101

Sau khi xc nho trong thit b. Qu trnh p xc nho c tin hnh.

Trong sn xut vang , ch cn thit b p c hiu sut thp. Khi p xc nho must s
thot ra. Vi mi ln p cn tch ring must thu c. Must p ln 1 c cht lng
khc vi cc ln tip theo. Sau cn kim tra cht lng quyt nh nn s dng
must p ln no.
Thit b p thy lc ng l mt trong nhng thit b lu i nht. Must thu c t
thit b ny c cht lng tt. Tuy nhin, qu trnh vn hnh cng nh lm v sinh kh
phc tp, nht l cng on d bnh xc nho sau khi p. Mt ci tin ca thit b l
ca np liu v thit b tho xc nho. Thit b ny c cng sut kh thp, ph hp vi
h gia nh v c s sn xut nh.
Thit b p xc nho c hai tm p hai u c th chuyn ng c. C nhiu u
im ng k. y l dng thit b t ng ha, c mt s loi c lp trnh.
Xc nho c cho vo (a) , cc tm p hai u bt u chuyn ng vo gia, dch
must c p ra v thot ra ngoi nh h thng l ca thng cha (b). Sau khi p, cc
tm p chuyn ng ngc chiu so vi ban u. Cc vnh p v h thng quay c
s dng ph cu trc ca bnh xc nho (c) , gip cho vic lm v sinh c d dng.
102
C hai dng thit b p bng kh nn: loi ti cha c c l ( ) v loi tank kn ( ) .
Thit b p bng kh nn l loi thit b nm ngang vi h thng mng to thnh cc
ti c th thi phng. Lc ca kh lm cng ti kh v p xc nho. Qu trnh p c th
tip tc, nhng lng must ln p th 2 bt u c cht lng khng t yu cu, v
vy khng khuyn co ln p th 2 cho cng mt lng xc nho.
103
Trong vi nm gn y, cc thit b p trc vt lin tc bt u tr nn ph bin. Cc
thit b ny s dng kh d dng v hiu sut cao. Cht lng must thu c lun
thp hn so vi must p t cc thit b khc. Tuy nhin, dc theo chiu di ca trc
vt c h thng phn chia loi must thu c. V vy, ty theo cht lng m c s s
dng khc nhau.
Thnh phn v cht lng ca must p t xc nho
Must ln men t xc nho c th tch ph thuc vo nh sn xut, vo s ng nht
ca hn hp sau khi ln men, iu ny c ngha l ph thuc vo k thut nh nt v
bm o.
Thnh phn ca must p t xc nho khng ging nh must c rt t do. Must c
p t xc nho to ra vang c cht lng khng thua km nhiu so vi must c rt
t do. Loi must ny c hm lng polyphenol cao hn dn n mu v lng
tanin cao hn. Lng acid bay hi s cao hn so vi must t do mt cht, do tc ng
ca vi sinh vt c trong xc nho.

104

Thnh phn
cn % v/v
ng kh (g/l)
Acid tng (g/l H2SO4)
Acid bay hi(g/l H2SO4)
Nito tng (g/l)
Tng hp cht phenol
(permanganate)
Anthocyanin (g/l)
Tanin (g/l)

Must rt t do
12,0
1,9
3,23
0,35
0,28
35

Must p t xc nho
11,0
3,6
1,07
0,46
0,37
66

0,33
1,75

0,46
3,2

Vic phi trn lng must khc nhau l vn cn lu . Vic ny ph thuc ch yu

vo loi vang d kin sn xut. Nu sn xut loi vang cht lng cao th khng
nn phi trn. Cn nu nh sn xut loi vang thng dng th vic phi trn cng
khng gy nh hng nhiu n cht lng d kin.
Vi must p khng phi trn th cho ln men tip sn xut vang c hng v th
rp v cht gt ph thuc vo cht lng ca must. Nu loi vang ny c cht lng
qu km , th s chng ct thu cn, nhm s dng cho vic phi ch cc loi vang
pha cn hoc dng cho mc ch khc.
T ng ha trong ln men cn
Phng php ny c ng dng trong cng nghip bi tnh nhanh chng v u n.
H thng ny u tin c pht trin da trn u th ca qu trnh x l lin tc.
Must ti c cho vo mt im, must ln men c rt ra t v tr khc. Trong
iu kin ny, qu trnh sinh sn ca nm men c kim sot. ng thi hot tnh
ca nm men cng thu c hiu sut cao hn. Tng t nh vy vi tank ln men
n, c thit k h thng kim sot.
Trong h thng sn xut vang mt cch lin tc, qu trnh ln men cn v qu trnh
ngm din ra cng mt lc. V vy, tnh cht ca vang sn xut s khng ging nh
vang sn xut theo phng php truyn thng. Tuy nhin, h thng ny li gip cho
vic kim sot cht lng v t chc thc hin c tt hn. V vy vi vic p dng
sn xut cc loi vang thng mi quy m cng nghip, cc h thng sn xut lin tc
em li li ch hn.
105

