::

:
.
.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

,
r
v H=10m
0

:
m=130kg g 10m.s2H=10m
rair =1,3kg.m3V=50L
.
r
1 P
2
3
4 V0
5 t
6
7x(t)z(t)
8
1
x
z = - g 2
+ x tana + H
2 v0 cos a

9
10
11
2H

x = v .

12 V0x x=200m

= 1, 41

, = 7,1 10-
1

0 5

r
0

:
.
H2O2 (aq) / H2O(l) O2(g) /H2O2(aq)
2H2O2 (aq) =2H2O(l) + O2 (g)
1
11
21
2

12
22
3210,0 mL85 mL) t= 0s
5 mL.(10,0mL

..

35

30

20

10

0,90102

1,21102

2,35102

4,20102

5,25102

7,30102

t(min)
1

[H2O2]mol.L

.
1 102 mol.L1
5min 2cm
2cm
132 x(t) n t (H2O 2) t n 0(H2O2)

232

1 dx(t)
.
V dt

v=

] d [ H O

2 2
v= - .
2
dt
332,
432 t 1/2
[H 2O2]0
= [H2O2]t1/ 2
t=t 1/2
532
2
632


O2(g)

2H2O(l)

2H2O2(aq)

(mol)

(mol)

n0 (H2O2)

n0 (O2)=0

x=0

x(t)

xmax

:
1E
LR.
L=0,10HR=1,0kW E=6,0V
t=0sk
11.
uAC uBC.
21) (

i (mA)
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0

)i(t

t (ms)

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0

121
221RL

di
321) i(t)
dt
3

421

-2 :

A
B
C
D

L(H)
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,20

R(kW)
1,0
1,0
0,50
1,0

E(V)
6,0
12,0
6,0
6,0

:
1986
-1 (Z, N)

11
21
N

150

N>Z
100
b

N=Z

50

N<Z
b+

100

60

80

20

40

31
131
148
60Nd
231
214Z(C)=6 Z(N)=7
146
121414
60Nd
22
145
A
60Nd
p + Z X n + N
144
60Nd
AX14
14
7

148
62

Sm

147
62

Sm

3:14
DN= l N Dt

144
62

Sm

143
60

Nd

N t DN)Dt t(t+Dt
N(t)=N0 elt N0 t=0s
13l
2314 t 1/2 = 5730ans
123

ln2
223
t /
2

323l
5

l =

 33A .A = l N
43N14 1g
134
ln 2
5
1an=5,26 10 min=60x5,26 105 s
=1,209 104
5730
13, 5 5,26 10
13, 5 5, 26 10
5730
= 8267
=5,881010
=858,9
ln 2
1, 209 10
8267
5,26 10
=4,713 13,5 8267 5,26x105 =5,88x1010
8267 13, 5
414
A=A 0 elt
5

14

A0

t
ln 2

t = 1 / 2 ln

241g A=6,68 Bq

13,5
ln
= 5816
ln 2
6, 68
ln 2
13,5

ln
= 8,511 10
5730
6
,
68

:
PH:
5730

6,68
ln
= 5816
13, 5

5730

ln 2
ln 2

6,68
ln
= 8,511 10
5730
13
,
5

pKa1(HNO2 /NO2 )=3,3

pKa2 (HCOOH/HCOO)=3,8
pK e =14,0

1:
HNO2(aq) C1 =0,20mol.L1 .PH1=1.3
(HCOO(aq) +Na+(aq)) C2 =0,40mol.L1 PH2=8.7
11
21
31pH/
41
2
2
12. V=200mLn 1 =4,0 10 mol
n 2 =8,0 102 mol
112
212 Qr,i.
312 Qr,q
412

22
122
222 xq =3,3 102 mol
322 Qr,q
3pHpH3 =4
pH

14

.+.=.+.

(mol)
(mol)
.

n(HCOO(aq))

n(HNO2(aq))

n2

n1

x=0

x=xq

:
:

r
PA

r
0

r
P

1 P
:
:
P=130 10=1,3103 N
P=m.g:
r
2 PA: : PA = rair.V.g:
PA =1,3 50103 10=1,35,0101 =6,5101 N
(V=50L=50103 m3)

1
P
1,3 10
104=0,20104 =2,0103
=
=
5,0
PA 1, 3 5, 0 10
2000
3: :

r
r.
r
r
P =m. a

m. g =m. a
r r
a= g
4
ra = gx = 0
a x
az = g z = -g
r
v

r v = v .cosa
v x
v z = v .sin a

r
r dv
dv ( t )
dv (t )
=a
ax(t)= x
az(t)= z
dt
dt
dt
0

5
rv ( t ) = Cte
v x
v z(t ) = -g.t + Cte
1

rv ( t ) = v .cosa
v x
v z(t ) = -g.t + v .sin a
0

6 ox(v x(t)=v0 .cosa =Cte1)

.
uuur

r dOG
dx (t)
v x(t)=
= v

dt
dt
dz(t)
v z(t)=

dt
uuur x( t ) = v .cos a .t + Cte
OG
1
z( t ) = - g.t + v .sin a .t + Cte
3

2
t=0s(x(0)=0z(0)=H)
x(0)=0+Cte3 =0
z(0)=0+0+Cte4 =H

uuur x( t ) = v .cos a .t
OG
1
z( t ) = - 2g.t + v .sin a .t + H
8
x
x(t)=v 0.cosa.t,
t=
v .cos a

1
x
x
z(x)= - .g.
+ v .sin a .
+ H
2
v .cos a
v .cos a
0

1
x
+ x tana + H
2
2 v 0 cos a
9 z(x)=a.x+b.x+ca

z( x ) = - g

r
0

Sol

10
1
x
z( x ) = - g 2
+ x tana + H
2 v 0 cos a
H:.
9

g
11a =0cosa =1tana =0
1 x
z( x )= - g 2 + H
2 v 0

1 x
g
z=0 + H
2 v 02

H
g

.v .H
g

x= v .

=01 x
g
= H
2 v02

x=

12

g
2.H
=100 7,1101=71m.s1

:
::
1 H2O2(aq) /H2O(l)
O2(g) /H2O2(aq)
2
+

O2(g)

0 5

2H2O(l)
(mol)

v = x.
0

= 100

V(O 2)
Vm

V(O2 )max
Vm
2
xmax =

10

H2O2(aq) +2e +2H+(aq) =2H2O(l)

O2(g) +2e +2H+(aq) = H2O2(aq)
=

2H2O2(aq)
n0 (H2O2)

(mol)
x=0

nt(H2O2)=n0(H2O2)2x(t)

x(t)

n(H2O2)=n0(H2O2)2xmax

xmax

n0 (O2)=0
n(O2)=x=

10

100

= v 0

x=100m

12

22
32
n0 ( H 2O2 ) - nt( H 2O2)
nt(H2O2)=n0(H2O2)2x(t)
x(t)=
132
2
n (H O )n t (H 2O 2)
d 0 2 2
1 d ( [ H 2 O 2 ] [ H 2 O2])
1
1 dx(t)
2
0
= .
v= .
v= .
V dt
V
dt
2
dt
1 d [ H 2 O2]
v= .

