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FABRICATION of HASTELLOY-Haynes Corrosion Resistant Alloy
FABRICATION of HASTELLOY-Haynes Corrosion Resistant Alloy
FABRICATION OF HASTELLOY
CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS
General Guidelines for
Welding, Brazing, Hot and
Cold Working, Heat Treating,
Pickling and Finishing
Contents
Introduction
Welding
Safety and Health
Considerations
Brazing
Lining
Hot Working
Cold Working
Heat Treatment
Descaling and Pickling
Grinding and Machining
Appendix - Selected
Data and Information
Chemical Compositions
Available Forms
Wire and Electrode Sizes
ASME and AWS
Specifications
Comparative Properties
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Conductivity
Sales Offices Addresses
H-2010F
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40
INTRODUCTION
This brochure is a general guide to the
fabrication of the corrosion-resistant
alloys produced by Haynes International, Inc. It is not meant to be an
instruction manual.
The following corrosion-resistant alloys
are covered in this brochure:
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY N alloy
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy is an additional
member of the nickel-molybdenum
family of alloys with excellent resistance to hydrochloric acid at all
concentrations and temperatures. It
also withstands sulfuric, acetic, formic
and phosphoric acids, and other
nonoxidizing media. B-3 alloy has a
special chemistry designed to achieve
a level of thermal stability greatly
superior to that of its predecessors,
e.g. HASTELLOY B-2 alloy. B-3 alloy
has excellent resistance to pitting
corrosion, to stress-corrosion cracking
and to knife-line and heat-affected
zone attack.
Ask for Bulletin H-2104
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy is a nickelchromium-molybdenum alloy with
outstanding high-temperature stability,
as evidenced by high ductility and
corrosion resistance even after
longtime aging at 1200 to 1900 deg. F
(649 to 1038 deg. C). The alloy also
has excellent resistance to stress
corrosion cracking and to oxidizing
atmospheres up to 1900 deg. F (1038
deg. C).
Ask for Bulletin H-2007
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy a versatile
nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten
alloy with better overall corrosion
resistance than other Ni-Cr-Mo-W
alloys available today, including
HASTELLOY C-276 and C-4 alloys and
HAYNES 625 alloy. C-22 alloy has
outstanding resistance to pitting,
crevice corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking. By virtue of its higher
chromium content, C-22 alloy is more
resistant than C-4 and C-276 alloys to
oxidizing acids and to acid streams
containing oxidizing residuals such as
dissolved oxygen, ferric ions and wet
chlorine. In fact, it is second only to
Introduction
as nitric/hydrochloric, nitric/hydrofluoric
and sulfuric acids. The resistance of G30 alloy to the formation of grain
boundary precipitates in the heataffected zone makes it suitable for use
in the as-welded condition.
Ask for Bulletin H-2028
HASTELLOY G-35 alloy was
designed to resist "wet process"
phosphoric acid, which is widely used
in the production of fertilizers. Tests
indicate that it is far superior to
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy and stainless
steels, in this chemical. It was also
designed to resist localized attack in
the presence of chlorides, since underdeposit attack is potential problem in
evaporators used to concentrate "wet
process" phosphoric acid. As a result
of its high-chromium content, G-35
alloy is extremely resistant to other
oxidizing acids, such as nitric, and
mixtures containing nitric acid. It
possesses moderate resistance to
reducing acids, as a result of its
appreciable molybdenum content, and,
unlike other nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, it is very resistant to
"caustic dealloying" in hot sodium
hydroxide. Finally, G-35 alloy is much
less susceptible to chloride-induced
stress corrosion cracking than the
high-chromium stainless steels and
nickel-chromium-iron alloys traditionally
used in "wet process" phosphoric acid.
Ask for Bulletin H-2121
HASTELLOY N alloy is a nickel-base
alloy that was developed as a
container material for molten fluoride
salts. It has good oxidation resistance
to hot fluoride salts in the temperature
range of 1300 to 1600 deg. F (704 to
871 deg. C). Alloy N is most useful in
environments involving fluorides at
high temperatures; however, the alloy
compares favorably with other
HASTELLOY alloys in various other
corrosive media. It is especially
suggested that the alloy be tested in
molten halides of zirconium, beryllium,
lithium, sodium, potassium, thorium or
uranium.
Ask for Bulletin H-2052
WELDING
General Welding
The welding characteristics of the
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys are similar in many ways to
those of the austenitic stainless
steels and present no special
welding problems, if proper
techniques and procedures are
followed.
As a way of achieving quality
production welds, development
and qualification of welding
procedure specifications is
suggested. Such procedures are
usually required for code
fabrication, and should take into
account parameters such as, but
not limited to, base and filler
materials, welding process, joint
design, electrical characteristics,
preheat/interpass control, and
postweld heat treatment
requirements.