Tank ln men lin tc c lm bng kim loi khng g, c cha t 400 4000hl.
Vi tank 4000hl c th nhn c 130 ln nho mi ngy v c th sn xut 23000hl ,
must ln men trong 3 tun. Loi tank ln men ny cho php nhn nho ti mi
ngy, ng thi cho php rt must ln men v ngm v mi ngy. H thng co xc
nho cho php chuyn lp xc nho n thit b p lin tc. tng th tch tank c
lm mi mi ngy. iu ny tng ng vi qu trnh ngm 4 ngy/m. Ht nho c
a ra ngoi nh k bng van rt di y tank , ht c ngm mt thi gian di

hn, v vy, vang s mang hng v tho mc. Lng ht thu c ph thuc vo kch
thc v thit k ca tank , i khi c th ln n 1 tn mi ngy.
Tank c thit k h thng kim tra v b sung ha cht khi cn dng. Trc khi
c cho vo tank ln men, nho c x l sufite bng bm t ng. Vo lc bt u
ln men , must c iu chnh acid v lng ng. Nhit v qu trnh bm
o c iu chnh t ng. Nhit trong tng ln men lin tc c iu chnh
thp hn so vi ln men truyn thng khong 5 7oC.

107
c im k thut
K thut ngm cacbonic:
-

Bc 1: Cho nho ( khng nh nt ) x l sulfite vo y tank ln men v

ph y CO2. Thi gian ngm ph thuc vo nhit x l: t 1- 2 tun nhit
15- 30oC hoc t 6-8 ngy, nhit 30- 32oC. Khng c nhit vt
qu 35oC, v s nh hng n nhit pht trin ca nm men v to iu
kin cho vi khun gy h hng pht trin.

108
Cc bc sn xut
Np liu

K thut truyn thng

- Nho c nh nt
- B sung SO2
- Sc kh

Ln men ln 1

-Gim nhit cho tank ngm

-p dng k thut bm o
-Qu trnh ngm trch ly
polyphenol v ln men
cn

Rt v p must

- Lng must rt t do
nhiu hn lng must p
t xc nho
- Cht lng ca must p t
xc nho khng tht tt
cn kim tra k trc khi
quyt nh phi trn

Ln men ln 2

-Hu ln men cn
-Ln men malolactic

K thut ngm cacbonic

- Khng nh nt nho,
khng s dng nho b
dp
- Ch b sung SO2 khi
cn thit
- Np CO2
- Gia nhit cho tank ngm
- m bo k kh
- Qu trnh ngm trch ly
polyphenol, qu trnh
trao i k kh, qu trnh
ln men cn
- Lng must rt t do t
hn must p t xc
- Cht lng ca must
p t xc nho kh tt,
c th phi trn must
rt t do

Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh trao i cht k kh s thay i thnh phn ca

nho. Cc cht t t bo v nho s khuch tn vo tht nho v nc nho
Bc 2: a lng trong tank ln men i p, lng must c tch ra. Sau , trn
chung vi must rt t do, v must p trc khi em i ln men cn ln men
malolactic.
Trong qu trnh trao i cht k kh, c nhiu cht hnh thnh : ethanol, glycerol, acid
succinic, acid fumaric, acid shikimic. Lng acid tataric v acid citric khng i,
nhng lng acid malic gim dn xung do chuyn ha thnh ethanol. Nng acid
ascorbio gim. Lng amino acid tng. Lng methanol tng n gn 80mg/l t qu
trnh thy phn pectin. Mt lng ln cc cht thm tng ln nh: vinyl benzene,
phenyl-e- etyl acetate, benzaldehyd, vinyl-4-phenol,.....
Tuy nhin nu ngm cacbonic trong iu kin khng c nm men th lng cc cht
thm li gim i r rt.
Khng p dng thu hoch bng my cho nho s dng ngm cacbonic. Do nho thu
hoch khng c loi cng, nn vang sau ny c v tho mc v v nhn.
Trong qu trnh ngm cn lu :
-

S dng 3-8g/hL sulfite vo trong nho ngay lc u.

