (tx): Mipcin, Bassa, Dimethoate (ld)
Lu dan (ld): Furadan, Aliette
Xong hi (xh): Methyl Bromide (CH3Br), Chloropicrin (CC13NO2)
Aluminium Phosphide (Al..P)
2.3 Phan loai theo nguon goc:

Thuoc vo c: S, Cu ...
Thuoc thao moc: Derris, Nicotine
Thuoc tong hp:
* Nhom Clo: DDT, 666
* Nhom Lan: Wofatox Bi-58
* Nhom Carbamate: Mipcin, Bassa, Sevin
* Nhom Pyrethroid : Decis, Sherpa, Sumicidine
* Nhom Insect Growth Regulator (IGR): Nomolt, Applaud
..............
Ngoai ra trong he thong cua My, cac chat eu hoa sinh trng, chat dan du va
xua uoi con trung cung c liet vao nhom thuoc Bao ve Thc vat. Co mot so
thuoc BVTV tieu diet c nhieu oi tng gay hai nen co the c xep vao
nhieu nhom khac nhau. V du 2,4-D dung lieu thap la chat kch thch sinh
trng thc vat, lieu cao la thuoc diet co. Oxythioquinox (Morestan) co the
dung diet nhen, nam benh lan con trung.
Cach phan loai da theo nguon goc nhom thuoc la pho bien nhat:
1) Nhom thuoc goc Clo hu c: (CHC)
Cac thuoc CHC dung e tr con trung, hien nay phan ln thuoc nhom nay a b
cam do tnh ton lu qua lau trong moi trng ma ien hnh la DDT, Chlordane,
Toxaphene, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin .v.v. Mot so van con dung rat gii han nh
Difocol va Methoxychlor. Phan ln cac CHC kho phan huy trong moi trng va
tch luy trong mo m cua ong vat. Tnh ton lu cung co ch trong trng hp
can duy tr tnh oc cua thuoc lau dai.
Cac CHC gom nhng hp chat aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic co MW khoang
291-545. CHC co the c chia ra lam 5 nhom : (1) DDT va cac chat tng t;
(2) BHC; (3) Cyclodiens cac hp chat tng t; (4) Toxaphene va cac chat
tng t; va (5) cau truc khep kn cua Mirex va Chlordecone. Xu hng khang
cheo cua con trung oi vi cac thuoc trong cung mot nhom va thuoc thuoc cac
nhom khac nhau la gia tang manh, mac du c che tac ong gia cac nhom co
s khac biet.
CHC gay oc than kinh, tuy nhien cung co mot so khac biet ve trieu chng gia
hai nhom: mot pha la DDT va nhng chat tng t vi no va pha kia la nhng
chat con lai. DDT gay ra s run ray (tremor, hoac ataxia=mat eu hoa), khi s
mc nhe luc mi bat au b trung oc va ngay cang tang cho en khi co trieu
chng co giat (convulsion). Trai lai lindane, aldrin,dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene,
va nhieu hp chat co lien quan gay ra trieu chng co giat ngay t au.
Mc kch thch than kinh quan he trc tiep vi nong oc cua thuoc trong mo
than kinh. Thong thng cac hau qua co the phuc hoi sau khi hap thu mot hay
nhieu lieu thuoc. S phuc hoi nay ch co the xay ra khi nong oc ua CHC trong
mo than kinh khong vt qua mot ngng ti han (critical level). Hau het cac
CHC co the i xuyen qua da cung nh qua he ho hap va he tieu hoa. Mc hap
thu qua da khac biet tuy theo chat, chang han DDT hap thu qua da kem con
Dieldrin lai hap thu qua da rat manh. Thong thng, v co ap suat hi thap nen
t khi CHC co nong o trong khong kh cao qua mc cho phep.
CHC lam thay oi cac tnh chat ien c the va cua cac men co lien quan en
mang te bao than kinh, gay ra bien oi trong ong thai di chuyen cua ion Na+
va K+ qua mang te bao. Co the co ca s nhieu loan van chuyen chat voi va
hoat tnh cua men Ca2+-ATP va men phosphokinase. Cuoi cung CHC gay chet
do s dng ho hap.
2) Nhom thuoc goc lan hu c: (LHC) Do Lange va von Kreuger tm ra vao
au nhng nam 1930 (dimethyl va diethyl phosphorofluoridate). en nam 1936,
Gerhard Schrader chu tr mot d an nghien cu va tm ra nhieu chat khac nh
dimefox,
octamethyl
pyrophosphoramidate(schradan)
va
tetraethyl
pyrophosphate (TEPP). Cuoi the chien th II, chat parathion ra i va ton tai
trong hn 40 nam. Cho en nay a co hang ngan chat LHC c tong hp va
anh gia trong so o a co khoang 100 chat khac nhau c ua vao thng
mai hoa. ay la nhom thuoc hu c quan trong nhat hien dung. Schrader
thng c xem la ong to cua cac thuoc lan hu c.
LHC la nhng chat co t nhat mot nguyen t P bon hoa tr, hau het cac LHC la
nhng ester co cau truc nh sau:
RO
O(S)
P
R
Trong o :
R = methyl hoac ethyl

R = alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, amino hoac cac amino co nhom the
X = nhom co the tach ri (leaving group)

O mang noi oi co the b S thay the. Cac LHC khac nhau nhieu do s thay oi
cua nhom X. Thc te, hau het cac LHC dung hien nay co cau truc
RO
O(S)
P
RO
Trong o R la methyl hoac ethyl va X thay oi, thong thng X la chat the cua
alkoxy; phenoxy; thioalkyl hoac cac chat thm d nhan.
Cac LHC cha noi P=O (phosphate) hoac P=S (phosphorothionate) trong o
P=S kha ben vng oi vi s thuy giai so vi P=O bi vay chung co trien vong
ve mat oc tnh va kha nang diet con trung. Tuy nhien chung co tac ong
chong men cholinesterase yeu va can phai c hoat hoa qua bien dng e
tr thanh P=O von co hoat tnh chong men cholinesterase manh me.
Cach tac ong cua thuoc: oc tnh cua LHC oi vi con trung va ngi do s
bat hoat hoa men acetylcholinesterase (AChE), la mot loai men xuc tac s thuy
phan nhanh chong chat Acetylcholine(ACh). S bat hoat xay ra hoan toan khi
LHC tac ong en men va lan hoa nhom OH cua serine tai v tr hoat ong cua
men (theo phng trnh).
ki
O
E-OH + (RO)2 P -X
O
Kd
[E-OH] (ROR)2P -X]
O
kp
E-OP(OR)2+X
Acetylcholine la mot trong so cac chat dan truyen luong than kinh quan trong
chi phoi s truyen cac xung than kinh doc qua cac cho noi synaptic va trong
mot so trng hp qua cac cho noi c than kinh.
Vai tro cua AChE trong viec ieu phoi truyen ong luong than kinh c dien
ta trong Hnh sau
Tui
nhan ACh
Ach
Ach
iem cuoi
ACh
ACh
ACh
Phc hp
than kinh
AChE-ACh
Hnh
kinh
tr
Ach
ACh
Xung than kinh
ACh
S tng tac gia AChE va Ach tai mot cho noi synapse hoac c than
Khi xung than kinh di chuyen doc theo truc va tien en iem cuoi cua noi
synapse hoac c than kinh th cac Ach co san trong cac tui se c phong thch
ra ngoai nhanh chong va sau o tng tac vi mang sau synaptic (post synaptic)
gay kch thch c hoac si than kinh. AChE eu chnh s truyen than kinh bang
cach giam nong o cua Ach tai cho noi bang phan ng thuy phan men bien Ach
thanh choline va acid acetic
CH3
+
CH3 - NCH2CH2 0CCH3 + H2O
CH3
Acetylcholine
acid
AChE
CH3
+
CH3 - NCH2CH2OH + CH3COH
Choline
CH3
Acetic
3) Cac thuoc nhom Carbamate:

ay la nhom thuoc c dung rong rai bi v thuoc tng oi re tien, hieu lc
cao ma t ton lu trong moi trng. Thuoc la dan xuat cua acid cabamic, co
cha cac nhom phu dithiocarbamates va thiocarbamates mang lu huynh.
Ngoai dang thuoc tr sau con co thuoc tr nam benh, tr co, tr oc sen va tr
tuyen trung. oi vi ong vat, thuoc carbamate gay ton thng he than kinh va
mot so khac rat oc cho ong vat co vu bao gom ca con ngi. Thuoc nhom
nay khong tch luy trong mo m do vay tnh oc cua chung thng ngan va sinh
vat co the phuc hoi. Cac thuoc Carbamate thong dung nh: carbaryl (Sevin),
aldicarb (Temik) va methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin).
Cac thuoc diet con trung carbamate co nguon goc t nhien la chat
physostigmine hoac eserine. Nam 1925, Stedman va Barger a lam sang to cau
truc cua physostigmine, mot loai alcaloid co trong cay au Calabar,
Physostigma venenosum. ay la mot chat co ong t manh me va co hoat tnh
tiet acetylcholine, physostigmine va cac chat tng t vi no (neostigmine va
prostigmine) a c dung trong nganh nhan khoa e tr cac benh tang nhan ap
(glaucoma) va nhc c mi mat (myasthenia gravis). Physostigmine la mot
methylcarbamate este.
Nam 1954, Gysin gii thieu chat este carbamate au tien c dung lam chat
diet con trung, ong cung a mo ta tnh chat nhieu loai este dimethylcarbamate.
Sau o cac phenyl N-methylcarbamate mang nhom the c nghien cu nhieu
e em vao s dung trong nong nghiep. en nam 1985 co 25 chat este
carbamate c a vao s dung.
O
Este carbamate la dan xuat cua acid carbamic ( HOCNH2) . Acid carbamic
cung nh acid N-alkylcarbamic va acid N,N-dialkylcarbamic khong ben vng
va de b phan huy thanh CO2 va NH3,. Khi thay the H ng gan O bang nhom
akyl, aryl, hoac nhom cha nit se tao ra c cac san pham ben vng dung
lam TBVTV hoac dc pham. oc tnh cua carbamate c ghi Bang 2.3
Bang 2.3 oc tnh qua ng mieng cua cac thuoc diet con trung carbamate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten thong dung
Ten thng mai
LD50
---------------------------------------------------
Chuot
Ruoi nha
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mg/kg
mg/kg
Aldicarb
1
5,5
Carbofuran
8-14
6.7
Thiofanox
9
---Methomyl
Lannate
17-24
3,4
Aminocarb
Matacil
30
85
Mexacarbate
Zectran
15-63
65
Dimetilan
25-64
9,0
Propoxur
Baygon
95-104
25
Metalkarmate
Bux
87-170
65
Methiocarb
Mesurol
130-135
24
Landrin
Landrin
178
41
Carbaryl
Sevin
307-986
900
Butacarb
4000
39
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cung giong nh LHC, cac thuoc diet trung carbamate c che hoat ong cua
men acetylcholinestearse. Nhieu carbamate co o oc cap tnh rat cao oi vi
ong vat. Aldicarb co o oc cap tnh ng mieng tren chuot la 1 mg/kg la
mot trong so cac chat TBVTV oc nhat c dung hien nay. V qua oc,
Aldicarb thng c dung the hat bon vao at (Carbofuran cung tng t).
Tuy vay nhn chung cac thuoc trong nhom nay van t oc hn nhom LHC, c
the co kha nang phuc hoi sau khi b ngo oc carbamate ln hn khi b ngo oc
organophosphate.
Cac thuoc diet con trung methylcarbamate t co hau qua gay oc lau dai cho
ong vat co vu. co mot vai carbamate, gom ca carbaryl va carbofuran, co kha
nang gay bien dang bao thai ga. t co bang chng ve kha nang gay ot bien
cua methylcarbamate, nhng oi vi N-nitrosomethylcarbamate (co the hnh
thanh do s ket hp gia carbamate va ion nitrogen) la mot chat gay ot bien
rat manh me.
4) Cac thuoc nhom Pyrethroids
Cac ac tnh sat trung cua hoa thuy cuc (Chrysanthemum spp., thng gap nhat
la C. cineraraefolium) a c phat hien rong rai vao gia the ky 19. Cung vi
tnh diet con trung manh me, pyrethrin co u iem la t ton lu trong moi
trng. Trc khi co DDT, Pyrethrin la chat diet con trung chnh dung trong
nong nghiep va gia nh mac du chung co yeu iem la b anh sang phan huy
nhanh chong. T nhng nam 1950, khi dung chat piperonyl butoxide va mot so
hp chat khac e tang hieu lc cua pyrethrin, lam giam chi ph thuoc tren n
v dien tch. Gia at va tnh kem ben di anh sang la hai tr ngai chnh trc
khi tong hp c cac pyrethroids ben hn va tnh diet trung cao hn. Chang
han, Dr. Elliot a phat hien ra Deltamethrin, co tnh ben anh sang cao, phan
huy sinh hoc nhanh chong va cc oc oi vi con trung. Ngay nay pyrethrin
thien nhien ch dung trong gia nh, pyrethrin tong hp c dung rong rai va
chiem 25% thuoc diet con trung phun tren la cua the gii trong nam 1983. Co
hang ngan chat tng t a c tong hp, mot so a khac nhieu so vi cac
pyrethrin nguyen thuy. mot so chat thieu han ca vong cyclopropane trong acid
chrysanthemic.
Pyrethrin va cac chat cuc tong hp la nhng chat gay oc kenh muoi (sodium
channel) cua mang than kinh. Cac pyrethroid co ai lc rat cao oi vi cac kenh
muoi, tao ra nhng thay oi nho chc nang cua kenh. Cac pyrethroids thc chat
la nhng chat gay oc chc nang, hau qua xau cua thuoc mang tnh th cap, la
hau qua cua s kch thch qua o he than kinh. ieu nay the hien ro cho
khong tm thay cac dau hieu benh ly trong he than kinh trung ng, ngay ca khi
gay oc nang nhieu lan cung nh s ch tao thanh cac om hoai t khong ac
trng va co the phuc hoi tren cac than kinh ngoai vi cua ong vat b co giat va
the hien cac trieu chng roi loan van ong nghiem trong. Sau khi b pyrethroid
lam cho bien oi kenh muoi van tiep tuc hoat ong bnh thng, van duy tr
c chc nang chon la cac ion muoi va noi vi ien the mang.
oc tnh cua mot so pyrethroids c ghi trong bang 2.4

Bang 2. 4
oc cap tnh cua mot so pyrethroids
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten
LD50
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alllethrin
3,5 (200)
Barthrin
---- (23.600)
Bioallethrin
4 ( 1030)
Bioresmethrin
340 (>8000)
Cismethrin
6,5 (63)
Fenfluthrin
1 (120)
trans-Fluorocyphenothrin
6 (----)
Kadethrin
0,5 (---)
Permethrin
>250 (1500)
Phenothrin
372 (>5000)
Pyrethrin I
5 (340)
Pyrethrin II
1 (>600)
Resmethrin
165 (1347)
Tetramethrin
2,3 (>4000)
Cyphenothrin
5 (---)
Fenproponate
2,5 (28)
Flucythrinate
--- (67)
Cyfluthrin
5 (---)
Cyhalothrin
--- (144)
55 (900)
Cypermethrin
Deltamethrin
2,3 (52)
Fenvalerate
75 (450)
cis-Fluorocyphenothrin
0,6 (---)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ghi chu: so ngoai ngoac la tr so LD50 tiem tnh mach, so trong ngoac la
tr so qua ng mieng
5) Cac nhom thuoc khac:

Trong nhom nay co: khang sinh, chat chong ong mau, thuoc goc thc vat, cac
chat bui tr, vi sinh, dau la, chat dan du (pheromone), hormone thc vat va xa
phong.
a) Chat khang sinh: La vat chat tiet ra t cac vi sinh vat (nam , vi khuan, xa
khuan) co kha nang tieu diet hoac c che cac vi sinh vat khac. Thuoc khang
sinh penicilline dung e tr benh nhiem khuan, c ly trch t nam Penicillium
sp . Sreptomycine c dung e tr benh nhiem khuan ngi, ong vat va
thc vat, co the san xuat c bang phng phap t nhien hay nhan tao. Ngoai
ra con rat nhieu loai khang sinh khac c phat hien va a vao s dung.
b) Chat chong ong mau: Chat nay lam thay oi tien trnh ong mau cua
ong vat co vu lam chung chet i v mat mau sau khi b vet thng. Chat chong
ong mau thng c dung e tr chuot va cac ong vat gam nham khac.
Thng ong vat phai an vao chat chong ong mau nhieu ngay trc khi chat
oc tch luy u e phat trieu chng. Co mot so chat chong ong mau khac co
hieu lc ngay sau mot lieu duy nhat.
c) Thuoc goc thc vat: Mot so thc vat co cha cac chat oc oi vi con
trung va cac ong vat khac, chang han nh hoa thuy cuc (chrysanthemum) dung
e chiet trch pyrethrum, re day thuoc ca ung e trch ra rotenone, mot so cay
ho Hue dung e chiet trch sabadilla va hellebore. Chat ryania c trch t
mot loai thc vat Nam Phi, nicotine c trch t thuoc la, strychnine trch t
cay ma tien An o, Srilanka, Uc va ong Dng (Xem Bang
).
d) Cac bot tr: Cac loai hat tr, con c goi la hat gay rung hoac hat tham
nc, dang bot mn, thng co oc tnh thap, c dung e tr con trung hoac
nhom ong vat khong xng song khac. Cac hat tr nay giet con trung theo c
che ly hoc, hat co the gay tray xt lp sap bao phu c the con trung lam cho
chung mat nc qua da, hoac co the hap thu chat sap tren da con trung. oi
khi cac hat bui nay c ket hp vi aluminium fluosilicate e tao ra lc hut
tnh ien, giup hat bam dnh vao cac be mat . V co oc tnh thap, hat tr c
s dung nhng ni v ly do an toan khong the s dung cac loai thuoc co oc
tnh cao. V tac ong tieu diet mang tnh chat vat ly do o chung khong b mat
tac dung do s phan huy trong moi trng. Khi b t, cac loai hat tr mat tac
dung. Cac hat tr gay rung chnh la at iatom, silica gel, bot acid boric. Bot
boric acid co the gay oc khi nuot phai, do o phai tranh s dung ni co tre
em. Mac du co tnh tr, can phai tranh ht hat nay vao phoi v co the gay kch
ng nghiem trong.
e) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng con trung:
Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng con trung( Insect Growth Regulator = IGR) la
nhng chat c dung e bien oi s phat trien cua con trung. Cac hormone t
nhien do chnh con trung tiet ra ieu khien s bien oi trong vong i cua
chung. Cac IGR nay hien nay c tong hp nhan tao e bat chc hoac ngan
tr tac ong cua cac hormone t nhien. Chung ngan can con trung bien thai t
tuoi nho sang tuoi ln hoac ep buoc chung phai trng thanh t rat sm .
f) Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat:

Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat (VSV) la nhng VSV c phoi tron vi cac chat
khac e tao thanh san pham phong tr dch hai. Ngi ta a dung nhieu chung
cua vi khuan Bacillus thuringiensis c dung e tao ra cac che pham ( Dipel,
Thuricide, Centari....) tieu diet nhieu con trung trong Bo Canh vay. Vi khuan
Agrobacterium radiobacter c dung e tr vi khuan gay bu tren nhieu loai
cay (thng do Agrobacterium tumefaciens) gay ra. NPV (nuclear polyhedral
virus) c dung e tr sau xanh (Heliothis armigera) va sau xanh da lang (
Spodoptera exigua). Nam Beauveria bassiana c dung e tr mot so loai con
trung. Cang ngay cac thuoc goc vi sinh cang c a chuong v chung rat t oc
oi vi ngi va cac sinh vat khong phai la dch hai, cung nh tnh chuyen hoa
oi vi cac dch hai. Ngoai cac VSV xuat hien trong t nhien con co cac VSV
vat c tao ra bang ky thuat di truyen hien ai
g) Cac loai dau hoa:
Nhieu loai dau tinh loc c dung e diet con trung va nhen cung nh trng
cua chung. cac dau tinh loc tieu diet con trung bang cach lam chung b ngat
th. Mot so dau loc tho c dung lam thuoc diet co. khong chuyen biet, chung
diet co bang cach pha huy mang te bao. Cac dau co tnh diet con trung hay diet
co c phoi che vi cac chat gay huyen phu va cac chat tr khac e cai thien
kha nang hoa tan trong nc. Dau tinh loc c s dung lam thuoc diet con
trung, nhen gom nam hang: nhe, nhe-trung bnh, trung bnh, nang-trung bnh,
nang.
h) Pheromones: ay la nhng hoa chat ac biet do sinh vat tiet ra e kch
thch hanh vi cua nhng sinh vat khac cung mot loai. Nhieu loai con trung da
vao pheromone e xac nh v tr cua ban tnh. Cac loai pheromones con trung
nhan tao c dung trong phong tr dch hai e giam sat sinh hoat cua con
trung cung nh nh thi gian s dung cac loai thuoc . Cac loai pheromone
thng c dung chung vi bay dnh va co mot vai tro quan trong trong viec
giam sat hoat ong cua con trung trong nhng chng trnh phong tr dch hai
tong hp va e giam sat tnh khang thuoc cua con trung.
i) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng va kch thch to sinh trng thc vat:
ay la nhng chat hoac c ly trch t thc vat hoac c tong hp nhan tao
e bat chc cac hoa chat co trong t nhien hoac nhng hoa chat co kha nang
kch thch s tang trng cua cay trong. Trong t nhien, cac hormones ong vai
tro ieu hoa s n hoa, ket trai, tch luy chat dinh dng va ngu ngh. cac chat
ieu hoa sinh trng thc vat va cac hormone c dung e ieu chnh s tang
trng cua cay, thuc ay s san xuat trai, ta bt la e de thu hoach hoac loai
tr nhng cay moc khong mong muon.
j) Xa bong: Cac xa bong dung lam chat BVTV co the diet c con trung,
mites, rong reu, livewort, nam moc, va a y. Xa bong can tr s bien dng te
bao cua con trung. Xa bong co hieu lc nhat oi vi nhng con trung co than
mem nh ray mem , rep vay, psyllids cung nh mot so giai oan au trung cua
cac loai sau khac. Loai xa bong nay co ch cho chung khong oc oi vi
ong vat co xng song, ke ca ngi. Tuy nhien cung co mot so cay b thiet hai
khi phun xa bong, do vay can phai chu y xem ky nhan hieu xa bong ac dung
trong BVTV.
3.4 Phan loai theo con ng xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the dch hai:
1) Theo cach xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the con trung:
a) Xam nhap qua thc an.
b) Xam nhap qua bieu b.
c) Xam nhap qua kh quan.
2) Theo cach xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the cua cac loai gam nham :
a) V oc
b) Xong hi
3) Cach xam nhap vao nhen: tng t nh con trung
4) Cach xam nhap vao tuyen trung:
a) Tiep xuc
b) Ho hap.
5) Cach xam nhap vao nam va vi khuan:
a) Tiep xuc
b) Xong hi
6) Cach xam nhap vao co dai:
- Qua re, la, than.

IV. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC TI C THE SINH VAT:
4.1 S bien oi cua chat oc trong c the sinh vat:
Trong qua trnh xam nhap vao c the sinh vat, chat oc co the b bien oi do
cac qua trnh thuy phan, oxy hoa kh, lien hp, phan ng trao oi v.v.. Ngoai
ra s bien oi cua chat oc con co the xay ra do hoat ong cua cac men, do
tac ong cua nc bot, tac ong cua thc an,, tac ong cua huyet dch v.v..
S bien oi co the xay ra theo 2 hng:
* o oc b giam:
Cac alkaloid thc vat + tanin trong thc an -> cac chat hoa tan -> giam o
oc.
enzyme
DDT--------------------------------> DDE
Phan ng t bao ve
* o oc tang:
kh
Thuoc tr nam lu huynh ----------------------> Hydrosunfua: o oc
cao.
S
C2H5O
C2H5O
P - O
NO2 ------------>
P-O
NO2
C2H5O
C2H5O
Thiophos (Ethyl Parathion) ------------------------------> Paraoxon oc hn.
4. 2 Tac ong cua chat oc en c the sinh vat:
Cach thc TBVTV tieu diet hoac khong che cac sinh vat gay hai c goi
la cach tac ong. Co rat nhieu cach tac ong khac nhau c liet ke trong
Bang 2.2 . Hieu biet ro cach tac ong cua thuoc se giup ngi s dung chon
ung thuoc va tien oan c ket qua s dung thuoc trong mot moi trng
cu the nao o, chang han, neu gap mot loai con trung a khang mot loai
thuoc A, ta co the chon mot thuoc khac co cach tac ong d biet vi thuoc A
e at c ket qua phong tr tot hn.
Thong thng, cac TBVTV trong cung mot nhom co cach tac ong ien
hnh giong nhau do chung co the co mot so ong iem ve cau truc hoa hoc,
tnh ben vng trong moi trng. TBVTV co the gay ra tac ong cuc bo, lu
dan hoac ca hai. Khi thuoc tiep xuc vi la va gay h hai la, ta co tac ong
cuc bo. Khi thuoc c dan en cac v tr khac trong cay ta co tac ong lu
dan, chang han mot so thuoc diet co phun tren la c dan en nh sinh
trng re va than; Thuoc chong ong mau c dan t he tieu hoa bon gam
nham vao trong mau va can tr tien trnh ong mau bnh thng. Cac LHC
va Carbamate can tr s van chuyen luong than kinh tai mot so v tr trong
he than kinh trung ng cua con trung.
Thuoc TBVTV co the c phun vao cay ky chu e bao ve toan cay khoi s
huy hoai cua dch hai, chang han khi phun cac thuoc diet con trung lu dan
vao at, no se c dan len la va gay ngo oc cho cac sau an la.
oi vi thuoc diet co, mot so co cach tac ong huy diet trc tiep tren bo la
b phun thuoc va gay heo, mot so khac can tr s hut dinh dng va kha
nang sinh trng va quang hp cua cay. Cach thc tac ong quy nh cach s
dung thuoc diet co. Loai thuoc c che s nay mam va tang trng cay mi
moc c goi la thuoc tien nay mam. Thuoc c a vao at e khong
che cay con co dai trc khi chung troi len mat at. Cac loai khac co tac
dung sau nay mam c phun vao bo la hoac at ang co co moc. Mo so
thuoc sau nay mam cung co tac dung tiep xuc.
Thuoc diet con trung co nhieu loai tac dung: oc than kinh, oc c, gay rung
la, kch thch tang trng thc vat, triet sinh san, hoac ch co tac dung bt
nghet cac lo kh. Thong thng thuoc sat trung co nhieu cach tac dung khac
nhau.
Mot so thuoc diet nam co tac dung huy diet v chung co kha nang tieu diet
nam a xam nhiem vao mo va gay benh. Cach tac ong cua thuoc nay la c
che cac hoat ong bien dng cua cac nam ang sinh trng. Cac loai khac
co tac dung phong nga s xam nhiem cua nam.
Noi tom lai khi TBVTV xam nhap vao c the dch hai se:
- Tao ra cac bien oi ly hoa hoc.
- Tac ong en s phan huy cac acid amin trong te bao sinh vat.
O
HC
+ RCH
H
Formaline
NH2
COOH
Axid amine
=>
R-CH-COOH + H2O
N=CH2
Methyl amin
- Ket hp vi nhng kim loai va cac thanh phan khac cua te bao gay can tr
cho s phat trien.
- Lam te liet hoat ong cua cac men hoac c che hoat tnh cua cac men .
- Tac ong en s hnh thanh cua cac vitamin trong c the hoac lam mat tac
dung cua chung.
Khi a xay ra nhng bien oi ve ly hoa hoc noi tren th te bao khong hoan
thanh chc nang sinh ly cua chung c na. Trong mot so ieu kien nao
o, s pha huy trang thai keo bnh thng cua te bao co the dan en s chet
cua chung.
Bang 2.5 Cach tac ong cua mot so TBVTV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Loai TBVTV
V du
Cach
tac
ong
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) Thuoc diet con trung:
Dau hoa
Gay oc c
hoc
CHC
DDT, Methoxychlor,
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
HCH
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
Chlordane, Thiodane,
Gay
oc
synap he than kinh
trung ng
Toxaphene
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
LHC
Cac dan xuat thm
Malathion
Gay
oc
synap he TK trung
Cac dan xuat phenyl

synap he TK trung
ng
Cac dan xuat d vong
synap he TK trung
ng
Sulfur hu c
Carbamate
synap he TK trung
ng
Formamidines
adrenaline
Thiocyanates
ho hap te bao va
dng
Dinitrophenols
bien dng
Organotins
bien dng
Thuoc thc vat
sau synaptic
bien dng
truc than kinh

Pyrethroids
truc than kinh
Dimethoate (Cygon)
ng
Disulfoton (Di-Syston)
Ethyl Parathion
Gay
Methyl Parathion
Diazinon
oc
Gay
oc
Gay
oc
Azinphos-methyl(Guthion)
Chlorpyrifos(Lorsban, Dursban)
Phosmet(Imidan)
Propargite (Omite)
Aramite
Carbaryl (Sevin)
Methomyl(Lannate, Nudrin)
Chlordimeform(Galecron)
Amitraz
Thanite
Tiet
Can tr s
bien
Dinoseb
c che s
Dinocap (Karathane)
Cyhexatin
c che s
Fenbutatin-oxid
Nicotine
Gay
Rotenone
c che s
Sabadilla
Raynia
Pyrethrum
Gay oc c
Gay oc c
Gay
oc
Permethrin
Gay
oc
oc
Fenvalerate
Cac chat vo c
hap
Chat xong hi
me
me
me
Thuoc vi khuan
Chat ieu hoa sinh trng

en sinh trng va
thc vat
2) Thuoc diet co:

Chat vo c
kho la
Dau la
c the
Cac hp chat arsenic
ho hap te bao va
hu c
dng
acid phenoxyaliphatic
ong khac nhau
Amides
tang trng ngon re
than
Allethrin
Resmethin
Silica gel
Acid boric
Sulfur
Arsenic
c che ho
Methyl bromide
Chat
gay
Ethylene dibromide
Chat
gay
Chloropicrin
Chat
gay
Vapam
Telone
Naphthalene
Bacillus thuringiensis
Virus
Nam
Methoprene
Nhieu loai
oc c the
Tac
ong
Diflubenzoron (Dimilin)
Cac chat tong hp Chitin khac
Cac chat c che
phat trien
Sodium chlorate
Chat
lam
Chat
oc
MSMA, DSMA
Can tr s
acid cacodylic
bien
2,4-D; 2,4,5-T
Nhieu
Diclofop methyl
Propanil (Kerb)
Napropamide (Devrinol)
tac
che
va ngon
Alachlor (Lasso)
Anilines mang nhom the

tang trng ngon re
than
Ureas mang nhom the
Carbamates
ho hap te bao va
bien dng
Thiocarbamate
ho hap te bao va
dng, chan quang hp
trng re va than
Triazines
quang hp
Acid aliphatics
A benzoic mang nhom the
Cac dan xuat phenol
mang te bao, la mot
kho la
Cac nitrile
ho hap te bao va
dng, c che s co
Metolaclor (Dual)
Trifluraline (Treflan)
che
Oryzalin (Surflan)
va
ngon
Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Tebuthiuron (Spike)
Diuron ( Karmex)
Propham
Barban
Can tr s
Asalam (Asulox)
Molinate (Ordram)
Can tr s
Cycloate (Ro-Neet)
bien
Butylate (Sutan)
c che tang
Atrazine (Aatrex)
Chan
Simazine (Princep)
Metribuzine (Lexone)
Cyanazine (Bladex)
TCA
Dalapon
Dicamba (Banvel)
Chloramben (Amiben)
Dinoseb
Khong ro
Huy
diet
chat
gay
Dichlobenil (Casoron)
Can tr s
Bromoxynil (Buctril)
bien
Bipyridylium
Diquat, Paraquat
te bao, chat lam
kho, chan quang hp
Vi sinh vat
Phytophthora palmivora
(Devine)
nh CO2
Diet mang
Uracils
quang hp
Sulfonyl ureas
chia te bao
Bromacil (Hyvar-X)
Terbacil (Sinbar)
Chlorsulfuron (Glean )
Cac loai thuoc diet co khac

bien dng va tong
protein
Cac aromatics mang nhom
men
the
Can tr s phan
Sulfomethuron-methyl (Oust)
Endothall
Glyphosate
Oxyfluorfen
3) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng
Auxin
IAA, 2,4-D, VAR
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Chat tao ethylene
Ethephon (Ethrel)
Chat c che sinh trng va Acid benzoic
lam cham sinh trng
Daminozide (Alar)
4) Cac thuoc diet nam:
Thuoc diet nam vo c
ong
men
Sulfur
bien dng
Dithiocarbamates
Thiram
Maneb
Ferbam
Ziram
Vapam
Zineb
Thiazoles
Ethazol (Terrazol)
men
Triazine
Anilazine
bien dng va tong
Dicarboximides
men
Chan
che
hp protein
che
che
c che men
che
che
hp
Hexachlorobenzene
che
Chlorothalonil (Bravo)
Chloroneb
Captan
che
Folpet
Oxathiins
bien dng
Benzimidazole
bien dng va tong
protein
Acylalanines
Triazoles
Piperazines
Imides
Quinones
men
Cac hp chat am aliphatic
bien dng va tong
hp protein
Chat xong hi
Captafol (Difolatan)
Carboxin
che
Oxycarboxin
Benomyl
che
Thiabendazole
hp
Thiophanate (Topsin)
Metalaxyl (Dual)
Tridimefon (Bayleton)
Triforine
Iprodione (Rovral)
Vinclozolin (Ronilan)
Chloranil
che
Dichlone
Dodine
che
Chloropicrin
Methyl bromide
Khang sinh
Streptomycine
Cycloheximide
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. 3 Cac hnh thc tac ong cua chat oc .
Co hai hnh thc tac ong cua chat oc len sinh vat la: (1) toan bo va, (2)
cuc bo
Khi chat oc xam nhap vao c the lam nhieu lan th se co hai hien tng
tch luy.
* Tch luy hoa hoc
* Tch luy chc nang: hay tch luy hieu ng.
Trong trng hp tch luy chc nang, chat oc co the c bai tiet hoan toan
ra ngoai, song hieu ng cua no van tac ong en cac chc nang cua c the
va c tang cng them do hieu qua cua lieu chat oc tham nhap vao c
the lan sau.
Cac dang trung oc cua c the gom co:

* Cap tnh
* Man tnh
* Di hau.
Khi s dung cung mot luc hai hay nhieu chat oc khac nhau th co the co hai
dang tac ong:
* Hp lc
Tac ong:
* oi khang
4. 4 Bieu hien cua dch hai khi b tac ong cua chat oc:
a. oi vi c the con trung:
* Se co cac phan ng ac trng cua s trung oc. Con trung co the mat tnh
hoat ong, mat nhp ieu an khp gia cac bo phan.
* Gay hng phan -----> te liet.
* Gay oi ma, lam giam trong lng, bong ngoai da, da b mat mau, gay ton
thng cac c quan ben trong
* Anh hng en trng gay quai thai.
b. oi vi cac tac nhan gay benh:
- Tac ong trc tiep ti vach te bao, mang ty the hoac hach cua te bao, gay
roi loan cac hoat ong.
- Ngan can s tong hp cac chat
- Gay tr ngai cho s hoat ong cua men va s tong hp men.
- Ngan can s hnh thanh bao t.
c. oi vi co dai:
- La b trang, b chay
- Xoan, d hnh
V. NHNG NHAN TO ANH HNG EN TNH OC CUA CHAT
OC
5.1 S lien quan gia tnh chat hoa hoc va tnh oc cua mot chat oc:
* Tnh oc phu thuoc vao s co mat cua goc sinh ra oc trong phan t cua
chat o: Arsen, Hg, hoac HCN
* Tnh chat oc cua mot chat phu thuoc vao hoat tnh hoa hoc cua chat oc
As2O3> As2O5
* S thay the cua mot nhom nay bang mot nhom khac, s them vao hoac bt
i cua mot nhom trong phan t.
S
C2H5
S
CH3O
P
C2H5
NO2 ------->
NO2
CH3O
Ethyl Parathion
Methyl Parathion
oc cap tnh ng mieng

mieng
LD 50= 3,6 mg ai/ kg chuot cai
cai
oc
cap
tnh
ng
LD50 = 24 mg ai/ kg chuot
CH3O
Sumithion
O
NO2
mieng
CH3O
oc cap tnh ng
LD50
= 250 - 500 mg/kg
chuot cong
CH3
Phu thuoc vao cau truc phan t:

X
O
lua.
P
YCH3
O
= 870mg/kg chuot nhat
X= 0
Thiolat
-------> Tr bac la
Y=S
X=S
Y=O
-------------> Salithion
Tr sau
* Phu thuoc vao loai chat ong phan: Trong 8 ong phan cua 666 th ch co
gamma 666 co hieu lc tr sau manh nhat.
* Phu thuoc vao toc o hoa tan va kch thc cua cac phan t. Kch thc
cang nho ----> cang de hoa tan va gay oc.
5. 2 S lien quan gia ac iem cua sinh vat va tnh oc cua chat oc:
a) Tnh man cam va tnh chong chu cua sinh vat oi vi tac ong cua thuoc .
Trong thc te, oi vi cac sinh vat khac nhau th phan ng vi cac chat oc
cung khac nhau do o dan en khai niem ve tnh man cam va chong chu
cua sinh vat oi vi tac ong cua chat oc.
- Co nhieu loai thuoc tac ong ti mot loai sinh vat nay nhng khong co tac
ong hoac tac ong kem ti loai khac, v du thuoc tr sau phan ln khong
tac ong ti benh va co dai.
- oi vi cung mot loai sinh vat th tnh man cam oi vi cung mot loai chat
oc cung khac nhau tuy theo tng giai oan phat trien.
* Trng va nhong co tnh chong chu cao.
Au trung co sc chu ng tang dan theo tuoi do:
- da day len
- lng lipid trong c the tang len
* Trong nhng thi gian nh duc, qua ong tnh chong chu cang tang
- Tnh chong chu thay oi trong ngay tuy trang thai sinh ly: cang hoat ong
cang man cam
- Tnh chong chu khac biet theo gii tnh
- Cung mot loai, cung mot la tuoi, khi b oi hoac an thc an khong thch
hp th ca the se tr nen man cam hn.
Nguyen nhan gay ra tnh chong chu:
- Phan ng t bao ve:
* Tranh an
* Thai chat oc ra khoi c the nhanh chong.
* ong lo th
- Cau tao ve hnh thai va giai phau sinh ly cua c the sinh vat:
* o day va cau truc cua bieu b
* Hnh the la (rong, hep), o nghieng cua la, o lang cua la, la co sap hoac
khong, re cay an sau hoac can.
- Thanh phan va hoat tnh cua cac men.
b. Hien tng quen thuoc cua dch hai:
Tnh quen thuoc cua dch hai (tnh chong chu chuyen biet) tnh mien dch
c ghi nhan nhieu sinh vat gay hai sau mot qua trnh s dung cung mot
loai thuoc lien tuc trong nhieu nam tai cung mot a phng e phong tr
mot loai sau hai nao o.
Mot loai dch hai c xac nhan la a quen vi mot loai thuoc khi:
- Tai vung o a dung mot loai thuoc lien tuc trong nhieu nam e phong tr
sinh vat gay hai.
- Ca the sinh vat vung thng xuyen dung mot loai thuoc th co sc chong
chu vi loai thuoc nay cao hn t 5 -10 lan hoac hn na so vi ca the cung
loai a phng cha dung thuoc. Du phun thuoc thi iem thch hp
nhat, ca the quen thuoc cung co tnh chong chu rat cao oi vi loai thuoc
o.
- Tnh quen thuoc c di truyen qua the he sau.
- Co s khac biet ve kha nang va toc o the hien tnh chong chu cac loai
khac nhau oi vi cac loai thuoc.
- Mc o chong chu co tnh nhay vot theo the he.
- Co hien tng chong chu bat cheo.
Cac bien phap thong dung e chong quen thuoc la:
- Tranh dung thuoc khi khong can thiet.
- Dung luan phien cac loai thuoc
- Ket hp vi thuoc vi sinh vat
- S dung bien phap phong tr dch hai tong hp.
5.3 Anh hng cua nhng yeu to ngoai canh ti tnh oc:
Nh a c e cap phan 1.6, cac yeu to ngoai canh co anh hng en ca
ly hoa tnh cua chat oc lan trang thai sinh vat, bao gom:
- Nhiet o
- o am khong kh va at.
- Lng ma
- Anh hng cua loai at va hoat ong cua vi sinh vat at.
- Anh sang
VI. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC OI VI CAY TRONG:
6.1 Tac hai cua chat oc ti cay trong:
- Dung hoa chat oc lieu lng qua cao x ly giong hay at thng lam
cho ty le nay mam , sc nay mam cua giong b giam sut, cac cay moc len
c cung phat trien kem, re ngan, mau sac khong bnh thng.
- Thuoc co tac ong tren toan bo cay tren mat at trong.
- Thuoc giam tnh chong chu cua cay trong, anh hng en pham chat cua
nong san (HCH ky nghe lam cho nong san co mui hoi).
Theo quy luat chung, tac ong cua chat oc en cay trong phu thuoc vao
thanh phan cau truc, ac iem cua chat o, phu thuoc vao ac iem cua cay
trong va nhng ieu kien ngoai canh.
Khi cay trong b hai co hai hien tng:
- Hien tng b ngo oc cap tnh (kho, chay, thung, quan queo, don, de rach,
rung hoa trai)
- Hien tng b oc man tnh (giam sinh trng, giam tnh chong chu, chat
lng thay oi).
Nguyen nhan gay ra cac tac hai:
- Anh hng cua ban than thuoc va chat lng thuoc
- Anh hng cua loai cay trong va cac giai oan phat trien cua chung cung
nh ac tnh sinh ly cua cay trong.
- Phng phap s dung thuoc.
Do o trong viec san xuat thuoc ngi ta chu y ti ch tieu hoa tr lieu la mot
ch so noi len mc o an toan oi vi thc vat cua mot loai thuoc khi s
dung e tr dch hai tren ong ruong. Ch tieu nay c tnh theo cong thc:
C
K= ---------T
K: Ch tieu hoa tr lieu
C: lieu gay chet toi thieu oi vi dch hai
T: lieu toi a cua thuoc ma cay co the chu c.
Trong nhng ieu nhat nh ma K cang nho ( C cang nho va T cang ln) th
loai thuoc o cang an toan oi vi cay. Khi T<< C loai thuoc o tr thanh
nguy hiem ch s dung lam ba oc hoac e x ly at nhng khu vc cha
trong trot.
6.2 Tac dung kch thch cua chat oc:
- nong o thap, mot so thuoc co tac dung kch thch nhat nh oi vi sinh
trng cua cay trong
- Nang ty le moc
- Cai thien s phat trien cua bo re: 666 1% phun len ma lam re phat trien
- Tang chieu cao cay va dien tch ong hoa.
- Lam cho cay ra hoa sm , trai chn sm (trng hp mot so thuoc chlor hu
c).
- Chong o nga (Kitazin)
Nguyen nhan cua cac tac ong tren gom co:
- Thuc ay nhanh tac ong trao oi chat cua cay trong, tang cng quang
hp va ho hap
- S co mat cua cac nguyen to vi lng
- Tang cng hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat at.
VII. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC TREN HE SINH THAI:
- Anh hng ti quan the sinh vat: tang loai nay va giam loai kia
- Tieu diet so lng ln thien ch
- Dung thuoc tr nam lam tang sau: dung Bordeaux tr benh loet cam lai
lam cho dan so rep nht tang len (Bordeaux tieu diet cac nam ky sinh tren
rep nht Icerya purchasi do o dan so chung tang len).
- Diet con trung thu phan anh hng ti nang suat cay trong.
- Anh hng en nganh nuoi ong mat.
- Anh hng en nganh thuy san
- Anh hng en sc song cua chim va thu hoang.
- Anh hng ti he vi sinh vat at
- Cuoi cung la anh hng en sc khoe con ngi
CHNG II
AI CNG VE HOA CHAT BAO VE THC VAT
I. MOT SO KHAI NIEM VE CHAT OC NONG NGHIEP:
1.1 nh ngha thuoc bao ve thc vat:
FIFRA (ao luat Lien bang My ve thuoc tr con trung, nam va bon gam
nham [Federal Insecticde, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]) nh ngha ve
thuoc bao ve thc vat (TBVTV) nh sau:
TBVTV la n chat hoac hon hp cac chat thuoc c dung e :
ngan nga, tieu diet, xua uoi, hoac lam giam bt con trung, bon gam
nham , tuyen trung, nam , co dai hoac cac dang sinh vat khac c xem
nh la dch hai.
kch thch tang trng cay trong, gay rung hoac lam kho la.
TBVTV bao gom cac hoa chat hu c tong hp nhan tao hoac hoa chat hu
c hoac vo c co san trong t nhien, cac vi sinh vat hoac mot so cac chat
khac c dung thng ngay nh chlorine (dung kh trung nc uong, nc
ho tam, dung kh trung trong nha).
oc tnh (cua TBVTV) la kha nang gay ton hai en sinh vat cua mot hoa
chat . Cac TBVTV co oc tnh khac nhau, thuoc cang co oc tnh cao th
lng gay oc cang nho. Cac chat oc khi xam nhap vao c the vi lng
nho cung co the gay nen ngo oc, pha huy nghiem trong cac chc nang cua
c the hoac lam cho c the b chet. Chat oc con c nh ngha la chat gay
tac ong xau khi xam nhap vao ben trong te bao song.
Tuy vay khai niem oc mang tnh chat quy c v co nhng chat tuy oc oi
vi sinh vat nay nhng oc t hoac khong oc oi vi sinh vat khac. Mat
khac cung la mot chat ma tuy theo ieu kien va phng phap s dung ma co
the la chat oc hay khong. oc tnh con thay oi theo tuoi va gii tnh cung
nh trang thai c the sinh vat va ieu kien moi trng.
oc tnh cua mot chat oc la kha nang gay oc cua chat o oi vi c the
tnh theo lieu lng s dung. o oc cua mot loai chat oc thay oi tuy theo
oi tng b gay oc the hien nhng lieu lng khac nhau. Lieu lng la
lng chat oc can co e gay mot tac ong nhat nh tren c the sinh vat.
Cach e xac nh o oc la cho cac sinh vat th nghiem hap thu mot lieu
lng nhat nh chat oc va theo doi dien tien ket qua.
1. 2 Lieu lng va nong o gay chet
Trong thc te ngi ta thng e cap lieu lng gay chet 50% sinh vat th
nghiem, ky hieu
LD50 (lethal dose). n v cua LD50 la mg ai/kg (mg chat oc hoat ong
(active ingredient) tren moi kg the trong cua sinh vat th nghiem). oc tnh
con c dien ta nh la nong o hi hoac bui trong khong kh hoac lng
chat oc dang long hoa tan trong nc song suoi ho co the gay chet cho 50%
so sinh vat th nghiem . Nong o nay c ky hieu la LC50 (lethal
concentration). LC50 co n v la microgram (10-6 gram) tren moi lt khong
kh hoac nc. TBVTV xam nhap vao c the thong qua mieng, da, mat,
phoi. TBVTV con co the c tiem vao c the qua tnh mach. LD50 thng
c tnh qua ng da hoac mieng.
Mot loai thuoc co LD50 cao cha chac la an toan, lieu lng ban gay chet
cua mot so thuoc cung co the gay ra cac trieu chng da va mat nh: kch
nga, au au, oi ma va cac tat benh khac.
Bang 2.1
Mot so v du ve LD50 cua thuoc:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hoa chat
Ten thng mai
LD50
Loai thuoc BVTV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carbofuran
Furadan
8-14
Diet
con trung(DCT)
Parathion-methyl
Wofatox
14
DCT
Carbaryl
Sevin
850
DCT
Aldicarb
Temik
0,79
DCT
BT
Dipel
Diazinon
300
Iprodione
Rovral
3500
Diet nam (DN)
Zineb
Dithane
5200
DN
Captan
9000
DN
Metalaxyl
Ridomil
670
DN
Glyphosate
Roundup
4300
Diet co (DC)
Trifluraline
Treflan
3700
DC
2,4-D
375
DC
Simazine
Princep
5000
DC
Propagite
Omite
2200
Diet nhen (DNh)
Difocol
Kelthane
668
Diet nhen
Metaldehyde
600
Diet oc sen
Zinc phosphide
45,7
Diet chuot
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Co nhieu quy c phan loai cac chat oc da vao LD50 cua chung nh sau:
Nhom I
Nhom II
Nhom III
Nhom IV
: Rat oc LD50 < 100mg/kg.

: oc cao LD50 = 100 - 300 mg/kg.
: oc va: LD50 = 300 - 1000 mg/kg.
: oc t: LD50 > 1000mg.
Co the chia chi tiet hn nh sau:

I : ac biet oc : LD50 < 1 mg/kg
II : Rat oc
: LD50 = 1 - 50 mg/kg
III : oc cao
: LD50 = 50 - 100 mg/kg
IV : oc va
: LD50 = 100 -500 mg/kg.
V : oc t
: LD50 = 500 - 5000mg/kg
VI : oc khong
ang ke : LD50 = 5000 - 15000 mg/kg
1. 3 Mc khong thay c hieu ng cua thuoc (No Observable Effect
Level = NOEL)
La lieu lng toi a cua mot chat oc khong tao ra c mot hieu ng thay
ro ret cac ong vat th nghiem . NOEL thng c dung lam hng dan
e lap ra cac mc tiep xuc toi a ngi va thiet lap cac mc d lng chap
nhan c tren cac loai nong san. Thong thng, mc tiep xuc va mc d
lng chap nhan c c quy nh khoang 100 en 1000 lan nho hn
NOEL e co c s an toan can thiet.
1. 4 Tr so ngng gii han (Threshold Limit Value = TLV)
TLV oi vi mot hoa chat, chang han nh chat c dung lam thuoc xong
hi la nong o cua hoa chat (tnh theo ppm ) khong tao ra nhng anh hng
xau cho sinh vat trong mot khoang thi gian nao o. TLV thong dung nhat
thng ap dung cho nong dan la nong o cua hoa chat ma nong dan phai
chu ng trong vong 8 gi moi ngay va trong 5 ngay lien tuc. oi khi co
nhng tr so TLV ngan han ap dung cho nong dan v cong viec phai i vao
vung x ly thuoc. Tnh TLV bang cach cho sinh vat tiep xuc vi nhng nong
o chat oc khac nhau roi khao sat va phan tch cac ket qua.
TBVTV thng c phan thanh 3 hang I, II, va III. Hang I la nhng

TBVTV rat oc, s dung phai rat han che. Hang III gom cac TBVTV t oc
hai nhat. Moi mot loai mang nhng dau hieu khac nhau tren nhan va co quy
che rieng.
1.4.1 Cac TBVTV trong Hang I
Cac TBVTV thuoc Hang I co LD50 ng mieng bang hoac nho hn 50
mg/kg va LD50 qua da bang hoac nho hn 200 mg/kg. Theo quy c quoc te,
cac nhan thuoc nhom nay co ghi ch Nguy hiem cung vi ch Chat oc
vi dau hieu so ngui va hai xng bat cheo. Cac thuoc trong hang nay gay
nhieu rui ro nhat v chung qua oc. Cac TBVTV t oc hn van co the c
xep vao Hang I neu chung gay ra nhng nguy hiem ac biet nh: ton thng
nghiem trong da va mat hoac nguy hai oi vi moi trng. Trong trng hp
nay tren nhan ch co ch nguy hiem ma khong ghi ch chat oc. Mot vai
giot en 1 mot muong ca phe thuoc nay co the lam chet mot ngui ln.
1.4.2 Cac TBVTV trong hang II
Hang nay bao gom cac TBVTV co LD50 ng mieng t 50 en 500 mg/kg
hoac LD50 qua da t 200 en 2000 mg/kg. Tren nhan thuoc loai nay co ghi
ch Can than. Lieu khoang 1-6 muong ca phe co the lam chet mot ngi
ln.
1.4.3 Cac TBVTV trong hang III
Hang III gom cac TBVTV co LD50 ng mieng ln hn 500 mg/kg va
LD50 qua da ln hn 20000 mg/kg. Ngoai nhan co ghi ch Lu y. Nuot
khoang 30 g thuoc hang nay, ngi ln co the chet.
1.5 Phng phap trac nghiem tnh oc vi ong va thc vat
Sinh vat thng c dung e trac nghiem o oc la : tho, cho, kh, nai,
chuot trang, chuot lang, bon bo sat, ca, thc vat, ong. Trong vai nam gan ay
mot phng phap mi c s dung la dung cac vi khuan phat sang
(phytobacteria) tron lan vi oc chat pha loang theo cac nong o khac nhau
va o o phat sang cua vi khuan e xac nh o oc. Phng phap nay cho
ket qua rat nhanh chong. Cac con so ve lieu gay oc LD50 eu phai ch nh
ro loai sinh vat th nghiem . Ngoai ra con co viec th hieu lc thuoc tren cac
con trung oi tng.
Theo quy luat thong thng cua t nhien, nhng ong vat nho be thng co
sc e khang manh hn cac ong vat ln nen trong thc te ngi ta lay 1/10
lieu lng LD50 e ch nh o oc cua thuoc oi vi ngi ln khoe manh.
oi vi ngi gia, tre em va phu n co thai th ch so o con nho hn nhieu
na. Trong trang thai say ru kha nang e khang cua ngi say con thap
hn rat nhieu lan.
Ngoai s sai biet do cac giong sinh vat khac nhau em lai, LD50 con thay oi
theo con ng xam nhap cua thuoc vao c the. Chat oc thng co the xam
nhap vao c the sinh vat theo 3 con ng: tieu hoa, tiep xuc va ho hap. Do
o chung ta cung co 3 loai LD50 tng ng:
- LD50 qua ng mieng (Oral LD50): thuoc xam nhap vo ng tieu hoa.
- LD50 qua ng da (Dermal LD50): thuoc xam nhap qua da do tiep xuc.
- LD50 qua ng th (Inhalation LD50); thuoc xam nhap ng ho hap.
Trong 3 loai nay, LD50 qua ho hap thng co tr so thap nhat bi v thuoc
xam nhap qua he ho hap se c nhanh chong chuyen vao mau, a i khap
c the va gay oc cap ky. Ke en la s xam nhap cua chat oc qua ng
tiep xuc, nhat la oi vi chat oc de hoa tan trong mo m, hoac la khi thuoc
ri vao cac v tr nh canh mui, mat, co hoac vet thng.
Cac thuoc co nguon goc khac nhau th tnh oc va kha nang gay oc khac
nhau:
luy.
* Cac thuoc goc lan co o oc cap tnh cao nhng t hoac khong tch
* Cac thuoc goc Clo co o oc cap tnh khong ln nhng tch luy
trong m.
* Cac thuoc vo c nh Cu va S co o oc keo dai.
* Cac thuoc goc thao moc co o oc cap tnh cao nhng phan giai
nhanh.
Thuoc goc lan thng kiem ham enzyme cholinesterase trong khi thuoc goc
Clo tac ong len he than kinh. Co khi thuoc lam liet c va than kinh cua
ong vat co xng song th lai khong co cung tac dung con trung.
Co nhieu loai trac nghiem vi ong va thc vat , tuy theo muc tieu ma la
chon cac phng phap khac nhau, chang han:
e xac nh NOEL va lieu lng di t vong (sublethal dose) hoac o oc
man tnh (chronic), hoac ngi ta thng cho ong vat hap thu hang ngay
lieu nho hn LD50. Trac nghiem nay cung dung e anh gia s bat duc, sinh
con khuyet tat, ung th, hoac cac van e sc khoe khac ngi.
e xac nh oc cap tnh thng s dung LD50 va LC50. Vat th nghiem
c cho hap thu lieu cao va n oc e khao sat hieu ng, t o giup d
oan moi nguy c tiep xuc vi thuoc lieu nho va lau dai ngi.
1. 6 Cac yeu to anh hng en oc tnh cua TBVTV
Co nhieu yeu to lam tang hoac giam kha nang phong diet cua TBVTV oi
vi cac dch hai. Cac yeu to anh hng gom co: nhiet o, am o, anh sang,
gio, ma, yeu to di truyen, tuoi va the trang cua sinh vat. Thi gian can co
e mat i mot na lng thuoc ban au goi la ban sinh (half life) cua thuoc.
Ban sinh cua thuoc tuy thuoc vao ac iem cua hoa chat va dang bao che, vi
sinh vat at, UV, chat lng nc pha thuoc cung nh cac chat lan tap trong
thuoc. Tron cac loai thuoc BVTV lai vi nhau co the lam tang hoac giam
ban sinh. Loai thuoc ton tai lau trong thien nhien di dang hoat ong c
goi la thuoc ben vng. Sau ay la cac yeu to chnh anh hng en oc tnh
cua TBVTV .
1.6.1 Giai oan sinh trng cua dch hai:
Giai oan sinh trng cua dch hai co the anh hng en ap ng cua chung
oi vi TBVTV. Chang han, cay con nho thng nhay cam vi thuoc diet co
hn la cay ln; cay a nien ang tro hoa b anh hng cua thuoc diet co
nhieu hn cay bat au tro hoa hoac a tro hoa xong.Cac loai co a nien kho
b diet khi chung a phat trien ay u he thong than ngam. Cac giai oan
phat trien khac nhau cua con trung t trng en sau non, nhong, au trung
eu co ap ng khac nhau vi TBVTV do cac khac biet ve ac iem ly hoa
khac biet cua chung cung nh tnh an va v tr cac c phan cua c the.
1.6.2 S hap thu TBVTV:
Phan ln cac TBVTV eu co v tr tac ong ac thu. Trc khi tac ong
thuoc phai c dan ti cac v tr nay. S khac biet ve cau tao c the, lp
phu c the, va thoi quen cua dch hai co the anh hng en s xam nhap
cua thuoc. Dang che pham va ieu kien moi trng cung anh hng en s
hap thu TBVTV. Sinh vat hap thu TBVTV theo nhieu cach
- Thuoc tiep xuc (contact): loai thuoc nay i vao c the sinh vat xuyen qua
lp cau tao phu ngoai c the (chang han nh lp cutin cua thc vat, bon chan
ot, hoac da cua cac ong vat co xng song).
- Thuoc v oc (stomach poisons) : e gay oc thuoc phai c an vao, t o
thuoc tham qua lp te bao lot cua mieng hoac ng ruot cua con trung
- Thuoc xong hi (fumigant): c sinh vat hap thu vao qua s ho hap hoac
qua cac bo phan th. hoac qua da hoac lp bieu b. Co loai TBVTV co ca ba
phng thc xam nhap ke tren.
Phan ln TBVTV nguyen chat khong thch hp cho viec tieu diet dch hai
bi v chung qua am ac hoac kho tron lan vi nc, hoac khong c ben
v vay nhng nha bao che thng them vao cac chat khac e cai thien kha
nang ton tr, thao tac van chuyen va s dung an toan hn. San pham cuoi
cung goi la che pham TBVTV (pesticide formulation). Che pham TBVTV
bao gom :
1) chat hoat ong; 2) chat mang nh cac loai dung moi hoac
khoang set; 3) cac chat tac ong be mat bao gom chat dnh va chat trai; 4)
cac chat khac nh chat on nh, chat nhuom va cac hoa chat e cai thien
hoac tang cng tac ong cua TBVTV . x lanh, trong che pham TBVTV
con cha cac chat chong ong do nhiet o thap. Sau cung, cac che pham
c s dung di dang hoa loang vi nc hoac dau. Co mot so thuoc tr
dch hai c che tao ac biet e s dung trong nha.
II. TIEU CHUAN CUA THUOC BVTV DUNG TRONG NONG
NGHIEP:
Cac thuoc BVTV can phai co cac ac tnh sau:
* Co tnh oc oi vi dch hai nhng an toan oi vi cay trong (t nhat la
nong o thng dung) va t chu anh hng cua ieu kien ngoai canh (nhiet,
am, anh sang ...)
* Tnh oc phai a nang song phai co tnh chon loc.
* Bao quan, van chuyen va s dung de dang.
* An toan oi vi moi trng.
* De ket hp gia thuoc vi nhau hoac vi phan bon.
* Mau sac de phan biet e de kiem tra va bao am an toan khi s dung.
* Gia thanh ngi tieu dung chap nhan c.
III. PHAN LOAI THUOC TR DCH HAI
Tat ca cac hoa chat dung trong cong tac BVTV eu c mang ten chung la
TBVTV hay thuoc tr dch hai (pesticide). Viec phan loai thuoc tr dch hai
co the thc hien theo nhieu cach:
1.1 Phan loai theo oi tng:
Diet con trung: Insecticide
Diet vi khuan: Bactericide
Diet nam : Fungicide
Diet tuyen trung : Nematicide
Diet co: Herbicide, Weed killer
Diet nhen: Acaricide
Diet Aphid : Aphicide
Diet oc sen: Molluscicide
Diet chuot: Raticide
2.2 Phan loai theo con ng xam nhap:
V oc(v): Dipterex (tx) DDT (tx) 666(tx xh) Wofatox (tx) ...
Tiep xuc (tx): Mipcin, Bassa, Dimethoate (ld)
Lu dan (ld): Furadan, Aliette
Xong hi (xh): Methyl Bromide (CH3Br), Chloropicrin (CC13NO2)
Aluminium Phosphide (Al..P)
2.3 Phan loai theo nguon goc:
Thuoc vo c: S, Cu ...
Thuoc thao moc: Derris, Nicotine
Thuoc tong hp:
* Nhom Clo: DDT, 666
* Nhom Lan: Wofatox Bi-58
* Nhom Carbamate: Mipcin, Bassa, Sevin
* Nhom Pyrethroid : Decis, Sherpa, Sumicidine
* Nhom Insect Growth Regulator (IGR): Nomolt, Applaud
..............
Ngoai ra trong he thong cua My, cac chat eu hoa sinh trng, chat dan du va
xua uoi con trung cung c liet vao nhom thuoc Bao ve Thc vat. Co mot so
thuoc BVTV tieu diet c nhieu oi tng gay hai nen co the c xep vao
nhieu nhom khac nhau. V du 2,4-D dung lieu thap la chat kch thch sinh
trng thc vat, lieu cao la thuoc diet co. Oxythioquinox (Morestan) co the
dung diet nhen, nam benh lan con trung.
Cach phan loai da theo nguon goc nhom thuoc la pho bien nhat:
1) Nhom thuoc goc Clo hu c: (CHC)
Cac thuoc CHC dung e tr con trung, hien nay phan ln thuoc nhom nay a b
cam do tnh ton lu qua lau trong moi trng ma ien hnh la DDT, Chlordane,
Toxaphene, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin .v.v. Mot so van con dung rat gii han nh
Difocol va Methoxychlor. Phan ln cac CHC kho phan huy trong moi trng va
tch luy trong mo m cua ong vat. Tnh ton lu cung co ch trong trng hp
can duy tr tnh oc cua thuoc lau dai.
Cac CHC gom nhng hp chat aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic co MW khoang
291-545. CHC co the c chia ra lam 5 nhom : (1) DDT va cac chat tng t;
(2) BHC; (3) Cyclodiens cac hp chat tng t; (4) Toxaphene va cac chat
tng t; va (5) cau truc khep kn cua Mirex va Chlordecone. Xu hng khang
cheo cua con trung oi vi cac thuoc trong cung mot nhom va thuoc thuoc cac
nhom khac nhau la gia tang manh, mac du c che tac ong gia cac nhom co
s khac biet.
CHC gay oc than kinh, tuy nhien cung co mot so khac biet ve trieu chng gia
hai nhom: mot pha la DDT va nhng chat tng t vi no va pha kia la nhng
chat con lai. DDT gay ra s run ray (tremor, hoac ataxia=mat eu hoa), khi s
mc nhe luc mi bat au b trung oc va ngay cang tang cho en khi co trieu
chng co giat (convulsion). Trai lai lindane, aldrin,dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene,
va nhieu hp chat co lien quan gay ra trieu chng co giat ngay t au.
Mc kch thch than kinh quan he trc tiep vi nong oc cua thuoc trong mo
than kinh. Thong thng cac hau qua co the phuc hoi sau khi hap thu mot hay
nhieu lieu thuoc. S phuc hoi nay ch co the xay ra khi nong oc ua CHC trong
mo than kinh khong vt qua mot ngng ti han (critical level). Hau het cac
CHC co the i xuyen qua da cung nh qua he ho hap va he tieu hoa. Mc hap
thu qua da khac biet tuy theo chat, chang han DDT hap thu qua da kem con
Dieldrin lai hap thu qua da rat manh. Thong thng, v co ap suat hi thap nen
t khi CHC co nong o trong khong kh cao qua mc cho phep.
CHC lam thay oi cac tnh chat ien c the va cua cac men co lien quan en
mang te bao than kinh, gay ra bien oi trong ong thai di chuyen cua ion Na+
va K+ qua mang te bao. Co the co ca s nhieu loan van chuyen chat voi va
hoat tnh cua men Ca2+-ATP va men phosphokinase. Cuoi cung CHC gay chet
do s dng ho hap.
2) Nhom thuoc goc lan hu c: (LHC) Do Lange va von Kreuger tm ra vao
au nhng nam 1930 (dimethyl va diethyl phosphorofluoridate). en nam 1936,
Gerhard Schrader chu tr mot d an nghien cu va tm ra nhieu chat khac nh
dimefox,
octamethyl
pyrophosphoramidate(schradan)
va
tetraethyl
pyrophosphate (TEPP). Cuoi the chien th II, chat parathion ra i va ton tai
trong hn 40 nam. Cho en nay a co hang ngan chat LHC c tong hp va
anh gia trong so o a co khoang 100 chat khac nhau c ua vao thng
mai hoa. ay la nhom thuoc hu c quan trong nhat hien dung. Schrader
thng c xem la ong to cua cac thuoc lan hu c.
LHC la nhng chat co t nhat mot nguyen t P bon hoa tr, hau het cac LHC la
nhng ester co cau truc nh sau:
RO
O(S)
P
R
Trong o :
R = methyl hoac ethyl

R = alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, amino hoac cac amino co nhom the
X = nhom co the tach ri (leaving group)
O mang noi oi co the b S thay the. Cac LHC khac nhau nhieu do s thay oi
cua nhom X. Thc te, hau het cac LHC dung hien nay co cau truc
RO
O(S)
P
RO
Trong o R la methyl hoac ethyl va X thay oi, thong thng X la chat the cua
alkoxy; phenoxy; thioalkyl hoac cac chat thm d nhan.
Cac LHC cha noi P=O (phosphate) hoac P=S (phosphorothionate) trong o
P=S kha ben vng oi vi s thuy giai so vi P=O bi vay chung co trien vong
ve mat oc tnh va kha nang diet con trung. Tuy nhien chung co tac ong
chong men cholinesterase yeu va can phai c hoat hoa qua bien dng e
tr thanh P=O von co hoat tnh chong men cholinesterase manh me.
Cach tac ong cua thuoc: oc tnh cua LHC oi vi con trung va ngi do s
bat hoat hoa men acetylcholinesterase (AChE), la mot loai men xuc tac s thuy
phan nhanh chong chat Acetylcholine(ACh). S bat hoat xay ra hoan toan khi
LHC tac ong en men va lan hoa nhom OH cua serine tai v tr hoat ong cua
men (theo phng trnh).
ki
O
E-OH + (RO)2 P -X
Kd
O
[E-OH] (ROR)2P -X]
kp
E-OP(OR)2+X
Acetylcholine la mot trong so cac chat dan truyen luong than kinh quan trong
chi phoi s truyen cac xung than kinh doc qua cac cho noi synaptic va trong
mot so trng hp qua cac cho noi c than kinh.
Vai tro cua AChE trong viec ieu phoi truyen ong luong than kinh c dien
ta trong Hnh sau
Tui
nhan ACh
Ach
Ach
Ach
ACh
tr
ACh
Xung than kinh
Hnh
kinh
ACh
ACh
iem cuoi
ACh
Phc hp
than kinh
AChE-ACh
S tng tac gia AChE va Ach tai mot cho noi synapse hoac c than
Khi xung than kinh di chuyen doc theo truc va tien en iem cuoi cua noi
synapse hoac c than kinh th cac Ach co san trong cac tui se c phong thch
ra ngoai nhanh chong va sau o tng tac vi mang sau synaptic (post synaptic)
gay kch thch c hoac si than kinh. AChE eu chnh s truyen than kinh bang
cach giam nong o cua Ach tai cho noi bang phan ng thuy phan men bien Ach
thanh choline va acid acetic
C
CH3
+
CH3 - NCH2CH2 0CCH3 + H2O
CH3
Acetylcholine
acid
AChE
CH3
O
+
CH3 - NCH2CH2OH + CH3COH
Choline
CH3
Acetic
3) Cac thuoc nhom Carbamate:

ay la nhom thuoc c dung rong rai bi v thuoc tng oi re tien, hieu lc
cao ma t ton lu trong moi trng. Thuoc la dan xuat cua acid cabamic, co
cha cac nhom phu dithiocarbamates va thiocarbamates mang lu huynh.
Ngoai dang thuoc tr sau con co thuoc tr nam benh, tr co, tr oc sen va tr
tuyen trung. oi vi ong vat, thuoc carbamate gay ton thng he than kinh va
mot so khac rat oc cho ong vat co vu bao gom ca con ngi. Thuoc nhom
nay khong tch luy trong mo m do vay tnh oc cua chung thng ngan va sinh
vat co the phuc hoi. Cac thuoc Carbamate thong dung nh: carbaryl (Sevin),
aldicarb (Temik) va methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin).
Cac thuoc diet con trung carbamate co nguon goc t nhien la chat
physostigmine hoac eserine. Nam 1925, Stedman va Barger a lam sang to cau
truc cua physostigmine, mot loai alcaloid co trong cay au Calabar,

Physostigma venenosum. ay la mot chat co ong t manh me va co hoat tnh
tiet acetylcholine, physostigmine va cac chat tng t vi no (neostigmine va
prostigmine) a c dung trong nganh nhan khoa e tr cac benh tang nhan ap
(glaucoma) va nhc c mi mat (myasthenia gravis). Physostigmine la mot
methylcarbamate este.
Nam 1954, Gysin gii thieu chat este carbamate au tien c dung lam chat
diet con trung, ong cung a mo ta tnh chat nhieu loai este dimethylcarbamate.
Sau o cac phenyl N-methylcarbamate mang nhom the c nghien cu nhieu
e em vao s dung trong nong nghiep. en nam 1985 co 25 chat este
carbamate c a vao s dung.
O
Este carbamate la dan xuat cua acid carbamic ( HOCNH2) . Acid carbamic
cung nh acid N-alkylcarbamic va acid N,N-dialkylcarbamic khong ben vng
va de b phan huy thanh CO2 va NH3,. Khi thay the H ng gan O bang nhom
akyl, aryl, hoac nhom cha nit se tao ra c cac san pham ben vng dung
lam TBVTV hoac dc pham. oc tnh cua carbamate c ghi Bang 2.3
Bang 2.3 oc tnh qua ng mieng cua cac thuoc diet con trung carbamate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten thong dung
Ten thng mai
LD50
--------------------------------------------------Chuot
Ruoi nha
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mg/kg
mg/kg
Aldicarb
1
5,5
Carbofuran
8-14
6.7
Thiofanox
9
---Methomyl
Lannate
17-24
3,4
Aminocarb
Matacil
30
85
Mexacarbate
Zectran
15-63
65
Dimetilan
25-64
9,0
Propoxur
Baygon
95-104
25
Metalkarmate
Bux
87-170
65
Methiocarb
Mesurol
130-135
24
Landrin
Landrin
178
41
Carbaryl
Sevin
307-986
900
Butacarb
4000
39
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cung giong nh LHC, cac thuoc diet trung carbamate c che hoat ong cua
men acetylcholinestearse. Nhieu carbamate co o oc cap tnh rat cao oi vi
ong vat. Aldicarb co o oc cap tnh ng mieng tren chuot la 1 mg/kg la
mot trong so cac chat TBVTV oc nhat c dung hien nay. V qua oc,
Aldicarb thng c dung the hat bon vao at (Carbofuran cung tng t).
Tuy vay nhn chung cac thuoc trong nhom nay van t oc hn nhom LHC, c
the co kha nang phuc hoi sau khi b ngo oc carbamate ln hn khi b ngo oc
organophosphate.
Cac thuoc diet con trung methylcarbamate t co hau qua gay oc lau dai cho
ong vat co vu. co mot vai carbamate, gom ca carbaryl va carbofuran, co kha
nang gay bien dang bao thai ga. t co bang chng ve kha nang gay ot bien
cua methylcarbamate, nhng oi vi N-nitrosomethylcarbamate (co the hnh
thanh do s ket hp gia carbamate va ion nitrogen) la mot chat gay ot bien
rat manh me.
4) Cac thuoc nhom Pyrethroids
Cac ac tnh sat trung cua hoa thuy cuc (Chrysanthemum spp., thng gap nhat
la C. cineraraefolium) a c phat hien rong rai vao gia the ky 19. Cung vi
tnh diet con trung manh me, pyrethrin co u iem la t ton lu trong moi
trng. Trc khi co DDT, Pyrethrin la chat diet con trung chnh dung trong
nong nghiep va gia nh mac du chung co yeu iem la b anh sang phan huy
nhanh chong. T nhng nam 1950, khi dung chat piperonyl butoxide va mot so
hp chat khac e tang hieu lc cua pyrethrin, lam giam chi ph thuoc tren n
v dien tch. Gia at va tnh kem ben di anh sang la hai tr ngai chnh trc
khi tong hp c cac pyrethroids ben hn va tnh diet trung cao hn. Chang
han, Dr. Elliot a phat hien ra Deltamethrin, co tnh ben anh sang cao, phan
huy sinh hoc nhanh chong va cc oc oi vi con trung. Ngay nay pyrethrin
thien nhien ch dung trong gia nh, pyrethrin tong hp c dung rong rai va
chiem 25% thuoc diet con trung phun tren la cua the gii trong nam 1983. Co
hang ngan chat tng t a c tong hp, mot so a khac nhieu so vi cac
pyrethrin nguyen thuy. mot so chat thieu han ca vong cyclopropane trong acid
chrysanthemic.
Pyrethrin va cac chat cuc tong hp la nhng chat gay oc kenh muoi (sodium
channel) cua mang than kinh. Cac pyrethroid co ai lc rat cao oi vi cac kenh
muoi, tao ra nhng thay oi nho chc nang cua kenh. Cac pyrethroids thc chat
la nhng chat gay oc chc nang, hau qua xau cua thuoc mang tnh th cap, la
hau qua cua s kch thch qua o he than kinh. ieu nay the hien ro cho
khong tm thay cac dau hieu benh ly trong he than kinh trung ng, ngay ca khi
gay oc nang nhieu lan cung nh s ch tao thanh cac om hoai t khong ac
trng va co the phuc hoi tren cac than kinh ngoai vi cua ong vat b co giat va
the hien cac trieu chng roi loan van ong nghiem trong. Sau khi b pyrethroid
lam cho bien oi kenh muoi van tiep tuc hoat ong bnh thng, van duy tr
c chc nang chon la cac ion muoi va noi vi ien the mang.
oc tnh cua mot so pyrethroids c ghi trong bang 2.4
Bang 2. 4
oc cap tnh cua mot so pyrethroids
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten
LD50
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alllethrin
3,5 (200)
Barthrin
---- (23.600)
Bioallethrin
4 ( 1030)
Bioresmethrin
340 (>8000)
Cismethrin
6,5 (63)
Fenfluthrin
1 (120)
trans-Fluorocyphenothrin
6 (----)
Kadethrin
0,5 (---)
Permethrin
>250 (1500)
Phenothrin
372 (>5000)
Pyrethrin I
5 (340)
Pyrethrin II
1 (>600)
Resmethrin
165 (1347)
Tetramethrin
2,3 (>4000)
Cyphenothrin
5 (---)
Fenproponate
2,5 (28)
Flucythrinate
--- (67)
Cyfluthrin
5 (---)
Cyhalothrin
--- (144)
Cypermethrin
55 (900)
Deltamethrin
2,3 (52)
Fenvalerate
75 (450)
cis-Fluorocyphenothrin
0,6 (---)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ghi chu: so ngoai ngoac la tr so LD50 tiem tnh mach, so trong ngoac la
tr so qua ng mieng
5) Cac nhom thuoc khac:

Trong nhom nay co: khang sinh, chat chong ong mau, thuoc goc thc vat, cac
chat bui tr, vi sinh, dau la, chat dan du (pheromone), hormone thc vat va xa
phong.
a) Chat khang sinh: La vat chat tiet ra t cac vi sinh vat (nam , vi khuan, xa
khuan) co kha nang tieu diet hoac c che cac vi sinh vat khac. Thuoc khang
sinh penicilline dung e tr benh nhiem khuan, c ly trch t nam Penicillium
sp . Sreptomycine c dung e tr benh nhiem khuan ngi, ong vat va
thc vat, co the san xuat c bang phng phap t nhien hay nhan tao. Ngoai
ra con rat nhieu loai khang sinh khac c phat hien va a vao s dung.
b) Chat chong ong mau: Chat nay lam thay oi tien trnh ong mau cua
ong vat co vu lam chung chet i v mat mau sau khi b vet thng. Chat chong
ong mau thng c dung e tr chuot va cac ong vat gam nham khac.
Thng ong vat phai an vao chat chong ong mau nhieu ngay trc khi chat
oc tch luy u e phat trieu chng. Co mot so chat chong ong mau khac co
hieu lc ngay sau mot lieu duy nhat.
c) Thuoc goc thc vat: Mot so thc vat co cha cac chat oc oi vi con
trung va cac ong vat khac, chang han nh hoa thuy cuc (chrysanthemum) dung
e chiet trch pyrethrum, re day thuoc ca ung e trch ra rotenone, mot so cay
ho Hue dung e chiet trch sabadilla va hellebore. Chat ryania c trch t

mot loai thc vat Nam Phi, nicotine c trch t thuoc la, strychnine trch t
cay ma tien An o, Srilanka, Uc va ong Dng (Xem Bang
).
d) Cac bot tr: Cac loai hat tr, con c goi la hat gay rung hoac hat tham
nc, dang bot mn, thng co oc tnh thap, c dung e tr con trung hoac
nhom ong vat khong xng song khac. Cac hat tr nay giet con trung theo c
che ly hoc, hat co the gay tray xt lp sap bao phu c the con trung lam cho
chung mat nc qua da, hoac co the hap thu chat sap tren da con trung. oi
khi cac hat bui nay c ket hp vi aluminium fluosilicate e tao ra lc hut
tnh ien, giup hat bam dnh vao cac be mat . V co oc tnh thap, hat tr c
s dung nhng ni v ly do an toan khong the s dung cac loai thuoc co oc
tnh cao. V tac ong tieu diet mang tnh chat vat ly do o chung khong b mat
tac dung do s phan huy trong moi trng. Khi b t, cac loai hat tr mat tac
dung. Cac hat tr gay rung chnh la at iatom, silica gel, bot acid boric. Bot
boric acid co the gay oc khi nuot phai, do o phai tranh s dung ni co tre
em. Mac du co tnh tr, can phai tranh ht hat nay vao phoi v co the gay kch
ng nghiem trong.
e) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng con trung:
Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng con trung( Insect Growth Regulator = IGR) la
nhng chat c dung e bien oi s phat trien cua con trung. Cac hormone t
nhien do chnh con trung tiet ra ieu khien s bien oi trong vong i cua
chung. Cac IGR nay hien nay c tong hp nhan tao e bat chc hoac ngan
tr tac ong cua cac hormone t nhien. Chung ngan can con trung bien thai t
tuoi nho sang tuoi ln hoac ep buoc chung phai trng thanh t rat sm .
f) Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat:

Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat (VSV) la nhng VSV c phoi tron vi cac chat
khac e tao thanh san pham phong tr dch hai. Ngi ta a dung nhieu chung
cua vi khuan Bacillus thuringiensis c dung e tao ra cac che pham ( Dipel,
Thuricide, Centari....) tieu diet nhieu con trung trong Bo Canh vay. Vi khuan
Agrobacterium radiobacter c dung e tr vi khuan gay bu tren nhieu loai
cay (thng do Agrobacterium tumefaciens) gay ra. NPV (nuclear polyhedral
virus) c dung e tr sau xanh (Heliothis armigera) va sau xanh da lang (
Spodoptera exigua). Nam Beauveria bassiana c dung e tr mot so loai con
trung. Cang ngay cac thuoc goc vi sinh cang c a chuong v chung rat t oc
oi vi ngi va cac sinh vat khong phai la dch hai, cung nh tnh chuyen hoa
oi vi cac dch hai. Ngoai cac VSV xuat hien trong t nhien con co cac VSV
vat c tao ra bang ky thuat di truyen hien ai
g) Cac loai dau hoa:
Nhieu loai dau tinh loc c dung e diet con trung va nhen cung nh trng
cua chung. cac dau tinh loc tieu diet con trung bang cach lam chung b ngat
th. Mot so dau loc tho c dung lam thuoc diet co. khong chuyen biet, chung
diet co bang cach pha huy mang te bao. Cac dau co tnh diet con trung hay diet
co c phoi che vi cac chat gay huyen phu va cac chat tr khac e cai thien
kha nang hoa tan trong nc. Dau tinh loc c s dung lam thuoc diet con
trung, nhen gom nam hang: nhe, nhe-trung bnh, trung bnh, nang-trung bnh,
nang.
h) Pheromones: ay la nhng hoa chat ac biet do sinh vat tiet ra e kch
thch hanh vi cua nhng sinh vat khac cung mot loai. Nhieu loai con trung da
vao pheromone e xac nh v tr cua ban tnh. Cac loai pheromones con trung
nhan tao c dung trong phong tr dch hai e giam sat sinh hoat cua con
trung cung nh nh thi gian s dung cac loai thuoc . Cac loai pheromone
thng c dung chung vi bay dnh va co mot vai tro quan trong trong viec
giam sat hoat ong cua con trung trong nhng chng trnh phong tr dch hai
tong hp va e giam sat tnh khang thuoc cua con trung.
i) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng va kch thch to sinh trng thc vat:
ay la nhng chat hoac c ly trch t thc vat hoac c tong hp nhan tao
e bat chc cac hoa chat co trong t nhien hoac nhng hoa chat co kha nang
kch thch s tang trng cua cay trong. Trong t nhien, cac hormones ong vai
tro ieu hoa s n hoa, ket trai, tch luy chat dinh dng va ngu ngh. cac chat
ieu hoa sinh trng thc vat va cac hormone c dung e ieu chnh s tang
trng cua cay, thuc ay s san xuat trai, ta bt la e de thu hoach hoac loai
tr nhng cay moc khong mong muon.
j) Xa bong: Cac xa bong dung lam chat BVTV co the diet c con trung,
mites, rong reu, livewort, nam moc, va a y. Xa bong can tr s bien dng te
bao cua con trung. Xa bong co hieu lc nhat oi vi nhng con trung co than
mem nh ray mem , rep vay, psyllids cung nh mot so giai oan au trung cua
cac loai sau khac. Loai xa bong nay co ch cho chung khong oc oi vi
ong vat co xng song, ke ca ngi. Tuy nhien cung co mot so cay b thiet hai
khi phun xa bong, do vay can phai chu y xem ky nhan hieu xa bong ac dung
trong BVTV.
3.4 Phan loai theo con ng xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the dch hai:
1) Theo cach xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the con trung:
a) Xam nhap qua thc an.
b) Xam nhap qua bieu b.
c) Xam nhap qua kh quan.
2) Theo cach xam nhap cua chat oc vao c the cua cac loai gam nham :
a) V oc
b) Xong hi
3) Cach xam nhap vao nhen: tng t nh con trung
4) Cach xam nhap vao tuyen trung:
a) Tiep xuc
b) Ho hap.
5) Cach xam nhap vao nam va vi khuan:
a) Tiep xuc
b) Xong hi
6) Cach xam nhap vao co dai:
- Qua re, la, than.
IV. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC TI C THE SINH VAT:
4.1 S bien oi cua chat oc trong c the sinh vat:
Trong qua trnh xam nhap vao c the sinh vat, chat oc co the b bien oi do
cac qua trnh thuy phan, oxy hoa kh, lien hp, phan ng trao oi v.v.. Ngoai
ra s bien oi cua chat oc con co the xay ra do hoat ong cua cac men, do
tac ong cua nc bot, tac ong cua thc an,, tac ong cua huyet dch v.v..
S bien oi co the xay ra theo 2 hng:
* o oc b giam:
Cac alkaloid thc vat + tanin trong thc an -> cac chat hoa tan -> giam o
oc.
enzyme
DDT--------------------------------> DDE
Phan ng t bao ve
* o oc tang:
kh
Thuoc tr nam lu huynh ----------------------> Hydrosunfua: o oc
cao.
S
C2H5O
C2H5O
P - O
NO2 ------------>
P-O
NO2
C2H5O
C2H5O
Thiophos (Ethyl Parathion) ------------------------------> Paraoxon oc hn.
4. 2 Tac ong cua chat oc en c the sinh vat:
Cach thc TBVTV tieu diet hoac khong che cac sinh vat gay hai c goi
la cach tac ong. Co rat nhieu cach tac ong khac nhau c liet ke trong
Bang 2.2 . Hieu biet ro cach tac ong cua thuoc se giup ngi s dung chon
ung thuoc va tien oan c ket qua s dung thuoc trong mot moi trng
cu the nao o, chang han, neu gap mot loai con trung a khang mot loai
thuoc A, ta co the chon mot thuoc khac co cach tac ong d biet vi thuoc A
e at c ket qua phong tr tot hn.
Thong thng, cac TBVTV trong cung mot nhom co cach tac ong ien
hnh giong nhau do chung co the co mot so ong iem ve cau truc hoa hoc,
tnh ben vng trong moi trng. TBVTV co the gay ra tac ong cuc bo, lu
dan hoac ca hai. Khi thuoc tiep xuc vi la va gay h hai la, ta co tac ong
cuc bo. Khi thuoc c dan en cac v tr khac trong cay ta co tac ong lu
dan, chang han mot so thuoc diet co phun tren la c dan en nh sinh
trng re va than; Thuoc chong ong mau c dan t he tieu hoa bon gam
nham vao trong mau va can tr tien trnh ong mau bnh thng. Cac LHC
va Carbamate can tr s van chuyen luong than kinh tai mot so v tr trong
he than kinh trung ng cua con trung.
Thuoc TBVTV co the c phun vao cay ky chu e bao ve toan cay khoi s
huy hoai cua dch hai, chang han khi phun cac thuoc diet con trung lu dan
vao at, no se c dan len la va gay ngo oc cho cac sau an la.
oi vi thuoc diet co, mot so co cach tac ong huy diet trc tiep tren bo la
b phun thuoc va gay heo, mot so khac can tr s hut dinh dng va kha
nang sinh trng va quang hp cua cay. Cach thc tac ong quy nh cach s
dung thuoc diet co. Loai thuoc c che s nay mam va tang trng cay mi
moc c goi la thuoc tien nay mam. Thuoc c a vao at e khong
che cay con co dai trc khi chung troi len mat at. Cac loai khac co tac
dung sau nay mam c phun vao bo la hoac at ang co co moc. Mo so
thuoc sau nay mam cung co tac dung tiep xuc.
Thuoc diet con trung co nhieu loai tac dung: oc than kinh, oc c, gay rung
la, kch thch tang trng thc vat, triet sinh san, hoac ch co tac dung bt
nghet cac lo kh. Thong thng thuoc sat trung co nhieu cach tac dung khac
nhau.
Mot so thuoc diet nam co tac dung huy diet v chung co kha nang tieu diet
nam a xam nhiem vao mo va gay benh. Cach tac ong cua thuoc nay la c
che cac hoat ong bien dng cua cac nam ang sinh trng. Cac loai khac
co tac dung phong nga s xam nhiem cua nam.
Noi tom lai khi TBVTV xam nhap vao c the dch hai se:
- Tao ra cac bien oi ly hoa hoc.
- Tac ong en s phan huy cac acid amin trong te bao sinh vat.
O
HC
+ RCH
H
Formaline
NH2
COOH
Axid amine
=>
R-CH-COOH + H2O
N=CH2
Methyl amin
- Ket hp vi nhng kim loai va cac thanh phan khac cua te bao gay can tr
cho s phat trien.
- Lam te liet hoat ong cua cac men hoac c che hoat tnh cua cac men .
- Tac ong en s hnh thanh cua cac vitamin trong c the hoac lam mat tac
dung cua chung.
Khi a xay ra nhng bien oi ve ly hoa hoc noi tren th te bao khong hoan
thanh chc nang sinh ly cua chung c na. Trong mot so ieu kien nao
o, s pha huy trang thai keo bnh thng cua te bao co the dan en s chet
cua chung.
Bang 2.5 Cach tac ong cua mot so TBVTV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Loai TBVTV
V du
Cach
tac
ong
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) Thuoc diet con trung:
Dau hoa
Gay oc c
hoc
CHC
DDT, Methoxychlor,
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
HCH
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
Chlordane, Thiodane,
Gay
oc
synap he than kinh
trung ng
Toxaphene
Gay
oc
truc than kinh
LHC
Cac dan xuat thm
Malathion
Gay
oc
synap he TK trung
Dimethoate (Cygon)
ng
Disulfoton (Di-Syston)
Cac dan xuat phenyl
Ethyl Parathion
Gay
oc
synap he TK trung
Methyl Parathion
ng
Cac dan xuat d vong
Diazinon
Gay
oc
synap he TK trung
Azinphos-methyl(Guthion)
ng
Chlorpyrifos(Lorsban, Dursban)
Phosmet(Imidan)
Sulfur hu c
Propargite (Omite)
Aramite
Carbamate
synap he TK trung
ng
Formamidines
adrenaline
Thiocyanates
ho hap te bao va
dng
Dinitrophenols
bien dng
Organotins
bien dng
Thuoc thc vat
sau synaptic
bien dng
truc than kinh

Pyrethroids
truc than kinh
Cac chat vo c
hap
Chat xong hi
me
me
me
Carbaryl (Sevin)
Gay
oc
Methomyl(Lannate, Nudrin)
Chlordimeform(Galecron)
Amitraz
Thanite
Tiet
Can tr s
bien
Dinoseb
c che s
Dinocap (Karathane)
Cyhexatin
c che s
Fenbutatin-oxid
Nicotine
Gay
Rotenone
c che s
Sabadilla
Raynia
Pyrethrum
Gay oc c
Gay oc c
Gay
oc
Permethrin
Gay
Fenvalerate
Allethrin
Resmethin
Silica gel
Acid boric
Sulfur
Arsenic
oc c the
c che ho
Methyl bromide
Chat
gay
Ethylene dibromide
Chat
gay
Chloropicrin
Chat
gay
oc
oc
Thuoc vi khuan
Chat ieu hoa sinh trng

en sinh trng va
thc vat
2) Thuoc diet co:

Chat vo c
kho la
Dau la
c the
Cac hp chat arsenic
ho hap te bao va
hu c
dng
acid phenoxyaliphatic
ong khac nhau
Amides
tang trng ngon re
than
Anilines mang nhom the

tang trng ngon re
than
Ureas mang nhom the
Carbamates
ho hap te bao va
bien dng
Vapam
Telone
Naphthalene
Bacillus thuringiensis
Virus
Nam
Methoprene
Nhieu loai
Tac
ong
Diflubenzoron (Dimilin)
Cac chat tong hp Chitin khac
Cac chat c che
phat trien
Sodium chlorate
Chat
lam
Chat
oc
MSMA, DSMA
Can tr s
acid cacodylic
bien
2,4-D; 2,4,5-T
Nhieu
Diclofop methyl
Propanil (Kerb)
Napropamide (Devrinol)
tac
che
va ngon
Alachlor (Lasso)
Metolaclor (Dual)
Trifluraline (Treflan)
che
Oryzalin (Surflan)
va
ngon
Pendimethalin (Prowl)
Tebuthiuron (Spike)
Diuron ( Karmex)
Propham
Barban
Can tr s
Asalam (Asulox)
Thiocarbamate
ho hap te bao va
dng, chan quang hp
trng re va than
Triazines
quang hp
Acid aliphatics
A benzoic mang nhom the
Cac dan xuat phenol
mang te bao, la mot
kho la
Cac nitrile
ho hap te bao va
dng, c che s co
Molinate (Ordram)
Can tr s
Cycloate (Ro-Neet)
bien
Butylate (Sutan)
c che tang
Atrazine (Aatrex)
Chan
Simazine (Princep)
Metribuzine (Lexone)
Cyanazine (Bladex)
TCA
Dalapon
Dicamba (Banvel)
Chloramben (Amiben)
Dinoseb
Khong ro
Huy
diet
chat
gay
Dichlobenil (Casoron)
Can tr s
Bromoxynil (Buctril)
bien
nh CO2
Diet mang
Bipyridylium
Diquat, Paraquat
te bao, chat lam
kho, chan quang hp
Vi sinh vat
Phytophthora palmivora
(Devine)
Uracils
Bromacil (Hyvar-X)
Chan
quang hp
Terbacil (Sinbar)
Sulfonyl ureas
Chlorsulfuron (Glean )
Can tr s phan
chia te bao
Sulfomethuron-methyl (Oust)
Cac loai thuoc diet co khac Endothall
c
che
bien dng va tong
Glyphosate
hp protein
Oxyfluorfen
3) Cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng
Auxin
IAA, 2,4-D, VAR
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Chat tao ethylene
Chat c che sinh trng va
lam cham sinh trng
4) Cac thuoc diet nam:
Thuoc diet nam vo c
men
bien dng
Dithiocarbamates
Thiazoles
men
Triazine
bien dng va tong
protein
Cac aromatics mang nhom
men
the
Dicarboximides
men
Oxathiins
bien dng
Benzimidazole
bien dng va tong
protein
Acylalanines
Triazoles
Piperazines
Ethephon (Ethrel)
Acid benzoic
Daminozide (Alar)
ong
che
Sulfur
che
Thiram
Maneb
Ferbam
Ziram
Vapam
Zineb
Ethazol (Terrazol)
Anilazine
c che men
che
che
hp
Hexachlorobenzene
che
Chlorothalonil (Bravo)
Chloroneb
Captan
che
Folpet
Captafol (Difolatan)
Carboxin
che
Oxycarboxin
Benomyl
che
Thiabendazole
hp
Thiophanate (Topsin)
Metalaxyl (Dual)
Tridimefon (Bayleton)
Triforine
Imides
Quinones
men
Cac hp chat am aliphatic
bien dng va tong
hp protein
Chat xong hi
Iprodione (Rovral)
Vinclozolin (Ronilan)
Chloranil
che
Dichlone
Dodine
che
Chloropicrin
Methyl bromide
Khang sinh
Streptomycine
Cycloheximide
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. 3 Cac hnh thc tac ong cua chat oc .
Co hai hnh thc tac ong cua chat oc len sinh vat la: (1) toan bo va, (2)
cuc bo
Khi chat oc xam nhap vao c the lam nhieu lan th se co hai hien tng
tch luy.
* Tch luy hoa hoc
* Tch luy chc nang: hay tch luy hieu ng.
Trong trng hp tch luy chc nang, chat oc co the c bai tiet hoan toan
ra ngoai, song hieu ng cua no van tac ong en cac chc nang cua c the
va c tang cng them do hieu qua cua lieu chat oc tham nhap vao c
the lan sau.
Cac dang trung oc cua c the gom co:
* Cap tnh
* Man tnh
* Di hau.
Khi s dung cung mot luc hai hay nhieu chat oc khac nhau th co the co hai
dang tac ong:
* Hp lc
Tac ong:
* oi khang
4. 4 Bieu hien cua dch hai khi b tac ong cua chat oc:
a. oi vi c the con trung:

* Se co cac phan ng ac trng cua s trung oc. Con trung co the mat tnh
hoat ong, mat nhp ieu an khp gia cac bo phan.
* Gay hng phan -----> te liet.
* Gay oi ma, lam giam trong lng, bong ngoai da, da b mat mau, gay ton
thng cac c quan ben trong
* Anh hng en trng gay quai thai.
b. oi vi cac tac nhan gay benh:
- Tac ong trc tiep ti vach te bao, mang ty the hoac hach cua te bao, gay
roi loan cac hoat ong.
- Ngan can s tong hp cac chat
- Gay tr ngai cho s hoat ong cua men va s tong hp men.
- Ngan can s hnh thanh bao t.
c. oi vi co dai:
- La b trang, b chay
- Xoan, d hnh
V. NHNG NHAN TO ANH HNG EN TNH OC CUA CHAT
OC
5.1 S lien quan gia tnh chat hoa hoc va tnh oc cua mot chat oc:
* Tnh oc phu thuoc vao s co mat cua goc sinh ra oc trong phan t cua
chat o: Arsen, Hg, hoac HCN
* Tnh chat oc cua mot chat phu thuoc vao hoat tnh hoa hoc cua chat oc
As2O3> As2O5
* S thay the cua mot nhom nay bang mot nhom khac, s them vao hoac bt
i cua mot nhom trong phan t.
S
C2H5
S
CH3O
P
C2H5
NO2
NO2 ------->
CH3O
Ethyl Parathion
Methyl Parathion
oc cap tnh ng mieng

mieng
LD 50= 3,6 mg ai/ kg chuot cai
cai
oc
cap
Sumithion
O
NO2
mieng
CH3O
chuot cong
oc cap tnh ng
LD50
CH3
Phu thuoc vao cau truc phan t:

X
O
lua.
P
YCH3
O
ng
LD50 = 24 mg ai/ kg chuot
CH3O
tnh
= 250 - 500 mg/kg
= 870mg/kg chuot nhat
X= 0
Thiolat
-------> Tr bac la
Y=S
X=S
-------------> Salithion
Y=O
Tr sau
* Phu thuoc vao loai chat ong phan: Trong 8 ong phan cua 666 th ch co
gamma 666 co hieu lc tr sau manh nhat.
* Phu thuoc vao toc o hoa tan va kch thc cua cac phan t. Kch thc
cang nho ----> cang de hoa tan va gay oc.
5. 2 S lien quan gia ac iem cua sinh vat va tnh oc cua chat oc:
a) Tnh man cam va tnh chong chu cua sinh vat oi vi tac ong cua thuoc .
Trong thc te, oi vi cac sinh vat khac nhau th phan ng vi cac chat oc
cung khac nhau do o dan en khai niem ve tnh man cam va chong chu
cua sinh vat oi vi tac ong cua chat oc.
- Co nhieu loai thuoc tac ong ti mot loai sinh vat nay nhng khong co tac
ong hoac tac ong kem ti loai khac, v du thuoc tr sau phan ln khong
tac ong ti benh va co dai.
- oi vi cung mot loai sinh vat th tnh man cam oi vi cung mot loai chat
oc cung khac nhau tuy theo tng giai oan phat trien.
* Trng va nhong co tnh chong chu cao.
Au trung co sc chu ng tang dan theo tuoi do:
- da day len
- lng lipid trong c the tang len
* Trong nhng thi gian nh duc, qua ong tnh chong chu cang tang
- Tnh chong chu thay oi trong ngay tuy trang thai sinh ly: cang hoat ong
cang man cam
- Tnh chong chu khac biet theo gii tnh
- Cung mot loai, cung mot la tuoi, khi b oi hoac an thc an khong thch
hp th ca the se tr nen man cam hn.
Nguyen nhan gay ra tnh chong chu:
- Phan ng t bao ve:
* Tranh an
* Thai chat oc ra khoi c the nhanh chong.
* ong lo th
- Cau tao ve hnh thai va giai phau sinh ly cua c the sinh vat:
* o day va cau truc cua bieu b
* Hnh the la (rong, hep), o nghieng cua la, o lang cua la, la co sap hoac
khong, re cay an sau hoac can.
- Thanh phan va hoat tnh cua cac men.
b. Hien tng quen thuoc cua dch hai:
Tnh quen thuoc cua dch hai (tnh chong chu chuyen biet) tnh mien dch
c ghi nhan nhieu sinh vat gay hai sau mot qua trnh s dung cung mot
loai thuoc lien tuc trong nhieu nam tai cung mot a phng e phong tr
mot loai sau hai nao o.
Mot loai dch hai c xac nhan la a quen vi mot loai thuoc khi:
- Tai vung o a dung mot loai thuoc lien tuc trong nhieu nam e phong tr
sinh vat gay hai.
- Ca the sinh vat vung thng xuyen dung mot loai thuoc th co sc chong
chu vi loai thuoc nay cao hn t 5 -10 lan hoac hn na so vi ca the cung
loai a phng cha dung thuoc. Du phun thuoc thi iem thch hp
nhat, ca the quen thuoc cung co tnh chong chu rat cao oi vi loai thuoc
o.
- Tnh quen thuoc c di truyen qua the he sau.
- Co s khac biet ve kha nang va toc o the hien tnh chong chu cac loai
khac nhau oi vi cac loai thuoc.
- Mc o chong chu co tnh nhay vot theo the he.
- Co hien tng chong chu bat cheo.
Cac bien phap thong dung e chong quen thuoc la:
- Tranh dung thuoc khi khong can thiet.
- Dung luan phien cac loai thuoc
- Ket hp vi thuoc vi sinh vat
- S dung bien phap phong tr dch hai tong hp.
5.3 Anh hng cua nhng yeu to ngoai canh ti tnh oc:
Nh a c e cap phan 1.6, cac yeu to ngoai canh co anh hng en ca
ly hoa tnh cua chat oc lan trang thai sinh vat, bao gom:
- Nhiet o
- o am khong kh va at.
- Lng ma
- Anh hng cua loai at va hoat ong cua vi sinh vat at.
- Anh sang
VI. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC OI VI CAY TRONG:
6.1 Tac hai cua chat oc ti cay trong:
- Dung hoa chat oc lieu lng qua cao x ly giong hay at thng lam
cho ty le nay mam , sc nay mam cua giong b giam sut, cac cay moc len
c cung phat trien kem, re ngan, mau sac khong bnh thng.
- Thuoc co tac ong tren toan bo cay tren mat at trong.
- Thuoc giam tnh chong chu cua cay trong, anh hng en pham chat cua
nong san (HCH ky nghe lam cho nong san co mui hoi).
Theo quy luat chung, tac ong cua chat oc en cay trong phu thuoc vao
thanh phan cau truc, ac iem cua chat o, phu thuoc vao ac iem cua cay
trong va nhng ieu kien ngoai canh.
Khi cay trong b hai co hai hien tng:
- Hien tng b ngo oc cap tnh (kho, chay, thung, quan queo, don, de rach,
rung hoa trai)
- Hien tng b oc man tnh (giam sinh trng, giam tnh chong chu, chat
lng thay oi).
Nguyen nhan gay ra cac tac hai:
- Anh hng cua ban than thuoc va chat lng thuoc
- Anh hng cua loai cay trong va cac giai oan phat trien cua chung cung
nh ac tnh sinh ly cua cay trong.
- Phng phap s dung thuoc.
Do o trong viec san xuat thuoc ngi ta chu y ti ch tieu hoa tr lieu la mot
ch so noi len mc o an toan oi vi thc vat cua mot loai thuoc khi s
dung e tr dch hai tren ong ruong. Ch tieu nay c tnh theo cong thc:
C
K= ---------T
K: Ch tieu hoa tr lieu
C: lieu gay chet toi thieu oi vi dch hai
T: lieu toi a cua thuoc ma cay co the chu c.
Trong nhng ieu nhat nh ma K cang nho ( C cang nho va T cang ln) th
loai thuoc o cang an toan oi vi cay. Khi T<< C loai thuoc o tr thanh
nguy hiem ch s dung lam ba oc hoac e x ly at nhng khu vc cha
trong trot.
6.2 Tac dung kch thch cua chat oc:
- nong o thap, mot so thuoc co tac dung kch thch nhat nh oi vi sinh
trng cua cay trong
- Nang ty le moc
- Cai thien s phat trien cua bo re: 666 1% phun len ma lam re phat trien
- Tang chieu cao cay va dien tch ong hoa.
- Lam cho cay ra hoa sm , trai chn sm (trng hp mot so thuoc chlor hu
c).
- Chong o nga (Kitazin)
Nguyen nhan cua cac tac ong tren gom co:
- Thuc ay nhanh tac ong trao oi chat cua cay trong, tang cng quang
hp va ho hap
- S co mat cua cac nguyen to vi lng
- Tang cng hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat at.
VII. TAC ONG CUA CHAT OC TREN HE SINH THAI:
- Anh hng ti quan the sinh vat: tang loai nay va giam loai kia
- Tieu diet so lng ln thien ch
- Dung thuoc tr nam lam tang sau: dung Bordeaux tr benh loet cam lai
lam cho dan so rep nht tang len (Bordeaux tieu diet cac nam ky sinh tren
rep nht Icerya purchasi do o dan so chung tang len).
- Diet con trung thu phan anh hng ti nang suat cay trong.
- Anh hng en nganh nuoi ong mat.
- Anh hng en nganh thuy san
- Anh hng en sc song cua chim va thu hoang.
- Anh hng ti he vi sinh vat at
- Cuoi cung la anh hng en sc khoe con ngi
CO DAI VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TR

I. NH NGHA CO DAI
Co dai co the c nh ngha theo mot trong nhng cach sau:
* La cay moc khong ung cho mong muon.
* La cay trong moc len khong do gieo trong ma gay thiet hai nhieu
hn sinh li.
* La cay hoac mot bo phan cua cay tac hai en nhng muc tieu cua
con ngi.
* La cay ma gia tr cua no cha c kham pha.
II. MOT VAI LI CH CUA CO DAI
Ngoai nhng thiet hai ma co dai gay ra cho san xuat nong nghiep,
chung con co the co the co mot so li ch nh:
* Chong xoi mon
* Lam thc an hoac che ch cho thu vat
* Thc pham cho ngi
* Lam v thuoc cha benh
* Tang cng chat hu c cho at
* Luan chuyen dng lieu t lp at sau len mat
* Lam vat lieu di truyen
* Tang ve my quan cua canh vat
* Ky chu cua nhng con trung co ch
* Cap phan hoa cho ong
III . THIET HAI DO CO GAY RA
Theo tai lieu cua FAO, co dai gay ra thiet hai 11,5% tong san lng nong
nghiep tren toan the gii, tong that thu la 287.500.000 tan san pham. Tuy
mc o phat trien cua nong nghiep, con so thiet hai cac nc co khac
nhau:
- Nc rat phat trien: 5%
- Nc phat trien trung bnh : 10%
- Nc kem phat trien: 25%
Cac hao ton trc tiep do co dai gay ra gom co
* Lam giam nang suat cay trong do s canh tranh anh sang, am o va
dinh dng.
* Lam giam chat lng san pham thu hoach: lan tap hat co trong cac
loai hat khac, gay v kho chu, lan tap cac cay kem pham chat hoac
oc hai vao thc an gia suc, lan tap bong co vao long thu (e lam len)
* Chi ph dung e phong tr
* Chi ph gay ra do gia suc b nhiem oc v co dai
* Chi ph lam sach co thuy sinh trong cac thuy ao
* Chi ph do mat bt nc cac ho t nhien hoac ho cha
Cac ph ton gian tiep do co dai:
* Ni tru an cua chim chuot pha hai cay trong

* Ky chu cua cac loai sau benh tren cay trong
* Nguy c hoa hoan
Cac ph ton phi nong nghiep do co dai:
* Tre em bo hoc e lo lam co kp thi vu cho gia nh
* Can tr tam nhn xa tren cac con ng
* Anh hng sc khoe con ngi
* Giam gia tr at ai
* Can tr cac hoat ong giai tr tren can va di nc
IV. MOT SO KHAI NIEM VE SINH HOC CO DAI
4.1 Chu ky sinh trng
Co dai co the co chu ky sinh trng theo mot trong cac nhom sau:
* Loai nhat nien (annuals): hoan tat chu ky sinh trng trong mot vu hoac
mot nam .
* Loai nh nien (bi-annuals): hoan tat chu ky sinh trng qua hai vu hoac
hai nam .
* Loai lu nien (perennials): loai nay song t ba nam tr len, cac loai a
nien n gian nhan giong va lan truyen chu yeu bang hat, loai a nien bo
nhan giong va lan truyen chu yeu bang cac bo phan sinh san vo tnh nh:
- Than re (rhizome) nam di mat at
- Re than bo tren mat at (stolon)
- Cu (tuber): phan phu ln cua than re
- Hanh (bulb): phan ln goc la phu ln
4.2 Cach phat tan cua co
Co phat tan theo nhng cach sau:
- Theo nc
- Theo gio
- Bi thu vat
- Do con ngi (hat giong, cong cu, ti tieu)
4.3 Tnh ngu (mien trang = dormance) cua co
Tnh ngu cua co c nh ngha nh sau:
- La trang thai nh ch phat trien cua co
- La mot c che bao am s ton sinh cua co
- Gay them kho khan cho viec phong chong co dai
Co dai co cac hnh thc ngu sau ay:

- Ngu bam sinh: hat c boc bi mot loai vo khong tham hoac cha
cac hoa chat noi sinh co tnh c che s nay mam .
- Ngu do ieu kien tao ra: co thng nay mam khi co ieu kien thch
hp, neu gap ieu kien bat thuan hat chuyen qua dang ngu va sau o
khong the nay mam c du ieu kien co tr lai thuan li.
- Ngu bat buoc : khi gap mot trong cac yeu to moi trng bat thuan (ve
am o, nhiet o, oxy).
4.4 Cac yeu to anh hng en s phan bo cua co trong mot vung kh
hau
Cac yeu to anh hng en s phan bo cua co gom co:
* Am o at
* pH at
* S tng ong gia chu ky sinh trng cua co dai vi cay trong
* S tng ong gia kch thc cua hat co va cay trong
* S hoat ong va quan tr cua con ngi
4.5 Tnh c che sinh trng
La s c che sinh trng cua mot loai cay nao o oi vi s sinh trng
cua nhng cay khac do chung tiet ra mot loai hp chat hoa hoc.
V. S TAC ONG CUA CO DAI
T lau ngi ta a biet rang co dai can tr s sinh trng cua cay trong. S
can tr nay bao gom hai mat la s c che va canh tranh
* S c che:
La s kien mot loai cay san sinh ra cac chat gay can tr s nay mam , tang
trng hoac phat trien cua cac cay khac. Cac chat nay co the la:
- Chat tiet t re
- Cac chat t than va la do ma ra troi
- Cac oc to sinh ra do s phan huy cac bo phan cua cay nh: re, than,
la, than re, re kh sinh va cu.
* S canh tranh:
Co thng canh tranh vi cay trong thong qua hai kha canh:
(1) Tranh gianh nc, anh sang, dng lieu va khong gian vi cay
trong.
(2) o dai cua thi ky canh tranh: thi gian canh tranh cang dai, cang
anh hng cho sinh trng cay trong.
VI. XAC NH CAC LOAI CO DAI

Viec xac nh ung cac loai co dai la rat can thiet e co the chon ra ung
loai thuoc va bien phap phong tr. Hieu ro s phan bo cua co dai giup ta
tien oan c moi tng quan gia chung va ieu kien moi trng chung
quanh e co the giam sat va phong tr hu hieu. Ngoai viec nhan dien mot
so co dai thng gap, can hp tac vi nhng nha phan loai hoc thc vat e
nam ro them ve thanh phan co dai. Cac loai co dai thng thay c liet
ke Bang 6.1
Bang 6.1 Cac loai co dai thng gap Viet Nam:

____________________________________________________________
Ten Viet Nam Ten Khoa hoc
o dai st
Ni thng gap
____________________________________________________________
1. Co hoa ban (co la hep hay co mot la mam)
Co la gng
Co may
Co ch
Co chan ga
Co bong tua
Co nc man
Co long vc
Co man trau
Co tranh
Co ong
Co sau rom
Co cu
Say
Cac loai lac
Co chat
Nang kim
Axonopus compressus
Chrysopogon aciculatus
Cynodon dactylon
Dactylotenium
aegyptiacum
Digitaria marginata
Echinochloa colona
E. crusgali
Eleusine indica
Imperata cylindrica
Panicum repens
Paspalum conjugatum
Cyperus rotundus
Phragmites karka
Cyperus spp.
Fimbristylis milicea
Eleocharis caribaea
a nien
a nien
a nien
Hang nien
at cao
at cao
at cao
at cao
Hang nien
Hang nien
Hang nien
a nien
a nien
a nien
Hang nien
a nien
a nien
a nien
Hang nien
a nien
e, b ruong
Ruong, at cao
Ruong
at cao
at cao
Ruong, at cao
at cao
at cao
e
Ruong, ho, ao
Ruong
Ho, ao, mng
Hang nien
Hang nien
a nien
at cao
at cao
Ho,ruong,kenh
2. Co la rong (thng la co 2 la mam)

Den xanh
Den gai
Beo cai
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus spinosus
Pistia stratiotes
Rau trai
Commelina communis
Hang nien
Ruong at am
Co ct heo
Ageratum conyzoides
Hang nien
Ruong at cao
Co mc
Eclipta alba
Hang nien
Ruong at cao
Co hoi
Eupatorium odoratum
a nien
at cao
Co trinh n
Mimosa pudica
a nien
at cao
Trinh n moc
Mimosa invisa
a nien
at cao
Beo cam
Lemna minor
a nien
Ho, ao, mng
Cay coi xay
Abutilon indicum
at cao
Choi c
Sida acuta
a nien
Me at
Oxalis repens
Hang nien
at cao
Ke au nga
Urena lobata
a nien
Ma e
Plantago major
a nien
Luc bnh
Eichornia crassipes
Ho, ao, mng
Rau sam
Portulaca oleracea
Hang nien
at cao
Co ong tien
Borreria latifolia
Thu lu canh
Physalis angulata
Cay thm oi
Lantana camara
a nien
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII. PHONG TR CO DAI
Cac phng phap phong tr co dai
Phong tr co dai la mot bo phan trong viec quan ly cay trong, trong o
co dai b c che sinh trng e cho cay trong phat trien.
Tren thc te khong co mot loai cay trong n oc nao co the tan dung
c het nguon dinh dng trong mot vung trong trot nao o. Bi vay
cac tham thc vat t nhien thng la mot hon hp cua cac giong loai.
Trong cach trong thuan nhng nen nong nghiep phat trien, co rat
nhieu cho trong cho co moc, bi vay can phai giam bt co bang nhieu
cach khac nhau.
Cac phng phap phong tr co dai thng c dung la:
* Phng phap vat ly (cay, cat, nho, ngap nc, che phu, ot tng
phan, ot rui).
* Phng phap canh tac (xen canh, luan canh, hoach nh lch canh tac,
ti tieu thch hp)
* Phng phap sinh hoc (chim, ca, thu vat, sau bo, nam benh).
V du:
Dung con Cactoblastis cactorum e tr s lan tran cua cay Cactus
(Opuntia spp.) tren 25 trieu ha Uc.
Dung bo Chrysolina quadrigeminz e tr co dai Hypericum

perforatum tieu bang California(My).
Dung nam Puccinia chondrilla e tr co Chondrilla juncea tren 25
trieu ha Uc.
* Phng phap hoa hoc (dung thuoc diet co)
* Phng phap tong hp (phoi cac bien phap tren)
VIII. PHONG TR CO DAI BANG BIEN PHAP HOA HOC
8.1 Li ch cua viec phong tr bang bien phap hoa hoc
Phng phap hoa hoc co mot so u iem sau:
* Co the dung tren dien rong at ket qua nhanh chong
* t vat va hn lam co tay
* Co the s dung vao nhng thi iem ma cac bien phap khac kho the
thc hien c.
* Co tnh chuyen biet
* Co the hon hp nhieu thuoc co the diet mot luc nhieu loai co
* Giam xoi mon at ai
* Co the co li ve mat kinh te
* Diet c co tren nhng loai hoa mau trong day
8.2 Bat li cua viec dung thuoc diet co
* oi hoi s thanh thao trong viec s dung thuoc
* oi hoi phai co cac dung cu chuyen dung
* Co the gay ra thiet hai cho cay trong trong khu vc x ly va vung lan
can
* oi luc khong diet c co dai
* Co the gay ra o nhiem moi trng, gay hai cho cac loai sinh vat
* Co the tao ra tnh khang thuoc co dai
* Le thuoc vao nguon thuoc ngoai nhap
* Co the lam boc phat cac loai co von trc ay t quan trong hn
* Nong dan ngheo khong u tien e mua thuoc diet co
* Khi trong cay xen canh dung thuoc diet co se gap nhieu kho khan.
8.3 Xac nh thuoc diet co
Co the xac nh thuoc diet co qua:
* Cong thc hoa hoc
* Ten thong thng
* Cau truc hoa hoc
V du:
1) - Cong thc hoa hoc: 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea

- Ten thong thng: Diuron
- Ten thng mai: Diurex, Karmex, Telvar
- Cau truc hoa hoc:
2) - Cong thc hoa hoc: N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine
- Ten thong thng: glyphosate
- Ten thng mai: Round-up
- Cau truc hoa hoc:
8.4 Phan loai thuoc diet co
Co nhieu cach phan loai thuoc diet co, sau ay la nhng cach thong dung
nhat:
1. Phan loai theo thi gian s dung
* oi vi co: trc nay mam hoac sau nay mam
* oi vi cay trong: trc trong hoac sau trong
2. Phan loai da theo s chon loc hoac khong chon loc
Phan loai nay co tnh tng oi tuy theo lieu lng s dung va trang
thai sinh trng cua cay trong
3. Phan loai da theo tac dung tren la hoac tac dung trong at
* Mot so thuoc diet co ch nam trong mot nhom
* Mot so thuoc khac lai nam trong ca hai nhom
4. Phan loai da theo tiep xuc hoac lu chuyen
5. Phan loai da theo cach tac dung
- Thuoc tac ong vao nhng qua trnh sinh ly cua cay trong, mot so a
c xac nh, mot so van con cha biet c ro. Vai tac ong ien
hnh cua thuoc la:
- Tac ong en s phan bao
- eu hoa sinh trng
- c che quang tong hp
- c che choi than va re cay con ang nay mam
- c che s hnh thanh diep luc to
- c che tong hp va bien dng protein
- Gia tang tnh tham thau cua te bao
6. Phan loai da theo nhom hoa hoc
- Nhom triazines
- Nhom cac chat the cua ure
- Nhom cac hp chat cua phenoxy
- Nhom dinitroanilines
- Nhom carbamate
- Nhom dinitrophenol
- Nhom bipyridylium
7. Phan loai theo cach s dung: Theo cach s dung, cac thuoc diet co co
the c phan bo theo s o sau:
Tiep xuc (bromoxynil)
Phun tren la
Chon loc
Phun vao at
Chuyen v (2,4-D)
Chuyen vao cay (atrazine)
Khong di chuyen(trifluralin)
Thuoc diet co
Phun tren la
Khong chon loc
Phun vao at
Tiep xuc (paraquat)

Chuyen v (glyphosate)
Xong hi (netham sodium)
Lu ba (sodium borate)
8.5 Nhng ac iem ve s chon loc thuoc diet co

Tnh chon loc xuat phat t ac iem la thuoc diet co ch pha v cac chc
nang quan trong cua co nhng khong gay hai cho cay trong. S chon loc co
tnh chat tng oi, thng phai ch ro ra ieu kien va lieu lng s dung.
e co the tac ong en co dai, thuoc can phai:
* Tiep xuc vi co
* Tham sau vao cac bo phan co
* Di chuyen en v tr tac ong ben trong cay
* Gay oc en cac bo phan quan trong cua co dai
Co the phan tch chi tiet cac yeu cau oi vi thuoc diet co ke tren nh sau:
1. S tiep xuc cua thuoc vi co tuy vao cach s dung thuoc diet co
- Co the dung vat che chan va phun thang vao co e thuoc khoi vng
vao cay trong trong trng hp dung mot loai thuoc oc oi vi cay
trong.
- o sau phan bo re khac nhau gia cay trong va co dai giup cho viec
diet co bang cac loai thuoc co tnh chat ton lu gii han tren lp at
mat c de dang hn. Thuoc nay khong ngam sau vao at do o
khong b re cay trong tang ben di hut vao.
- Lap thi khoa bieu dung thuoc: co loai thuoc c dung e phun vao
co trc khi hat cay trong nay mam . Co thuoc lai c phun vao thi
ky ngu cua cay trong e tranh thiet hai. Trong qua trnh phat trien co
nhng giai oan cay trong e khang vi thuoc, v vay can sap xep lch
phun thuoc trung vi thi ky nay e tao ra s chon loc.
2. Hnh thai va ac iem phan loai cua co anh hng en s chon loc
cua thuoc diet co
- V tr, kch thc, hnh dang cua la anh hng en s lu gi thuoc do
o anh hng en kha nang tham sau vao trong cay cua thuoc.
Nhng la phang va rong gi lai nhieu thuoc diet co hn la la hep moc
thang.
3. ac iem be mat la anh hng en s chon loc
- o day cua bieu b va so lng long tren mat la hoac o gap nep
cua be mat la anh hng en s tham nhap cua thuoc vao trong cay.
- La co be mat gap nep nhieu hoac co lp sap day hoac rat nhieu long
se lam giam mc tiep xuc gia thuoc va mat la, do o thuoc tham vao
cay t hn.
4. V tr cua nh sinh trng anh hng en s chon loc
- iem tang trng (mo nh sinh trng) nam tren mat at co the de
b hai hn so vi v tr trong at.
- Cac loai co a nien thng co cac bo phan nh sinh trng, than re,
cu nam di mat at do vay c bao ve tot hn cac loai co hang nien
co nh sinh trng kh sinh.
- Cac mo nh sinh trng cac loai cay la rong de b tiep xuc vi
thuoc diet co hn la cac cay la hep. Tang phat sinh libe moc va cac
choi ngu tren than cua cac loai la rong de man cam vi thuoc diet co.
5. S chuyen ong cua thuoc ben trong cay anh hng en s chon loc
- Mot so thuoc diet co ch dan i c trong mo libe hay mo moc
- Mot so t cac loai thuoc khac co the di chuyen trong ca hai loai mo
- S chuyen ong cua thuoc trong cay quy nh s khac biet gia cay
nhay cam va cay chong chu, chung ta khong the can thiep g vao qua
trnh nay
- Phun thuoc vao ung v tr (la hoac re) cung co vai tro quan trong oi
vi kha nang diet co cua thuoc
6. oc tnh va tnh chon loc cua thuoc

- Trong mot so trng hp, phan t thuoc diet co b bien oi thanh
dang khong oc (bat hoat hoa) trong mot cay co tnh khang. Cac cay
man cam khong co ac tnh nay.
- Chung ta kho can thiep c vao tnh chon loc sinh ly hoac sinh hoa.
- Nhng ieu kien bat li cho cay co the lam bien oi cac qua trnh ke
tren, bi vay khong nen phun thuoc diet co khi nhng ieu kien moi
trng khong thuan li.
- S tng tac gia mot so thuoc diet co va thuoc diet con trung co the
thay oi tnh chon loc cay trong va gay ngo oc cho cay.
V du: Propanil dung diet co lua, neu trc va sau khi phun Propanil
10 ngay ma phun mot loai thuoc sat trung goc lan hu c hoac
carbamat th cay lua khong the bat hoat hoa Propanil va b ngo oc.
- Phan ln cac loai cay trong kinh te eu co nhng dong mang tnh
man cam oi vi thuoc diet co mot mc o nao o.
7. Cac yeu to moi trng anh hng en s chon loc cua thuoc diet co
a. Nhiet o:
- Trong mot pham vi gii han nao o, s hap thu, s chuyen v va cac
qua trnh sinh ly, sinh hoa tang len theo s tang nhiet o.
- Khi s chon loc tuy thuoc vao s hap thu hoac chuyen v phan biet
theo ieu kien nhiet o, s chon loc nay co the b thay oi khi nhiet o
qua bien ong. V du: thuoc Linuron co the dung cho lua m vung on
i nhng lai oc oi vi lua m vung nhiet i.
- Khi dung propanil cho lua ieu kien nhiet o ln hn 38 o C, lua
co the b thiet hai.
b. Am o tng oi:
Am o co the anh hng ti s hap thu cua thuoc diet co thong qua s m
cac kh khong la va o trng cua la.
- Khi am o tng oi cao, cac khong m ra va te bao la trng phong
len tao nen nhng khe h nho tren bieu b lam thuoc diet co de xam
nhap vao ben trong la. Trong mot so trng hp cay hap thu thuoc diet
co nhanh hn la mc bat hoat hoa thuoc cua no, do vay lam giam tnh
chon loc.
- S boc hi cua thuoc diet co t mat la giam dan trong ieu kien am
o tng oi tang dan do o lam tang thi gian tiep xuc e thuoc tham
vao trong cay.
- Am o tng oi co the anh hng en s phat trien cua bieu b.
ieu kien am o tng oi thap, cay co bieu b day hn so vi ieu
kien am o cao.
c. Am o at
o am at co the anh hng en s chon loc do no quyet nh mc hoa
tan cua thuoc trong dung dch at va o di chuyen xuong sau cua thuoc.
- o am at cao lam tang lng thuoc diet co trong dung dch va tang
s hap thu thuoc cua cay.
- o am qua cao co the lam ra troi thuoc diet co vao vung re cay va
gay oc cho cay
- S ra troi mau le hn oi vi cac thuoc co o hoa tan cao hoac ch
so ra troi cao.
d. Cac chat trai
Chat trai la nhng hoa chat co tac dung lam thay oi moi quan he gia cac
be mat cua hai loai chat long hoac la mot chat long va mot chat ran, tao
ieu kien thuan li cho chat long at c nhng tnh chat sau : tnh tao
huyen phu, phan tan, tham t, tnh trai eu, tnh dnh va tnh xam nhap
vao cay.
Chat trai co the lam tang s lu gi va tham sau cua thuoc diet co vao
cay.
Khi dung chat trai cho cac loai thuoc diet co phun len la vao nhng thi
iem khong thch hp co the lam mat tnh chon loc cua cay.
IX. CAC DANG CHE PHAM THUOC DIET CO
Bao che cac che pham la cach chuan b e a thuoc vao s dung. Mot
loai thuoc diet co dang ky thuat la hoa chat tinh khiet dang long hoac
ran, hoa tan hoac khong hoa tan trong nc hoac cac dung moi khac nhau.
Bi v can phai phun trai eu mot so t thuoc diet co tren mot dien tch ln,
can phai dung en mot so phng phap phun khac nhau, phan ln can dung
en nc. Do vay a so thuoc diet co c che hoa e co the tng thch
vi nc.
Thng co t dang che pham s dung tho, neu co chung phai c tron vi
mot chat tr chang han nh at set xay mn.
Nha hoa hoc chuyen ve bao che quan tam en cac van e sau ay khi
quyet nh cach che hoa san pham :
* Cac ac tnh ly hoa:
- Kha nang hoa tan trong cac dung moi khac nhau ke ca nc
- Tnh bay hi
* Khu vc a ly s dung thuoc:
- Thoi quen s dung thuoc cua moi vung quyet nh dang che pham, v
du: nong dan trong lua Chau A thch dang hat.
* o tin cay va an toan:
- Kha nang ton tr trong kho
- Tnh dan chay
- oc tnh
* Kha canh kinh te:
- Chi ph cua cac nguyen lieu
- Chi ph vat cha
- Chi ph van chuyen
9.1 Cac che pham dang dch am ac tan c trong nc