Any modern welding power supply
with adequate output and controls
may be used with the common
fusion welding processes.
Generally, welding heat input is
controlled in the low to moderate
range. Wide weave beads are not
recommended. Stringer bead
welding techniques, with some
electrode/torch manipulation, are
preferred.
TABLE 1
Process
American Welding
Society Designation
Common
Designation
GTAW
TIG
GMAW
SMAW
MIG
Stick or Coated
Electrode
Welding
Welding
Figure 1
Alloy 625
Filler Metal
C-22 Alloy
Filler Metal
Alloy 904L
Filler Metal
Alloy 625
Filler Metal
C-22 Alloy
Filler Metal
IN-182 (600-type)
Electrode
IN-112 (625-type)
Electrode
C-22 Alloy
Electrode
IN-182 (600-type)
Electrode
IN-112 (625-type)
Electrode
C-22 Alloy
Electrode
Alloy 904L
Base Metal
9% FeCl3 Solution;
950F (350C), 120-hour test
Figure 2
Alloy 904L
Base Metal
9% FeCl3 Solution;
950F (350C), 120-hour test
Welding
Table 2A
AWS A5.11/A5.14
E*/ER**NiMo-7
E/ERNiMo-10
E/ERNiCrMo-4
E/ERNiCrMo-10
E/ERNiCrMo-7
E/ERNiCrMo-17
E/ERNiCrMo-11
E/ERNiMo-3
ERNiCrMo-3
Alloy Class
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
20
9
8
*E - Coated Electrodes
**ER - Bare Wire
Table 2B
HASTELLOY
C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY
G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY
N alloy
200/201
400
600
825
Stainless and
Carbon
Steel
Welding
B-2
10
11
11
10
10
11
13
14
10
11
13
12
10
11
13
10
11
13
15
10
11
13
17
9
20
10
11
10
11
8
10
8
10
13
10
13
8
B-3
11
10
11
10
13
14
11
10
13
12
11
10
13
11
10
13
15
11
10
13
17
9
20
11
10
11
10
8
11
8
11
13
11
13
8
C-4
C-276
C-22
C-2000
G-30
14
13
13
14
12
12
13
13
14
13
12
13
13
14
15
13
15
12
13
15
15
13
13
14
17
13
12
17
13
17
13
15
17
17
9
20
14
9
20
12
9
20
13
9
20
15
9
20
17
9
20
14
13
8
14
8
14
13
14
13
8
12
13
8
12
8
12
13
12
13
8
13
15
13
8
15
8
15
13
15
13
8
17
13
8
17
8
17
13
17
13
8
8
9
8
9
8
9
13
9
13
8
8
13
8
13
13
8
Figure 3
Joint III
Joint I
TABLE 3
Material
Thickness (t),
in. (mm)
1/16 (1.6)
3/32 (2.4)
1/8 (3.2)
1/4 (6.3)
3/8 (9.5)
1/2 (12.7)
1/2 (12.7)
5/8 (15.9)
5/8 (15.9)
3/4 (19.1)
3/4 (19.1)
Preferred
Joint
Design
l
I
I
II
II
II
III
II
III
II
III
Root
Opening (A),
in (mm)
0-1/16 (0-1.6)
0-3/32 (0-2.4)
0-1/8 (0-3.2)
1/16-1/8 (1.6-3.2)
Land
Thickness (B)
in (mm)
N/A
N/A
N/A
1/32-5/32
(0.8-4.0)
1/32-3/32
(0.8-2.4)
Included
Weld
Angle (C),
degrees
None
None
None
60-75
60-75
60-75
60-75
60-75
60-75
60-75
60-75
Approx. Weight
of Weld Metal
Required,
lbs/ft (kg/m)
0.02 (0.03)
0.04 (0.06)
0.06 (0.09)
0.30 (0.45)
0.60 (0.89)
0.95 (1.41)
0.60 (0.89)
1.40 (2.08)
0.82 (1.22)
1.90 (2.83)
1.20 (1.79)
Welding
Figure 4
1/16 to 3/32
45
60 - 75
15
1/16 min.
For side openings such as manways,
viewports, pipe flanges, etc. Not to
be confused with tube shells.
Preheat, Interpass
Temperature, and Cooling
Techniques
Figure 5
CONTROL OF DISTORTION
Drawings are
courtesy of
WELDING
ENCYCLOPEDIA,
Monticello Books,
Inc.