2
dt

d [ H 2O2]
232
dt

, t=0min

332 .
.

xf
432
2
532 xf =xmax
10

x(t1/2)=

n0 ( H 2O2)
2

n0(H2O2)2xm ax =0,

xm ax =

nt(H2O2)=n0(H2O2)2x(t)

xmax
n ( H 2O2) n0 ( H 2O2)
=n0(H2O2) 0
=
2
2
2

nt1/2 (H2O2)=n0(H2O2)2x(t1/2)=n0(H2O2)2

[ H 2O2]0
2

= [H2O2]t1/2

-2

7, 30 10
=3,65102 mol.L1
2
t1/21213
[H2O2]=

7,30cm

632
.
1

[H2O2](mol.L )

7,010

6,0102

5,010

4,010

[H2O2]0/2
2

3,010

2,0102

1,0102

0
t(min)

35

30

25

11 20

15

t1/2

10

:
11 )u BC(
uBC
121. I=6,0mA
221 i=6mA t =0.1s
1

i (mA)
8,0
7,0
I= 6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0

)i(t

t (ms)

321

1,5

1,0

0,5

L
=t

0,10
3
=0,1010 s=0,10ms
3
1,0 10

t =

31
131
E=UAC =uAB +uBC
di
+Ri
E=L
dt
E di R
=
+
.i
L dt L
di
=0
231
dt
E
E R
=I
=
.I
R
L L
6,0
3
I=
=6,010 A=6,0mA
1,0 103

12

0,0 t

2:

L
(s)
R

E
)(A
R

t =

0,10
3
=0,1010
1,0 103
0,10
3
=0,1010
1,0 103
0,10
3
=0,2010
0,5 103
0,20
=0,20103
1,0 103

L(H)
I=

6,0
3
=6,010
1,0 103
12,0
3
=1210
1,0 103
6,0
3
=1210
0,5 103
6,0
=6,0103
1,0 103

t (s)

R(kW)

E(V)

0,10

1,0

6,0

0,10

1,0

12,0

0,10

0,50

6,0

0,20

1,0

6,0

I(A)

0,110

6,010

0,210

0,210

6,010

1210

0,110

1210

:
1(N.Z)

11 a
He
21)(
31)(
4

Nd

148
60

148
62

Sm

+
Nd
Z X
148=144+A
A=4
62=60+Z
Z=2
He
a

147
62

Sm
146
60

Nd
Nd

Nd

144
60

62

145
60

144
60

Sm

148

144
62

Sm

143
60

Nd

214
121414 Z(C)= 6 Z(N)=7
22

N + n ZAX+ p
A :14+1=A+1

A=14
1

Z=6

14

Z:7+0=Z+1

14
314
l 13
123
13

 223 t1/2

N(t1/2)=N0 /2
N(t1/2)=N0 e - l .t /
2

ln2= l.t1/2

2= e l .t /

ln2
t /
2

= e - l .t /
1

l =

323 :

] [T

] [t /
2

=[l]

DN
= l.N

33 DN = l.N.Dt
Dt
Dt =1s)DN =A
Nfinal Ninitial = 1 = DN A =1 A= l.N

13 5

13,5( A = 13,5) 43

A =

60

53
t /
N=A.

ln 2
:
5
t1/2=5730ans=5730 ( 60x5,2610 )s
13, 5
5730 60 5,26 10
5730
N=
) (13, 5 5,26 10 ) =8267 (13, 5 5, 26 10

=
ln 2
ln 2
60
N=5,88 1010
141
4:14
14
A
A
A
A=A0 elt
= e- l .t

= el .t

l.t= ln
A
A
A
ln2
l =
t /
ln2
t
A
A
.t= ln
t= / .ln
ln 2 A
t /
A
24:
5730
13,5
t =
.ln
=5816ans
ln 2
6, 68
:
1:
111

+
HNO2(aq) +H2O(l) =NO2 (aq) +H3O (aq)
2

H3 O+(aq) . NO-2(aq)

q
q
HNO 2(aq)

Ka1 =

211

)=HCOOH(aq) +HO (aq

14

+H2O(l)

HCOO (aq)

 HO-(aq) . HCOOH(aq)

q
q
K=
HCOO(aq)

q
pKapH

121

8,7
pKa2 =3,8

pH

HCOOH(aq)

HCOO (aq)
7 NO
2 (aq)

0 HNO2

14

pKa1 =3,3
1,3

pHHNO2(aq). 1.3 pH

HCOO (aq). 8.7

:2

HNO2(aq) +HCOO (aq) =NO2 (aq) +HCOOH(aq)

Qr,i=

221

112

HCOOH (aq) . NO-2(aq)

i
i
HCOO (aq) . HNO 2(aq)

i
i

212

Qr,i =0
312

Qr,q=

+
HCOOH (aq) . NO-2(aq)

q
q HCOOH (aq) q . NO 2(aq) q . H 3O(aq) q
=
-
+
HCOO(aq) . HNO2(aq)

q
q HCOO(aq) q . HNO 2(aq) q . H 3O(aq) q

+
HCOO - (aq) . H 3O(aq)

q
q
Ka2 =
HCOOH(aq)

q
Qr,q = HCOOH . NO- . H O+
(aq) q
2(aq) q 3 (aq) q

Ka

+
HCOOH(aq) +H2O(l) =HCOO (aq) +H3O (aq)

1/Ka2

+
HCOO -(aq) . H3 O(aq)

q
q . HNO 2(aq) q
Ka1 10- pKa1
QR,q =
=
= 10- pKa 1 + pKa2
Ka 2 10- pKa2
3,3+3,8

Qr,q =10

0,5

=10 =3,2

Qr,i <Qr,q 412

122
HNO2(aq) +HCOO(aq) =NO2(aq)

(mol)

(mol)

15

+HCOOH(aq)

n(HNO2(aq))

N(HCOO (aq))

n(NO2 (aq))

n(HCOOH(aq))

x=0

n1

n2

n1 x

n2 x

x=xq

n1 xq

n2xq

xq

xq

222
[HNO2(aq)]q =

n1 - xq

2v
4, 0 10 - 3,3 10-2
2
1
[HNO2(aq)]q =
=1,810 mol.L
2 0, 200
n2 - xq

-2

[HCOO (aq)]q =

2v
-2
-2
8,
0

10
3,
3

10

2
1
=1210 mol.L
[HCOO (aq)]q =
2 0, 200
xq

[HCOOH(aq)]q =[NO2 (aq)]q =

2v

3,3 102
2
1
=8,310 mol.L
2 0,200
HCOOH (aq) . NO-2(aq)

q
q
Qr,q =
HCOO (aq) . HNO2(aq)

q
q

[HCOOH(aq)]q =[NO2 (aq)]q =

Qr,q =

322

0,08252
=3,3
0,0175 0,1175

HNO2(aq) /NO2 (aq)

Ka1 =

32

H3 O . NO

HNO2(aq)

q
+
(aq)

2(aq) q

+
H3 O(aq)

NO-2(aq)

q . NO2(aq) q

q
+

logK a1=pKa1 =log

=log H3 O(aq)
log

HNO 2(aq)
HNO 2(aq)

NO-2(aq)

pKa1 =pHlog

HNO2(aq)

NO-2(aq)

q
OupH=pKa1 +log
HNO2(aq)

q
0, 0825
pH=3,3+log(
)=4.
0, 0175
16

17

 2
:

i
q

)(S

r
G

O j

2
1 2:
)1 L2 ( CA3 B
dq
= iq(t)A

dt
: t=0s q(0)=Qo
.
Qo =104 C L=0,10H C=10,0F
)(
r
(s) m G o j
G OGx
k
: t=0s x 0 v x

m
=1,0.102 S.IXo =+4,0cm
k
1:
x(t)
dx
dx
x(t)

m
+ k.x= 0
dt
dt
11(s)
21
31 A j
t
x=A.cos(2p + j)
T
m
T
T mk
k
.
41 A=Xo j =0
17

2:
q(t)
dq q
L
+ =0
dt C
12i(t)
s
22
t
q(t)=Qo.cos(2p ) T.
T '

32x(t)q(t) t0 2T 2T
42.
:

22 C0 =10,9mol.L1 .S0

NH3 (aq)+H2O(I)=HO (aq)+NH4+ (aq).

