Unit

Year

: K0292 Linear Algebra

: 2010

Type and Operation of Matrices

Session- 01

Concept and Definition

Rectangular arrays of real numbers arise in
many contexts
Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
The numbers in the array are called the
entries or elements in the matrix

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GENERAL FORM
a11 a12 a13 .. a1n
a21 a22 a23 a2n
A = .
.
am1 am2 am3

amn

aij = elements , scalar or function

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The Size of a matrix

Number of rows: m
Number of columns: n
Order or size of the matrix: m x
n
Main diagonal elements: a11,
a12 ,..,amn
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Example

Matrix A3X3 =

3
1
4

2
0
6

1
7
5

Matrix notation, using capital letter

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EQUALITY OF TWO MATRICES

Definition
Two matrices are said to be equal if they have
the same size and the corresponding entries in
the two matrices are equal
A = (aij)mxn B= (bij)mxn
A = B if aij = bij for all i = 1,2,3.,m and j=
1,2,3,n

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EXAMPLES
A

5
= 6

7
8

B=

5
6

7
8

C=

A=B
A C (the size is not the same)

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5 7 2
6 8 3

TYPE OF MATRICES
Square Matrix
is a matrix with n rows and n columns

a
a

11

21

...

m1

a
a

12
22

...

m2

...
...
...
...

a
a

1n

2n

...

mn

A is square matrix then m=n

The main diagonal of A: a11, a12,.,ann

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Examples
A

2x2

4
2

1
7

A3 x3
3

2
5

5
3
6

Diagonal Matrix:
Square matrix where its main diagonal not all
zero and all other elements are zeros
Examples
4
0

0
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0
1
0

0
0

3
0

0
0
0

0
0

IDENTITY and NULL MATRIX

IDENTITY matrix is a square matrix with 1s on the
main diagonal and 0s off the main diagonal
Examples
1 01 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

NULL MATRIX
Matrix with all elements are zeros
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Singular Matrix
A square matrix which does not have inverse (its
determinant = 0)

Non-Singular Matrix
A square matrix which has inverse (determinant 0)

Symmetric Matrix
is a square matrix where its transpose is equal to the
matrix itself At = A)
Example

3 x3

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2
3
-1

3
4
6

- 1
6
5

IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
Square matrix with the property A.A.A..A = A =
A
Example
A = 2 -2 -4
-1 3 4
1 -2 -3
2 -2 -4
2 -2 -4
2 -2 -4
A.A =
-1 3 4 -1 3 4 = -1 3 4
1 -2 -3
1 -2 -3
1 -2 -3
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NILPOTENT MATRIX
NILPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix with the property
A.A.A.A..A = A =O = Null Matrix
Example
1 1 3
0 0 0
A = 5 2 6
0 0
-2 -1 -3
0 0
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1 1

1 1 3

1 1 3

5 2 6 5 2 6

5 2 6

-2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3

-2 -1 -3

=0
0

PROPERTY OF IDENTITY AND NULL

MATRIX
If A is a square matrix, I is identity
matrix and O is null matrix then
I.A = A.I = A
A+O=O+A=A
A.O = O.A = O

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TRIANGULAR MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A square matrix with all elements BELOW its
main diagonal are zeros

A=

a b c
0 d e
0 0 f

LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its
main diagonal are zeros
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LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX

A square matrix with all elements ABOVE its
main diagonal are zeros

B =

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a 0 0
b c 0
d e f

MATRIX OPERATION

SUM OF TWO MATRICES

A + B = (aij + bij )
A B = (aij - bij )
the sizes of the two matrices must be the same
Example
3 2x3 =
A2x3 = 1 4 B
6

3 5 8
7 9 2

C2x3 = A2x3 + B2x3

1 4 3
6 2 5

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3 5
7 9
+

8
2

4 9 11
13 11 7
=

Scalar Multiplication with a Matrix

All the elements are multiplied by the scalar
Let the scalar k = 4, and
Matrix A2x3 = 1
Then

3
5

4
2

B2x3 = k . A2x3
B2x3 = 4 .
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1
6

4
2

3
5

4 16 12
=

24
8
20

MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Let Amxn and Bpxq

then,

AB = Cmxq is defined only for n=

p AB is note always equal to
BA
AB = O does not imply that
A = O or B = O
AB = AC does not imply B =
C

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PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
OPERATION
A + B = B + A (Commutative)
A + ( B + C ) = ( AQ + B ) + C
(Associative)
k ( A + B ) = k A + k B, k = scalar
A ( B + C ) = AB + AC (Distributive)
(A + B ) C = AC + BC (Distributive)
A (BC) = (AB) C (Associative)
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