Transverse shrinkage
of weld
Neutral axis
Angular distortion
of butt weld
Longitudinal shrinkage
of weld
Neutral axis
Angular distortion
of filler weld
Control of Distortion
Distortion characteristics of the
nickel-based alloys are similar to
those of the austenitic stainless
steels. Figure 5 is included to show
possible changes in weld joint
shape.
Welding
Cracking Considerations
During normal fabrication of the
HASTELLOY alloys, cracking is
rare and one should expect to
fabricate large, complex
components with few problems.
Fabrication cracking, when noted,
can include hot cracking, stress
cracking, and cracking related to
heat treatment.
Welding
10
Figure 6
Grinding Marks
Run This Direction
Table 4
Joint Thickness
in (mm)
0.030-0.063 (0.8-1.6)
0.063-0.125 (1.6-3.2)
0.125-0.250 (3.2-6.3)
0.250 (6.3) and up
* DCEN
Tungsten
Electrode
Diameter
in (mm)
0.063 (1.6)
0.063/0.094 (1.6/2.4)
0.094/0.125 (2.4/3.2)
0.094/0.125 (2.4/3.2)
11
Filler Wire
Diameter
in (mm)
0.063 (1.6)
0.063/0.094 (1.6/2.4)
0.094/0.125 (2.4/3.2)
0.094/0.125 (2.4/3.2)
Welding
Current
Amps
15-60
50-95
75-150
95-200
Volts
9-12
9-12
10-13
10-13
Welding
Table 5
0.035
(0.9)
0.045
(1.1)
0.045
(1.1)
Shielding
Gas**
Ar+He
He+Ar+CO2
Ar+He+CO2
Ar+He
He+Ar+CO2
Ar+He+CO2
Ar
Ar+He+CO2
0.045
(1.1)
Ar+He
Ar+He+CO2
0.035
(0.9)
0.045
(1.1)
Ar+He
Ar+He+CO2
Ar+He
Ar+He+CO2
Welding
Current,
Amps
Welding
Voltage,
Volts
Wire Feed
Speed,
in./min. (m/min.)
Joint
Thickness
in. (mm)
* DCEP
** Ar+He=75% argon+25% helium; He+Ar+Co2=90% helium+7.5% argon+2.5% carbon dioxide; Ar+He+Co2=69% argon+30% helium+1% carbon dioxide; Ar=100% argon.
*** Detailed welding parameters are difficult to report because each welding machine uses unique set-up parameters to achieve proper welding characteristics.
Welding
12
13
Welding
Table 6
Welding
Approximate
Welding Voltage
Volts
22-24
22-24
22-25
24-26
Aim
Amps
65 - 70
90 - 100
130 - 140
160 - 170
14
Range
Amps
55 - 75
80 - 100
125 - 150
150 - 180
Caution
Welding may produce fumes and
gases hazardous to health.
Avoid breathing these fumes and
gases.
15
BRAZING
Brazing is defined as the joining of
metals using a filler metal whose
melting temperature is less than
that of the base material but over
840F (449C). It is usually
characterized by the distribution of
filler metal between closely fitted
surfaces. The filler metal then
flows with the application of heat
by capillary action.
Preparation
All forms of surface contamination
such as dirt, paint, ink, chemical
residues, oxides, and scale must
be removed from the mating parts
prior to brazing. Otherwise, the
molten brazing material will not
"wet" and flow along the surface of
the base material. Surfaces must
be cleaned by solvent scrubbing or
degreasing and then by
mechanical cleaning or pickling.
Once cleaned, the parts should be
assembled as soon as possible
with the assembler using clean
gloves to prevent subsequent
contamination.
Table 7
BAg-8
BAu-4
Brazing
Composition, %
45 Ag, 24 Cd, 16 Zn, 15 Cu
35 Ag, 26 Cu, 21 Zn, 18 Cd
50 Ag, 16 Cd, 15.5 Cu, 15.5 Zn, 3 Ni
40 Ag, 30 Cu, 28 Zn
72 Ag, 28 Cu
82 Au, 18 Ni
70 Au, 22 Ni, 8 Pd
54 Pd, 36 Ni, 10 Cu
36 Ni, 34 Pd, 30 Au
16
Brazing Termperature
0
F
(0C)
1145-1400 (618-760)
1295-1550 (702-843)
1270-1500 (688-816)
1435-1650 (779-899)
1435-1650 (779-899)
1740-1840 (949-1004)
1925
(1052)
2300
(1260)
2175
(1191)
Proper Fit-Up
Proper fit-up of the parts, prior to
brazing, is just as important as
precleaning since most brazing
alloys flow under the force of
capillary action. Joint gap
clearances on the order of 0.001
to 0.005 inches (0.02 to 0.13
mm) must be maintained at the
brazing temperature. If possible,
parts should be brazed in the
solution annealed condition (i.e.,
not cold worked). Excessive
external stresses or strains
imposed on the part during
brazing may cause cracking
problems, especially when
brazing fluxes are involved.