2C Qr ,q =1,58.105 K e =1,00.1014
: PH

S1 50,0mL C1 =C0 /10 PH=11.62

1 S0 S1
2
[HO] (S1) =4,2.103 mol.L1
3 S1
4V 1 =1,0L
5 t1
6 Qr ,1
:

25C
l(HO )=19,9.10 S.m .mol
l(NH4+)=7,34.103 S.m2.mol1
s = S li [Xi]. S1

S2 C2 =C1/100=C0/1000
1:
11 )[HO]( [HO] (S1)
)[NH4+]( [NH4+](S1))[NH3]( [NH3](S1)
21 )Qr, (Qr ,1/100
31 Qr,eq
1

2 : S2 s = 0,114mS.cm1
12 s
22 s S2 [NH4+](S2)[HO] (S2)

32 [HO] (S2)
42 t2
52,

18

V 1 =1,0L
HO

+NH4+

H2O

x f =

x max =

NH3
n 1=

:
107 108)(108
b +
Pd
Rh
Ag
Cd
In
Z=45 Z=46 Z=47 Z=48 Z=49
1
11
21107
2108
+

12 b b
22
3108
N0108 t =0s N t
13N N0tl
23 t 1/2
ln 2
33
t 1/2 =
l
dN
A=
43
dt
. n 1
n
A= 1
Dt
143A= lN
243 n 1 t Dt,N0 l
343 ln(n 1) l. Dt, N0, t
4.108
108 n 1
Dt= 0,50s . 20s

240
216

220
230

200
256

180
273

160
301

140
327

120
353

100
390

80
419

60
462

ln(n 1)

19

40
498

tens 20
n 1
542

 14
24 N0
34 t 1/2

:
pk a
HCOO(aq):pK A1 =3,8 HCOOH(aq)/

C 6H 5COO (aq):pK A2 =4,2 C 6H 5COOH (aq)/

1.
2
1
.c=1,010 mol.L
PH V= 10mL
pH 1 =2,9
pH 2 =3,1
11
111
211
311
21pH
2.
:
HCOOH(aq)+C6H 5COO (aq)= HCOO(aq) +C6H 5COOH(aq)
12
22 : ,
.c
. c
[HCOOH(aq)]=c[C 6H5COO (aq)]=c[C 6H 5COOH (aq)]=c'[HCOO (aq) ]=c'
V= 10,0mL
122 c= 1,0 102 mol.L1 c'=5,0103 mol.L1
.

2
1
2-2-2 c=1,0 10 mol.L V= 10,0mL c

20

 2
:
:

-1

1-1 S)
ur
ur
: P R
r
r
F =k.x. j x .
ur
R
G

( .
.

)(S

O j

r
F

ur
P

2-1

r
j )

(O

3-1

uuur
r
SFext = m.a
ur ur r
r
P + R + F =m. a

0+0k.x=m.ax
dx
ax =

dt
dx
+k.x=0
m.
dt

t
+ j
T

x(t)=A.cos(2p

dx
2p
t
=A. .sin(2p + j)
T
dt
T
2
2
dx
t
2p
2p
=A. .cos(2p + j)= .x(t)
dt
T
T
T

2

2p
m. .x(t)+k.x(t)=0
T
2

2p
x(t).[m. +k]=0
T
x(t)
2

2p
[km. ]=0
T
2

2p
k=m.
T

21

m
T= 4p
k
m
T= 2p
k
x(t)

m
k

m
T= 4p
k

m

k

T= 2p

m
k

T= 2p

T=2p 1,0.10-2
T=0,63s
4-1 :
v x(0)=0m.s1 x(0)=Xo =+4,0cm
x(0)=Xo =A.cos(j)
2p
dx
sin(j)=0 j =0ou j = p
)v x (0)=0= =A. .sin(j
T
dt t=0

Xo >0 A>0 cos(j)>0

)(cos(p)=1
Xo =A cos(0)=1
j =0
t
x(t)= Xo.cos(2p )
T

t=0

-2

1-2

dx
+k.x=0
dt
m
x(t)
k

dq q
L
+ =0
dt C
L
q(t)
1/C

dq

dt

i(t)=

dx
dt

2-2

t
)
T
t
) q(t)= Qo.cos(2p
T '
x(t)= Xo.cos(2p

22

m.

v x

j =0

T= 2p

m
k

T'= 2p LC
m L
1/k C.
T'=2 p 0,10 10,0.10-6
T'=6,3.103 s=6,3ms
q(t) x(t) 3-2
t
x(t)=X0.cos(2p )
x(t)=4,0cos(2pt/0,63) (cm )
T
x(0)=X0 =4,0
cm
t=n.T
x

t=(2n+1).T/2
x

T/4

T/2

T
3T/
4

5T/
4

2T

3T/2
7T/
4

t=(2n+1).T/4

t
)
q(t)=104cos(2pt/6,3)
T '
q(t)=100cos((2pt/6,3)
t(ms) q(C)

q(t)=Q0.cos(2p

t(ms )

q(0)=Q0 =100C

t=n.T'
q

t=(2n+1).T'/2
q

T'/
4

T'/2

3T'/
4

t=(2n+1).T'/4
q

23

T'

5T'/
4

2T'

3T'/2
7T'/
4

 -4 ,
:



:

-1

: pH
S0 C0 = 10,9mol.L1 V0
S1 C1 = C0 /10 V1 = 50,0 mL

C0
n0 =n1 C0.V0 =C1.V1
10
V
50,0
V0 = 1
V0 =
= 5,0mL
10
10
2:
S0.V0 = 5,0mL .S0
.V1=50,0mL. .
. S1
3
C0.V0 = V1

Ke =[H3O+(aq)].[HO(aq)] [H3O+(aq)]=10pH
Ke =10pH [HO(aq)]
K
[HO(aq)]= -epH
10
-14
1
,
00

10
[HO(aq)](S1) =
=4,17103 mol.L1
10-11,62
[HO(aq)](S1) = 4,2103 mol.L1
4V1 = 1,0L

NH3(aq) +H 2O (l) =
HO(aq)
+NH 4+(aq)
n1=C1V'1
0
0
0
n1 =1,09
x
1,09x
X
x

xf =[HO (aq)](S1) V'1

1,09xf
xf =4,2103
xf =4,2103
xf =4,2103
xmax =1,09
1,09xmax =0
xmax =1,09
xmax =1,09
x
t1 = f
5
xmax
4,210-3
=0,38%
1,09
6

-
+
)[HO(aq
] f .[NH 4

(aq) f

)[NH3(aq
]f

Q r,1 =

+
)[HO(aq
)](S1
.[NH4

)(S1
)(aq

)[NH3(aq
)](S1

24

Q r,1 =

t1 =

xf
'

V1
f

xf
'

V1

-x

n1

Qr,1 =

'

V1
2

xf

-x

n1

Q r,1 =

10 - )
=1,6105 Q r,q
(1,09 - 4,2 10
)
Q r,q
3

(4,2

Q r,1 =

-1 S1 C 1 = C 0/10 V
S2 C 2 =C 1/ 100= C 0 / 1000V =1000 V
11
) =[HO(aq)](S1) /100(])[HO(aq
) =[NH 4+(aq)](S1) /100(])[NH 4+(aq
) =[NH 3(aq)](S1) /100(])[NH 3(aq
2
1
-

)[HO(aq
] .[NH4

) )(aq

)[NH3(aq
]

Qr,hyp =

+
-
)](S1
)[HO(aq
)](S1) [NH4(aq
.
100
100
)[NH3(aq
)](S1

100
]

+
)[HO(aq
)](S1
.[NH4

)(S1
)(aq

)100.[NH3(aq
)](S1

Q r,hyp =Q r,1 /100

31
1,610-5
Q r,hyp =
=1,6107
100
<Qr,q Qr
.