Ton b nho phi chn trong CO2 hu nh khng c oxi

109
-

Ton b nho phi chm trong must, trc khi nh nt.

Nu pH >3.8 b sung acid tartaric vo y thng.
Hn ch qu trnh bm o.
Khi p nho nn s dng thit b p ngang c hai tm p hai u hoc thit bi p
dng kh nn.
Thng thng must p t nho x l bng k thut cacbonic c tnh cht tt hn
x l bng phng php truyn thng nh nt v vy c th phi trn vi must
p t do sau khi p.
Trong trng hp lng acid trong vn thp th c th b sung acid tataric
vo must t do.
Vi mt s loi vang sn xut a ra th trng sm c th b sung thm SO2,
tuy nhin vic ny s nh hng n qu trnh ln men malolatic.
Nu cn b sung ng th phi lm trc khi p nho. V sau khi p qu trnh
ln men cn t ti mc cao nht.
Trong sut qu trnh ln men tip theo, ton b ng s chuyn ha thnh cn
rt nhanh. Nhit ln men 18- 20oC bo v hng thm c trong dch men.
Sau l qu trnh ln men malolatic. Hai qu trnh ln men ny s din ra
nhanh hn so vi phng php truyn thng. K thut ngm cacbonic c ng
dng sn xut vang a nhanh ra th trng
Bng so snh cht lng gia phng php nh nt v ngm nho truyn thng
vi phng php ngm cacbonic

Thnh phn
cn % v/v
T trng
(15oC)
Glycerol ( g/l)
Cht rn ha
tan (g/l)
Acid tng (g/l
H2SO4)
pH
Nito tng
(mg/l)
mu
Trng thi mu

nh nt v ngm nho
Must t do
Must p
12,05
10,96
0,9949
0,9991

Ngm cacbonic
Must t do
Must p
11,15
13,00
0,9966
0,9920

9,29
23,8

9,75
32,0

9,1
25,5

7,91
19,2

3,3

3,5

3,5

2,8

3,9
154

4,05
425

3,83
144

3,9
132

398
1342

912
2550

510
1582

487
1440

110

vi sinh vt trong sn xut vang p dng k thut ngm cacbonic

K thut ngm cacbonic cn n s hin din ca nm men v vi khun. Vi sinh vt
pht trin theo 2 giai on:
Trong giai on u, nm men t nho c b sung thm, s pht trin trong nc
nho b tch ra t s va p trong mi trng c CO2, khng c oxi v khng c hoc
c rt t sulfite. Vo thi im rt must t do v p must, lng nm men t ti 10
m 8 -2 x 10 m 8 t bo /ml. Cn ch nhit , v trong qu trnh ngm cacbonic,
nhit c th tng n 35 0C , lc ny cn gim nhit . Do lng nm men cao ,
nn qu trnh ln men cn din ra rt nhanh.
Trong giai on tip theo, ln men matolatic din ra, bn cnh l s pht
trin ca mt s loi vi khun c hi khc. V vy cn b sung sulfite ( 3-8g/hl) trc
khi bt u ngm cacbonic, cho d lng sulfite ny c th nh hng n hiu sut
ca qu trnh.
tnh cht ca vang sn xut bng qu trnh ngm cacbonic
Vang sn xut theo k thut ngm cacbonic c tnh cht gn nh vang sn xut theo
phng php truyn thng vi hng v trn tra, y n, mt m. V vy, loi vang
ny vn c s dng trong vic phi trn ci thin tnh cht cho cc loi vang
khc. Tuy nhin, tnh cht ca vang ph thuc nhiu vo loi nho v chn ca nho,
vang c v hi nhn do cng nho gy nn.
Xt v hng thm th vang sn xut theo k thut ngm cacbonic ni bt
hng tri cy vi c trng ca anh o, mn, m... trong khi vang sn xut theo
phng php truyn thng li c mi thm ca g, nha cy, cam tho ... thm vo
cc cht thm trong vang sn xut theo k thut ngm cacbonic ha quyn vi nhau
mt cch hi ha hn.

