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Accounting: © 2008 by SAP AG. All Rights Reserved
Accounting: © 2008 by SAP AG. All Rights Reserved
G/L Accounts
In the SAP R/3 system, each transaction that has a
financial impact is recorded in a general ledger (G/L)
account or sub-ledger accounts that are posted to the
G/L via reconciliation accounts.
The central task of G/L accounting is to provide a
comprehensive picture for external accounting and
accounts. Recording all business transactions (primary
postings as well as settlements from internal accounting)
in a software system that is fully integrated with all the
other operational areas of a company ensures that the
accounting data is always complete and accurate.
G/L Accounts
The SAP FI General Ledger has the following features:
Automatic and simultaneous posting of all sub-ledger items
in the appropriate general ledger accounts (reconciliation
accounts)
Simultaneous updating of general ledger and cost
accounting areas
Real-time evaluation of and reporting on current accounting
data, in the form of account displays, financial statements
with different financial statement versions and additional
analyses.
Can take some getting used to as reports can change
continuously
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
G/L Account
Essentially, the general ledger serves as a complete
record of all business transactions. It is the centralized,
up-to-date reference for the rendering of accounts. Actual
individual transactions can be checked at any time, in
real-time, by displaying the original documents, line
items, and transaction figures at various levels such as:
Account information
Journals
Totals/transaction figures
Balance sheet/profit and loss evaluations
Master Data
Describes items or objects used in a business such as
accounts, materials, vendors, customers that remains
unchanged over an extended period of time
Transaction data is data that is used for relatively short
periods of time, usually to record business transactions
(sales orders, purchase orders, production orders,
payroll amounts)
Transaction data is regularly removed from the system
in a process known as archiving. For auditing
purposes, it cannot simply be deleted.
A master record must be created for every G/L account
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
Receivables
Inventory
Plant
& Equipment
Real Estate
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
for
materials/services received on credit
Bank loans
Retained
earnings
Net income on past periods
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
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Reconciliation Accounts
Reconciliation account
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Account Groups
Identifier that controls which fields must be entered
when the account is created
Can determine a valid number interval for the G/L
account
Must be created before creating G/L master records
configuration data
Three Account Groups created for Fitter Snacker
Balance Sheet Accounts
Profit and Loss Accounts
Reconciliation Accounts
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Account Groups
Financial accounting General ledger accounting
G/L accounts Master Records Preparations
Define Account Groups
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Account Determination
When you enter a goods movement
(inventory receipt, inventory withdrawal,
variances, etc.), you do not have to enter
G/L accounts since R/3 automatically
determines the correct accounts.
Automatic Account Determination is set
in Customizing (IMG)
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
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Automatic Account
Determination
Hierarchical Process (classification)
area/grouping code
Transaction/Event Key (from transaction being
executed)
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Automatic Account
Determination
Transaction Keys:
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Automatic Account
Determination
Valuation Class
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Automatic Account
Determination
General
Account
Modifier
Usage
AUF
BSA
VAX
VBR
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Automatic Account
Determination
From Transaction:
Company Code
Chart of Accounts
Transaction Key (not same as transaction code)
General Account Modifier (if applicable)
From Material
Valuation Class
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Transaction Keys
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Automatic Account
Determination
CHFS BSX 00AP 3000
Account 200000
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Controlling (CO)
CO
FI
Controlling
Internal Accounting
Cost Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Accounting
Flexible Non-standard
Financial Accounting
External Accounting
Financial Statements
Legal Requirements
Standard
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Controlling (CO)
While there are different requirements for internal and
external users of accounting data, the underlying data
is usually the same for both purposes and can be
captured while recording business transactions
purchase orders, goods receipts, material withdrawals,
etc. The data can then be presented in different ways
for different users.
Info system reports in FI are standard
G/L Account Listing
Info system reports in CO are flexible
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
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Cost Elements
Primary Cost Elements
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Cost Elements
Secondary Cost Elements
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Cost Centers
Cost centers are used to track WHERE costs
occur in the organization. As costs are
incurred, they are assigned or posted to the
appropriate cost center.
The posting and assignment of costs to cost
centers is a critical step in using the CO
module.
Cost centers are organized in a Standard
Hierarchy.
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
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## Sales group
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Cost Allocation
Frequently, costs like rent, computer expense,
utilities, etc. have to be allocated to cost
centers to provide accurate cost reporting.
Costs can be allocated using a statistical key
figure, which defines some measurable value
related to the cost center, like square footage,
head count, CPU hours, etc.
Costs can also be distributed using fixed
percentages.
2008 by SAP AG. All rights reserved.
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