2:
s=0,114mS.cm1 =0,114103 S.cm1 =0,114103100S.m1 12
s =1,14102 S.m1
s=l(HO).[HO](S2) + l(NH 4+).[NH 4+](S2)
22
[HO](S2) =[NH 4+](S2)
32

s=( l(HO )+ l(NH 4 )).[HO ](S2)

0
+
) ) (NH 4

(HO

[HO](S2) =

11,410-3
11,4
=
=0,419mol.m3
(19,9+ 7,34) 10- 3 27,24
[HO](S2) =0,419103 mol.L1
[HO](S2) =4,2104 mol.L1

[HO](S2) =

25

42V2 = 1,0L S2 C 2 =C 0/1000=1,09102 mol.L1

HO(aq)
+NH 4+(aq)
NH3(aq) +H 2O (l) =
mol
n1=C2V2

0
0
0
n1 =1,09102

x
x
x
1,09102 x

xf =[HO (aq)](S2) V2

xf =4,2104 1,09102 xf
xf =4,2104
xf =4,2104
xmax =
1,09102 xmax

xmax =1,09102
xmax =1,09102
=0
1,09102
4,210-4
x
t2 =
t2 =
= 3,8%
1,09 10- 2
x
t2 >t1 52..

max

-1 :

1-1

:
-

2-1 : 107
107
47

Ag

-2 108

1-2 b
b+
-

2-2

CadmiumCd

108
47

1
0

Ag n +

0
-1

0
1

108
47

AZX + -01e
108 A =108 47 = Z 1 Z = 48

= A + 0
Ag

108
48

Cd + -01e

108
47

Ag

b+
Z=46 Y
108 =A+ 0 A= 108
PalladiumPd
108
108
0
47Ag 46Pd + 1e
-3 108
l.t
N(t)=N0.e

1-3 N
2-3
ln 2
ln 2
= l l s1

t 1/2 =
3-3
t1/ 2
l
108
47

Ag AZY + 01e
47= Z+1

ln 2
1
-1
[l]=
= [ T]
=
] t1/ 2 [ T

26

dN
A =
4-3 t
dt
dN
A= = ( l.N0. el.t)=l.N0. elt = l.N
1-4-3
dt
n
n 1 =A.Dt= l.N.Dt = l.Dt.N0.el.t
A= 1
2-4-3
Dt
3-4-3 ln(n 1)=ln( l.Dt.N0.el.t)= ln(l.Dt.N0)+ln(el.t )=ln(l.Dt.N0) l.t
-4 108

1N(t)=N0.el.t

1-4

+b

ln(n 1)=a.t a

ln(n 1)=b +a.t

ln(n 1)=ln(l.Dt.N0) l.t

b=ln(l.Dt.N0)
a= l

2-4

N0

A(100ln390=5,95)etB(200ln256 =5,55)
ln256 - ln390
a =
= 4,21.103 s1
200 -100
l= a=4,21103 s1
b= 6,4 b= ln(l.Dt.N0)
l.Dt.N0 =eb
eb
N0 =
l.Dt
6,4
e
N0 =
=2,9.105 noyaux
4, 21 10-3 0,50

3-4

ln 2

t1/2 =

l
ln2
t1/2=
= 165s
4,21 10 -3
27


11
HCOO(aq)+H3O+

HCOOH(aq)+H2O(l)=

Avancement
(mol)

c.V

c.V x

xq

xq

c.V xq

xq

xmax

xmax

c.Vxmax

xmax

xq =n(H3O+)q =[H3O+]q.V= 10pH.V

xq =102,910103
xq =1,3105 mol

:
xmax =c.V
xmax =1,010210103
xmax =1,0104 mol
:
- pH

pH

10 .V 10
=
=
c.V
c

xq
x max

t =

-2,9

10
=100,9 =0,13= 13%
1, 0 10-2
311 t << 100%
10-pH
t =
21
c
c pH pH1 < pH2

2:
12
HCOOH(aq)+C6H5COO (aq)=HCOO(aq) +C6H5COOH(aq)
C6 H 5COOH ( aq ) q. [ HCOO - ( aq)]q
=K

q . [ HCOOH ( aq )]q
C6 H 5COO ( aq )
t =

C6H5COOH(aq)+H2O(l)= C6H5COO (aq)+H3O+

+
C6 H 5COO ( aq ) q . H 3O q
KA2 =
C6 H 5COOH ( aq)q

HCOOH(aq)+H2O(l)=HCOO(aq)+H3O+
[ HCOO - (aq) ]q . H 3O+ q
= KA1
[ HCOOH (aq )]q

28

[H3O+]/[H3O+]
KA1
+
C6 H 5COOH ( aq ) q .[ HCOO ( aq) ]q . H 3O

K=

C6 H 5COO - ( aq ) q . H 3O + .[ HCOOH ( aq )]q

1/KA2

- pKA1

10
K
(pKa2pKa1)
K= A1 ==10
pK
A
2
KA2
10
K=104,23,8 =100,4 = 2,5
122
c'
Qr,i =
c
(5, 0 10 -3)
= 0,25
Qr,i =
(1, 0 10-2)
Q r,i <K
222Qr =K
c'
K =
c
c'=K.c
c'= K.c =c. K
c'=1,0102 2,5
c'=1,6102 mol.L1

29


:
10 ) (
.....
XIX)(
19031911
226a.(Rn)
88 Ra

228 .b
. 88 Ra
20884124
1 84 Po
2
226
4
222
3
88 Ra 2 He+ 86 Rn
226
226
4 88 Ra 86 Rn

5228Ra b.
222
222
6 86Rn 3,8.11.4 86Rn
%12.5

238
226 92 U a b
7 88 Ra
.
8226 6,0 105 Bq
4
226.
2,0 10 88Ra
9 8MeV

Rn

222
86

Ra 4
2He +
3

226
88
3

10 Rn 1m3 3,75 10 Bq 1m
3 1015 mol
:
DN (t)
.A(t)=
A(t)
Dt
tA(t) N(t)
DN (t)
A(t)=
= l N(t)
Dt
a4 He

2
8
1
c = 2,998 10 m.s

19
1eV= 1,602 10 J
1an=3,156 107 s

NA = 6,02 1023 mol1

( kg)

1,674927 1027

neutron

86

Rn

radon

1,672621 1027

proton

87

Fr

francium

6,64465 1027

noyau 4
2He

88

Ra

radium

89

Ac

actinium

3,752438 1025

noyau226Ra

90

Th

thorium

3,685904 1025

noyau222Rn

91

Pa

protactinium

30

:

.
:
)MT:(
RT:
ms:
h:
1:1687
41957
11)(
21.
.
2
)( 1990
600km100.
12
112.
212 )G MT,RT,hG(
312 T
22
122
222

(
(.
3
.
.
HipparcosAriane81989
3600km 500km
13.
""

23,A,P
3600km500km
33

43.
31

:
. HCOOH
1 V0=100mlm
, S0 .C0 =102 mol/L
.11.m
.21.
.31.
+
.41 H 3O f .C0

] [H O

+ .2

.51Qrf : :

C0 - [H3O+ ]f

. Qr f =

2 . H 3O+ f
3(S0 )=0.05s.m1.mol : 250 C
Qrf Qrf Ka .(HCOOH/HCOO)
1
4 (S1 ) .C1 =10 mol/L
Qrf =1.8x104 : . =0.17s.m1
.14(S0 )(S1 )
.24 f
.34 Qrf
:
.H=1g/molO=16g/molC=12g/mol
::
.Ka (HCOOH/HCOO)=1.8x104 : 250 C
(H3O+)=35.103s.m2mol1.:250 C
(HCOO )=5.46x103s.m2 mol1.
:

. . 10000volts
:
:
E=12v

(L)

r=6.0

. u2

di1
dt

u2 = a i1 a

- :

: : :

.1

di1 r
E
i1+ i1 = :
dt L
L

.2
.3 i1.
.4.
32

:2:)(.
(M) :
-
-i1(t) t 0
t
t

E
E

+ I1R + r
R+r
:

L
R + r

= ) i1 ( t

t =

i1.
i1

i1

i1

c :

i1(t).
u2(t) :
.t

.
2:

)(1

q:

d2q r dq q E
+ +
=
dt2 L dt LC L

.(r=0)::
:

2.
)t +C.E (3
g

q (t ) = Q0.cos q(t=0s)=Q0 +C.E:Q0 >0.