Vi k thut ngm cacbonic, c th sn xut ra vang cht lng cao m khng

cn thi gian lm chn v thnh trng di. Tuy nhin, cc chuyn gia li khng ng
vi s thay i ca vang sau thi gian lm chn ko di. Mt s loi vang sn xut
theo k thut ngm cacbonic mt i tnh cht c trng ca n sau 2 nm thnh
trng, nhng nu so vi vang sn xut theo phng php truyn thng cng loi th
vn c cht lng tt hn. Mt s loi khc li tr nn km i sau mt nm tui,
chng b mt i tnh cht ring, hng thm tr nn khng hi ha nh vang sn xut
theo phng php truyn thng cng loi.
K thut ngm cacbonic c th p dng trong sn xut vang , vang rose, vang
pha cn, vang trng v cc loi ru mnh khc. Nhng khng c s dng sn
xut vang Botylis, hay vang t nho c dp , thi > 15%.

111
Thnh phn
cn % v/v
Tro ( g/l )
Glycerol( g/l )
Nito tng
(mg/l)
Acid tng (g/l
H2SO4)
Acid bay hi
(g/l H2SO4)
Acid
tartaric(mEq/l)
Acid malic
(mEq/l)
pH
Tng
SO2(mg/l)
Polyphenol
tng (g/l acid
garlic)
Anthocynin(g/l
)

Carigan
CG
11,6
3,0
8,0
196

CM35
11,4
3,0
7,3
238

Mouredre
CG
12,25
3,4
9,0
179

CM25
11,4
2,7
7,0
146

CM25
12,25
2,6
7,7
120

CM35
12,35
2,8
8,5
129

3,1

3,1

3,0

3,0

3,3

3,3

0,41

0,34

0,51

0,43

0,54

0,69

24,9

24,0

25,7

22,2

19,3

19,9

3,71
38

3,61
57

3,74
27

3,85
44

3,71
45

3,80
57

1,573

1,436

1,755

2,690

2,120

2,763

0,509

0,518

0,474

0,738

0,527

0,624

Ln men malolactic
y l qu trnh chuyn i acid malic thnh acid lactic di tc ng ca vi khun
lactic, l qu trnh kh n gin, ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut vang , ngay
c vang lm t nho c cht lng cao v c chn y .
Cc loi vang lm t nho c chn thp, hm lng acid malic cao, qua qu trnh ln
men malolactic lng acid gim i ng k.

Qu trnh ln men malolactic n nh tnh sinh hc ca vang , hn ch s khng n

nh acid malic trong vang. S hnh thnh ca acid lactic v cc dn xut s lm thay
i hng v ca vang, mi c trng ring ca qu nho s gim.
Qu trnh ln men malolactic khng d nhn din. Qu trnh ny c th xy ra v kt
thc nhanh chng ngay sau qu trnh ln men cn, nhng cng c th ko di vi ngy
n vi thng sau khi ln men cn.
Trong sn xut vang cht lng cao, qu trnh ln men th hai ny th hin tm
quan trng nht nh.
Sn xut vang bng phng php ngm
Mu ca vang t c qua vic ngm xc nho mt thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, vic
ny s lm cho vang hi c v ng gt. Mu ca vang sn xut theo phng thc ny
s m hn.
Sau khi nh nt, nho c ngm khong 4- 36h. Sau c rt nc v p xc
nho. Thi gian ny to mu v cung cp tannin cho vang. Sulfite c b sung
nhm lm tng kh nng trch ly anhthocyanin , t tng mu.
Nm men c b sung.
Nhit ln men khong 16 18oC. Cn b sung nito v sc kh giai on u nu
cn.
112
S chuyn i trong vang bi qu trnh ln men malolactic
S thay i chnh trong ln men malolactic chnh l qu trnh chuyn i ca acid
malic thnh acid lactic di tc dng ca vi sinh vt.
Phn ng nh sau:

Loi acid

Acid tng
Acid bay hi
Acid c nh
Acid malic
Acid lactic

Nng (g/l)
Trc khi ln men
malolactic
4,9
0,21
4,7
3,2
0,12

chnh lch (g/l)

Sau khi ln men
malolactic
3,8
0,28
3,6
0,5
1,8

-1,1
+ 0,7
-1,1
-2,7
+1,68

S chuyn i acid malic thnh acid lactic lm gim lng acid malic trong vang.