* Chat hoat ong co the c hoa tan de dang vao nc e tao ra mot
dung dch that.
* Nha bao che co the hoa tan thuoc vao nc e tao thanh mot dch
goc am ac goc e sau o nong dan hoa loang ra them .
* Thuoc cung co the c ban ra di dang bot kho hoa tan c trong
nc
* Co the tron them chat phu gia vao e tang cng hieu lc cua thuoc
- Cac chat tham t e cai thien tnh lu gi va xam nhap cua thuoc
- Cac chat gay phan tan e ngan nga s ket tua cua thuoc nc
cng
* Cac ac iem quan trong cua nhng che pham dang dch am ac
gom co:
- Tng oi re tien
- Khong can phai lac bnh phun nhieu lan
- t nguy hiem cho ngi dung v thuoc ra troi khoi da nhanh chong
- Co the s dung c vi nc cng
- Hoat chat co the khong tham c de dang vao cay. ay la mot
ac iem tot ve mat tnh la chon nhng khong tot ng ve mat tieu
diet co dai.
9.2 Cac loai thuoc dang dch am ac co the tao huyen phu
* Hoat chat khong tan c trong nc, tuy nhien co the tan c
trong mot dung moi hu c khong phan cc, nha bao che hoa tan thuoc
diet co trong dung moi hu c va them vao o cac chat gay huyen phu
* Cac tnh chat cua nhng che pham am ac gay huyen phu la:
- Gia tng oi cao v dung moi at tien
- Kha nguy hiem cho ngi s dung v cac chat dau kho tay ra mot
khi a dnh vao da.
- Tham xuyen qua lp sap cua la hieu qua hn cac dang che pham
khac
- Kho b ra troi khoi tan la do ma hay do nc dan thuy
- Thuoc kho b dan xuong sau trong at v tnh hoa tan trong nc
kem .
9.3 Cac loai bot tham t
* oi khi co nhng thuoc diet co khong hoa tan c trong nc lan
trong dung moi hu c nhng co the tron vao trong nc roi phun eu
* Thuoc phai c nghien rat nho va che hoa sao cho no co the tao
thanh mot the huyen phu trong moi trng nc
* Thuoc loai nay thng c tron lan vao mot chat tr nh la set
* Mot loai bot tham nc 50% thng cha 46% set, 2% chat gay tham
t, 2% chat tao s phan tan va 50% thuoc diet co dang ky thuat
- Chat gay tham t se lam t chat bot e cho no co the hoa tan
ch khong noi len tren mat nc
- Chat gay phan tan se giup phat tan cac hat eu khap trong nc
* Cac tnh chat cua cac nhng che pham dang bot tham t:
- Gia tng oi re v chung cha t hoat chat hn va dung cu cha
ng re hn dang long
- Trong khi phun can phai lac bnh cha e duy tr thuoc dang
dung dch
- Thng oi hoi phai co ma, nc ti hoac dung may moc e
a thuoc vao at.
9.4 Cac che pham dang nhao
* Mot che pham dang nhao la mot dch ac gom mot loai thuoc diet co
the ran ton tai dang huyen phu trong mot chat long, la mot dang
ta nh bun long c che tao san e a vao bnh phun.
* Cac ac iem cua che pham dang nhao cung giong nh dang bot
tham t, no co u iem khac la khong gay ra bui va co the ong c
thay v can.
9.5 Cac che pham dang khuech tan

* La dang bot tham nc c che tao thanh dang hat nho
* Khi bo vao nc hat v ra va phan tan trong nc nh trng hp bot
tham nc
* Che pham dang hat khuech tan co u iem nh la cac che pham
dang nhao
- t gay bui, de ong va o
- Ty le hoat chat cao (80-90%) so vi dang kho bnh thng.
9.6 Cac che pham s dung kho
Thng dang hat.
* c che tao bang cach tam thuoc ky thuat vao cac hat co tnh tr
nh set hoac cat
* Cac che pham hat thng cha 2-20% hoat chat bi v chat pha tron
la at set ch khong phai la nc
* Nhng tnh chat cua che pham dang hat la:
- Co the s dung vi cac dung cu re tien so vi dang phun
- Ngam vao tan cay va tham sau vao at de dang
- Co the nha thuoc ra t t theo thi gian
- t co hiem hoa bay lac
- Co the phan bo khong eu v hat b lan hoac b gio thoi tap trung
vao cac cho thap.
9.7 Cac dang hat, vien dep va vien cau
Cac thuoc diet co co tnh hoa tan va khong hoa tan eu co the che tao
thanh cac dang vien kch c ln e dung vao cac muc ch ac biet nh la
x ly trong chau.
X. CAC LOAI PHU GIA CHO THUOC DIET CO
Phu gia la chat c them vao che pham e giup cho s hoat ong cua
thuoc. Phu gia c them vao nham cac muc tieu sau:
- Gia tang tnh tham t
- Lam giam boc hi
- Gia tang s tham nhap cua thuoc
- Gia tang tnh chuyen v
- Chu ng c thi tiet
- Phong thch thuoc cham
- ieu chnh pH
- Giup thuoc co tnh tng thch
- t b bay lac
- c che mui hoi

Sau ay la mot so phu gia quan trong:
10.1 Chat trai
Chat trai la mot thuat ng tng ng vi ch "chat tac ong be mat".
Cac phan t chat trai co hai cc, mot cc co ai lc vi lipit va mot cc co
ai lc vi nc. Phan a lipit la mot chuoi hydrocarbon dai hoac vong
benzen, phan nay t co tnh hoa tan trong nc nhng co tnh hoa tan trong
dau. Phan a nc co ai lc cao oi vi nc. Co ba nhom chat trai chnh,
can c vao cau truc hoa hoc cua phan a nc:
* Nhom mang tnh ien am: Nhom nay ion hoa trong moi trng nc
e tao ra cac chat tch ien am, co the tac dung vi cac tap chat, ke ca
khoang chat co trong nc cng, nhom nay thng c dung dang
dung dch phun.
* Nhom mang tnh ien dng: Nhom nay ion hoa trong nc e tao ra
cac chat tch ien dng; co the tac dung vi cac tap chat, nhom nay
cung c dung dang dung dch phun.
* Nhom khong mang ien tch: La nhom chat trai c dung nhieu
nhat trong nong nghiep, de s dung, khong b anh hng bi nc
cng.
Cac loai chat trai co the c s dung di nhieu dang khac nhau nh sau:
- Chat tham t
- Chat phan tan
- Chat gay huyen phu
- Chat tao bot
- Chat tay
10.2 Chat tham t
Chat tham t la nhng chat c them vao thuoc diet co e gia tang tnh
trai rong cua cac hat thuoc tren be mat cua cac tan la (Xem hnh)
Khong co chat tham t
Co chat tham t
Giot thuoc
Mat la
Khi nong o cua chat tham t nho hn 0,1% th lc cang be mat giam ti
mc toi a. ieu nay co ngha la gia tang them nong o cua chat trai se
khong lam cho giot thuoc trai rong ra them . Tuy nhien ngi ta cung biet
rang kha nang hap thu va hieu qua cua nhieu loai thuoc diet co tiep tuc gia
tang khi nong o chat tham t tang qua 1%. Nh vay nhng chat tham t
con gia tang kha nang hap thu thuoc diet co ngoai viec lam giam sc cang
be mat cua hat thuoc.
10.3 Cac loai dau
Cac loai dau a c dung nhieu trong cac thuoc diet co. Du la chat phu
gia nhng khong phai la chat trai. Dau co the c chia lam ba nhom:
* Nhom dau can gay oc cho cay khong biet tnh
- Cac loai dau nang co o cha bao hoa cao (cha nhieu noi oi)
- Thng c them vao cac loai thuoc diet co co tac dung cc manh
dung e phun ven ng, b kenh rach
* Nhom gay oc biet tnh cho cay
- La cac loai dau khong han la chat trai v chung co the phun trc tiep
ma khong can phai tron vi nc hoac phoi hp vi mot loai thuoc
diet co.
- Thng c dung e tr co la rong cho mot so cay trong chang han
nh nhom cay trong ho ca rot. Nhom cay nay co kha nang chu ng
chat dau hn cac nhom khac, do vay cay trong khong b thiet hai trong
luc co dai b tieu diet.
* Nhom dau khong oc cho cay (oi khi c goi la dau bap hoac dau
phun)
- La cac dau nhe gan bao hoa
- La chat khong gay oc cho cay nhng thng c them vao thuoc
diet co e giup thuoc ngam sau vao trong la
- Loai nay thng c s dung hon hp vi atrazin e tr co sau nay
mam cho bap).
XI. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN THUOC DIET CO X LY
VAO AT
Nhieu loai thuoc diet co c x ly thang vao at e cho re hoac cac choi
ang moc cua co hut vao. Re thng hap thu thuoc diet co tot hn la, tuy
nhien v nhieu phan ng xay ra trong at sau khi x ly thuoc lam cho thuoc
giam bt tac dung va khong u am o cao.
- Phan huy hoa hoc thng lien quan en cac men.
11.1 S ra troi
La s di chuyen xuong tang at sau cua mot chat trong dung dch
- Lng thuoc diet co ra troi tuy thuoc vao tnh hoa tan cua no, the
tch cua nc i xuyen qua at, s phan bo cua nc, cau truc at va
cac moi quan he hut bam gia thuoc diet co va at ai.
- Thong thng thuoc diet co can co mot o ra troi nhat nh e thuoc
co the di chuyen vao sau trong vung re e re hut. Tuy nhien neu thuoc
di chuyen qua sau th bat li v re khong hut c hoac co hai cho cac
re phan bo sau.
11.2 S phan huy bi vi khuan
- Vi khuan co the s dung mot so thuoc diet co lam thc an
- Vi khuan co the phan huy thuoc diet co mot cach tnh c trong khi s
dung cac nguon thc pham khac
- S phan huy thuoc diet co la mot hien tng quan trong, neu khong
thuoc diet co se ton lu trong at lau hn nhieu
- Mot so thuoc diet co phan huy nhanh chong trong vong ba en bon
tuan, mot so khac khong b vi khuan phan huy se ton tai lau hn trong
mot nam
- Thong thng, nhng ieu kien thch hp cho s tang trng cua vi
khuan se gia tang s phan huy thuoc diet co.
11.3 S bien oi cua thuoc diet co trong at
- Mc o hap thu cua thuoc diet co trong at tuy thuoc rat nhieu vao
ac tnh cua thuoc diet co, mot so b hap thu nhanh va chat nh
paraquat, so khac t b hap thu hn
- o hoa tan: trong mot nhom thuoc diet co, s tng quan gia o hoa
tan va o hap thu ngc chieu nhau. Khi thay oi cau truc mot t co
the lam thay oi ln lao o hoa tan.
- Tnh bay hi: mot so thuoc diet co co the mat i do bay hi. Tnh bay
hi b anh hng bi nhiet o, am o tng oi, gio va am o at. Cac
loai thuoc diet co nay can phai c vui vao at.
XII. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN CAC THUOC DIET CO X
LY
VAO LA
Cac loai thuoc diet co x ly len tan la con c goi la thuoc diet co sau
nay mam bi v luc nay chung mi co tan la u rong e hng thuoc phun.
- Cac loai thuoc diet co phun vao at c s dung rat sm vao giai oan
au cua chu ky sinh trng cua cay hoac rat tre ve sau. Cach s dung nay
de, khong lo thuoc diet co bam vao cac tan la, thuoc c s dung bat ke
tnh huong co moc ve sau nay ra sao. Trai lai, thuoc phun vao la c s
dung khi co e doa s phat trien cua cay trong.
- e thuoc phun len la phat huy c hieu lc can phai bao am cac ieu
kien sau:
* Bam vao co dai va gi c lau tren la
* Tham sau vao la va di chuyen en v tr tac ong
* Van duy tr tnh oc u lau e phat huy tac dung
- Cac yeu to anh hng en s lu gi cua thuoc tren be mat la:
* Hnh thai cay: la hep ng (la hanh) hoac la rong phang (la au)
* ac iem tren mat la: co sap, long hoac gap nep
* ac iem cua thuoc: phan cc hoac khong phan cc
* Ra troi do ma, sng hoac nc ti
* Dung qua nhieu chat phu gia
* ac iem bay hi cua thuoc diet co
- Khi nam tren be mat la thuoc co the cac dang sau:
* Sau khi nc boc hi, thuoc con lai dang tinh the tren be mat la
* Thuoc tham sau vao lp bieu b va van con duy tr dang hoa tan
* Thuoc ngam vao cay va di chuyen dang long doc theo vach te bao
va i vao trong he thong mach dan (chang han nh Dalapon va
Amitrole)
* Thuoc ngam vao cay va i thang vao te bao song, qua o chuyen
vao cac bo mach (chang han nh 2,4-D).
QUAN LY THUOC TR DCH HAI
I. CAC HAU QUA DO THUOC BAO VE THC VAT GAY RA

Thuoc BVTV la loai hoa chat c s dung nhieu nhat trong nong
nghiep, lam nghiep va gia dung va mot phan nho trong cong nghiep.
S s dung rong rai nay thng kem theo nhieu hau qua xau do
ngi s dung co trnh o ky thuat, thoi quen va tap quan ve sinh
khac nhau. Cac hau qua thng gay ra do thieu trach nhiem, l enh
hoac tai nan. Mac khac co qua nhieu loai TBVTV ang c lu
thong, ngi s dung kho ma hieu biet het c moi tac ong xau do
chung gay ra.
Mot v du ien hnh nhat ve hau qua xau do thuoc tr dch hai gay ra
la chat DDT. Trong thi ky the chien th II DDT c xem la than
dc e tieu diet muoi va bao ve mua mang. Ngi phat minh ra
thuoc nhan giai Nobel y hoc. Nhng sau mot thi gian dai s dung,
ngi ta a nhan thay c nhng tac ong tai hai cua DDT va
nhng chat thuoc khac thuoc nhom CHC (aldrin, dielrin, chlordane,
heptachlor, endrin, toxaphen va HCH).
Sau the chien th II, vao thi ky cac nha khoa hoc kham pha ra cac
hau qua xau cua cac CHC th ho cung ong thi tm ra c nhom
lan hu c (LHC), loai nay co pho tac ong hep hn nhom CHC va
de phan huy hn. Do vay, luc o LHC c xem la nhom thuoc thay
the ly tng cho nhom CHC.
Cac thuoc carbamate c kham pha vao nhng nam cuoi cua thap
nien 60, nhieu thuoc trong nhom nay to ra an toan va hieu lc, trong
so o co carbaryl. Cac thuoc nhom cuc co tac dung tieu diet nhanh
cac loai con trung, an toan oi vi ngi nhng de b phan huy bi
anh sang mat tri, do vay thi ky au kho s dung trong nong nghiep.
Sau o a co nhng nghien cu e thay oi mot vai phan cua phan t
pyrethrin e tao s ben vng cua thuoc vi anh sang. Hien nay cac
thuoc nhom cuc ang s dung rong rai.
Ngay nay xu hng chung a chuong cac loai thuoc co pho tac ong
rieng biet an toan oi vi ngi va phan huy nhanh trong moi trng.
Mot so tai nan ien hnh do thuoc tr dch hai gay ra cac quoc gia
khac nhau nh sau:
- Endrin b tran tham vao bot m lam 691 ngi ngo oc trong
o 24 ngi chet ngay Quatar.
- Parathion b ngam vao lua m lam ngo oc 360 ngi trong
o chet 102 ngi An o. Columbia, parathion ngam vao
bot a gay chet 88 ngi.
- Tho Nh Ky 3.000 ngi b ngo oc (trong o chet mat
khoang 300) do an phai hat b x ly thuoc hexachlorobenzene.
- Gan ay (1985) Bhopal, An o, nha may cua cong ty
Union Carbide ieu che thuoc sat trung carbamate b x bnh
cha, hi oc lam khoang 2000 ngi chet va 200.000 ngi
khac b benh tat, cha tnh en so ong vat thiet hai.
TBVTV co the thoat ra trong qua trnh che tao, ong goi, van
chuyen, ton tr va s dung. S thoat ra khong c kiem soat se gay
tac hai cho moi trng va con ngi.
II. TAC ONG CUA TBVTV LEN SINH THAI
TBVTV thng gay roi loan sinh thai thong qua viec huy hoai hay
ao lon vnh vien trong thi gian lau dai can bang cua he sinh thai.
He sinh thai nong nghiep la oi tng b tac ong chu yeu, trong o
cac van e nh tnh khang cua dch hai oi vi thuoc, s dien bien
cua cac loai dch hai va hau qua do thuoc gay ra oi vi nhng loai
khong phai la oi tng tieu diet la nhng van e quan trong nhat do
viec s dung thuoc gay ra.
2.1 S gia tang tnh khang
Hien tng nay xay ra chu yeu oi vi thuoc tr sau. ay la hien
tng mot so ca the chu ng c nong o chat oc von co the gay
chet cho mot so ln cac ca the cung loai. Bo may di truyen cua cac
ca the nay truyen tnh khang thuoc lai cho nhng the he sau do o
lam gia tang them lieu lng thuoc can dung dan ti mat hieu qua
kinh te.
Ngi ta phong tnh rang en nam 1971 a co khoang 225 loai con
trung va nhen khang thuoc. Cung may la co mot so ca the cua cac
loai nay khong tiep xuc vi thuoc, chung co tac dung nh la nguon
pha loang he gen khang thuoc lam giam bt o khang cua con trung.
Tnh khang thuoc tang cua con trung lam ngi nong dan phai tang
lieu lng thuoc va rut ngan chu ky phun xt. ieu nay tat yeu dan
en s gia tang d lng thuoc sat trung tren nong san, anh hng
en sc khoe cua ngi nong dan lan ngi s dung nong san lam
thc pham. Mat khac cung v vay ma nong dan am tham tm dung
nhng loai thuoc chnh phu han che v qua oc. Ngoai ra nong dan
con t bay ra nhng kieu pha tron mi oi khi lam tang tnh oc len
rat cao do hieu ng cong hng.
Mot kha canh phc tap khac cua tnh khang thuoc con trung la s
khang cheo, o la s khang oi vi nhng loai thuoc cha tng c
dung e tieu diet mot loai con trung khang vi thuoc khac. Thong
thng hien tng nay xay ra vi nhng thuoc co cung cach tac ong.
2.2 S dien bien cua con trung

Trong qua trnh dien bien, mot loai con trung trc o khong quan
trong bong dng gay thiet hai ang ke cho cay trong. Ly do cua s
kien nay thng nh sau :
tng
chung.
a. Con trung nay co tnh khang thuoc manh hn con trung oi

b. Cac thien ch cua chung a b thuoc sat trung tieu diet
c. Cac ieu kien khac tr nen thuan li cho s phat trien cua
Mot vai v du ve dien bien nay nh sau:

- Tren lua vao nhng nam cuoi thap nien 60 sau uc than pha hoai
nang nhng sang en nhng nam au cua thap nien 70 th ray nau va
xanh tr thanh dch hai chnh.
- California (My), khi tap trung diet sau hong bong vai
Pectinophora gossypiella a lam troi day dan so cua cac loai nh
Spodoptera exigua, Trichoplusia ni, Buccalatrix thuberiella va nhen
o.
2. 3 S tieu diet thien ch
Phan ln cac thuoc sat trung hien dung co pho tac ong rong rai, diet
luon ca con trung co hai lan hu ch. Do o yeu to can bang dan so b
bien oi (cac loai ky sinh hoac an tht b tieu diet) va v vay khi con
trung oi tng khang thuoc th dch rat de xay ra. Mat khac, ngay ca
khi cac con trung thien ch khong b chet i do thuoc th dan so cua
chung cung giam i v nguon thc an cua chung (con trung oi tng)
b giam i, hoac chung phai di c i ni khac. Khi con trung oi tng
quay tr lai, dch rat de xay ra.
III. S O NHIEM MOI TRNG DO THUOC BAO VE THC
VAT
S o nhiem moi trng do thuoc sat trung thng do tnh ton lu qua
ln cua thuoc. Tnh ton lu co li mot so trng hp nhng lai bat
li cho moi trng. Phan ln cac anh hng tren moi trng la do
cac thuoc trong nhom CHC gay ra. Vao nhng nam cuoi cua thap
nien 1960 va nhng nam au cua thap nien 1970, thuoc b han che s
dung va thay vao o la cac loai de phan huy.
Thuoc sat trung dung trong nong nghiep khong phai ch gii han
trong vung x ly ma thoi. Thuoc co the b boc hi a vao kh quyen
va b gio a i xa. Thuoc co the b lang tu trong cac vc nc do
ma ra troi xuong, thuoc co the hien dien trong at, nc, khong
kh, suc vat, con ngi va nhieu loai san pham khac nhau.
Mot van e kho khan la lam the nao e anh gia c nhng hau
qua lau dai tren moi trng cua cac loai thuoc co lng ton d mc
thap.
3.1 S tch luy tang boi sinh hoc

S tch luy tang boi sinh hoc la mot qua trnh trong o cac sinh vat
gia tang lng tch luy thuoc tuy theo v tr cua chung trong chuoi
thc pham. Trong he sinh thai at va nc, chuoi thc pham co the
c dien ta tom lc nh sau:
tht
Phieu sinh ca nho ca ln cac loai chim an
_________
Cac ong vat khong xng song nho__
S tch luy thng gan lien vi cac loai thuoc co tnh ton lu trong
at va nc. Trong at, thuoc b re cay hut vao. Trong nc, thuoc
thng tap trung trong cac thuy thc vat (chu yeu la phieu sinh thc)
v ai lc cua thuoc oi vi thc vat cao hn nc. Sau o cac ong
vat nho an phieu sinh thc vat, thuoc lai c tch luy trong ong vat
do ai lc cao cua thuoc oi vi cac mo bao ong vat. S tch luy nay
tang dan len trong chuoi thc pham. Do hien tng nay ma rat nhieu
vi sinh vat khong phai la oi tng x ly trc tiep cua thuoc van b
tch luy mot ham lng thuoc cao. Neu qua ngng t vong, sinh vat
se b chet. di ngng t vong, se xay ra hien tng nh vo trng
b mong, gan b hoai t tng vung, sinh san bat bnh thng, qua man
cam ...
3.2 Ton d thuoc trong thc pham va thc an gia suc
Ton d thuoc c nh ngha la so lng cua thanh phan hoat chat
nguyen thuy hoac cac san pham chuyen hoa co hoat tnh sinh hoc ton
tai ben tren hoac ben trong san pham sau khi a b mat bt i do cac
yeu to khac.
Sau khi phun mot loai thuoc len hoa mau, s phan huy cua chung
thanh nhng chat khong oc se xay ra theo mot toc o tuy thuoc vao
loai hoat chat va tnh chat vat ly cua che pham, o day cua lp phun,
s hap thu va nha thuoc ra t vat c phun, nong o cua cac yeu to
gay s phan huy nh anh sang va nhiet, s mat i do tac ong cua
gio va ma... Can phai co thi gian e thuoc sat trung phan huy en
mot mc c xem nh an toan oi vi ngi tieu thu. Mac du kho
nh c mot cach tuyet oi chnh xac mc an toan nay, ngi ta
da vao cac nghien cu ve oc chat hoc e e ra mot mc an toan
nao o. Mc nay goi la MRL (Maximum Residue Limits). Cac loai
thc pham cha d lng cao hn MRL c xem nh khong an toan
cho ngi va gia suc. e bao am d lng thap hn mc MRL, mot
khoang thi gian an toan t lan phun thuoc cuoi cung cho en khi thu
hoach (PHI= Post Harvest Interval) c quy nh ro cho tng loai

thuoc.
Ton d thuoc sat trung trong thc pham va thc an gia suc la van e
co y ngha quoc te nhat la trong lnh vc thng mai. FAO va WHO
a phoi hp e a ra nhng tieu chuan ve d lng cho cac hang
hoa trao oi gia cac nc.
IV. VAN CHUYEN, TON TR VA THAI BO THUOC SAT
TRUNG
4.1 Van chuyen
Thuoc dang long cha trong chai thuy tinh can phai c van chuyen
het sc can than e tranh be v. Ben ngoai cac bao thuoc loai nay
phai ghi ch (De Be) va lam mot dau hieu au lau va hai xng bat
cheo. Cac loai thuoc de gay chay cung can c ghi ro ben ngoai.
Thuoc phai c e rieng ra khoi cac loai hang hoa khac, phai dung
rm hoac vat lieu chong xoc nao khac e em cac kien thuoc, thao
tac nhe nhang. Xe ch thuoc sat trung phai co buong lai rieng cho tai
xe, khong c ch thuoc chung vi hanh khach.
Mot so quy tac can thiet oi vi cac phng tien van chuyen thuoc b
tai nan nh sau:
- Tat may ngay e tranh chay
- Khong cho phep hut thuoc la
- Moi ngi phai di chuyen ra khoi v tr, ng tren gio e tranh ht
phai thuoc hoac hi nong neu b chay. Neu can giup ngi b hon me
th , ch mot so ngi toi thieu c tham gia vao.
- Khi khong thay nguy c chay, no hoac boc hi qua mc co the can
than tm cach ngan chan khong cho thuoc o tran vao cac vc nc.
Neu o qua nhieu, phai goi ngay ngi co chuyen mon giai oc hoac
chnh quyen a phng. Ngan chan dan a phng to mo i vao khu
vc. Neu thuoc b o la thuoc diet co, phai tm cach ngan nga e
thuoc khoi gay hai cho cay trong khu vc lan can.
4.2 Ton tr
Ton tr thuoc phai at c hai muc tieu: gi c lau dai hoat tnh
cua thuoc va an toan cho con ngi va moi trng xung quanh. Can
lu y cac iem sau:
1. Thuoc can c lu tr cho kho va mat bi v tia nang trc tiep
se phan huy va giam hieu lc cua thuoc tham ch co the gay hoa
hoan.
2. Khu vc ton tr phai thoang kh e cong nhan vao khoi b ngo oc.
Can lap quat hut gio tren tran.
3. Nen sap xep cac loai thuoc theo o oc. Cac loai rat oc nen sap
trong cung e giam bt anh hng oi vi ngi vao lam viec thng
xuyen.
4. at ke hoach chuyen van thuoc vao ra that hp ly sao cho cong
nhan hien dien vi thi gian toi thieu trong khu vc kho va.
5. Ca kho thuoc phai khoa thng xuyen va cam tre em lai vang
6. Kho va phai xa cach khu vc nha . Trng hp cac ai ly ban le
th can phai co khoang cach an toan gia ni cha thuoc va ni sinh
hoat.
7. Kho va phai co cac phng tien phong b thuoc o ra ngoai va
cha la. Toi thieu phai co: choi, voi, at, xuong, thung cha rong,
bnh cha la. Nen co b bao thap chung quanh kho cha e tranh
thuoc o chay ra xa. Nc ra kho va phai thoat ra co cho.
8. Phai co cac dung cu s cu: xa phong, gang tay, mat na th, nc
ra...
9. Khi co hoa hoan phai bao ong cho moi ngi tranh khoi khoi oc
va phai bao cho oi cu hoa biet trc co khoi oc e ho chuan b
khau trang.
10. Duy tr moi lien lac vi nganh y te, cha la, canh sat.
11. Khong c bay ban chung thuoc vi cac loai hang hoa khac.
12. Thuoc diet co phai c e ra mot khu rieng biet v tap nhiem
thuoc diet co qua cac thuoc khac co the bat ng gay hai cho hoa
mau.
4.3 Thai loai
Cac vat cha ng thuoc sat trung thng c em s dung vao
nhng muc ch khac va gay ra nhng tai hoa bat ng ac biet cho
tre em va gia suc.
4.3.1 Thai cac vat cha ng thuoc
* Cac loai thung va giay