.1 :
.2

d2q q
E
+
=
(2)
2
dt LC L

) d2q ( t
dt 2
33

)dq ( t
dt

i 1 =

.3

(2) (3) g = 2.. L.C :

.4

2
.5 .2 t) :

( u2 ( t ) = Acos A:

g
.6 u2(t).

:(r0): u2(t):
.1
.2 u2(t)
.3 u2(t)

33%. S0
c 0
: 1000S0 S1 C1
: 100ml S1
CB=0.10mol/l

11
21 VE
31 V1,VE ,CB,C1 C1
41 C0
51 m01
1
M(HCl)=36,5g.mol1 S0 r0 =1160g.L
100
611 S0
71 S0
pH S1
81
91

3,14,4

6,07,6

3,8 5,4

34

(S)

Documentn2:

SimulationdudosagedelasolutiondiluedaidechlorhydriqueS1 par
pHmtrie

35

:
1:
2:

84124

m(Ra)=3,7524381025 kg

=88mp +138mn =881,672621.1027 +1381,674927.1027 =3,7833061025 kgm

3 :
226
88

222
Ra 4
2 He+ 86 Rn
(88=86+2)
(226=4+222)
226
226
4: 88 Ra 86Rn

5:
Ra Ac+ e
6:11.4%.12.5
t1/23.8)(50%
2t1/27.6)(25%
3t1/211.4)(12.5%
7:
0
-1

228
89

228
88

0
4
226
88 Ra+a 2He+b -1e

238
92U

238=226+4a
4a=12
a=3.
92=88+32b
b=2
238
226
4
0
92U 88 Ra+3 2He+2 - 1e
83,6107 :1Bq.
60 606,0105 Bq = 3,6107
9:4,9MeV
226
4
222
88 Ra 2 He+ 86 Rn
)Dm=m(He)+m(Rn) m(Ra
El = Dmc=[(6,644651027 +3,6859041025 3,7524381025)(2,998108)]/1,602.1019
=4,9MeV
10: 1m3 3 1015 mol

N
NA

n=

A
l

=N

A= lN

3,75 103
= 2,97.1015 mol=31015 mol
2,10 10-6 6,02 1023

36

n=

A
l.NA

n=


1
1
1

n
O

FT /S
M mS
FT /S = G. T
n
(RT + h)2
(

21)
r
FT /S = mS . a
M mS
r
= mS . a
G. T
2 n
(RT + h)

MT
r
n = a
2
(RT +h)

G.

2
12(hubble):
112
v
r dv
a =
t +
n
(RT +h)
dt
dv
. FT /S =0
dt
v
r
a =
212 n
(RT + h)
MT
v
=
G.
2
(RT + h) (RT + h)

MT
= v
(RT + h)

MT
(RT + h)

G.

G.

v =

3122p(RT+h) T
2p(RT + h)

v =

T
2p(RT + h)
T =
v
2

4p (RT + h)2
T =
v
R + h)2
4p 2(
T
T =
G.MT
(RT + h)
4p2(RT + h)3
G.MT

T
4p 2
=

(RT + h)3 G.MT

37

T =

22:

a Satellit

122
222 (2:

a
FT /S
222 (1

3.
13:
13()T(S

13(
13(T
T/a3
23
F F)(
S

=2a
=a
T
:A36000
: P500

F
P

F'

2a

>

<

33.HK
MN

P
H

43 pA

38

M
A
N

:
11

m
m=C0.V0.M
MHCOOH
m=5.102 g m=0,01 0,100 46 =4,6.102 g :

+
. HCOOH(aq) +H2O(l) =HCOO (aq) +H3O
.21
:.32

HCOOH(aq)+H2O(l)=HCOO(aq)+H3O+
n=C0.V0 =

n0 =C0.V0

Excs

()

xmax

C0.V0 xmax

Excs

xmax

xmax

)
(

x q

C0.V0 xq

Excs

x q

xq

t =

xq
xmax

xmax =C0.V0
xq =[H3O+]q .V0
:

41.

:
C0.V0 xmax =0
xq = n +

H3O

t =

[H3O ]q

C0
51

Q r,q =

( aq )]q.[

[HCOO
[HCOOH

H3O

+ ]

(aq )]q

[H3O+]q =[HCOO(aq)]q
:
[HCOOH(aq)]q =[HCOOH(aq)]i [HCOO(aq)]q :
[HCOOH(aq)]q =C0 [H3O+] q
:
2
[H3O+]q
Q r,q =
:
C0 - [H3O+]q
s = l(H3O+).[H3O+]q + l(HCOO).[HCOO(aq)]q

s =[l(H3O+)+ l(HCOO)].[H3O+]q
s
[H3O+]q =
+
l (H 3O )+l (HCOO- )

0,050
[H3O+]q =
35,0.10 3 + 5,46.10-3
+
[H3O ]q =1,2mol.m3
[H3O+]q =1,2.103 mol.L1
t =

[H
3O+]q

C0

t =12%

39

2
[H3O+]q
C0 - [H3O+]q

Qr,q =

[H3O+]qQr,q = 1,7.104 :

.I

KA Qr,q
: KA =Qr,q s.
.14)
(
..
.24 , t .
. 34.
S1

S0

0,10

0,010

Ci (mol.L1)

0,17

0,050

s (S.m1)

4,2

1,2

[H3O+]q (mol.m3)

4,2.103

1,2.103

[H3O+]q (mol.L1)

4,2

12

t (%)

1,8.104

1,7.104

Qr,q

1.

1:
21:

di
dt

E=ur +uL=r.i1 +L:

2 i 1 E=r.I1 I1
E 12
I1 = =
3= 2.0A :
r 6.0
4 =0

di
dt
1

di
dt
1

u2 = a.

.
2:

.
:
C i 1(t) i 1(t)=a.t+b

E
E

+ I1= I 0
R+r
R + r 1

E
E
+ I1e
R+r
R + r

= ) i1 ( 0

B i1(0)=0 . i1(t)
E
R i1
=

R+ r
A.
t
-

) i1(t:

E e
R + r

a
t

u2 =- . I1-

40

E
,t=0
R + r

a
t

u2(0)= - . I1-

- 1
u2(0).e1 = u2(t)= - . I1 e
t
R + r

t= t

u2(0)=15000V:
u2(t)=15000e1 =5518V
t 5518V t =2,0ms :

Iu2I>10000V
t>0,8ms
3:
.1 :
)dq ( t
2.
q ( t ) = Q0.cos
i1 = t +C.E
dt
g

u2(t)=5518V

:
p

.Q0. s in 2p t
g
g

) d2q ( t

.2
) d2 q ( t
dt2

i1 = -

dt 2

2p

.Q0.

2p
co s
t
g

d2 q
q
E
+
=
dt 2
LC
L

.3
E
L

CE
LC

Q
2p
. cos t
LC
g
.p
1
+

g
LC
2

=0

.Q0. cos

Q0. cos 2p t . -

.p
1
+

g
LC
2

=0

2p
t
g

q(t). -

2p

:
4.p
1
+

LC
g
2

=0

.g = 2.. L.C

g 2 = 4. 2.L.C:

.4 g T0 LC.
.5a. :

di
=u2(t)
dt
1

= a.

) d2q ( t
2

dt

= a.

2p

= a.cos 2p t .Q0.

2p Q0
cos
t .
g LC

u2(t)

t) :

2
g
Q 0

. (a >0)

( u 2 ( t ) = A cos:
t

A= a.