Protective Atmospheres
Manual torch brazing with silverbase brazing alloys invariably
requires the application of a flux
(available from the brazing alloy
manufacturer). Flux protected
brazing operations can also be
carried out by using an induction
coil heating source, or in a
furnace with a reducing
atmosphere.
17
Brazing
CORROSION-RESISTANT LINING
Figure 7
involved, the corrosion-resistant
alloy to be used, design concerns,
stresses, the complexity of the
component, and the particular
lining method to be used.
Four possible methods of
construction are presented which
provide alternatives to solid alloy
construction. Those methods are:
1) Thin-sheet metallic lining.
2) Clad plate construction.
3) CORFACINGTM weld overlay.
4) Thermal spray processes.
Figure 8
Lining
18
Arc Spot or
Plug Weld
(midsheet
attachment)
HASTELLOY
Sheet
Carbon Steel or
Lower Alloy Substrate
Second Sheet
First Sheet
Intermittent Fillet Welds
Sheet 1
Sheet 2
(25.4 mm)
Third Sheet
Seal Weld
Sheet 1
Sheet 1
Sheet 2
Sheet 2
Sheet 3
Sheet 3
Seal Weld
All-Around
Figure 9B
6" min.
6" min.
(152 mm)
2t
2t
19
Lining
Figure 10A
Figure 10B
Seal Weld
Seam
Substrate
Substrate
Alloy Sheet
Alloy Sheet
Alloy
Sheet
Alloy
Sheet
Seal Weld
Performed
Corner
Molding
Performed
Edge
Molding
Intermittent
Fillet Welds
Seal
Weld
Alloy Sheet
Intermittent
Fillet Welds
Figure 10C
Seal Weld
90 Break
Alloy Sheet
Substrate
Lining
20
Seal Weld
Alloy
Sheet
Figure 10D
Alloy Sheet
No Welding Required
Down Length of Joint
Substrate
Expansion Joint
Assembly View
Sheet 90 Break
Bolt Holes Pre-Punched
Figure 11
over the intersection of wall sheets
to form a sealed joint as shown in
Figures 10A and 10B. Preformed
sheets with one or two edges bent
90 degrees can be fitted onto the
ceiling or floor as shown in Figure
10C. Finally, preformed sheets
with prepunched holes (Figure
10D) can be used to form an
expansion joint seal.
While this method of lining does
not produce a metallurgical bond
between the alloy lining and the
substrate, the process does
produce equipment with excellent
mechanical properties. Figure 11
shows a large fan which was built
from carbon steel and then lined
with HASTELLOY C-276 alloy.
This fan rotates at high speed and
has not suffered any mechanical
difficulties in service. Detailed
information concerning thin-sheet
metallic lining can be found in
Haynes publication H-2037.
21
Lining
Figure 12A
Step 1
3/8 in.
1/16 in.
Alloy
Steel
Steel Weld
Last Bead
First Bead
Second Bead
Alloy
Steel
Steel Weld
Alloy
Steel
Steel Weld
Figure 12D
Step 4
Alloy
Steel
Steel Weld
Lining
22
Figure 13
625 Alloy
Two Layers Deposit
75 mils per year
No Crevice Attack
23
Lining
Table 8
Shielding
Gas
Flow Rate
ft.3/hr.
100% Argon
50
Approx.
Welding
Current
Approx.
Amps
Volts
Globular Transfer
170-180
26-28
Approx.
Travel
Speed
in./min.
6.8
*Technique: Mechanical weave 5/8 in. wide, minimum dwell, 100 cycles/minutes, 200F (max.) interpass temperature.
Lining
24
HOT WORKING
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys are readily hot worked into a
variety of shapes and product
forms. However, these alloys are
somewhat more sensitive to strain
and strain rates than are typical
austenitic stainless steels. The hot
working temperature ranges for
these alloys tend to be narrow.
Care must be exercised during hot
working to achieve satisfactory
results.
The characteristics of
HASTELLOY alloys that must be
considered during hot working
include relatively low melting
temperatures, high hot strength,
high strain rate sensitivity, low
thermal conductivity, and relatively
high strain hardening coefficients.
Furthermore, the strength of these
alloys increases rapidly as the
temperature decreases in the hot
working range.
Because of these factors, relatively
moderate reductions per pass and
frequent reheating operations give
the best results. Also, relatively
slow hot deformation processing
Forging
The following are general
guidelines to follow in forging
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys:
Soak billets or ingots at least 1/2
hour at forging temperature for
each inch of thickness. The use
of a calibrated optical pyrometer
is essential.