Trong qu trnh ln men malolactic, mt phn acid citric c trong vang s chuyn i
thnh acid acetic, do acid citric c rt t trong vang. ng thi mt s vi khun acetic
xm nhp vo vang trong qu trnh sn xut cng s ng ha mt phn ca lng
ng cn li trong vang thnh acid acetic.
113
-

etyl lactale gip cho hng v ru tr nn y n hn.

Mt lng nh diacetyl ( vi mg/l). Vi lng nh hn 4mg/l, diacetyl s khin
cho hng v ru a dng v d chu. Tuy nhin, khi > 4mg/l n s to nn
mi b.

Trong qu trnh ln men, mu ca vang cng thay i. Cng mu s gim i,

nhng trng thi mu s ti v rc r. S thay i ny ph thuc vo tnh cht ca
anthocyanin khi pH tng, v s hnh thnh hp cht anthocyanin tanin.
Hng v v ca vang cng thay i. Sau khi ln men malolactic, vang c mi thm
hn v y n hn, v ca vang cng mm mi v trn y.
Kim sot qu trnh ln men malolactic
Qu trnh ln men malolactic c kim sot qua lng acid malic ca tng tank ln
men. Lng ny c xc nh bng phng php sc k giy.
Qu trnh ny c kim sot ngay sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men cn. Lc ny
must c rt ra v c p bng xcrt ra v c p bng xc rt ra v c p
bng xc nho.
Vic ln men chng lp gia hai qu trnh ln men s tc ng xu n qu trnh ln
men cn v to thnh nhiu acid bay hi t ng c trong must.
Vic kim sot ny rt quan trng. Nu lng vi khun gy hi bt u tng mnh th
cn phi thc hin b sung qu trnh sulfite ha.
Vi lng ng trung bnh, trong qu trnh ln men malolactic, vi khun lactic ch
chuyn ha mi acid malic thnh acid lactic cho n khi ton b acid malic chuyn
ha th mi bt u s dng lng ng c trong dch ln men.
Sau khi p must v rt must t xc nho , cc tank ln men phi c y. Must p
t xc nho c b sung thm 3-8g/hl sulfite nhm lm n nh qu trnh ln men tip
theo.
Qu trnh ln men malolactic c kim sot hng ngy. Qu trnh ny din ra t vi
ngy n vi tun ty loi nho v phng php sn xut. Nu qu trnh ln men
malolactic xy ra chm hn so vi d kin th cn b sung thm lng vi khun cn
thit.
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men malolactic, vi vang n nh v c b sung
sulfite, lng acid malic d s < 100mg/l. Ti thiu cng phi cho vi khun
lactic phn gii acid matic n mc < 200mg/l mi to ra s n nh nht nh
trong vang. Sau lm ngng qu trnh ny bng phng php sulfite ha.