LC

-A
41

 .6.
:(r0):
2nde
tincelle

4me

3me
1re
tincelle

.1.
.2 u2(t) r
) ( rLC
.
.3 u2(t)
Iu2I>10000V. t=0ms, t 2,5ms,t 4ms , t 6ms :
:
1:
H3O+(aq) +HO(aq) =2H2O(l)
2

VE =11.2ml

3 Ca.Va. Cb.VBe Ca

)= HO-+ (
H3O

C1.V1 =CB.VE

42

CB VE
V1

C1 =

1, 00.10-1 11, 2
=11,2103 mol.L1
100, 0
4 C0 S01000

C1 =

C0 =1000C1 =11,2mol.L1
5 m01
m0 =n0MHCl =C0VMHCl
m0 =11,2136,5=409g
6 m
m= r0V=11601,000=1160g
7
1001160
409100
409 100
p=
=35,3%
1160

In
pH
7,0

HInd

PH
V VE
9
PH=7
.
43


:
E A.B

A qA=1.2mc

-1
-2 B

R=10k

-4

5=2.4s

/R

-5
-6
-7 q

:
-1 ) (
-2 14
-3 EL/A EL
-4
-5

:
(H2C2O4) CrO72
Cr2O 72- +3H2C2O4 +8H3O+ = 2Cr3+ +6CO2 + 15H2O
S1

S2

. 100mlS1 C1=0.02mol/l 100ml S25.04g

(H2C2O4 ,2H2O)

1 S2 C2=0.4mol/l
2
3
4
5
3+

6
[Cr ]t
[Cr2O 72- ]t =0,01
2
7t=0, t=t1/2 , t=45min

44

:
I2

S2O32

-1:
-

I2 /I

S4O62 /S2O32

-2:

2ml

( C1= 0.1mol/l

) ( .

ml

10

V=7.8ml

C1=0.1mol/l

.
23924

.
1
2
3
4(94239)(92235)
5

A
Z
)(u

p
1
1
1.0078

1
0
1.0086

14
6
14.0032

235
92
235.0439

239
94
239.0521

4
2
4.0026

92
36
91,9064

141
56
140,8836

1U=931.5MeV

45

46

47

48


4 :
1:
CH 3CO 2H
CH 3CO 2H (aq) +H 2O (l) =CH 3CO 2(aq) +H 3O+(aq)
11.
21/
31
2:
C 1 = 2.7 mmol/l V1=100ml25
PH 3.70
12 n1
22 n 1 x max x f
32 PH
42 7.4x 102
52 CH3CO2(aq). CH3CO2H
62 1.6 x 105
4 :
A.B.C C 0


1

C
B
A

6.07.6

3.14.4

(HIn/In ) 11
21 PH
31
41
2 PH100
PH
12 PH 12.0 2.9 2.0

22 C 0

49

:
1 )(
2
Hlium4
Hlium3
Deutrium
4He
3He
2H
2
2
1

Hydr ogne
11H p

1
1

3
4 3
534
6)(
4
0
4 1
1H 2He+2 1e+2 g
0e:0,0006u
1

4He:4,0026u
2

:1,0073u

1H
1

7
8 72x 109kg

45x104 kg ,
45x105 kg ,
45x106 kg, 45x107 kg
4 :
dx
) +x=(
dt
:.

b 0

b=0 x(t)= X 0e t

. 1et

X0

=)x(t

L r =11.8 R= 12
.E= 6.1V
1:
1
11
21 RL
121
221) 0,95H(1.20 H
2 :
12
R + r
a = b
22
L
t
-
E
= )i(t
32 1 - e t
R+r

42 I)( .

52 i(t) t=t I

50

:
VB =20mL C B
) H3O+ +Cl(aq CA =102 mol/L

1
2
3
4

VA

pH

) pH=f(VA
( ) /( (H3O+/H2O)(NH4+/NH3)
+
( K pka ) (NH4 /NH3
( E(pHE ,VAE)
( pH=9.2 pH=5.7 pH=2
:

pKa1 (NH4+ /NH3 )=9.2

pKa2 (H3 O+ /H2O)=0

pKa3 (H2O/OH )=14

pH

2
4

)V(ml
VA (mL)

51

H 3O+(aq)

H 2O (l) =CH 3CO 2(aq)

CH 3CO 2H (aq) +

x =0

x=xmax

x=xf

52

5:
11
21 CH 3CO 2H (aq)/ CH 3CO2(aq)) H 3O+(aq) / H 2O
[CH3CO2-(aq)]f .[H3O+ (aq)]f
K =
31
[CH3CO2H(aq)]f
12
2,7104 mo

n 1 =2,7.103 0,100=

22
=CH 3CO 2(aq)
+

0,5
0,5
0,5

0,5

CH 3CO 2H (aq) +H 2O (l)

H 3O+(aq)

n 1

x=0

xmax

x max

n 1 xmax

x=x max

x f

xf

n 1 x f

x=xf

0,5

n 1 xmax =0x max =n 1

xmax =2,7104 mol
32
pH= log[H 3O+]
+
[H 3O (aq)]f =103,70 =2,0.104 mol.L1

[H 3O+(aq)]f =10pH
0,5

42

xf
xmax

t1 =

xf =[H 3O+(aq)]f V1 x f =2,0.104 0,100= 2,0.105 mol

2,0.10-5
=0,74105104 =0,74.101
2,7.10-4
52

xf
V1

0,5

t1 =

[H 3O+(aq)]f =[CH 3CO 2(aq)]f =

[CH 3CO 2(aq)]f = 2,0.10 4 mol.L1

0,5

[CH 3CO 2H (aq)]f =c1 [CH 3CO 2(aq)]f

[CH 3CO 2H (aq)]f =2,7.103 2,0.10 4 =27.104 2,0.104
[CH 3CO 2H (aq)]f = 25.104 =2,5.103 mol/L
[CH3CO2-(aq)]f .[H3O+ (aq)]f
K =
62
[CH3CO2H(aq)]f
2,0.10-4 2,0.10-4
4,0
10-8 103
=
- 3
2,5.10
2,5

K=1,6.105

0,5

K=
0,5

53

3 :0,5x6=
11

21 A 12 PH
3,1
B12 PH
3,1
C12 PH
7,6
31: AB C
41 PH
12PH
PH= 2 A
PH=2.9 B
PH =12.0 C
22 C 0=Cx100=[AH]0= 1mol/l
4 :8x0,5=
1:
:
:
:
2:
Hlium4
Hlium3
Deutr ium

4He
3He
2H

2
2
1
1
2

Z
A
3 1
4 2

2
3
1H+ 1H 2 H + AX
1
1
1
Z
g)

2H+ 1p 3He*( 3He* 3He+

1
1
2
2
2
1
4
2He +21H

53
6:
2
2

2
4
A=0z=1

)
)

3
3
2He+ 2He

1
2
0
(1
1H+ 1H 1H+ 1e
3
(21H+ 1
1p 2He+ g
3
3
4
1
2He+ 2He 2He+21H
4
0
4 1
1H 2He+2 1e+2g

7
m=m(42He )+2m(01e ) 4m(11H )
=4,0026+2 0,0006 4 1,0073
=4,0026+0,0012 4,0292
=4,0038 4,0292
= 0,0254u

54

Hydr ogne
1
1 p
1
1H
1
1

8
4 4m( H )=4 1,0073=4,0292u
0,0254u
72 x109kg

720 0, 0254
M=
x108 =4,5x 108kg
4,0292
1
1

4 :8x0.5=
110,25:
L
1 21
=t= 0,045s = 45ms
R+r

31
12
i

u AB

u BC

L=(R+r) x = 45.103 (12+ 11,8)= 1,1 H

di
u AB =r.i+L.
dt
uBC =R.i
di
E=r.i+L. +R.i
dt
di R + r
E
+
= .i
dt L L

22

R + r
E
a =

L
L

55

 32
R + r
. t
L

R + r
-
. t
L

di
E
R + r
E
=

.e = .e
L
L
dt R +r
R + r
R + r
.t
.t
E
R + r E
R + r
L
L
.
=
.i
=
1
e
1
e

L R + r
L
L

R + r
R + r
.t
di R + r
E - L . t E
L
+
.i
=
+
.e
1
e

dt L
L
L

di R + r
E
+

.i =
dt L
L
E
R +r
6,1
= 2,6.101 A
I=
12 +11,8

42

I=

52 t=

2,5.101 A

E
E
0,63=I 0,63
1 - e-1)=
(
R+r
R +r
i(t)=1,6.101 A.