The stock should be turned
frequently to present the cooler
side to the furnace atmosphere.
Direct flame impingement on the
alloy must be avoided.
Forging should begin
immediately after withdrawal
from the furnace. A short time
lapse may allow surface
temperature to drop as much as
100 to 200F (38 to 93C). Do
not raise the forging temperature
25
Hot Working
Table 9
FORGING TEMPERATURES
Alloy
HASTELLOY B-2 alloy
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY N alloy
Start*
(0C)
2250
2250
2150
2250
2250
2250
2100
2200
Forging Temperature
Finish**
0
F
(0C)
(1232)
(1232)
(1177)
(1232)
(1232)
(1232)
(1149)
(1204)
1800
1800
1750
1750
1750
1750
1700
1600
(982)
(982)
(954)
(954)
(954)
(954)
(927)
(871)
*Maximum
**Depends on nature and degree of working.
Hot Rolling
Hot Upsetting
Impact Extrusion
Parts such as engine valves,
pump rotors, jet engine bolting,
and gears can be produced from
HASTELLOY alloys by impact
extrusion. Impact extrusion is
carried out at the solution heattreating temperature so that the
alloy is forged in its most plastic
state. Accurate temperature
control and maintenance of a
uniform temperature throughout
the work piece are essential.
Restrikes should be avoided.
Hot Forming
The forming of plate into
components such as dished heads
Hot Working
26
Annealing
Following any hot working
operations, HASTELLOY alloys
should be reannealed for optimum
corrosion resistance. Annealing
techniques are detailed in the Heat
Treatment section (Table 10) of
this brochure.
COLD WORKING
Figure 14
400
C-276
C-22
C-4
G-30
350
304SS
450
300
250
200
150
100
0
10
20
30
40
Percent Cold Work
50
60
Tube Forming
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys can readily be formed cold
in standard pipe and tube bending
equipment. The minimum
recommended bending radius
from the radius point to the
centerline of the tube is three times
the tube diameter for most bending
operations. When measured from
centerline to centerline of the
"hairpin" straight legs, it is six times
the tube diameter (see Figure 15).
Under special circumstances (tube
diameter and wall thickness), the
minimum bending radius can be
reduced to twice the tube diameter.
Figure 15
Minimum Bending Radius
r=3D
Spinning
Spinning is a deformation process
of forming sheet metal or tubing
into seamless hollow cylinders,
cone hemispheres, or other
symmetrical circular shapes by a
combination of rotation and force.
There are two basic forms known
as manual spinning and power or
shear spinning. In the former
method no appreciable thinning of
metal occurs, whereas in the latter,
metal is thinned as a result of
shear forces.
6D
Cold Working
28
Drop Hammering
Shearing
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys can be formed by using the
same techniques that are used in
stainless steel drop-hammer
operations. Annealing is essential if
the depth of the draw is severe.
Particular care should be taken to
remove all foreign material from
the part before annealing.
Punching
29
Cold Working
HEAT TREATMENT
Wrought products of HASTELLOY
alloys are supplied in the millannealed condition unless
otherwise specified. This annealing
procedure has been designed to
place the material in the optimum
condition with respect to
mechanical properties and
corrosion resistance. Following all
hot-forming operations, a reanneal
of the material should always be
done to restore those properties.
Annealing is often performed after
cold working operations to restore
ductility and lower the yield and
ultimate tensile properties.
Generally, annealing is not
required if the cold work is below
seven percent outer fiber
elongation.
Table 10
HEAT-TREATING TEMPERATURES
Alloy
Temperature*
0
F (0C)
1950
1950
1950
2050
2075
2050
2150
2150
(1066)
(1066)
(1066)
(1121)
(1135)
(1121)
(1177)
(1177)
WQ=water quench.
RAC=rapid air cool.
* 25 deg. F.
Heat Treatment
30
Type of
Quench
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
WQ or RAC
Holding Time
An inflexible set of rules governing
soaking-annealing time is not
feasible because of the many
variations in types of furnaces,
furnace operation, facilities for
loading and unloading the furnace,
etc. Temperature should be
measured with a thermocouple
attached to the piece being
annealed. The actual holding time
should be measured starting when
the "entire section" is at the
specified annealing temperature. It
is important to remember that the
center of a section does not reach
the solutioning temperature as
soon as the surface.
Normally, hold time is specified in
the range of 10 to 30 minutes
depending on section thickness.
Thin-sheet components are held at
the shorter time, while heavier
sections are held at the longer
times. The effect of cold working
that result from stamping, deep
drawing, bending, etc. can be
eliminated by holding a minimum
of 5 to 10 minutes, depending on
gage size, at the solution
annealing temperature.