114
Tuy nhin vi iu kin hu nh khng cn acid malic, acid citric v ng, nhit
thp th cc vi khun ny cng khng c tc ng g ng k.
iu kin ln men malolactic
y l mt qu trnh t nhin di tc dng ca vi khun lactic.
Cc yu t c bn tc ng n s pht trin ca vi khun lactic l: hm lng cn ,
hm lng acid, cc cht dinh dng, lng vi khun, nhit , thng kh v
lng sulfite.
Hm lng cn
Alcohol l cht c th khng ch s pht trin ca vi khun lactic nng nht nh.
Nng acid malic s gim mnh khi cn thp. Trong vang , vi khun
Leucenostoc aureus s khng pht trin khi cn trn 14% v/v. Tuy nhin , must rt
t do v must p t xc nho c cn thp hn 14% v/v.
B sung thm cn trong giai on ln men cn nhm mc ch trnh cho vang b h
hng v tng lng cn cho vang. iu ny lm mt i tnh cht v hng v c bn
ca vang thng dng, ng thi cng lm cho vang c v chua gt hn v thiu tnh
n nh, do qu trnh ln men malolatic khng c tin hnh.
Hm lng acid
Khi hm lng acid tng th s pht trin ca vi khun cng b c ch. Ln men
malolactic tr nn kh khn hn, nhng li tinh khit hn. Lng acid malic l cht
ch yu b chuyn ha. Cc cht khc chuyn ha khng ng k, v vy cng c ch
s tng acid bay hi- l acid khng c li cho cht lng ca vang.
pH ti u ca vi khun lactic l 4.2 4.5. pH> 3.2 ln men malolactic vn c th xy
ra. pH 2.9 3.2 vi khun lactic pht trin chm. pH ca vang thng 3 4. V vy,
y l iu kin tt cho qu trnh ln men malolactic chm nhng tinh khit.
Vi cc loi nho ngt, nng acid thp, qu trnh malolactic din ra d dng hn,
nhng km theo kh nng xy ra ca qu trnh gy h hng vang do vi sinh cao
hn.
Khi pH ca must qu thp, s cn phi trung ha bng CaCO3 hoc K2CO3 vo lc
bt u ca qu trnh ln men malolactic.
Nhit
Tc ng ca nhit ln s pht trin ca vi khun ph thuc vo hm lng cn c
trong must ln men. Vi cn 0 4% v/v, nhit ti u l 30oC, vi cn

115
10 14%, nhit ti u l 18 25 oC. Thng thng nhit ti u cho s pht
trin cuar vi khun lactic trong must sau ln men cn l 20 25oC
S thng kh
Mi loi vi khun c yu cu khc nhau v oxy. Ln men malolactic s rt tt nu
c b sung thm mt lng va khng kh sch. Tuy nhin , must sau khi chit
t nho cng cha mt lng oxy ha ha tn dng. Vic b sung oxy c th nh
hng n cht lng vang sau ny.
Sulfite ha
Thng c b sung vo khi nho b nh nt v khi p must nhm mc ch ngn
nga qu trnh oxy ha v tc ng c hi ca vi sinh vt.
Vi khun nhy cm vi sulfite hn nm men. Vi mt lng sulfite va , th qu
tnh ln men cn c th thc hin di tc ng ca nm men m khng b vi khun
gy bt li.
Vic b sung sulfite cng nh hng n qu trnh ln men malolactic.
Tc ng ca vi sinh vt
Trong qu trnh ln men, cc vi khun lactic hin din trong dch ln men vi s lng
v chng loi khc nhau ph thuc vo vng nho v qu trnh sn xut vang.
Cc vi khun lactic thng gp : Lactobacillus plantarum, L.casel, L.hilgardii,
L.brevis, L.damnosus, L.pentosaceus,...... Cc chng loi khun ny thng khng
hin din trong cng mt thi im ph thuc vo lng cn SO2 v lng acid c
trong dch men. Trong cc chng vi khun lactic,vi khun Oenococcus oeni l vi
khun thng c dng cho qu trnh ln men malolactic.

116

Trong qu trnh ln men, cn lu n lng vi khun c trong dch ln men. Nu

khng khi ng qu trnh ln men th cn phi b sung. Tuy nhin, cn la
chn gia vic dng chng thng mi hay chng phn lp t nho. Chng thng mi
th d s dng, c tinh khit cao. Chng phn lp li c kh nng thch nghi mi
trng ln men nhanh, to hng v ph hp vi loi vang sn xut. Cng c th s
dng chng thng mi, nhng trc khi dng th lm thch nghi vi mi trng s
dng( must ln men); nh vy vi khun ln men s c tinh khit cao m vn ph
hp vi loi vang sn xut.
Cc hnh thc b sung vi khun:
-