=i(t)

4 :
1

(
+
+
NH3(aq) +H3O (aq) =NH4 (aq)+H2O(I).

0,5

=10pka
(2
Ka
0,5+ 0,5
(3(5,7_18,4)
(4
PH= 2 (
0,5
PH = 5.7 (
0,5 NH4+
0,5
PH=9.2 ( PH =PKa NH3 NH4+
K=

K= 1.6x 109

56

0,5+ 0,5

6
4:
.
,.HCOOH

:
M(C)=12g.mol1 M(H)=1g.mol1 M(O)=16g.mol1
KA(HCOOH /HCOO)= 1,8104 25C
25C
l(H3O+)=35,0103 S.m.mol1
l(HCOO)=5,46103 S.m.mol1
s Xi s = S li.[Xi]
1 V0 =100 mL
S0 C0 =0,01mol.L1
11
21
31) (1 xqC0,V0,xmax xq
xmax
41t [H3O+]qC0
2
[H3O+]q
Qr, q =
51 Qr,q
C0 - [H3O+]q
2s
[H3O+]q
1
3 S0 s =0,05S.m25C
132
23 Qr,q KA HCOOH /HCOO
4 S1 . C1 = 0,10 mol.L1
2
:
14
24
4 :

.
H2O2(aq) +2I(aq) +2H3O+(aq) =I2(aq) +4H2O(l)
1:
11
21)/(

2 : t= 0s 20.0ml 0.10mol/l
8.0ml 2.0ml 0.10mol/l
[I2]

1420

1178

930

682

434

126

6,53

6,26

5,84

5,16

4,06

1,74

0,00

57

t(s)
1

[I2](mmol.L )

12
22
x
42
3:
1x
13 t= 300s
23
33
4 :
Po841898
,210.

4
2 He

32 [I2]

At

Po

Bi

Pb

Th

84

83

82

81

85
1:
11
21210
31
2 :
N(t) t
t=0 N0.
240

200

160

120

80

40

) (t

0,30

0,37

0,45

0,55

0,67

0,82

N(t)
N0

124
22
N(t)
]=f(t)
In[
N0
1cm0,1
1cm20
32 t
42 l210
t. t1/2
4:
(E= 6,00 V)Lr=10.0W R= 200 W.
i

()

(+)
L,r
B

58

uAB

t=0s
12

uBC

1:
11i
21 i
31
2
12 I 0 I 0
22 I 0
3
13t
23
33 L

59

60

4:
)(.
En= 13.6/n2
)(
1:
11)(
21
31E=0(ev)
2:
12 12.75ev
22 11.0ev
32

42 E=15.6(ev)
3:
|| En E0
,(n=2345.))(

13

23n=2

)(800nm.400nm
: h=6.62.106 SI 1ev=1.6 .1019 joule c=3.108 m/s

61

62

(mol)

xmax

)
(

xq

)
(

3
S1

S0

0,10

0,010

Ci (mol.L1)

0,17

0,050

s(S.m1)

4,2

[H3O+]q (mol.m3)

4,2.103

[H3O+]q (mol.L1)

4,2

t (%)

1,8.104

Qr,q

4
240

200

160

120

80

40

0,30

0,37

0,45

0,55

0,67

0,82

t(jours)
N(t)
N0
N(t)
ln[
]
N0

:
11:
m

m=C0.V0.M

MHCOOH

n=C0.V0 =

m=0,01 0,100 46
m=4,6.102 g
m=5.102 g
21:
HCOOH(aq)+H2O(l)=HCOO(aq)+H3O+
31

HCOOH(aq)+H2O(l)=HCOO (aq)+H 3O+

N0 =C 0.V0

xmax

x max

C 0.V0 xmax

xmax

xq

x q

C 0.V0 x q

xq

63

 41

x
t = q
xmax

C0.V0 xmax =0
xmax =C0.V0

xq = n +
H O
3
+
xq =[H3O ]q .V0

[H
3O+]q

C0

t =

51
-
+
(aq)]q.[ 3 ]q

[HCOO
H O
[HCOOH(aq)]q

Qr,q =

[H3O+]q =[HCOO(aq)]q

[HCOOH(aq)]q =[HCOOH(aq)]initiale [HCOO(aq)]q

[HCOOH(aq)]q =C0 [H3O+]q
2
[H3O+]q
Qr,q =
C0 -[H3O+]q
2
s = l(H3O+).[H3O+]q + l(HCOO).[HCOO(aq)]q
s =[l(H3O+)+ l(HCOO)].[H3O+]q
13

s
[H3O+]q =
+
l (H 3O )+l (HCOO- )
0,050
35,0.10-3 +5,46.10-3
[H3O+]q =1,2mol.m3
[H3O+]q =1,2.103 mol.L1

[H3O+]q =

[H
3O+]q

C0

t =

t =12%
2
[H3O+]q
Qr,q =
C0 -[H3O+]q
Qr,q =1,7.104
23
KA =Qr,q
14
24
64

S1

S0

0,10

0,010

Ci (mol.L1)

0,17

0,050

s(S.m1)

4,2

1,2

[H3O+]q (mol.m3)

4,2.103

1,2.103

[H3O+]q (mol.L1)

4,2

12

t (%)

1,8.104

1,7.104

Qr,q

:
1:
11
.
21 H 2O 2(aq)/H 2O (l)
H2O2(aq) +2H+(aq) +2e = 2H2O(l)
I 2(aq)/I(aq)
2I(aq) =I2(aq) + 2e
2:
n1 =n(I)i =C1V1 =0,1020,0.103 =2,0mmol
12
n2 =n(H2O2)i =C2V2 =0,102,0.103 =0,20mmol
n -
n(H O )i = (I )i
2 2
2

(I
-)i

10

n(H2O2)i =

22
+4H2O(l)

+2H3O+(aq) =I2(aq)

+2I(aq)

H2O2(aq)

n1

n2

n1 2 x

n2 x

xf

n1 2xf

n2 xf

x(300)=0,09

n1 2x(300)=
2,0 20,09=
1,8

n2 x(300)=
0,20 0,09=
0,11

t=300s
(mmol)

x
VT

[I 2(aq)]=

32

VT =20,0+8,0+2,0=30mL

42

n1 2xmax =0 =1,0 mmol

n1
2

xmax =

n2 xmax =0 xmax =n2 = 0,20 mmol

xmax

0,20
=
= 6,7.103 mol.L1 = 6,7mmol.L1
VT
30
65

[I 2(aq)]th =

3 :

L
t1/2

300
13
L=14,8cm 2500s
300s
dcm
14,8300
d=
=1,8cm
2500
1.8cm 300s

4
2,510 mol

H=11,3cm
x(300)mol

h=4,2cm
-4
2,5 10 4,2
x(300)=
=0,93104 mol= 0,09mmol
11,3
dx
1 dx

v=
23
dt
V dt
.
4
2,010
x=
33 xf/2 t1/2
2
t 1/2 = 3.102 s

66

:
1:
11)(
)(
21 21084126
31 ,
210
206
4
84 Po 82Pb+ 2He
2:
12
t(jours)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
N(t)
1
0,82
0,67
0,55
0,45
0,37
0,30
N0

1,2

0,80

1,0

0,40

0,60

0,20

N(t)
)
N 0

(-ln

22

-LnN/No
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
)t (d
32

240

120

180
l.t

60
l.t

N(t) =N0.e

N(t)/N0 =e
ln(N(t)/N0)= l.t
ln(N(t)/N0)= l.t
ln(N(t)/N0)=f(t)