Cac loai thung giay ng thuoc sat trung can phai ot bo, khong
c dung e nng ca, tht hoac nau an.
* Cac loai chai lo
Tranh dung e ng cac thc khac, sau khi dung nen ap v va chon
tap trung. Can phai trut sach het thuoc ra khoi chai lo bang cach dng
ng 30 giay tren bnh phun thuoc. Xong suc lai ba lan vi nc hoac
dung moi nao o, o luon vao bnh phun.
Khong bao gi dung cac loai chai ng nc giai khat, bia... e phan
phoi le thuoc sat trung. Can phai khac vnh vien dau au lau va hai
xng cheo len cac loai chai ng thuoc, nh vay co the ban chai lai
cho nha may san xuat va cac nganh khac khong the tan dung c
loai chai nay.
* Cac loai nha
am thung, chat nho, em chon. Khong nen ot v khoi nha rat oc
co kha nang gay ra ung th.
* Cac loai lon
am thung va chon.
4.3.2 Cac d tha cua thuoc sau khi dung
Ch co nhng lo nung nhiet o cao mi co the huy thuoc sat trung.
Tranh ot bo thuoc d theo kieu thong thng v thuoc co the truyen
i xa nguy hiem hn cho sc khoe va neu la thuoc diet co th con lam
h hong cay trong ni khac.
Khong c o bo thuoc d vao nguon nc v thuoc se tieu diet
thuy sinh manh hn cach phun xt bnh thng rat nhieu. Neu d
thuoc nen phun xt trai rong ra tren canh ong, cach nay tuy co lam
gia tang them lieu s dung tren cay nhng t gay nguy hiem hn cach
o bo tap trung.
Chon thuoc d la cach tien dung nhng phai chu y cac iem sau: at
chon khong co tnh tham qua cao lam thuoc troi xuong nc ngam
(at set tot hn ca), khong v tr de b xoi mon. iem chon phai
cach xa khu vc chan nuoi, gieng nc, giong suoi t nhat 150m. Ho
chon phai u sau e co the o mot lp at phu day toi thieu 6 tac.
Ho chon c lot ay vi mot lp voi roi en mot lp mat ca day

toi thieu 3 cm. Thuoc d c o len tren mot lp voi va mat ca
na. C the tiep tuc cho en khi o at lap. Voi co tac dung thuc ay
s phan huy thuoc sat trung va tang cng hoat ong cua cac vi sinh
vat phan giai thuoc. Hau het thuoc sat trung b phan giai trong moi
trng kiem . Mat ca e giam bt s ra troi cua thuoc.
V. NGO OC THUOC
Ngo oc thuoc sat trung co the dien ra theo 3 hnh thc:
* oc cap tnh: Sau khi nhiem chat oc mot cach tnh c hoac co y,
c the b ton thng nang toan dien hoac cuc bo.
* oc kinh nien: S tiep xuc thng xuyen lau dai vi chat oc gay
ra nhng hau qua xau cho sc khoe nh trong trng hp nhiem oc
nghe nghiep.
* oc kinh nien do hap thu lieu thap lau dai: ay la s ngo oc
chu yeu do ton d cua thuoc tren cac san pham , gay ra ung th hoac
cac loai benh tat.
oc cap tnh thng gay nguy hiem cho tnh mang. Viec cu cha
nhiem oc oi hoi mot hieu biet ay u ve nhom hoa phan loai cua
thuoc oc e co the quyet nh that ung an, nhat la viec la chon
thuoc giai oc. Chang han nh dung atrLHCin co the cu c cac
trng hp ngo oc LHC hay carbamate nhng neu dung cho ngo oc
CHC th nguy hiem chet ngi. Bi vay, thuoc phai luon co nhan
hieu e phong khi tai nan can cap cu. Khi co ngi ngo oc ch i
bac s, nh mang theo chai thuoc hoac t nhat la ghi ten thuoc gay
oc.
5.1 X ly khan cap cac trng hp ngo oc thuoc sat trung
Can chu y hai iem sau ay:
1. Loai tr chat oc khoi c the
2. Duy tr hi th cua nan nhan
1. Loai tr chat oc ra khoi c the
Khi nan nhan nuot phai thuoc sat trung, phai gay oi ma hoac suc
ruot. Khong nen gay oi ma neu nan nhan trang thai l m hoac
bat tnh trong trng hp nuot phai thuoc che hoa trong dung moi nh
la kerosene hoac cac san pham chng cat t dau mo. V ch can mot
lng nho kerosene lot vao kh quan hoac cac phe nang cung co the
gay ra viem phoi nang ne.
S hap thu cac chat oc qua ng tieu hoa co the c chan bt
bang cach dung than hoat tnh. Than nay hap thu gan het cac chat
oc tr cyanide. Pha mot muong canh bot than hoat tnh mn vao 100
ml nc roi cho nan nhan uong hoac a vao bao t bang cac loai
ong thong. Than hoat tnh hap thu chat oc rat manh neu uong trong
vong mot gi au nhiem oc.
Khi nan nhan b ngo oc qua ng th, phai keo nan nhan ra khoi
khu vc b nhiem hi oc, va lot bo tat ca ao quan b tham hi thuoc.
Hau nh tat ca cac loai thuoc sat trung eu co kha nang tham nhap
qua 3 ng: tieu hoa, ho hap va tiep xuc. Phai ra nan nhan vi that
nhieu nc, sau o thoa xa bong len da e kh chat oc. Khong bao
gi thoa cac loai dau v dau co the lam gia tang tnh tham qua da cua
chat oc. Sau o ap nan nhan bang mot tam men coton.
Neu vng thuoc vao mat, ra ngay lap tc vi nc trong vai phut.
Phu gi m mi mat cua nan nhan va xoi nc nhe lien tuc vao e ra
cho sach thuoc.
Khi cap cu nan nhan thao tac can than e gi cho ban than khoi b
nhiem oc.
2. Duy tr hi th
Can phai:
a. at nan nhan nam nghieng, au hi thap xuong 15-30 o so vi
bao t. Neu nan nhan nuot chat oc th cho nam nghieng ben trai e
thuoc khoi di chuyen xuong tiep tuc qua vung ha v ni xay ra s
hap thu thuoc manh me. Duy tr t the nay trong khi di chuyen en
benh vien.
b. Can than hut bo tat ca chat tiet vung mieng va co hong. Khong
c hut trc tiep bang mieng, at biet la trng hp nan nhan nuot
hoac ht phai thuoc.
c. Neu nan nhan b bat tnh, phai e li xuong bang cach ut mot
can muong dai hoac dung cu e li dung trong y khoa vao vung
gia vom mieng va li.
Neu co u phng tien nen cho nan nhan th oxygen.
Sau o ch benh nhan vao benh vien e cha tr.
5.2 Ngo oc cac thuoc LHC va carbamate:

V c dung nhieu trong nong nghiep nen cac LHC va CHC gay ra
nhieu hau qua nhat cho sc khoe. Cac loai thuoc nay c che manh
me men cholinesterase do o lam tang lng acetycholines von la
mot dch dan truyen luong than kinh
Acetycholines phong thch ra tai cac tiep iem than kinh va tao ra
cac phan ng sau:
1. Lam co that cac c trn cua ng th, tieu hoa va bai tiet.
2. Cac tuyen ngoai tiet gia tang hoat ong: tuyen nc bot, nc mat,
dch cuong phoi, dch bao t, tuyen mo hoi.
3. Lam suy giam toc o va lc co c tim va lam dan mach mau.
4. Lam te liet cac c ieu khien xng va vnh vien lam mat kha
nang ieu khien.
5. Kch thch va lam suy thoai he than kinh trung ng.
Nhiem oc nhe cac chat c che men cholinesterase se gay ra nhc
au, met moi, chong mat, co rut bao t, m mat, toat mo hoi, non
ma, tieu chay, tiet nc bot. Cac trieu chng nay cung co the nhan
thay cac benh khac nh cum , viem ruot va kiet sc v nong bc.
Nhiem oc mc trung bnh co the gay ra tat ca cac trieu chng thay
trng hp nhiem oc nhe va them vao au ngc, th kho khe,
bc i khong vng, co rut c, ong t co lai. Neu khong chu y bac s
co the se chuan oan nham vi benh nhoi mau c tim, suyen, viem
phoi, viem nao.
Nhiem oc nang gay bat tnh, co rut cuc bo hoac toan dien la dien
bien en cc o cua cac trieu chng thay trng hp nhiem oc
trung bnh.
Tom lai, ieu tr nhiem oc LHC va CHC nham vao hai hng:
1. Bao am s ho hap tot cho nan nhan
2. Tr lieu bang cac thuoc giai oc nh atrazine hay oxime
5.3 Ngo oc thuoc CHC
Ngo oc thuoc CHC thng xay ra do nuot hoac ht phai thuoc hoac
b tham qua da. C che chnh xac cua s trung oc ngi en nay
van cha hoan toan c biet ro. Tuy nhien cung co the nhan ra c
tac ong chnh cua thuoc tren he than kinh giao cam va he than kinh
trung ng.
Trieu chng cua s nhiem oc cap tnh bao gom: liet, b kch thch,
choang vang met moi, run ray, co quap va hon me. Non ma cung
xay ra khi nuot phai thuoc. Viem phoi cung la trieu chng thng
thay. He ho hap mi au b kch thch va sau o b suy yeu. Cac trieu
chng oc thng gia tang them do tac dung cua cac dung moi.
Trieu chng khi au cua trung oc la au au, chan an, yeu c, hi
run ray. Suy gan va bien oi cau tao mau nh gia tang bach cau,
giam hong cau, than cung co the b ton thng. Nan nhan co the phuc
hoi the trang neu khong tiep xuc vi thuoc na ngay luc mi phat
hien trieu chng.
S boc phat, tnh lau ben va mc nghiem trong cua tnh oc thay oi
tuy theo thuoc sat trung va le thuoc vao nhng yeu to sau ay: s ton
lu sau khi phun xt, toc o hap thu, mc ton tr trong mo c the va
s bien dng cua thuoc trong c the.
Chan oan trung oc ch thong qua trieu chng. V s co quap va ton
hai ho hap eu dan en hon me hoac chet, do o co the dung
furosemide chch tnh mach e chong viem phoi va chch tnh mach
barbiturate hoac diazepam e chong co quap. Co the dung manitol
hay dexamethasone cho nan nhan b viem tuy song.
5.4 Ngo oc thuoc chuot chong ong mau
Cac chat hydroxycoumarin va nhieu loai aryl indandiones giet loai

gam nham bang cach c che s thanh lap chat prothrombin va trc
tiep gay ton hai cho mach mau va lam xuat huyet.
S trung oc thng xay ra do nuot mot lan kha nhieu thuoc hoac
nuot nhieu lan hoac tham thuoc qua da. Co mot thi gian tiem an
nhieu ngay trc khi thay c trieu chng trung oc.
Thuoc giai la vitamin K, co the chch K vao di da hoac vao c lieu
lng 10-25 mg. Trng hp chay mau nang co the chch van.
Co the truyen mau e tang them cac yeu to ong mau. Dung vitamin
C nhieu lan moi ngay la mot ieu tr bo sung co ket qua. Co the xay
ra thieu mau do thieu sat, ieu tr bang cach uong sulfat sat.
HOA CHAT DIET VI SINH VAT

I. THUOC DIET NAM VA VI KHUAN
Trong tong so khoang 100.000 loai nam biet c, co khoang 20.000 loai gay ra mot
hoac nhieu benh tren cac cay khac nhau. Trong so o co 4.600 nam gay benh r, 700
nam gay benh than va 1.000 nam gay benh sng mai. Nam gay benh cho 75% cac
trng hp benh nhiem cay trong va tat ca cay trong eu mac phai 1 hoac nhieu
benh nam. Ngay nay hau nh co the dung thuoc diet nam khong che hoac giam nhe
c cac loai benh nam .
Thuoc diet nam la nhng hoa chat c dung e diet hoac can tr s phat trien cua
nam . Cac vi sinh vat khac gay benh cay la virus, rickettsia rong, tuyen trung, vi sinh
vat giong mycoplasma. Trong chng nay ch e cap en nam va vi khuan.
Co hang tram hang ngan v du ve benh cay. Cac benh nay bao gom nhng loai benh
thoi trong khi ton tr, benh cay con, thoi re, benh bu, heo cay, chay la re, than,
sng mai va benh virus.
Ngay nay thuoc diet nam co tr c nhieu benh. Rieng cac benh do Phytophthora va
Phizoctonia tren re, Fusarium, Verticillium, heo vi khuan va virus th mi ch bat au
tr c v cac benh nay phat khi t di mat at, do o thuoc diet nam kho tiep xuc,
hoac benh chuyen trong mach dan. Hien nay cha co thuoc nao khong che c benh
ma khong lam ton hai cay trong.
Benh nam thng kho phong tr bang hoa chat hn la con trung bi v nam la
sinh vat giong thc vat va song bam sat vi ky chu. Mat khac nam sinh san tr lai
rat nhanh, co the qua 10-25 vong i chu trong vong 3 thang cua mua trong. Do
vay can phun thuoc lap lai v cay sinh trng va cac yeu to thi tiet kh hau se
lam giam nong o thuoc. Can phai phun thuoc diet nam vao nhng thi ky cay co
kha nang b nam xam nhiem nhieu nhat, khong i ti khi benh phat ra. Co mot
so thuoc diet nam co the dung e diet nam khi benh a xay ra.
Mot so thuoc khac dung e bao ve be mat thc vat ngay ca sau khi trieu chng a phat
ra. Mot so co tac dung tch cc diet tr nam benh tai cac ni nhiem cua bo.
Hien nay co khoang 150 chat diet nam, phan ln la cac chat hu c mi phat hien gan
ay. Phan ln co tac dung bao ve cay ngan s nay mam cua nam va s xam nhap cua
nam vao mo.
Nguyen tac s dung thuoc diet nam hi khac v thuoc diet con trung, can phai phun
eu len cac bo phan thc vat mi co the phun hot hoac chat long nhng chat long tot
hn v co o bam dnh cao, ton tai lau, co the phun vao bat ky thi iem nao trong
ngay va t b bay lac. Tuy vay cung co mot so thuoc manh khong can phai phun eu
van dan khap cac bo phan cay.
Trong qua kh, ngi ta dung cac hp chat lu huynh, ong, thuy ngan e tr benh.
Mai en nay cac thuoc nay van con dung. Tuy nhien, cac hp chat l huynh va ong
lam mot so cay nhay cam moc cham lai do o ngi ta a che tao ra cac hp chat hu
c e thay the, chung co hieu lc cao hn va t oc cho cay hn
6.1 CAC THUOC DIET NAM VO C
6.1.1 Lu huynh
Cac dang lu huynh la nhng chat thuoc diet nam (TDN) co xa nhat va hien nay van
con dung nhieu. Co 3 dang che pham lu huynh:
(1) lu huynh nghien mn cha 1-5% set, hoac bot talc e de rac lu huynh dang nay
co the dung lam chat mang cho 1 thuoc diet nam hoac thuoc diet con trung.
(2) lu huynh nhao, bot lu huynh nghien nho che hoa thanh dang nhao e tron vi
nc. Dang nguyen thuy trc khi che hoa la hat mn, kho, khong the hoa vao nc
ma noi len mat nc.
(3) dang bot lu huynh tham t, la bot mn tron vi chat tham t e co the hoa vao
nc e phun.
Dang e dung nhat la lu huynh bot rac, x ly vao cay khi con sng mai t tan la.
e co hieu lc cao nhat, hat lu huynh tham nc nen nho hn 7mm (hay bot lot ray
325). Can chu y la lu huynh tr nen oc cho cay khi nhiet o cao khoang 32,5oC.
6.1.2 ong
Phan ln cac hp chat ong vo c khong hoa tan trong nc va co dang bot mau xanh
da tri, xanh la, o hoac vang. Dung dch Bordeaux (Bordeaux la ten mot a danh
Phap, xuat x cua loai dung dch nay) la 1 hon hp gia ong sulfate va voi ngam
nc. Cac hp chat ong dung lam TDN liet ke bang 6.1
Ion ong oc cho tat ca cac loai te bao, nen dung dang khong hoa tan, e phong
gay oc mot phan hay toan the cay. ay la ly do e s dung cac TDN goc ong t
hoa tan, sau o nha ong ra t t mot, u e diet nam nhng khong anh hng
en cay.
Hp chat ong khong de b troi i do ma, v no t hoa tan trong nc. Va v the bao ve
cho cay lau hn cac TDN hu c. Thuoc kha an toan cho ngi s dung. Mac du ong
la mot chat can thiet cho cay nhng cung co nguy c ong tch luy lai trong at do s
s dung thong xuyen va lau dai.
Cach tac ong cua hp chat ong la tac dung pha huy protein khong chon loc. Ion Cu++
tac dung vi cac men co nhom sulfhydyl, do vay no co tnh oc oi vi tat ca cac dang
thc vat.
6.1.3 Thuy ngan

Nhieu loai TDN thuy ngan au tien la thuy ngan vo c. Vao nhng nam 1930, cac
thuy ngan hu c xuat hien va rat co hieu lc e x ly hat, phun len co. Hai chat dung
nhieu la Ceresan va PMA. Cach tac ong cua thuy ngan hu c la s c che khong
chon loc cac loai men, ac biet la nhng loai men cha sat va cac v tr mang nhom SH.
Tac ca cac TDN thuy ngan nnay b cam khong con san xuat na v qua oc cho ong
vat mau nong va tch luy nhieu trong moi trng.
6.2 CAC TDN HU C
Nhieu loai TDN hu c gom ca nhng chat lu huynh a c dung nhieu trong 50
nam va qua e thay the dan cac chat vo c t chon loc. Phan ln cac thuoc hu c nay
khong tch luy trong moi trng sau nhieu nam s dung.
Nam 1931 , Thiram la mot chat lu huynh hu c c a vao s dung au tien. Sau
o co nhieu chat khac c a vao s dung.
Vao khoang nam 1943-1949 hai chat TDN thuoc ve cac nhom mi la cac
dithiocarbanate va dicarboximide (zineb va captan). Hien nay co hn 250 TDN dung
cho u cac giai oan sinh trng cua cay trong.
Cac TDN hu c i mi co nhng ac tnh rat tot. Chung rat hu hieu, dung
lng t hn, ton lau hn, va an toan hn cho cay hoa mau, ong vat va moi
trng. Chung an toan hn chat ong 10 lan
Phan ln chung de b phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat, bi vay t khi tch luy trong at.
6.2.1 Cac Dithiocarbamates

(EBDC=ethylenebis-dithiocarbamates)
Gom cac chat co ien nh: thiram, mancozeb, maneb, ferbam, ziran va maneb (cac
chat nay xuat hien vao nhng nam 1930-1940). Cac chat nay c dung pho bien. Cac
tac ong cua cac Dithiocarbamates la b chuyen hoa thanh cac goc isothiocyanate (N=C=S), cac goc nay se bat hoat hoa nhom -SH trong cac acid amine trong te bao nam
benh. Vao nam 1989, c quan moi trng My (EPA) e ngh cam dung cac EBDC v
chung co the gay ra ung th do chat ethylene thiourea (ETU), la mot chat bien oi t
EBDC. Sau khi nghien cu mot lng mau rat ln, EPA bao cao rang 80% san pham
thc pham khong cha d lng co the phat hien c va van gi nguyen quyet nh,
cac chat khac trong nhom nay ang c EPA do xet ky la metiram, amobam, zineb.
6.2.2 Cac Thiazoles

Cac Thiazoles la nhng hp chat cha etridiazole. Vong 5 cua thiazoles tach ra nhanh
chong ieu kien at e thanh lap chat co hoat tch diet nam _N=C=S hoac
dithiocarbamates, tuy vao cau truc cua phan t goc. Etridiazoles c dung lam thuoc
diet nam at. Cach tac ong la c che s ho hap va huy hoai tng the. Tricyclazole la
mot TDN lu dan dung tren ruong lua khap the gii. Tricyclazoles c che s tong hp
melamin.
6.2.3 Triazines
Triazines la nhom co nhieu chat diet co. Ch co mot thuoc diet nam duy nhat la
Anilazine ra i nam 1955 dung e tr om la khoai tay va ca chua cung nh cac benh
cua co tham . Nay khong con na.
6.2.4 Cac chat thm mang nhom the
Gom cac dan xuat n gian cua benzene.
Hexachlorobenzene ra i nam 1945 c dung e x ly hat va x ly at e tr cac
nam song trong at. Pentachlorobenzen (PCP) khong con dung trong nong nghiep na
nhng van con dung trong nganh bao quan go.
PCNB la chat dung rong rai e x ly hat va phun tren la. Thuoc cung c phun mo
at e diet cac nam gay benh chet rap cay con.
Chlorothalonil ra i namm 1964 la TDN pho rong phun la co tac dung bao ve.
Chloroneb ra i nam 1965, c dung nhieu cho cac benh tren bong vai va co. Nay
khong con san xuat na.
Dicloran (DCNA) dung e diet nam Botrytis, Monilinia, Phizopus Sclerotinia va
Sclerotium.
Cac chat thm co tac ong phc tap: thng la chat c che nam , chung lam giam s
tang trng va phong bao t cua nam , co the la ket hp vi cac nhom -NH2 hoac -SH
cua cac hp chat can thuoc cho qua trnh bien dng.
6.2.5 Cac Sulfenimides
Co 3 chat TDN pho bien thuoc nhom nay:
Captan ra i nam 1949 va chat c dung nhieu nhat.
Folpet ra i nam 1962 .
Captafol ra i nam 1961.
Chung c dung nhieu dang bot hoac chat long phun len la cay an trai, rau cai va
cay kieng. Chung con c dung e x ly hat, bao ve tan la khoi b benh sng mai,
va nhieu benh khac.
Cac nha san xuat a thoi khong san xuat captafol va folpet v nghi ng tac ong ve lau
dai cua chung oi vi sc khoe con ngi.
Nhieu hp chat cua nhom _SCCl3 co tnh oc oi vi nam . oc tnh nam cua cac
sulfenimides oi vi nam khong co tnh chon loc va co c che tac ong phc tap. Co
the la do s c che tong hp cac acid amine va cac men cha -SH
6.2.6 Cac TDN lu dan: Alliet
Cac loai TDN lu dan mi thnh hanh trong thi gian gan ay. Hau het cac TDN lu
dan co kha nang tieu diet mam benh, chan ng s xam nhiem. Mot so c cho vao
at, tham qua re, dan len cay va tac dung t t.
TDN lu dan co tac dung tot hn TDN bao ve phun len la v khong can phai phun phu
eu mat tan la. Tuy vay oi vi cac TDN phun len la van co mot so ac iem lan
truyen rong tren be mat tan la giup tang them s bao ve.
TDN lu dan tieu diet nam benh tai goc, t gay ra o nhiem moi trng do phai phun
nhieu lan.
6.2.6.1 Cac TDN Oxathiin
Cac TDN Oxathiin ra i nam 1966 gom co Carboxin va Oxycarboxin, kha thanh cong.
Dung e x ly hat ngu coc chong benh nam, ke ca nam benh lu tru trong phoi hat.
Thuoc co hieu lc oi vi cac nam gay benh r, benh than, nam Rhizoctonia
(Thanatephorus), cac sinh vat thuoc nhom nam Basidiomycetes. Cach tac ong la c
che men succinic, mot loai men quan trong oi vi s ho hap trong he thong ty the.
6.2.6.2 Cac TDN Benzimidazoles
Cac TDN Benzimidazoles, tieu bieu la Benomyl va Thiabendazole (TBZ), ra i nam
1968 va c dung rong rai. Benomyl la TDN pho rong gom ca Sclerotinia, Botrytis va
Rhizoctonia va cac nam gay benh phan trang.
Thiabendazol co pho tac ong rong nh Benomyl.
Imazalil sung e x ly hat, tr cac benh cay con va x ly cam qut sau thu hoach.
Chat Thioplanate-methyl ra i nam 1969, von khong phai la mot benzimidazole,
nhng b qua trnh bien dng cua cay va nam benh chuyen hoa thanh benzimidazole.
Thioplanate-sue co tnh oc tng t nh Benomyl.
Cac chat ke tren eu dung phun tren la, xu ly hat, nhng trai va re, bam vao at.
Cach tac ong la gay bien dang tren bao t nay mam trong s nhan te bao, tang
trng, khong qua s can tr tong hp cac acid nhan.
Carbendazim ra i nam 1973 va cung co tac ong diet nam rat tot.
6.2.6.3 Cac Pyrimidines
Cac TDN lu dan nhom Pyrimidines ra i t nhng nam 1960, gom co Dimethirimol,
Ethirimol va Bupirimate. Thuoc diet mot so nam phan trang rat hieu qua.
Dimethirimol dung tot tren ho bau b. Ethirimol tren nhom ngu coc va cac cay khac,
Bupirimate tren hoa kieng nha knh. Chat mi ra i gan ay la Femarimol, co tac
dung lu dan ca diet tr lan bao ve va chong cac nam phan trang, nam gay benh ghe
tren cay an trai va cac benh co.
Bang 6.1
Mot so cac hp chat ong dung lam thuoc diet nam
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ten
Cong thc hoa hoc
S dung
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X ly hat va pha che dung
- Sulfate ong
CuSO4*5H2O
dch Bordeaux.
X ly hat, phun tan la tr
- ong ngam nc
Cu(OH)2
nhieu benh nam
Nhieu
loai
- ong oxyclorid
3Cu(OH)2*CuCl2
benh nam
Nhieu loai benh nam
- ong oxyclorid sulfate
3Cu(OH)2*CuCl2+
3Cu(OH)2*CuSO4
- ong ammonium
Phc hp hoa chat
Nhieu loai benh nam
carbonate
(khong ro cong thc)
(Copper-Count-N)
Nhieu loai benh nam
- ong oxid
Cu2O
Nhieu loai benh nam
- ong sulfate kiem
CuSO4*Cu(OH)2*H2O
*CuCO
Nhieu
loai
- ong carbonate kiem
Cu(OH)2
3
benh nam
(Malachite)
- ong resinate (Citcop)
Muoi cua cac acid beo
Tr benh vi
khuan va nam
va acid rosin
tren nho, cam qut va rau
cai
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THUOC DIET CAC ONG VAT CO XNG SONG

I. THUOC DIET BON GAM NHAM (BGN)
Bon gam nham chiem 1/2 dan so ong vat co vu tren a cau. Chung sanh e rat nhanh
va co khap ni, canh tranh thc pham vi con ngoi. Do o can phai tieu diet chung
bang nhng bien phap nh anh oc, ban, bay, xong hi. Trong so cac bien phap nay,
gay oc la bien phap c s dung rong rai co hieu qua va kinh te nhat. Cac thuoc
diet BGN co cau truc hoa hoc rat khac nhau va oc tnh cung khac biet tuy theo ieu
kien s dung.
1.1 COUMARIN (chat chong ong mau)
ay la nhom co hieu lc nhat, tieu bieu la Warfarin. Co tat ca 7 hp chat thuoc nhom
nay. Chung tac ong theo hai cach:
1 c che s thanh lap Prothrombin, chat tao ra hien tng ong mau.
2 Gay ton thng vi mach mau lam xuat huyet ben trong.
oi vi cac loai Coumarin co ien, chuot phai an nhieu lan mi t vong. Rieng oi vi
cac loai Coumarin i mi, ch can an mot lan BGN cung chet.
Chat Couramin au tien la Dicumarol, c a vao s dung nam 1948. Sau o

Warfarin xuat hien vao nam 1950.
Loai thuoc nay rat thanh cong v khong xay ra hien tng ngan ba chuot nh oi
vi cac loai thuoc khac. Coumachlor c a vao dung nam 1953 nhng khong pho
bien nh Warfarin. Coumatetralyl c che tao c va a vao My nam 1957. Chat
sau cung trong nhom Coumarin the he au la Coumafuryl, c dung kha pho bien.
Hai loai thuoc nhom Coumarin kha mi la Brodifacoum (Talow) va Brimadiolone
(Maki). Hai chat nay khac cac chat trc cho la ch can mot lieu duy nhat la co the
giet BGN trong vong 4 - 7 ngay sau o. Chung diet co hieu qua BGN a khang vi cac
thuoc chong ong mau thong thng khac.
Thuoc ba phai at xa ni tre con lui ti e tranh ngo oc tnh c. Cac chat nay c
che tao e hap dan BGN ma cac ong vat co mau nong khac t thch ung en.
Bang 5.1 ch ra lng ba oc BGN can phai an vao e at mc LD50, theo o chuot
nhay cam oi vi Brodifacoum gap hai lan heo va cho, gap 36 lan ga va 90 lan meo.
OH
OH
CH2
OO
Dicumarol
Bang 5.1 Lng (tnh bang gram) ba oc can phai an e at en mc LD50