B sung vi khun trc khi must bt u qu trnh ln men cn. V y l thi

im vi khun pht trin tt nht. C th s dng vi khun phn lp t nho
thc hin qu trnh ny. Cng c th s dng vi khun thng mi vi hm
lng 1g/hl, tng ng 106 107 t bo/ml. Vi khun c cho thng vo
must, khng cn phi x l trc. Ngoi vi khun Oenococcus oeni cn c th
s dng vi khun Lactobacilus plantarum. S dng khi phi s l must vi
lng sulfite cao.
S dng mt lng ln vi khun chuyn ha acid malic, nh vy khng cn
qu trnh t nhn ging ca vi khun. C th s dng Lactobacillus plantarum
vi hm lng 10g/hl. Loi vi khun ny khng b tc ng ca cn, ng ha
rt t ng, hu nh khng to acid bay hi- ngha l rt ph hp s dng

iu kin trong tank ln men lin tc cng rt ph hp cho s pht trin ca nm men.
Mt nm men tng gp hai ln so vi ln men truyn thng. Chnh v vy, qu trnh
ln men din ra nhanh hn
Qu trnh ngm c b sung mt lng nho mi, v c kim sot cht ch. Qu
trnh ngm khi ng trong mi trng cn tng nng ln, v vy y nhanh s
trch ly cc hp cht phenol. Qu trnh bm tuy ngn nhng li thc y s bm o.
V vy, nng phenol c m bo.
Trong tank ln men lin tc c s nhim vi sinhh vt. iu kin trong tank ln men rt
ph hp cho vi khun lactic. V vy, ln men malolactic c th bt u ngay trong
tank, khi lng nho ti vn c cho vo lin tc.
Nhc im ca ln men lin tc l vic trn chung cc loi nho, khng phn loi
nho. Do , vang khng mang c trng ring. Gi thnh u t cao. Sn phm
khng khc bit nhiu so vi ln men truyn thng.
K thut ngm cacbonic
Trong qu trnh h hp v trao i cht, nng lng v ng trong qu nho s chuyn
ha thnh nc v CO2. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng ym kh, ng d tr s chuyn
ha thnh ng v ethanol. Nu t qu nho cha b nghin nt trong mi trng
CO2 th qu trnh trao i cht k kh s din ra. Tuy nhin , lng ethanol hnh thnh
thp, khong 1.2 1.9 % v/v. Vi s chnh lch v p sut, s xy ra hin tng
khuch tn cc hp cht phenol, ng, acid,...s khuch tn t v nho vo qu nho v
nc nho. y l c s k thut ngm cacbonic.

117
Nho thng c sn xut vang thng l vang . Tuy nhin c mt s ni s dng
vang kt hp vi vang trng. Nho c ngt va phi, i khi cn hi chua v
cha chn.
Trong cng on nh nt nho cn b sung 30 50 mg SO2/kg nho. Cng on tip
theo ph thuc vo loi vang cn sn xut m la chn phng php sn xut:
-

Nu mun vang c mu sng, hi nh vng th dng phng php p trc tip.

Nu mun vang c sc hng, hay ng th dng phng php ngm trong
thi gian ngn.

Vang c v hi nhn, hi rp , nhng kh ngon mang y mi hng v tnh cht

ca tri cy. y l loi vang c sn xut tiu th sm, khi vang cn rt tr.
Sn xut vang bng phng php p trc tip
Phng php p trc tip tc ng kh nhiu n cht lng ca vang. Nu tng lc
p s tng lng polyphenol. Thm vo l lng tanin s tng nhanh hn
anthocyanin v nh vng s tng ln.

Ngay sau khi p, nc nho c x l chng oxy ha bng cch cho thm 5 8g/hl.
Must c lm trong bng bentonite.

Nm men c b sung. Nhit ln men vo khong 20oC. Cn b sung thm nito

v sc kh nu cn.
Trong sn xut vang cn lu lun lu tr nhit thp m bo hng thm
ca vang. Lng SO2 t do vo khong 20mg/l. Ngay sau khi b sung thm sulfite,
mu ca vang s sng ln v c nh vng. Tuy nhin, sau mt thi gian mu s chuyn
sang sc nhiu hn. Nu lu phi b sung thm sulfite nhm ngn nga vi
khun c hi. Mu ca vang c th lm n nh bi vic b sung tanin chit xut t
ht nho.
117
Phng
Tng
php sn
polyphenol
xut
p trc tip 6
Ngm nho 12h
Khng dng 11
SO2
B sung
16
10g/hl SO2

Anthocynin
(mg/l)

Tannin
(mg/l)

mu

100

0.41

T l
tannin/
anthocyanin
14.3

26

320

0.52

12.3

100

760

1.53

7.6