Quenching
Rapid cooling is essential after
solution heat treatment to prevent
the precipitation of secondary
phases and the resultant lowering
of the corrosion resistance of these
alloys. Water quenching is
recommended on material thicker
than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). Rapid air
cooling can be used on sections
31
Shot Peening
Cold formed components with
residual tensile stresses, exposed
at intermediate temperatures for
critical periods of time, have been
observed to produce intergranular
cracking during the heat treatment
of HASTELLOY B-2 alloy. It has
been observed that shot peening
the knuckle radius and straight
flange regions of a cold-formed
head, prior to heat treatment, can
help reduce intermediate
temperature, intergranular cracking
of B-2 alloy by lowering the tensile
residual stress patterns at the
surface of the cold formed
component.
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy is less
sensitive to the above issues,
however, the same methods for
B-2 alloy should be used to
eliminate the risk of cracking of
B-3 alloy.
Heat Treatment
Table 11
Water
Rinse
Time,
min.
SulfuricHydrochloric
Acid Bath
1650F
(740C)
Time, min.
NitricHydrofluoric
Acid Bath
125-1600F
(52-710C)
Time, min.
1-3
1-2
25-45
1-3
1-2
25
VIRGO Descaling
Salt Bath
Time
Temp.
min.
Alloy
B-2, B-3
C-276, C-4, C-2000,
C-22, G-30, N
8000F
(4270C)
9700F
(5210C)
Water
Rinse
Time,
min.
3
(Steam spray)
3
(Steam spray)
Table 12
Alloy
SulfuricHydrochloric
Sodium
Acid Bath
Hydride Bath*
1650F
Time
(740C)
Temp.
min. Time, min.*
750-8000F 15-20
(399-4270C)
C-276, C-4,
750-8000F 15
C-2000, C-22, (399-4270C)
G-30,N
B-2, B-3
PermanganateSodium
Hydroxide Bath
135-1550F
(57-680C)
Time, min.*
NitricHydrofluoric
Acid Bath
125-1600F
(52-710C)
Time, min.*
20-30
20-30
20-30
1 max.
15
15
NitricHydrochloric
Acid Bath
1650F
(740C)
Time, min.*
32
Water
Rinse
Steam
spray
Dip
Table 13
Alloy
B-2, B-3
C-276, C-4, C-2000
C-22, G-30, N
Nitric-Hydrofluoric
Acid Bath
130-1500F (54-660C)
Time, min.
2-7
Dip
1-4
2-7
Dip
10-20
Water Rinse
Dip and
steam spray
Dip and
steam spray
Table 14
4-6% potassium
permanganate
1-2% sodium hydroxide
Not used
33
Table 15
Wheels*
Manufacturer
Type of Work
53A80-J8V127
Norton
Norton
53A220-L9VB
Norton
53A80-J8VCN
Norton
Removing stock
Sharp corner work
Straight radius work
Precision forms
Radius
Thin-walled material
Solid or heavywalled material
Internal Grinding
Straight or Tapered
23A54-L8VBE
Norton
32A46-H8VBE
38A46-I-V
Norton
Norton
87A46-G12-BV
87A46-J11-BW
Gardner
Gardner
Cylinder or Segmental
Type
32A46-F12VBE
Norton
32A46-F12VBEP Norton
Surface Grinding
Straight Wheel
Honing
Internal
Rough Grinding
Cut-off (Wet)
Cut-off (Dry)
Snagging
Small holes
Medium-size holes
Large holes
Small counterbores
Through-feed work
Ferris wheel work
Thin work
Thin work, bevels
and close
tolerance work
Profile work
Coolant
Heavy duty
soluble coolant 25:1 mix
CASTROL 653
Dry
Straight oil
Heavy duty
soluble coolant 25:1 mix
CASTROL 653
Heavy duty
soluble coolant 25:1 mix
CASTROL 709
A100-T9BH
Norton
VANTOL 5299-M
or equivalent
C120-E12-V32
C220-K4VE
J45-J57
Bay State
Carborundum
Sunnen
VANTROL 5299-C
or equivalent
86A461-LB25W Norton
4NZA24-TB65N Norton
4ZF1634-Q5B38 Norton
CASTROL 653
Dry
Dry
*The wheels indicated have been optimized for speeds between 6000 and 6500 sfpm.
34
MACHINING
HASTELLOY corrosion-resistant
alloys are classified as moderate
to difficult when machining,
however, it should be emphasized
that these alloys can be machined
using conventional production
methods at satisfactory rates.
During machining these alloys
work harden rapidly, generate high
heat during cutting, weld to the
cutting tool surface, and offer high
resistance to metal removal
because of their high shear
strengths. The following are key
points which should be considered
during machining operations:
CAPACITY - Machine should
be rigid and overpowered as
much as possible.