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Loai(the
Zinc
Diphacinone Warfarin
Talon
Maki
trong,kg)
phosphide
0,005%
0,002%
0,005%
0,005%
2,5%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chuot(0,25) 0,45
16-25,5
58
1,4
-
Chuot nhat
(0,025)
Tho(1)
Heo (50)
Cho (5)
Meo(2)
Ga (1)
-----a
-----a
40-80
4-8
1,6-3,2
0,8-1,2
70
700
150.000
88
588
-----a
37
3200
200-1000
400-5000
48-320
4000
0,2-0,43
5,8
500-2000
25-100 1500-200
1000
1000
200-2000
28b
a Khong co tr so LD50 ong vat

b Dung thuoc lien tiep 20 ngay moi ngay 28gram
1.2 CAC CHAT INDANDIONES
Trong nhom nay co 3 chat la Pindone, Diphacinone, Chlorophacinone khac biet ve mat
hoa hoc so vi cac chong ong mau nhom Coumarin. Pindone ra i nam 1942 va la
chat diet chuot nhom chat chong ong mau au tien. Thuoc can nhieu lieu lap lai e
gay chet cho BGN.
Diphacinone ra i nam 1950, la loai thuoc ch can mot lieu duy nhat e giet BGN.
Tren thc te, BGN t chet sau mot lieu. Can 2-3 lan an th BGN mi chet trong vong 57 ngay sau o.
Chat mi nhat trong nhom nay la Chlorophacinone, ra i nam 1961, dung dang ba
dung 1 lieu hoac dang bot ap dnh mang ve to, cha 50 mg hoat chat/kg ; giet BGN
vao ngay th 5. Thuoc khong tao ra s ngan ba BGN nh Diphacinone va Pindone.
Ngoai tac dung chong ong mau, thuoc con bat hoat hoa s phosphoryl hoa do o hieu
lc tac dung mot lieu cua no rat cao. Vitamine K 1 la chat giai oc cho nhng trng
hp tnh c nuot phai chat oc.
1.3 CAC CHAT BENZENAMINES (chat khong co tac dung ong mau).
Nhom nay ch co mot chat la Bromethalin (Vengeance), no diet c nhieu loai chuot.
Thuoc c thng mai hoa dang vien ba cha 0,01% hoat chat. Khi an u ba,
chuot khong the an tiep tuc c na, yeu dan va chet trong vong 2-3 ngay. Thuoc tr
c cac loai chuot khang vi chat chong ong mau va khong gay ra tnh trang ngan
ba. Bromethaline tac ong manh me vao s phosphoryl hoa trong chu kyATP va vao
chat trang cua he than kinh trung ng. Muoi gia tang trong te bao lam phu do ap suat
dch cot song, gay ra giam truyen than kinh, cuoi cung la chet do ngng th.
1.4 CAC THUOC GOC THC VAT
Cay hanh bien mau o xuat phat t vung a Trung Hai, c dung e giet chuot t
trc 1935, nhng ch la mot thuoc co tac dung thng. Chat hoat tnh trong thuoc la
Scilliroside, la mot loai glycoside va tac ong ac biet cua thuoc la do chuot khong the
oi ma nen chung phai hap thuoc diet con trung chat oc. Cac ong vat khac nuot
phai hanh bien se oi ma lam chung thoat khoi tac dung oc. Strychnine la mot
alkaloid, trch t cay Strychnos nuxvomica thng c chuyen hoa thanh Strychnine
sulfat e diet BGN. Strychnine rat oc oi vi vat co mau nong va tac ong bang cach
gay te liet cac c lam ngng th va ng tim. ay ch la mot thuoc co tac dung thng
.
1.5 CAC CLO HU C
Bot DDT 50% thng c rai tren ng i cua chuot. Khi ap thuoc mang ve to
chuot khong liem long na ma lo liem chan e lam sach thuoc, sau o ngo oc, co giat
roi chet. DDT cung tr di rat hieu qua.
Tng t, dung Endrin phun am len mat at va vo cay ni chuot hay lui ti. Chuot
ong an vo cay hay ap at co chat oc se b ngo oc ma chet. Mac du rat hieu lc, t
lau ca hai thuoc tren eu b cam.
1.6 CAC CHAT LAN
Phospho co hai loai: loai mau o t oc hai ; loai trang hay vang th cc ky oc. Ngay
nay phospho khong con c dung na. Phospho vang gay hai gan, tim, than lam mo
c b phan ra nhanh chong. Thuoc se gay ma cho chuot, von ac tnh t nhien khong
oi ma c.
Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) la mot chat oc oi vi ong vat co vu va chim, c dung e
diet chuot cac loai, soc.v.v...
1.7 CAC CHAT KHAC
Hp chat 1080, hay Sodium fluoroacetate, la mot trong so nhng chat oc hai nhat cho
ong vat mau nong ra i nam 1947. Ngay nay thuoc ch c phep s dung gii han
bi nhng ngi thanh thao v no qua oc. Thuoc tac ong rat manh vao tim va he
than kinh tao ra s co van, te liet va chet.
Hp chat 1081, hay Fluoroacetamide, la mot chat gan gui vi hp chat 1080, co o oc
thap hn oi vi ong vat mau nong va co thi ky nung benh lau hn. Thuoc t gay
hien tng ngan ba.
Antu ra i nam 1946, sau o chuot khang Antu nhanh chong nen nay thuoc khong con
dung nhieu na.
Thallium sulfate (TiSO4) la mot chat diet BGN co ien, nay t dung, v b BGN khang
nhanh chong. ay la mot chat oc te bao tng t tac ong cua arsenic la c che cac
men khac vi cac men cha nhom
-SH.
II. THUOC DIET CHIM
Chim la mot thanh phan hu ch trong he sinh thai, lam ep canh quan nhng chim
cung co the gay thiet hai ln cho san xuat nong nghiep khi tap trung lai thanh an ln.
Cac thiet hai do chim gay ra la:
(1) pha hoai cac san pham nong nghiep
(2) lam tap nhiem nong san hoac phong ue len nha ca, vn tc.
(3) truyen benh en ngi, gia cam, gia suc trc tiep hoac gian tiep.
(4) gay nguy hiem cac phi trng va xa lo.
(5) gay roi cho sinh hoat bnh thng cua con ngi.
Co nhieu phng phap diet chim, trong o co chat xua uoi.
2.1 CHAT XUA UOI
Chat diet chim noi bat nhat la Avitrol (4-amino-pyridine), khi an phai thuoc chim keu
tham thiet lam cac con khac s bay i. Thuoc co LD50 = 20mg/kg. Do qua oc, thuoc
ch c s dung bi ngi lanh nghe e diet chim pha hoai nong san, tren ong, diet
chim quay pha phi trng, nha kho, con trnh cong cong, cac nha may che bien ngu
coc. Ch can gay chet cho mot so chim e bao ong, ca an se bo i mat va khong
dam quay tr lai.
Menthiocarb (Mesurol) la mot thuoc diet con trung Carbamate, cung c dung e
diet chim.
Thiram, thuoc diet nam, dung x ly hat e xua uoi cac chim an hat. Ngoai ra thuoc
con co tac dung xua uoi BGN, tho va nai. Cac thuoc khong oc gom nhng chat dnh
e x ly ni chim ngu hoac au. Cac chat loai nay gom co: (1) dau khoang them vao
mot so chat phu gia co ac tnh la khi x ly vao ni chim au hoac ngu se khong bao
gi kho i do o lam chim phai tranh ni khac, (2) Polybutene c dung dang nhao
hoac aerosol e x ly ni au hoac ngu cua chim. Naphtalene cung c dung vao
viec xua uoi chim khi phun len cay.
2.2 THUOC X LY NI AU CUA CHIM
Cac thuoc diet con trung cyclodien clo hoa a c dung t lau e x ly len cac cho
chim au nham xua uoi chung. Thuoc co hieu lc neu c s dung bi nhng ngi
lanh nghe.
Fenthion (Entex) la mot thuoc diet con trung goc LHC cung c dung e xua uoi
chim. Loai thuoc nay tac ong manh sau khi tham vao chan cua chim.
Queletox la mot dang ac che e tr chim Quelea Chau Phi (Thoc cha 9% Endrin
va 11% Fenthion).
2.3 THUOC BA OC
Starlicide, mot hp chat Clo hoa, la thuoc diet chim tac dung cham cha 0,1-1,0% hoat
chat. Thuoc khong co tac dung oi vi chim se. Chim chet 1-3 ngay sau x ly do o
thng t thay c tai ni x ly.
Chat Strychnin a dung cung c dung e diet chim dang ba oc 0,6% hoat chat.
Chat nay tac dung nhanh lam chim chet tai cho. e bao ve cac loai chim khong phai
la oi tng b tieu diet, can phai nhuom mau hat trc khi rai va hat con d phai
thuoc diet con trung lai.
2.4 THUOC GAY NGU
Chloralose (Alfamate) la thuoc xua uoi chim, gay me ngu lam chim an phai thuoc
khong the bay xa c. Can nhieu gi sau chim mi hoi phuc c.
2.5 CHAT TRIET SAN
Ornitrol la mot chat nh san dung e khong che dan so chim nhng khong giet han.
Thuoc lam chim b bat duc tam thi sau khi tiep xuc vi thuoc trong vong 10 ngay. C
che tac ong cua thuoc la c che s san xuat trng. Thuoc t co tac ong en ong vat
co vu. Thuoc c che tao thanh dang ba cha 0,1% hoat chat. Co the tao ra s chon
loc cua thuoc oi vi chim bang cach lam ra cac hat ln qua kho c mo cua loai chim
khong phai la oi tng diet tr
III. THUOC DIET CA
oi khi ngi ta phai diet ca v nhng ly do khac nhau, chang han nh:
(1) diet ca d trong cac ao ho e sau o nuoi ca tht hoac ca kieng
(2) diet cac loai ca gay mat ve ep thien nhien nh cac loai suc ay bun lam vay ban
nc, gay hoi ham
3.1 Rotenone
Rotenone la chat diet ca rat hieu lc, va la mot thuoc diet ca chon loc, ch giet ca ma
khong lam anh hng en chuoi thc an cua ca. Thuoc cung phan huy nhanh chong
khong e lai ton d cho ca mi nuoi. Nong o dung la 0,5 ppm. Rotenone c che manh
me chuoi ho hap cua ca, tap trung vao vung mang flavoprotein trong chuoi.
3.2 Antimycin
Antimycin la mot khang sinh trch t xa khuan Streptomyces. Nam 1963 ngi ta a
phat hien ra tnh diet ca cua no. Thuoc co tac dung chon loc tren ca, khong anh hng
ti cac loai thuy sinh khac, thuy cam va ong vat co vu. Nam 1911, Antimycin khong
con c san xuat na.
3.3 Niclosamid
Niclosamid (trc ay goi la Clonitralid, Baylucid). Thuoc dung e diet giai oan au
trung cua ca chnh mieng hut bien ong thi cung e diet oc sen. Thuoc c phoi
hp vi TFN e giet au trung cua ca chnh mieng hut. Ngoai ra thuoc con c dung
e diet cac oc sen nc ngot truyen benh san Schistisomiasis ca Fascioliasis.
3.4 TFN
TFN (Lamprecid) la mot chat oc chon loc tieu diet au trung cua ca chnh mieng hut
bien. S hp lc gia TFN va Niclosamide lam tang hieu lc tieu diet cua hon hp
thuoc.
CAC LOAI THUOC TR ONG VAT KHONG XNG SONG

I. THUOC DIET CON TRUNG
Trong so khoang 1 trieu loai con trung co khoang 10.000 loai pha hai cay
trong. Trong so o ch co khoang 700 loai gay hai ang ke cho mua mang
tren khap the gii. Do vay, con ngi a phai au t rat nhieu sc lc e
chong lai cac con trung. Ket qua la con ngi a phat trien c nhieu san
pham e tieu diet con trung. Co the ke mot so sau ay
1.1 CAC THUOC CLO HU C (CHC)
Cac thuoc clo hu c cha chu yeu cac nguyen t carbon, chlorine va
hydrogen. Chat tieu bieu cho nhom thuoc nay la DDT. Thuoc nay nay a b
cam hau het cac nc tren the gii. Trc khi b cam DDT co mot lch s
lay lng, a giup ch rat nhieu cho hai nganh nong nghiep va y te. Ngi
phat minh ra DDT a nhan c giai thng Nobel.
1.1.1 Nhom DDT va cac chat lien quan: Gom co DDT, DDD (TDE),
Methoxychlor, Ethylan, Dicofol, Chlorobenzilate. Hai ac tnh c ban cua
DDT va DDE la: (1) ben b trong moi trng, khong b phan huy bi vi sinh
vat, men, nhiet, va UV; (2) tch luy tang boi sinh hoc trong chuoi thc pham,
chu yeu tch luy trong mo m ong vat.
Cac thuoc nhom nay co tnh oc than kinh, pha huy s can bang muoi va
kali trong than kinh, lam chung khong con dan truyen luong than kinh c
na.
Trong nhom nay, nha nc Viet Nam a cam DDT va han che
Dicofol(Kelthane) vao thang 5 nam 1996.
1.1.2 Hexachlrocyclohexan (HCH): Con c goi la Benzenehexachloride

(BHC), chat nay c biet ti t nam 1825 nhng mai en 1940 mi c
dung nh thuoc diet con trung. Chat nay co nhieu ong phan (alpha, beta,
gamma, delta, epsilon). Trong hon hp bnh thng cua cac ong phan,
gamma BHC chiem 12%. Ve sau, ngi ta a che tao c Lindane vi 99%
la gamma BHC. Thuoc HCH thng lu lai mui tren san pham nhng do gia
re nen van con c dung The gii th ba. Tac ong cua HCH tren con
trung va ong vat co vu cung tng t nh vi DDT. Lindane gay oc than
kinh, gay run ray, co giat va cuoi cung la suy kiet. Lindane khong mui va
bay hi manh.
Trong nhom nay, nha nc Viet Nam a cam Lindane, BHC vao thang 5
nam 1996.
CCl3
Cl
CH
Cl
DDT
CHCl2
Cl
CH
Cl
TDE (DDD)
CCl3
CH3O
CH
OCH 3
Methoxychlor
CHCl2
C2H 5
CH
C2H5
Ethylan (Perthane)
OH
Cl
CH
Cl
CCl3
Difocol (Kelthane)
OH
Cl
CH
Cl
C OC2H 5
O
Chlorobenzilate
1.2.3 Cac Cyclodiens: Cac thuoc trong nhom cyclodien c che tao vao nhng
nam sau the chien th II gom co : Chlordane (1945); Aldrin, Dieldrin (1948);
Heptachlor (1949); Endrin (1951); Mirex (1954); Endosulfan (1956); va Chlordecone
(1958). Con co mot so khac t quan trong hn nh: Isodrin, Alodan, Bromodan,
Telodrin. Nhn chung, cac cyclodien la nhng chat ben vng trong at va kha ben
trc tac ong cua UV va anh sang trong thay. Do o chung c dung pho bien
dang thuoc x ly vao at e tr moi va cac con trung at co giai oan au trung an
pha re non. Cac thuoc nhom nay re, kha nang tieu diet ben b nen c a chuong
trc ay. Tuy nhien hien nay con trung at a phat trien tnh khang vi chung, do
o mc tieu thu sau o t dan. Rieng My, t 1975 en 1980 c quan Bao ve Moi
trng Hoa ky a cam dung nhom nay. Rieng Aldrin va Dieldrin con tiep tuc dung
e tr moi th en nam 1984 b cam luon, ong thi Chlordane va Heptachlor cung
b cam nam 1988. Cac thuoc cyclodiene co oc tnh tng t nhau oi vi con trung,
ong vat co vu, va chim nhng rat oc cho ca. Cac cyclodiene gay oc than kinh
nh DDT va HCH, chung cung lam roi loan s can bang muoi va kali trong n ron
nhng theo mot cach khac vi DDT va HCH.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Chlordane
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl2
Cl
Heptachlor
Cl
Cl
Cl2
Cl
Cl
Aldrin
Cl
O
Cl
Cl2
O S
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Endosulfan (Thiodan)
Cl
Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Dieldrin
Cl2
Cl
Cl2
Cl
Cl2
Endrin
Trong nhom nay, nha nc Viet Nam a cam Aldrin , Dieldrin, Endrin,
Chlordane, Heptachlor, Isodrin, va han che Endosulfan vao thang 5 nam 1996.
1.2.4 Cac Polychlorterpene: Ch co hai chat polychlorterpene la toxaphene
(1947) va Strobane (1951). Toxaphene sinh ra t s clo hoa Camphene, mot chat t
cay thong. Trong nong nghiep, toxaphene c dung rat nhieu, dung dang n
oc hoac phoi hp vi DDT hoac vi Methyl Parathion. Toxaphene la mot hon hp
cua 177 chat dan xuat clo hoa cua hp chat 10 carbon. Thanh phan cc oc cua hon
hp Toxaphene nay la Toxicant A, ch chiem 3% trong hon hp ky thuat. Chat nay
oc gap 18 lan tren chuot, 6 lan tren ruoi, va 36 lan tren ca vang khi so vi hon hp
toxaphene ky thuat.
Cac loai thuoc nay lu lai lau trong at nhng khong lau bang cyclodiene, va
thng bien mat khoi be mat thc vat sau khi phun hai hay ba tuan. S mat i chu
yeu la do bay hi hn la do bien dng hoac quang phan giai. Thuoc de b bien oi
trong c the ong vat va loai chim. Thuoc khong ton tr trong mo m. Tuy t oc
cho con trung, ong vat co vu va chim, thuoc lai rat oc oi vi ca tng t nh
Toxaphene. C che gay oc cung tng t nh Cyclodiene. My Toxaphene b
cam nam 1983.
CH2
Toxaphene
Clx
(CH3)2
Trong nhom nay, nha nc Viet Nam a cam Toxaphene va Strobane vao
thang 5 nam 1996.
1.2 CAC THUOC LAN HU C (LHC)

LHC la nhng loai thuoc cha phospho. Tnh chat diet con trung c phat hien
c trong the chien th II t nhng nghien cu ve cac chat co lien he en cac chat
oc sarin, soman, tabun, la nhng chat eu co goc lan, va nhng nghien cu tm
chat thay the cho nicotine luc bay gi khan hiem c.
Acid Ortho Phosphoric

(CH3)2 CHO
O
OH
OH
Sarin
O
H3C
O
H
Soman
Tabun
CH3
(CH3)3CCHO
(CH3)2N
F
H3C
CN
C2H5O
Cac LHC co hai ac tnh noi bat: (1) thuoc oc oi vi ong vat co xng song hn
la CHC, va (2) khong ton lu lau. Nh ac tnh th nh, cac LHC c dung thay
the cac CHC. Cac LHC gay oc chu yeu thong qua s c che men acetylcholine
esterase lam tch luy qua nhieu acetylcholine tai vung synap lam cho c b co giat
manh va cuoi cung b te liet. Co 6 dang este chnh cua acid phos phoric nh sau:
phosphate
phosphonate
phosphorothioate
O
O
O
P
S
P
O
O
P
O
phosphorothiolate
O
O
P
phosphoroditioate
O
phosphoramidate
S
P
Cac LHC c chia thanh ba nhom dan xuat cua aliphatic, phenyl, va
heterocyclic.
2.1 Cac dan xuat cua aliphatic: Tat ca cac dan xuat aliphatic la nhng dan
xuat cua acid phosphoric mang chuoi carbon thang. Chat LHC au tien c dung
trong nong nghiep vao nam 1946 la TEPP. Loai thuoc nay de b thuy phan trong
nc va bien mat sau khi phun 12-24 gi. Malathion la chat c dung nhieu nhat
bat au t nam 1950. Ngoai pham vi nong nghiep, Malathion con c dung trong
nha, tren suc vat, va tham ch tren ca con ngi e tr cac ky sinh. Malathion
thng c tron vi ng va am e lam ba tieu diet con trung.
Monocrotophos la mot LHC aliphatic cha nitrogen. o la loai thuoc lu dan,
co oc tnh cao oi vi ong vat mau nong. Nam 1988 cac nha san xuat a tnh
nguyen nh ch san xuat loai thuoc nay.
Trong so cac dan xuat aliphatic co nhieu chat khac lu dan trong cay nh:
dimethoat, dicrotophos, oxydemetonmethyl, va disulfoton. Cac loai nay eu co the
dung trong vn nha dang loang rat thch hp.
hi.
Dichlorvos la mot dan xuat aliphatic co ap suat hi rat ln, co the dung e xong
Mevinphos la mot LHC rat oc nhng rat mau phan huy, dung tot trong san
xuat rau thng pham . Thuoc nay co the dung mot ngay trc khi thu hoach ma
khong e lai d lng tren rau thu hoach ngay sau.
Methamidophos va Acephate la 2 LHC dung nhieu trong nong nghiep , ac
biet e tr con trung tren rau. Ngoai ra con cac thuoc khac cung loai la
Phosphamidon (Dimecron), Crotoxyphos (Ciodrin), Naled (Dibrom), va
Propretamphos (Safrotin).
Sebutos (Apache, Rugby) la loai thuoc diet con trung va tuyen trung co
hieu qua tren bap, au phung, ma va khoai tay.
Noi chung, cac dan xuat aliphatic eu co cau truc n gian, o oc thay
oi rat nhieu, kha hoa tan trong nc, co tnh lu dan tot.
Pyrophosphate
O
O
O
O
O
Malathion
Trichlorfon
TEPP
O
O
O (C2H5O)2 P
P(OC2H5)2
O
S
(CH3O)2P
CHCCl3
CH2
S
CH
C
C
OC2H5
OC2H5
OH
(CH3O)2P
O
Monocrotophos
O
(CH3O)2P
CH3
O
CHC
NH
CH3
Dimethoate
S
(CH3O)2P
O
S
CH2C
NH
CH3
Oxydemetonmethyl
O
(CH3O)2P
O
S
CH2CH2
C2H5
Dicrotophos (Bidrin)
O
(CH3O)2P
CH3
O
CHC
N(CH3)2
Disulfoton (Di -Syston)

S
(C2H5O)2P
CH2CH2
C2H5
Dichlorvos (Vapona)
O
(CH3O)2P
CH
CCl2
Mevinphos (Phosdrin)
O
(CH3O)2P
CH3
O
O
CHC
OCH3
Methamidophos (Monitor)
CH3O
CH3S
O
P
NH2
Acephate(Orthene)
CH3O
CH3S
O
P
O
NH
CH3
2.2 Cac dan xuat phenyl: Cac thuoc nhom nay co mot phenyl gan vao
phan t acid phosphoric, cac v tr con lai cua phan t acid phosphoric thng
mang cac nhom Cl, NO2 , CH3, CN hoac S. Cac LHC phenyl thng ben hn
cac LHC aliphatic do o d lng cung cao hn.
Parathion la mot LHC phenyl quen thuoc nhat va la chat LHC th nh
c a vao dung trong nong nghiep nam 1947 sau TEPP. Ethyl parathion
la dan xuat phenyl au tien c s dung rong rai nhng do qua oc nen a
b nha nc Viet Nam cam t thang 5/1996 ( My cam t nam 1991)
Nam 1949 Methyl Parathion xuat hien va to ra u viet hn Ethyl
Parathion cho no t oc cho ngi va gia suc va tieu diet c nhieu loai
con trung. o ton lu cua no cung ngan hn Ethyl Parathion. Co hai loai
dan xuat phenyl khac la profenophos va sulprofos eu co pho tieu diet rong
va hien c ch nh dung cho cac hoa mau khac rau.
Isofenphos dung lam thuoc sat trung trong at cho cac loai cay trong e
chong cac loai sau at. Cac LHC khac nh: Fenitrothion (Sumithion);
Fenthion (Baytex); Fensulfothion (Dasanit); va Famphur (Cyflee, Warbex).
Ethyl Parathion
S
(CH2H5O)2P
NO2
Methyl Parathion
S
(CH3O)2P
NO2
Ronnel (Korlan)
Cl
S
(CH3O)2P
S
CH3O
P
NH
C2H5O
C3H7S
O
P
Cl
Cl
Crufomate (Ruelene)
Cl
C(CH3)3
CH3
Profenofos (Curacron)
Cl
Br
Sulprofos (Bolstar)
Cl
C2H5O
C3H7S
S
P
SCH3
Tetrachlorvinphos (Gardona,Rabon)
Cl
O
(CH3O)2P
Cl
CHCl
Cl
Isofenphos (Oftanol,Pryfon)
C2H5O
(CH3)2CHNH
S
P
2.3 Cac dan xuat d vong:
COOCH(CH3)2
Trong phan t cac thuoc d vong cac cau truc vong co nhieu carbon b
oxygen hoac nit the cho. Chat au tien trong nhom nay la Diazinon, xuat
hien nam 1952. Diazinon la mot chat tng oi kha an toan va co nhieu
cong dung.
Azinphosmethyl la chat th hai ra i sau Diazinon va la thuot diet con
trung va la thuoc diet nhen. Cac thuoc khac la Chlorpyrifos, Methidathion,
Phosmet va Pirimiphos, Isazophos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, azinphod-ethyl,
Phosalone...
Cac LHC d vong la nhng phan t phc hp va thng co tnh ton lu
cao hn cac LHC thuoc nhom aliphatic va phenyl. V phan t thuoc d vong
phc tap nen khi phan ra se tao ra nhieu san pham kho co the xac nh hoan
toan chnh xac.
Diazinon
S
(C2H5O)2P
CH(CH3)2
N
CH3
Azinphosmethyl (Guthion)
(CH3O)2P
CH2
N
N
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)

Cl
Cl
S
(C2H5O)2P
Cl
Methidathion (Supracide)
O
S
(CH3O)2P
CH2
OCH3
Phosmet (Imidan)
S
(CH3O)2P
CH2
Pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic)
CH3 N
(CH2CH3)2
N
(OCH3)2
1.3 CAC CARBAMATE:
O
Cac carbamate la dan xuat cua acid carbamic HO-C-NH2
Tac ong cua Carbamate cung giong nh LHC la c che men
acetylcholine. T nam 1951, cong ty Ciba Geigy cua Thuy s a gii thieu
thuoc carbamate au tien nhng khong thanh cong v kem hieu lc va at
gia (Isolan, Dimetan, Pyramat va Pyrolan).
Carbaryl lan au tien c s dung thanh cong vao nam 1956. Thuoc co
hai ac tnh tot la t oc (qua mieng va qua da) oi vi ong vat co vu va
pho tieu diet con trung rong rai. Nhieu Carbamate la chat lu dan de hap thu
qua la va re, mc o phan giai trong cay thap. Cac thuoc Methomyl,
Oxamyl, Aldicarb va Carbofuran co ac tnh lu dan rat tot do o chung co
kha nang tieu diet tuyen trung manh me. Mot so cac Carbamate la :
Methiocarb, Trimethacarb (Broot), Isoprocarb (MIPC, Hytox), Cloethocarb,
Carbosulfan (Avantage), Aldoxycarb (Standak), Promecarb (Carbamult),
Mexacarbate va Fenoxycarb (Logic).
Carbaryl (Sevin)
O
O
NH
CH3
Methomyl (Lannate)
O
CH3
CH3
NH
CH3
Carbofuran (Furadan)
CH3
O
CH3
NH
CH3
O
Aldicarb (Temik)
O
CH3
CH3
CCH
NH
CH3
Oxamyl (Vydate)
O
(CH3 )NC
NH
CH3
CH3
Thiodicarb (Larvin)
O
CH3
CH3
O
N
CH3
CH3
CH3
S
CH3
Methiocarb (Mesurol)
O
CH3
CH3
NH
CH3
CH3
AMINOCARB
O
(CH3)2N
C NH CH3
CH3
Propoxur (Baygon)
O
O
NH
CH3
OCH(CH3)2
Bendiocarb (Ficam,Turcam)
CH3
CH3
O
O
NH
CH3
1.4 PYRETHRUM VA CAC PYRETHROIDS

Pyrethrum c ly trch t hoa cay thuy cuc trong Phi Chau va Nam
My. Thuoc co oc tnh ng mieng LD50 khoang 1500 mg/kg va la thuoc
diet con trung xa nhat. Pyrethrum nhanh chong lam con trung te liet, tuy
nhien, neu khong c tron vi cac thuoc hp lc th con trung se hoi phuc
lai nhanh chong. Rau va trai cay sau khi phun pyrethrum xong co the an
c lien.
Pyrethrum t c dung trong san xuat nong nghiep bi v gia at va
khong ben di anh sang. Gan ay nhieu chat tng t pyrethrum a c
tong hp va goi la pyrethroid. Cac pyrethroid ben vi anh sang va pho tieu
diet con trung rong, s dung vi lieu rat thap. Cac pyrethroid co 4 the he:
The he th nhat: ch co mot chat la Allethrin (Pynamin), c thng
mai hoa vao 1949. Allethrin la mot chat tong hp giong het cinerin I (la mot
thanh phan cua pyrethrum) co cac day nhanh tng oi on nh va ben hn

pyrethrum.
The he th hai gom co Tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin) ra i nam 1965.
Thuoc co tac dung tieu diet nhanh hn allethrin va co the phoi hp de dang
vi cac chat cong hng (synergist). Resmethrin xuat hien vao nam 1967,
hieu lc hn pyrethrin gap 20 lan (th nghiem tren ruoi nha), Bioresmethrin
la mot chat ong phan cua Resmethrin hieu lc hn Pyrethrum 50 lan. Ca
hai chat nay eu ben hn Pyrethrum nhng b phan huy nhanh chong trong
khong kh va anh sang, do o kho m rong s dung vao nong nghiep.
Bioallethrin (d-trans-allethrin) c gii thieu vao nam 1969, tac dung manh
hn allethrin va de pha tron vi cac chat hp lc nhng khong hieu qua bang
Resmethrin. Chat cuoi cung trong the he nay la Phenothrin (Sumithrin),
c gii thieu vao nam 1973, chat nay co o oc trung bnh va hi tang
hieu lc khi tron vi cac chat hp lc.
The he th ba gom co cac Fenvalerate (Pydrin, Tribute) va Permethrin
(Ambush, Dragnet, Pounce, Pramex, Torpedo), xuat hien nam 1972-73. Cac
chat nay dung nhieu trong nong nghiep v co hoat tnh diet con trung cao va
ben vi anh sang. Thuoc khong b anh hng bi UV va anh sang, ton tai 47 ngay tren mat cay la
The he th t hien nay co nhieu tnh chat oc ao, chung co hieu lc
tieu diet vi nong o ch bang 1/10 cac loai thuoc the he th 3. Gom co cac
thuoc sau: Bifenthrin (Capture, Talstar), Lamda Cyhalothrin (Karate, Force),
Cypermethrin (Ammo, Cymbush, Cynoff), Cyfluthrin (Baythroid),
Deltamethrin (Decis), Esfenvalerate (Asana XL). Fenpropathrin (Danitol),
Flucithrynate (Pay-off), Fluvalinate (Mavrik, Spur), Tefluthrin, Praleethrin
(Eto), va Tralomethrin ( Scout). Tat ca nhng chat tren eu ben vi anh
sang, rat t bay hi nen ton lu co the en 10 ngay trong ieu kien moi
trng thuan li.
Cac Pyrethroids co tac dung tng t DDT la lam h cac kenh muoi
mang te bao than kinh. Cac pyrethroid co hai loai tac dung: Loai I co hoat
tnh oc manh nhiet o thap, Loai II co hoat tnh oc manh nhiet o cao.
1. 5 CAC THUOC LU HUYNH HU C:
Cac lu huynh hu c co phan t lu huynh trong trung tam cua phan t.
Chung tng t DDT cho co vong phenyl. Rac bot lu huynh co tac dung
tr nhen, nhat la vao luc tri nong. Cac lu huynh hu c u the hn, ch can
s dung mot lieu t hn bi v lu huynh ket hp vi phenyl co oc tnh rat

cao vi con trung. Tuy nhien, lu huynh hu c co oc tnh thap oi vi con
trung do o chu yeu dung cho nhom ve bet (mite).
1.6 CAC THUOC FORMAMIDINE
Cac thuoc trong nhom nay la nhng thuoc mi, co nhieu trien vong. Ba
loai thuoc tieu bieu la Chlordimeform, Formetanate va Amitraz. Thuoc co
hieu lc chong lai sau non va trng cua nhieu loai sau hai trong nong
nghiep. Nam 1976, Cong ty Ciba Geigy a thoi khong san xuat
Chlordimeform v kha nang gay ung th tren chuot th nghiem cua thuoc.
Nam 1978 c dung lai cho bap nhng a thoi hoan toan vao nam 1988.
Chlordimeform (Galecron, Fundai)
Cl
CH
N(CH3 )2
CH3
Formetanate (Carzol)
HCl
(CH3 )2N
O
O
CH
NH
CH3
Amitraz (Mitac, Ovasyn)

CH3
CH3
CH3
CN
CH
CH3
Lethane(discontinued)
CH2CH2
O
C2H4
SCN
C4H9
Thanite
CH3
O
O
CCH2
SCN
(CH3)2
Loai thuoc nhom nay co gia tr trong viec tieu diet cac loai con trung a
khang vi thuoc LHC va Carbamate. Thuoc c che men monoamine
oxidase lam tch tu cac hp chat amine, ay la mot c che tac ong mi
khac vi cac thuoc co ien.
1.7 CAC THUOC THIOCYANATES
Cac thuoc nay cha goc SCN trong cau truc phan t (S=thio;
CN=cyanate). Thuoc co c che tac ong la ngan tr s ho hap va bien dng
te bao. V du tieu bieu la Lathane 384 va Thanite. Vi s xuat hien cua
thuoc nhom cuc, chung a b ngng san xuat t 1984.
1.8 CAC THUOC DINITROPHENOL
Cac thuoc nhom nay cha mot en hai phenol. Cac thuoc cha 2 phenol
co tnh oc oi vi nhieu sau hai. Cac hp chat nay c dung lam thuot
diet con trung, diet co, diet trng sau va diet nam . Tac ong cua thuoc la
chong s phosphoryl hoa trong qua trnh s dung nang lng t dng chat
trong c the. T 1892 a co chat DNOC (3,5-dinitro-o-cresol) c dung
lam thuoc diet con trung. Sau o DNOC con c dung lam thuoc diet co,
diet nam . Cac thuoc khac la Dinoseb, Binapacryl va Dinocap. Dinoseb co
van e ve kha nang anh hng sc khoe lau dai nen a b ngng san xuat.
Dinocap co mat t 1949 dung e diet nhen va nam , a b ngng san xuat t
1987. Noi chung, cac dinitrophenol c dung rong rai lam thuoc diet con
trung, diet nam , diet co, diet nhen, diet trng con trung, chat ta tha hoa...
nhng do oc tnh cua dinitrophenol, tat cac thuoc nay a b ngng san xuat
va s dung.
Phenol
CH
Dinitrophenol
OH
NO2
NO2
Dinitrocresol (Dnoc)
NO2
O
NO2
Dinoseb
NO2
Na
CH3
NO2
OH
CH3CH2CH
CH3
Binapacryl (Morocide)
NO2
NO2
O
CCH
C(CH3)2
CH3CH2CHCH3
Dinocab (Karathane)
NO2
NO2
O
CCH
CHCH3
CH3 (CH2)5CHCH3
Fenbutatin-oxide(Vendex)
CH3
CH3
C
Sn
CH2
CH3
Sn
CH2
C
CH3
1.9 CAC THUOC GOC THC VAT KHAC