67

 42:l l
AB
N(t B)
B(tB=240
)=1,2
N0

N(t A)
=0)
N0

A(tA =0

N (t B ) N (tA)

N0
N0

l=
t B -t A
1, 2
= 5,0103 d1
240
1, 2
= 5,8108 s1
=l
240 24 60 60
t=1/ l
t =1/5,8108
t =1,7107 s
ln 2
t 1/2 =
l
ln 2
t1/2=
5,8 10 -8
t1/2=1,2107 s

l =

:
1:
11 1 2.
di
u AB =r .i+L
21

dt

31 u BC =R.i
41.
.
: uBC =f(t) t=0s u BC =0V
0.04s u BC
: uAB =f(t)
di
i
t
dt
di
L
ri

dt
di
u AB = L u AB .

dt
di
t> 0.014s =0r i.
dt
u AB =r .i u AB

2 :
12

E =u BC +u AB

di
dt

E=R.i+r.i+L.

di
i= I 0 =0
dt
E=R.I0 +r .I 0

E
I 0 =
R+ r
68

6,00
=2,86.102 A=28,6mA
200+10,0

22:
1 u BC t u BC =R.I 0

I 0 =

uBC
. u BC =5,7V
R
5,7
I 0 =
=2,9.102 A
200
2 u AB t u AB =r .I 0
0,3
u
I 0 = AB . u AB =0,3V I 0 =
=3.102 A.
10
,0
r
3:
13
I 0 =

1
u BC =5,7V

t=0s

t=
t= t
2

u AB =0,3V
23 RL
t= t

L
t=
R+r

[U]
[R]=
=[U].[I]1
[I]

u=R.i

dt
L=u.
di

[L]=[U].[T].[I]1

69

di
u=L.
dt

[L] [U].[T].[I]-1
=
[t]=[T]
[R]
[U].[I]-1
33 :L

[t]=

L
doncL=t.(R+r)
R+r
L=2,5.103 (200+10,0)
L=0,53H

t=

:
E(ev)
1
11)6(
E=0ev

E1=13.6evE2=3.39evE3=1.51ev
E4=0.85evE5=0.54evE6=0.38ev
21
E=13.6ev
31 E=0ev
2
12 E=12.75ev

En =13.6+12.75=0.85ev
n4
22 E=11.0ev
En =13.6+11.0=2.6ev

32
En =13.6+13.6=0ev En =13.6ev
E=hc/ ll=91.3nm
42 E=15.6ev E=13.6ev
E=13.6+15.6=2ev
.
3:
13 n>1 n=1

E =10.21ev
n=2 n=1
l =hc/E = 121.5nm
Emax=0ev
l =91.3nm
E =13.6ev
23 n=2
E =1.88ev
n=3 n=2
l =hc/E = 660.3 nm
Emax=0ev n=2
l =366.1nm
E =3.39ev

70

04 ):(
- I E=10V

C=10f

UAB

q0

.A

- .

- .

II

t= 0

.B

: :

+
+

)q(t

=q(t)

q(t)= (1

R, C, q 0

UAB .t >0

R UAB

3V

15s

04 ):(
L,r

E=12V

t=0

R=35 W

1-

( .

r
( 3 t

i(A)

0.06

t(s)
20

1 -
(

2-

L(H)

)L=f(t

L,r,R

0.2

t (ms)

( -

2 -
71

1-

04 ):(

C 6H 5COOH

pK a

A, B, C

4,2

4,87

3,75

C2H5COOH/C2H5COO HCOOH/HCOO C6H5COOH/C6H5COO

- .

- .

C 2H 5COOH

(.

pKa
) /

HCOOH

pH

- -

pKa pH

) ( H 3O

Ka

3,4 3,1 2,9.

0,125 0,079 0,037. :

04 ):(

)(vitamineC 500mg

C 6H 8O 6

V=100.0ml

V1=10.0mL

c2 = 1.0x101molL1

c1

Va =2.0mL

11

21

) (
:

72

pKa

6.0 7.0

3 -1
2

7.6

c1

V0 =10.0mL

1 2

. - .

2 2

. .

3- 2

1- 3 - 2

14.2mL

. .

c0

2- 3 - 2

3- 3 - 2

4- 3 - 2

: )

/ ( (C 6H 8O 6/ C 6H 7O 6 ):
H=1g/molO=16g/molC=12g/mol

73

04 ):(

) s
AB

( - -

a =30
D= AB =0,50m
L =BC = 0,20m
hC = 0,40m
m= 10g
g =9,8m.s2

X1

X2

hA

B
hC

: 11 ) s

( .

: 2-1 ) s
: 31 ) ( s C vC =2.2m.s
(

2g.D.sin

VB =

2 : C G

1-1-2

: .

2-1-2

3-1-2

Cxz

) Cxz

)s

uuur x = ( 2g.D.sin).t
CG
1 2
z = - g .t

: 4-1-2 z x

: 1-2-2 ) s

X1 =0,55m: X2 = 0,60 m

: 2-2-2 ) s

( .

Xf ) s

3-2-2

4-2-2

74

Xf =0,57m

) (.

1-I

. .

-2 A B

q 0 =UAB.C =10 c UAB =E=10V

3
4
5

=?

i(t)

.A
.B

=UR =E=R.I I

U(t)

- : .

II

1
2

. . :

- :

. q(t)=CU(t)

U(t)= Ri(t)=R

q . =0 :

0
3

=q(t)

- :

U1 =3V

=1.25106 = 1.25M
L,r

- :

5t 1 =15s

-4 :

1:

E=(R+r )I

I =4x0.06= 0.24A:

) i=f(t t=0s

r = 15

=20s
:

-.

L=( R+r ) =10+3 H

ms

L=a

R+r=tg

- 50:

L= 1H

.
5

1
75

(.

. :

E=(R +r )I = 50 x 5.3x 0.06= 16V

1 :

pKa

: .

. HCOOH (aq) +H 2O (l) = HCOO (aq) + H 3O

3
4

- )

pKa

pH

pH= 2.9 B
mol /L

-.

pH= 3.1

2.9

pH= 3.4 A

mol/ L [H 3O+]C = 103.1mol/L

[H 3O+]B = 10

3.4

[H 3O+]A =10

) (

0.079 0.037.

0.125

1 1

. -

- .

. 2-1 1

) .

pH

pKi 1<pka< pki+ 1

.( .

3-1

..

1-2
2-

- .

1-3-

2-3-

pH

-4 5 .

- .

pH pH Veq

. .

C 6H 8O 6 (aq) + OH(aq)= C 6H 7O 6( aq) + H 2O

=28.4x103

4-3-

. .

76

r
P

1-1 :

r
R

r
R

.2-1 ) s

( :

mgh A =mg .D.sina =

3-1

1 1-2

= r a x = gx

.2-1-2 Cxz

. 3-1-2

E A +wm =E B

r
r
BC ( R + P =0) :

r
r
r
F
P
=
ext. = m.g :

. -

hA

r
P

a= dv:
dt

dv x(t )
dt

r v ( t ) = Cte
v x
v z( t ) = - g.t + Cte

a z = g z = - g

=a x

dv z(t )
dt

=az

v ( 0 ) = v c

= v C = vB
0

= v C z

r v

x ( t ) = v B
v
z ( t ) = - g .t

v
x

4 1-2

. - :

.g.D sin a

t =

. -2-2 z=hc :
.

x
.D.sina

z(x)=-

2-2

v C

vC

= v B

C te

C te

x=Xf etz=h C.

.g.t

0,40
= hc =0,29s :
9, 8

h C =
0, 40 sin 30 =0,63m

X f
.D.sin a

0 50

= hC

Xf =2

=0,41m

77

0 57

0, 40 sin 30

= D
4

0.5