Table 16
Finishing;
Turning or Facing
Rough Boring
Finish Boring
Carbide Tools
C-2 or C-3 grade: Negative rake square insert, 450 SCEA1, 1/32 in. nose radius.
Tool holder: 50 neg. back rake, 50 neg. side rake.
Speed: 30-50 sfm, 0.004-0.008 in. feed, 0.150 in. depth of cut.
Dry2, oil3, or water-base coolant4.
C-2 or C-3 grade: Negative rake square insert, 450 SCEA, 1/32 in. nose radius.
Tool holder: 50 neg. back rake, 50 neg. side rake.
Speed: 90 sfm depending on rigidity of set up, 0.010 in. feed,
0.150 in. depth of cut.
Dry, oil, or water-base coolant.
C-2 or C-3 grade: Positive rake square insert, if possible, 450 SCEA,
1/32 in. nose radius.
Tool holder: 50 pos. back rake, 50 pos. side rake.
Speed: 95-110 sfm, 0.005-0.007 in. feed, 0.040 in. depth of cut.
Dry or water-base coolant.
C-2 or C-3 grade: If insert type boring bar, use standard positive rake tools
with largest possible SCEA and 1/16 in. nose radius. If brazed tool bar,
grind 00 back rake, 100 pos. side rake, 1/32 in. nose radius and largest
possible SCEA.
Speed: 70 sfm depending on the rigidity of setup, 0.005-0.008 in. feed,
1/8 in. depth of cut.
Dry, oil, or water-base coolant.
C-2 or C-3 grade: Use standard positive rake tools on insert type bars. Grind
brazed tools as for finish turning and facing except back rake may
be best at 00.
Speed: 95-110 sfm, 0.002-0.004 in. feed.
Water-base coolant.
NOTES: 1 SCEA Side cutting edge angle or lead angle of the tool.
2 At any point where dry cutting is recommended, an air jet directed on the tool may provide substantial tool life increases. A water-base coolant mist may also be effective.
3 Oil coolant should be a premium quality, sulfochlorinated oil with extreme pressure additives. A viscosity at 1000F from 50 to 125 SSU.
4 Water-base coolant should be premium quality, sulfochlorinated water soluble oil or chemical emulsion with extreme pressure additives. Dilute with water to make 15:1
mix. Water-base coolant may cause chipping and rapid failure of carbide tools in interrupted cuts.
35
Table 17
End Milling
Drilling
Reaming
Tapping
Electrical
Discharge
Machining
Carbide Tools
Carbide not generally successful,
C-grade may work. Use positive axial
and radial rake, 450 corner angle,
100 relief angle.
Speed: 50-60 sfm.
Feed: 0.005-0.008 in.
Oil or water-base coolants will reduce
thermal shock damage of carbide
cutter teeth.
Not recommended, but C-2 grades may
be successful on good setups.
Use positive rake.
Speed: 50-60 sfm.
Feed: Same as high speed steel.
Oil or water-base coolants will reduce
thermal shock damage.
C-2 grade not recommended, but tipped
drills may be successful on rigid
setup if no great depth. The web
must be thinned to reduce thrust.
Use 1350 included angle on point.
Gun drill can be used.
Speed: 50 sfm.
Oil or water-base coolant.
Coolant-feed carbide tipped drills
may be economical in some setups.
C-2 or C-3 grade: Tipped reamers
recommended, solid carbide
reamers require very good
setup. Tool geometry same
as high speed steel.
Speed: 50 sfm.
Feed: Same as high speed steel.
Not recommended
HASTELLOY alloys can be easily cut using any conventional electrical discharge
machining system (EDM) or wire EDM.
NOTES: 5 M-40 series High Speed Steels include M-41, M-42, M-43, M-44, M-45 and M-46 at the time of writing. Others may be added and should be equally suitable.
6 Oil coolant should be a premium quality, sulfochlorinated oil with extreme pressure additives. A viscosity at 1000F from 50 to 125 SSU.
7 Water-base coolant should be premium quality, sulfochlorinated water soluble oil or chemical emulsion with extreme pressure additives. Dilute with water to make 15:1 mix.
Table 18
Plasma Arc
Cutting
HASTELLOY alloys can be cut using any conventional plasma arc cutting system.
The best arc quality is achieved using a mixture of argon and hydrogen gases.
Nitrogen gas can be substituted for hydrogen gases, but the cut quality will deteriorate
slightly. Shop air or any oxygen bearing gases should be avoided when
plasma cutting the HASTELLOY alloys.