Co mot so thuoc BVTV ly trch t thc vat nh: pyrethrum, rotenone,
sabadilla, va ryania. Pyrethrin va cac pyrethoid a e cap phan IV.
Nicotine va Nicotine sulfate hien nay khong dung na. Ngoai ra con chat
limonene mi c kham pha gan ay chu yeu dung tr ky sinh tren ong
vat. Chat Azadirachtin c ly trch t cay neem, chu yeu s dung cho nha
kieng va cay kieng. Cac thuoc goc thc vat thng ton lu thap, nhng at
gia do qua trnh ly trch.
1.9.1 Nicotine: T nam 1690, ngi ta a dung chat trch t cay thuoc
la e diet cac con trung mieng hut trong vn. Nam 1890, chat hoat ong
trong dch trch nay c at ten la nicotine. T o nicotine c san xuat
thng mai. Ngay nay, nicotine van con c ly trch bang phng phap
chng cat hoac phng phap dung dung moi.
Nicotine Sulfate
N
H2SO4.
CH3
Nicotine la mot alkaloid, mot hp chat d vong co cha nit co hoat tnh
sinh ly ac biet cung nh mot so alkaloid khac(khong dung lam thuoc diet
con trung) nh caffein (trong tra va ca phe), quinin (t co cay cinchona),
morphine (t thuoc phien), cocaine (t la coca), ricinine (mot chat oc trch
t cay thau dau), strychnine (t cay Strychnos nux omica), coniin (t cay oc
can=hemlock), va chat LSD (Mot chat gay ao giac trch t nam gay benh
tren hat ngu coc).
Nicotine gia acetylcholine tai cac tiep iem than kinh ong vat co vu
va gay ra trieu chng co van c the va chet nhanh chong. con trung, trieu
chng cung xay ra tng t nhng ch co hach tai trung khu than kinh.
Nicotine sulfate thng mai rat oc cho ong vat mau nong, cung nh con
trung: LD50 tren chuot 50-60 mg/kg. en nam 1992 chat nay b cam khong
san xuat na.
1.9.2
Rotenone: Rotenone va cac chat tng t vi no c goi la
rotenoids, c thng mai hoa dung lam thuoc diet con trung an la cay
trong t 1848. Tuy nhien chung a c dung lam thuoc e lam te liet ca t
nhieu the ky trc nhieu a iem khac nhau tren the gii (Trung Quoc,
Nam My). Cac chat rotenoid c ly trch t hai giong cay ho au la Derris
trong nhieu Malaya va ong An va Lonchocarpus (con goi la cubeb hay
cube) trong Nam My. Rotenone co nhieu ten goi khac la Nicouline,
Yubatoxin
- Re cay Derris elliptica c goi la: Re Derris, re Tuba hoac Alker
tuba
- Re cay Lonchocarpus ylitis, L. urucu va L. nicou c goi la barbaso,
cube, haiari, neloe, timbo.
Rotenone
CH3O
OCH3
O
O
C
CH2
CH3
Rotenone co LD50 ng mieng (chuot ) vao khoang 350 mg/kg a c

dung lam thuoc diet con trung kha lau. Chat nay khong oc cho cay trong,
nhng rat oc cho ca va con trung, t oc cho cac ong vat mau nong va
khong e lai d lng tren san pham do o khong can phai ch lau mi thu
hoach. Rotenone la chat v oc lan tiep xuc oi vi con trung, c s dung
di dang dch phun am ac hoac dang bot. Rotenone tuy giet con trung
cham nhng con trung bo an ngay khi tiep xuc vi thuoc. Di ieu kien co
anh sang mat tri rotenone ch ton tai 1 en 3 ngay. Rotenone la loai thuoc
goc thc vat co so ban ng th nh sau pyrethrum.
Rotenone la thuoc tuyet hao e giet ca d, lam sach ao ho nuoi ca
kieng. Rotenone la mot loa thuoc chon loc, giet cac loai ca d ma khong
gay hai cho chuoi thc pham cua ca, de phan huy, khong e lai d lng.
Nong o thng dung la 0,5 ppm.
1.9.3 Sabadilla: Sabadilla c ly trch t hat cac cay trong ho hue.
LD50 ng mieng vao khoang 5000 mg/kg, la chat co oc oc cho ong vat
mau nong thap nhat trong so cac thuoc goc thc vat. Thuoc co tac dung v
oc va tiep xuc oi vi con trung. Sabadilla co hai chat alkaloid la cevadine
(C32H49NO9) va veratridine (C36H51NO11). Thuoc co tac dung kch thch mat
mui va gay nhay mui d doi mot so ngi nhay cam . Thuoc phan huy
nhanh chong di anh nang mat tri, s dung an toan khong can thi gian
cach ly. Sabadilla khong tieu thu c nhieu nh Pyrethrum va Nicotine.
Sabadilla dung chu yeu cho cac loai rau.
HO
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
OH
HO
H
O
OH
CH3
OH
Limonene
CH3
CH2
CH3
Azadirachtin (Azatin, Margosan)

O
OCH3
C
CH3
OH
O
O
O
CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
OH
HO
CH3
CH3
1.9.4 Ryania: Ryania la mot thuoc goc thc vat an toan cho ngi va
gia suc, khong can thi gian cach ly. Ryania c che tao t cu cua cay
Ryania moc Trinidad va la mot alkaloid. Thuoc co LD50 vao khoang 750
mg/kg. La mot thuoc tac dung cham , can khoang 24 gi e giet con trung.
Thanh phan hoat ong cua Ryania la alkaloid ryanodine (C25H35NO9).
Ryanodine tac ong en c con trung bang cach ngan can s co c tng t
nh tac ong cua Strychnin oi vi ong vat co vu. Ryania dung tot tren cac
loai cay an trai, vn rau e tr nhieu loai con trung khac nhau. Ryania
khong co hieu lc oi vi nhen o.
1.9.5 Limonene: Limonene la thuoc goc thc vat gan ay nhat. Thuoc
c trch t vo trai ho cam qut dung e tr cac ngoai ky sinh tren thu vat.
Thuoc khong oc cho ong vat mau nong. Trong chat trch vo cam qut co
nhieu chat co tac dung tr con trung nhng Limonene chiem ty le cao nhat
vao khoang 98%. Cach tac ong cua thuoc cung giong nh Pyrethrum: no
tac ong vao cac than kinh giao cam cua he than kinh ngoai vi, no khong c
che cholinesterase.
1.9.6 Neem: Dau chiet trch t hat cay neem (Azadirachta indica) cha
chat hoat ong azadirachtin, la mot nortriterpenoid thuoc nhom lemonoids.
Azadirachtin la mot loai bot xanh luc nhat co mui giong toi, co hoat tnh diet
con trung va nam, vi khuan gom ca tnh chat ieu hoa sinh trng con trung.
Thuoc lam bien oi s lot xac cua con trung bang cach c che s sinh tong
hp chat ecdysone, mot loai hormone ieu khien s bien thai. Thuoc Azatin
dung nh la mot chat ieu hoa sinh trng. Margosan la mot loai thuoc diet
con trung v oc va tiep xuc dung trong nha kieng va cho cay hoa kieng.
1.10 NHOM ACYLUREAS
Acylureas la mot nhom thuoc diet con trung tng oi mi co tac dung
manh tren au trung cac loai sau bo, ay la cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng con
trung (IGR= Insect Growth Regulator) can tr s tong hp chitin co hng v
oc hn la tiep xuc. Aylureas c a vao dung nhieu khoang nhng nam
1980 e tr Spodoptera spp., Trichoplusia ni bong vai va nhieu loai sau
hai khac. Bayer AG (c) a au tien a chat Triflumuron (Alsystin) vao
s dung nam 1978. Sau o xuat hien cac chat Chlorfluazuron (Atabron,
Jupiter) (1982), Teflubenzuron (Nomolt, Dart), Hexaflumuron (Truen,
Consult), Flufenoxuron (Cascade), Flucycloxuron(Andalin) va gan ay nhat
la Novaluron (GR 572).
1.11 CAC LOAI XA BONG:
Cac xa bong hoa loang a t lau c dung e giet cac con trung than
mem nh ray rep, nhen o.... ke t the ky th 18. Xa bong la nhng chat dan
xuat t dau thc vat (hat bong vai, o liu, co, da....) hay t m ong vat (m
heo, m ca voi, dau ca...). Cach tac ong cua xa bong la lam hong lp bieu
b va pha v mang te bao lam con trung chet nhanh chong. Xa bong la
muoi kiem cua cac acid beo. Ca xa bong mem (xa bong kali) va xa bong
cng (xa bong xut) eu hoa tan trong nc, nhng xa bong mem co hieu lc
diet con trung tot hn. Noi chung, cac muoi cua acid beo co o dai day
carbon gan vi acid lauric (C12), gom co: caproic (C10), myristic (C14),
palmitic (C16), va stearic (C18). Cac thuoc goc xa bong ch thnh hanh t nam
1980 tr i. Cac thng pham nh: M-Pede(diet con trung), DeMoss(diet
rong reu), Sharpshooter(diet co).
5.8 CAC LOAI CHAT HP LC HOAC KCH HOAT:
Chat hp lc ban than no khong oc oi vi con trung nhng khi phoi tron
vi thuoc diet con trung th no lam tang oc tnh len nhieu. Cac chat hp lc
thng c pha them vi t le 8:1 hoac 10:1. Chat hp lc au tien c
a vao s dung nam 1940 e gia tang hieu lc cua Pyrethrum . T o tr i
co nhieu chat c a ra nhng ch co mot vai chat gia re va co hieu lc
c thng mai hoa. Thoat au chat hp lc c dung cho Pyrthrum
nhng ve sau a c dung vi mot so CHC, LHC va Carbamate cung nh
mot so thuoc goc thc vat khac. Cac chat phenyl pho bien nhat la Piperonyl
butoxide va Sesamex, MGK 264. C che tac ong cua chung la noi ket vao
cac men oxid hoa von co tac dung gay bat hoat hoa thuoc diet con trung
ang dung.
1.13 CAC LOAI KHANG SINH VA VI SINH VAT
Ngoai nhng loai khang sinh cu, gan ay co mot nhom khang sinh c
dung trong nong nghiep la cac Avermectin, ay la nhng chat chong con
trung, nhen va tuyen trung, c ly trch t san pham len men cua
Streptomyces avermitilis, thuoc ho xa khuan. Avermectin co ten thng mai
la Abamectin, la mot hon hp gom 80% avermectin B1a va 20% B1b.
Ngoai ra con co Affirm, Avid.
Cach tac ong cua thuoc la ngan chan chat truyen luong than kinh
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) tai cho noi c than kinh cua con trung.
Thuoc lam con trung ngng an hoac ngng e trng ngay, mac du chung co
the chet sau vai ngay. Abamectin co tnh lu dan cuc bo nen hieu qua cho
viec phong tr cac sau uc lon la.
Bacillus thuringiensis:
ay la loai thuoc vi sinh, dung vi khuan Bacillus thuringiensis, vi khuan
nay c phat hien au tien vao nam 1902 tai Nhat tren con sau non cua
tam (Bombyx mori) ang chet. Vao nam 1938 chung lan au tien c dung
di ten " Sporien" e diet sau non cac loai bm . Hien nay co ba cong ty
ln san xuat che pham di ten Bactospien, Dipel, Thuricide.
Thuoc c san xuat bang cach nuoi u trong moi trng cha r ng,
bot ca va mot so vi lng di ieu kien kiem soat chat che. Vao thi ky
phong bao t, moi vi khuan hnh que tao ra mot khoi glycoproteine trong
suot, mien bao t va tinh the c tach ra bang phng phap ly tam, roi cho
boc hi nhiet o thap va lam kho bang cach phun. Tinh the khong hoa tan
trong nc va khong ben trong moi trng kiem hoac b tac ong bi mot so
men nao o.
Cac glycoprotein cao phan t b pha huy bi dch tieu hoa co tnh kiem
cua cac con trung man cam tao ra cac phan t nho hn pha huy vach trong
ong tieu hoa, lam sai lac can bang tham thau, gay te liet phan mieng va ong
tieu hoa lam sau khong an c. mot so loai bao t nay mam trong ong
tieu hoa va gay oc, sau cung lam cho sau chet v nhiem oc mau.
Nhieu dong B. thuringiensis tiet ra mot loai nucleotide adenin la beta toxin, trong thi ky tang trng manh, tuy nhien cac dong nay khong c
thng mai hoa. Cac che pham co the tng thch vi hau het thuoc diet con
trung, nhen, nam va cac chat kch thch tang trng ngoai tr captafol,
dinocap, cac loai thuoc phun co tnh kiem nh la dung dch Bordeaux hoac
dung dch dinh dng phun len la.
Tai Viet Nam thuoc chu yeu c dung e tr sau t tren bap cai. san
xuat thuoc nay trong nc gap nhieu kho khan do thc khuan the lam h cac
me san xuat.
B. thuringiensis la mot thuoc diet con trung goc vi sinh ch co hieu lc
oi vi nhieu sau non bo Lepidoptera (Canh vay). V thuoc co tac ong
chuyen biet tren sau non Lepidoptera va an toan oi vi ngi va thien ch
cua nhieu loai con trung gay hai , cho nen ay la mot loai thuoc ly tng e
quan ly tong hp dch hai. Thuoc khong lan rong c, bi vay phai phun
ngay vao v tr sau ang gay hai. Thuoc khong oc oi vi cay trong va
thng c dung tren bong vai, thuoc la, au nanh, trai tao cay va cay
kieng.
Khong co chng c g ve tnh oc cap tnh va kinh nien cua thuoc tren
chuot, chuot lang, chuot nhat, cho, va cac loai co vu khac, ke ca ngi va
chim muong. tren ong vat th nghiem thng co phan ng nga nhe do ht
phai hoac tiep xuc vi thuoc, co le do tac ong vat ly hn la sinh hoc.
Che pham cua cac hang thng giong nhau. Lay mot loai thuoc Dipel
lam v du. Thuoc nay co cac dang sau:
* Dipel WP: dang bot tham nc cha bao t va tinh the glycoprotein
mc 16.000 i.u/mg, thuoc ton tai hn 3 nam o am tng oi 30%.
* Dipel LC: dang long, cha 4.000 iu/mg tron lan vi chat on dung e
phun.
* Dipel SC: dang phun, cha 9.000 iu/ mg, khong co chat on, dung e
phun the tch thap (LV) bang may bay, thi gian ton tai la 0,5 nam.
* Dipel bot, cha 160 - 800 iu/mg
* Dipel moi cha 320 iu/mg.
1.14 CAC THUOC XONG HI:
Cac chat xong hi la nhng phan t hu c nho, de chuyen thanh the hi
nhiet o 4,5 o C. Chung thng nang hn khong kh va cha mot hoac
nhieu phan t halogen nh Cl, Br hoac F. Phan ln co tnh tham nhap manh,
thng c dung e giet con trung va trng cua chung cung nh mot vai
loai vi sinh vat trong nha , nha kho, trong at, nha kieng va san pham nong
nghiep ong kien.
Methyl bromide c dung nhieu nhat tren the gii, so lieu cua nam
1990 la 62.900 tan. Trong so o 82% dung xong at, 13% dung x ly hang
hoa, 5% dung xong cac nha xng.C quan Bao ve Moi trng cua My ra
lenh dng han san xuat Methyl bromide vao nam 2000 v kha nang gay anh
hng ti tang ozone cua no.
Cac thuoc xong hi la chat gay me, co tac ong sinh ly hn la hoa hoc.
Cac thuoc xong hi hoa tan trong m va gay ra trieu chng tng t nhau
nh me man, mat y thc con trung. Cac chat xong hi thong dung ghi
Bang sau:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Methyl bromide
CH3Br
Ethylene dibromide
BrCH2 CH2Br
Ethylene dichloride
ClCH2 CH2Cl
Hydrogencyanide
HCN
Sulfuryl fluoride(Vikane)
SO2F2
S
Vapam
CH3NHC-S-Na
Telone II
ClCH=CH-CH2Cl
D-D
ClCH CHCH2Cl
Cl
va ClCH2CHCH3
Chlorothene
CH3CCl3
Br
Nemagon (DBCP)
BrCH2CHCH2Cl
O
C
CH2
H2
Ethylene oxide
Napthalene (tinh the)
p-dichlorobenzene
1.15 CAC CHAT XUA UOI CON TRUNG:
Cl
Chat xua uoi con trung co lch s rat xa xa, con ngi a dung nhieu
chat khac nhau nh hac n, dau cac loai, bot at cac loai....Trong thi gian
trc the chien th nhat ch co bon chat xua uoi con trung chnh la: (1) dau
citronella, nam 1901, (2) dimethyl phtalate, 1929, (3) Indalone, 1937 va (4)
Rutgers 612, 1939. Cac chat nay hien nay khong con c san xuat na. Ve
sau co rat nhieu chat xua uoi c a vao th trng (trong o co
Toluamide (Delphene, Deet) la chat co rat nhieu u iem chong lai cac con
trung chch hut va muoi.
1.16 CAC CHAT VO C:
La nhng chat khong co carbon, thng dang tinh the. Chung la nhng
chat ben vng, khong boc hi, thng tan trong nc. Cac chat tieu bieu
trong nhom nay la S, Hg, Bo, Thallium, As, Antimony, Se va Fluoride.
Chat Paris green la chat arsenic au tien c dung, sau o la arsenate
ch va calcium arsenate c dung tren rau va bong vai vao nhng nam
1930. Cac thuoc arsenic co c che tac ong kha phc tap, trc het no tac
ong en qua trnh phosphorylation hoa do o ngan can qua trnh cung cap
nang lng cho c the, ke o cac ion arsenate c che cac men cha nhom
sulfhydryl
(-SH), sau cung ca arsenite va ion arsenate lam ong tu protein bang cach
lam bien oi dang cac protein. Cac thuoc nhom arsenic eu la nhng chat
v oc.
Fluorine hu c cung diet c ssau nhng t thong dung. Cac chat thng
dung la sodium fluoride (NaF), barium fluosilicate(BaSiF6), Sodium
silicofluoride (Na3AlF6) va Cryolite. Ion fluoride c che nhieu loai men cha
sat, voi va magnesium. Cac men nay lien quan en viec tao thanh nang
lng trong te bao.
Acid boric (H3BO4) c dung tr con trung trong nha vao nhng nam
1930 va 1940 va c san xuat lai vao nhng nam 1980.
Nhom cuoi cung la cac silica gel hoac silica aerogel. ay la cac chat
mn, trang, nhe dung tr con trung trong nha. Cac silica aerogel giet con
trung bang cach hap thu chat sap t lp bieu b lam cho con trung b mat
nc va chet. Ca thuoc nay la Dri-Die, Drianone va Drione.
1.17 TCH CHON LOC CUA THUOC DIET CON TRUNG
Trong mot tng lai kha dai, chung ta con phai s dung thuoc sat trung
do o phai bo sung them cac loai thuoc hu hieu hn e tieu diet con trung.
Can phai ong thi s dung cac thuoc sat trung co tnh chon loc va s dung
biet chon loc cac thuoc sat trung e phat huy tac dung cua cac con trung co
ch va cac thien ch cua dch hai. Cac thuoc diet con trung pho rong de
mang lai li ch cho nha san xuat thuoc con che tao ra thuoc chon loc kha
ton kem t nghien cu, th nghiem en tiep th.
Tnh tuyen chon ve mat sinh ly cua cac thuoc diet con trung tren cac
con trung oi tng va phi oi tng bao gom cac iem nh sau:
(1) toc o xam nhap cua chat oc
(2) kha nang gan ket vao mo bao va s mat mat tnh oc
(3) toc o bai tiet chat oc va cac chat bien oi cua no
(4) s thay oi ve mat bien dng va s giai oc
(5) v tr tac ong
Tnh chon loc co the at c bang mot trong cac cach sau ay:
(1) dung cac thuoc diet con trung co tnh chon loc ve mat sinh ly, oc
cho cac loai dch hai hn la cac loai hu ch.
(2) nh thi gian x ly thuoc sao cho thuoc tac ong t nhat en cac
thien ch cua con trung gay hai
(3) giam lieu lng en mc u e tieu diet con trung gay hai ma khong
diet cac con trung thien ch.
MOT SO THUOC DIET CON TRUNG MI A VAO S DUNG
VIET NAM
1. FENTHION
a. Cong thc:
S
(MeO)2 P . O-
S. Me
Me
O,O - dimethyl - 0-4 - methylthio - m- totyl phosphorothioate.
c. Ten khac:
Baycid, Baytex Entex, Lebaycid, Mercatophos, Queletox, Tiguvon
d. S dung:
Fenthion la mot loai thuoc sat trung tiep xuc va v oc, co tac ong
tham sau va ben
b. Thuoc dung co hieu qua e tr cac loai ruoi, va cac
loai sau bo tren ngu coc. Khi b oxy hoa thuoc bien thanh sulphoxide va
sulphone, ca hai eu co oc tnh cao oi vi con trung. Thuoc cung dung e
diet chim quelea chau Phi.
e. oc tnh:
oc cap tnh ng mieng LD50
Chuot c: 190 - 315 mg/kg
Chuot cai: 245 - 615 mg/kg
oc tnh cap tnh qua da LD 50
Chuot c: 330 - 500 mg/kg
f. Che pham:
Baytex, WP (400 g/kg),
dang e phun sng (600g/l),
EC (500 va 1.000 mg/kg)
ULV (1.000 g/l)
Bot (30 g/kg)
Queletox dung e diet chim quelea
Tiguvon diet ky sinh trung tren gia suc.
2. METHIDATHION
a. Cong thc:
S
(MeO)2 P. S. CH2
OMe
S - 2-3 - dihydro - 5 - methoxy - 2 - oxo- 1,4 - thiadiazol - - ylmethyl
O,O - dimethyl phosphorothioate.
b. Ten khac:
Supracide, Ultracide.
c. S dung:
La mot loai thuoc diet con trung khong lu dan, co kha nang diet nhen.
Thuoc tieu diet nhieu loai sau an la va chch hut, lieu dung cho con trung
chch hut la 30 - 60 g ai/100l phun len trai cay; 250 - 800 g ai/ha cho hoa
mau trong tren ong ruong. Thuoc co the tham qua la va giet c sau cuon
la an nau ben trong.
d. oc tnh:
oc tnh ng mieng cap tnh LD 50:
oi vi chuot: 25 - 54 mg/kg
oi vi chuot nhat: 25 - 70 mg/kg.
oc cap tnh qua da LD50:
Thuoc oc oi vi chim, ong va rat oc oi vi ca.
e. Che pham:
Supracide 40 / Ultracide 40 CibaGeigy E.C. (400 g ai/l)
W.P. 200 g ai/l)
---------------------------- 20 ----------------EC (200g ai/kg)
---------------------------- 20 ---------------WP (200 g ai/l)
3. NALED
a. Cong thc:
O
(MeO)2 P - O - CHBr C Br Cl2
1,2- dibromo - 2,2 - dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate.
b. Ten khac:
Dibrom
c. S dung:
Naled la loai thuoc diet con trung va nhen tac dung nhanh va khong lu
dan, tac dung tiep xuc va v oc. Thuoc dung tr muoi va ruoi tren nhieu loai
cay trong tren ong ruong va trong nha kieng cung nh nha trong nam vi
nong o 8.1 g ai /100 m 3.
d. oc tnh:
oc tnh ng mieng captnh LD 50
oi vi chuot: 430 mg/kg.
noc.
oc tnh cap qua da LD 50

oi vi tho: 1.100 mg/kg.
oc tnh oi vi thuy sinh LC 50:
oi vi ca vang: 2 -4 mg/l
oi vi cua: 0.33 mg/l
Khi s dung mc 560 g/ha khong gay chet cho ca an muoi va nong
e. Che pham:
Dang nhu dau:
Dang bot:
960 g ai/l
40 g ai/kg.
4. TRICHLOROPHON:
a. Cong thc:
O
(MeO)2 P - CH - CCl3
OH
Dimethyl 2,2.2-trichloro - 1 - hydroxyethylphosphonate.
b. Ten khac:
Dipterex; Neguvon; Tigon; Dylox.
c. S dung:
Triclorphon la mot loai thoc v oc va tiep xuc co tnh tham sau dung e
diet sau non bo Lepidotera va nhom ruoi nong o 75 - 120 g ai/100l.
Thuoc con c dung e diet ruoi nha va tr cac ngoai ky sinh gia suc.
Thuoc tac dung manh sau khi a chuyen hoa thanh Dichlorovos.
d. oc cap tnh:
oc cap tnh ng mieng LD 50:

oc cap tnh qua da LD 50:
oi vi chuot: > 2.000 mg/kg.
e. Che pham:
W.P. 500 ai/kg
SP. 500, 800, 950 g/kg
SC. 500 g/l
ULV concentrate: 250, 500, 750 g/l
bot: 50 g/l
hat: 25 va 50 g/kg
5. DANITOL
a. Cong thc:
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CN
CH
CH3
alpha - Cyano - phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3 tetramethyl

cyclopropanecarboxylate.
b. Ten khac: Fenpropathrin
c. S dung:
La mot loai thuoc diet con trung va nhen tren nhieu loai cay trong. oi
vi che pham 10 EC lieu s dung tuy oi tng, bien thien t 0,5 - 1,51/ha.
Tren bong vai: Heliothis spp, Earias spp, Empoasca
Bemisia tabaci.
Tren rau cai: Stodoptera exigua, Plutella spp
Thuoc tieu diet cac giong nhen o nh Tetranychus spp
Panonychus spp.
Eotetranychus spp.
d. oc tnh:
oc tnh cap LD 50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Loai oc
ong vat
Gii tnh
LD50 (mg/kg)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ng mieng
Chuot
c
164
Cai
107
Qua da
Tho
> 2.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. TRIAZOPHOS:
a. Cong thc:
(EtO)2 P O
Ph
0,0 - diethyl 0-1-phenyl - 1,2,4 triazol - 3- yl phosphorothioate

b. Ten khac: Hostathion
c. S dung:
Triazophos la mot loai thuoc diet con trung va diet nhen pho rong, co
chut t tnh chat diet tuyen trung. Dung 75 - 125 g ai/ 100l tr aphid tren cay
an trai va 320 - 600 g ai/ha tren ngu coc. Thuoc cung c dung e tr sau
bo canh vay tren cay an trai va rau cai. thuoc c tron vao at vi lng 1
-2 kg ai/ha trc khi gieo trong e chong sau at ( Agrotis spp.). Mac du
thuoc co the tham sau thuoc lai khong co tnh chat lu dan.
d. oc tnh:
oc cap tnh ng mieng LD 50;
Doi vi chuot: 66mg/kg

oi vi cho: 320 mg/kg
oc cap tnh qua da la LD 50 oi vi chuot 1100 mg/kg
LD 50 oi vi chuot: 1100 mg/kg
LD50: - Ca chep 5 -6 mg/l
e. Che pham:
Gom co: EC 246 va 420 g ai/l
hat: 20 -50 g/kg
WP: 300 g/kg
thuoc phun ULV: 242 va 408 g/l
7. CONFIDOR
a. Cong thc:
1-(6-chloro-3-pirydinylmethyl)-N-nitro-imidazolidine - 2- ylideneamine
(IUPAC)
Ten khac: Imidacloprid, Gaucho, Admire
c. S dung:
Thuoc c dung cho cac cay trong sau: ca phe, bong vai, cam chanh,
bap va cao lng, cay canh, au phong, khoai tay, nho, lua, cac loai trai cay,
au nanh, thuoc la, rau cai. Thuoc tr c nhieu loai con trung thuoc cac
bo hoac ho sau:
Aphididae
Agromyzidae
Thysanoptera
Cicadellidae Pseudococcidae
Aleurodidae Coccidae
Mc s dung tuy theo dang che pham (bot, hat, dung dch) va nong o
hoat chat cung nh cach thc x ly (phun len la, x ly hat...)
d. oc tnh:
oc tnh cap ng mieng LD50
= 424 mg chuot c
= 450 - 475 mg/kg chuot cai
oc tnh cap qua da : LD50 = 5000 mg/kg chuot.

Tr so ADI: Tr so ADI c tnh da vao mc nong o s dung theo
tieu chuan NOEL (no-observed - effect - level): mc hap thu khong gay ra
trieu chng thay ro c ong vat th nghiem man cam nhat trong cac th
nghiem dai han, ADI oi vi chuot la: 0,07 mg/kg the trong.
e. Che pham:
* e x ly hat
GAUCHO 70 WS: la mot loai thuoc bot phan tan c vao nc (water
dispersible powder) cha 70 - 75 imidacloprid tnh theo trong lng.
GAUCHO 350 FS: la mot loai dch am ac cha 350 va 240
imidacloprid/l
* e phun len la:
CONFIDOR 25 WP 25WP; 0,25 DL: la dang cha 25% imidacloprid/kg
bot tham nc, 0,25 % imidacloprid/kg dang hat bui t bay lac.
CONFIDOR 70 WG: cha 70%imi./kg che pham dang hat phan tan c
trong nc.
CONFIDOR 200SL; 100SL: cha 200 va 100 imi./l che pham dangdch
am ac hoa tan c.
CONFIDO 350: cha 350 g imi/l che pham dang dch am ac hoa tan
c.
CONFIDOR 350: cha g imi./ che pham dang dch am ac tao huyen
phu.
* e x ly at:
CONFIDOR 0,5;1;2; 2,5; 5; 10 GR cha 0,5 .....10% imi./kg che pham
dang hat.
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LC S PHAT TRIEN CUA HOA CHAT BAO VE THC VAT

e ra cac bien phap chong lai s o nhiem nc va khong kh cung nh chong

Lch s phat trien cua thuoc tr dch hai

Ngi Hy Lap dung lu huynh.

Phat trien cac thuoc carbamate

Tnh di ong cua cac loai TBVTV

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tnh di ong loai I (rat kho di chuyen trong at)

Cac yeu to anh hng en s ra troi cua TBVTV

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ky thuat canh tac

Mot so v du ve LD50 cua thuoc:

: Rat oc LD50 < 100mg/kg.

Co the chia chi tiet hn nh sau:

1. 3 Mc khong thay c hieu ng cua thuoc (No Observable Effect

1.6.1 Giai oan sinh trng cua dch hai:

II. TIEU CHUAN CUA THUOC BVTV DUNG TRONG NONG

2.3 Phan loai theo nguon goc:

R = methyl hoac ethyl

X = nhom co the tach ri (leaving group)

[E-OH] (ROR)2P -X]

Xung than kinh

3) Cac thuoc nhom Carbamate:

oc tnh cua mot so pyrethroids c ghi trong bang 2.4

5) Cac nhom thuoc khac:

f) Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat:

- Qua re, la, than.

Cac dan xuat phenyl

truc than kinh

Chat ieu hoa sinh trng

2) Thuoc diet co:

Anilines mang nhom the

Cac loai thuoc diet co khac

Cac dang trung oc cua c the gom co:

oc cap tnh ng mieng

LD50 = 24 mg ai/ kg chuot

= 250 - 500 mg/kg

Phu thuoc vao cau truc phan t:

= 870mg/kg chuot nhat

Mot so v du ve LD50 cua thuoc:

: Rat oc LD50 < 100mg/kg.

Co the chia chi tiet hn nh sau:

TBVTV thng c phan thanh 3 hang I, II, va III. Hang I la nhng

R = methyl hoac ethyl

Xung than kinh

3) Cac thuoc nhom Carbamate:

truc cua physostigmine, mot loai alcaloid co trong cay au Calabar,

5) Cac nhom thuoc khac:

ho Hue dung e chiet trch sabadilla va hellebore. Chat ryania c trch t

f) Cac chat thuoc goc vi sinh vat:

truc than kinh

Chat ieu hoa sinh trng

2) Thuoc diet co:

Anilines mang nhom the

a. oi vi c the con trung:

oc cap tnh ng mieng

Phu thuoc vao cau truc phan t:

LD50 = 24 mg ai/ kg chuot

= 250 - 500 mg/kg

= 870mg/kg chuot nhat

CO DAI VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TR

* Ni tru an cua chim chuot pha hai cay trong

Co dai co cac hnh thc ngu sau ay:

VI. XAC NH CAC LOAI CO DAI

Bang 6.1 Cac loai co dai thng gap Viet Nam:

2. Co la rong (thng la co 2 la mam)