36
Ni
HASTELLOY
B-2 alloy
HASTELLOY
B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY
C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY
G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY
N alloy
HASTELLOY
W alloy
Co
Cr
69
1*
1*
65b
3*
65a
Mo
Fe
Si
Mn
Others
28
2*
0.1*
1*
0.01*
1.5
28.5
3*
1.5
0.1*
3*
0.01*
2*
16
16
3*
0.08*
1*
0.01*
Al-0.5*
Ti-0.2*
Ti-0.7*
59a
2*
23
16
3*
0.08*
0.01*
Cu-1.6
56a
2.5*
22
13
0.08*
0.5*
0.01*
V-0.35*
57a
2.5*
16
16
0.08*
1*
0.01*
V-0.35*
43a
2*
30
5.5
2.5
15
1*
1.5*
0.03*
71a
0.2*
16
0.5*
5*
1*
0.8*
0.08*
63a
2.5*
24
1*
1*
0.12*
Cb-0.8*
Cu-2*
Al+Ti-0.5*
Cu-0.35*
V-0.6*
The undiluted deposited chemical composition of covered electrodes of some of these alloys may vary beyond the limits shown.
*Maximum a As Balance b Minimum
37
Table A-2
AVAILABLE FORMS
Alloy
Sheet
and
Strip
Plate
Bar
Wire
Billet
Covered
Electrodes
Tubing
Pipe
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Table A-3
Alloy
*
**
1
2
Table A-4
Alloy
Base
Plate/
Metal Sheet/
UNS No. Strip
ASME
B-2
N10665
B-3
N10675
C-276 N10276
C-2000 N06200
C-4
N06455
C-22 N06022
G-30 N06030
N
N10003
W
N10004
SB-333
SB-333
SB-575
SB-575
SB-575
SB-575
SB-582
SB-434
SB-619
SB-619
SB-619
SB-619
SB-619
SB-619
SB-619
SB-622
SS-622
SB-622
SB-622
SB-622
SB-622
SB-622
38
SB-626
SB-626
SB-626
SB-626
SB-626
SB-626
SB-626
ERNiMo-7
ERNiMo-10
ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-17
ERNiCrMo-7
ERNiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-11
ERNiMo-2
ERNiMo-3
ENiMo-7
ENiMo-10
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-17
ENiCrMo-7
ENiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo-11
ENiMo-3
Table A-5
Alloy
HASTELLOY B-2 alloy
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY N alloy
Density
lb./in3
0.333
0.333
0.321
0.307
0.312
0.314
0.297
0.320
Ultimate
Tensile
Strength
Ksi MPa
132.5 914
128.3 885
114.9 790
113.0 777
114.8 789
115.0 791
100.0 688
115.1 792
Yield
Strength
at 0.2%
offset
Ksi MPa
57.5 396
58.3 400
51.6 355
55.0 378
58.1 400
56.5 389
47.0 323
45.5 313
Elongation
in 2 in.
%
55
58
61
62
54
59
56
51
Rockwell
Hardness
B-98
B-98
B-90
B-88
B-92
B-90
B-88
B-96
Table A-6
THERMAL EXPANSION
Alloy
HASTELLOY B-2 alloy
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY N alloy
HASTELLOY W alloy
Temp.,
0
F
68-600
78-600
75-600
77-600
68-600
68-600
86-600
70-600
73-300
British Units
Microinches/
in.-0F
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
6.8
6.3
Temp.,
0
C
20-316
25-300
24-316
25-300
20-316
20-316
30-316
21-316
23-50
Metric Units
British Units
Btu-in./ft2in.-0F
102
104
104
99
104
108
116
100
Temp.,
0
C
300
300
316
300
300
300
300
300
m/m-k
11.2
11.4
12.8
12.6
12.6
12.6
14.4
12.3
11.4
Table A-7
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Alloy
HASTELLOY B-2 alloy
HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
HASTELLOY C-276 alloy
HASTELLOY C-2000 alloy
HASTELLOY C-4 alloy
HASTELLOY C-22 alloy
HASTELLOY G-30 alloy
HASTELLOY N alloy
Temp.,
0
F
572
600
600
600
572
572
572
572
39
Metric Units
W/m-K
14.6
14.8
15.0
14.1
15.0
15.5
16.7
14.4
HAYNES
International
STANDARD PRODUCTS
By Brand or Alloy Designation:
HASTELLOY Family of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
B-3, C-4, C-22, C-276, C-2000 , C-22HS, G-30, G-35, G-50, HYBRID-BC1, and N
Wear-Resistant Alloy
ULTIMET
6B
Standard Forms: Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Strip, Coils, Seamless or Welded Pipe & Tubing,
Pipe Fittings, Flanges, Fittings, Welding Wire, and Coated Electrodes
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