GIO TRNH NNG BC

THY IN NM M

BI HUN K THUT - CNKT PX SA CHA IN

1. Cc phng php ni dy dn, ni cp v dy dn trn c tit din ln.

1.2. Ni dy bng ghp (kp cp):
Hin nay, phng php ny c khuyn co hn ch dng.
- Chun b :
+ Dng c : Km, ca st, m lt,
+ Vt t : Dy dn in, ghp ni, dy buc, bng nhm (nu l dy AC) lt
ghp.
-Yu cu K thut :
+ Nu ni bng 2 ghp th khong cch gia 2 ghp bng chiu di ca 1 ghp;
+ u dy dn tha ra ngoi ghp t 20 30 mm;
+ V tr dy dn tip xc vi ghp phi qun bng nhm;
+ Cc ghp v bulng ghp lp cng chiu nhau;
+ Mi ni phi m bo tip xc tt, t bn c hc.
- Trnh t thc hin :
Ca bng u dy dn : dng dy thp 1 buc cht u dy dn, sau dng
ca st ca bng u dy dn pha trc mi buc. o chiu di ca dy dn v
ghp, sau nh du ln dy dn, v sinh u dy dn, qun bng nhm ln v tr
dy dn tip xc vi ghp.
Thc hin ni dy :
+ a 2 u dy cn ni vo ghp theo 2 chiu ngc nhau.
+ iu chnh v lp ghp vo v tr qun bng nhm.
+ Sit cht cc bulng ghp.
1.2. Ni dy dn bng ng ni (dng bn ni dy vn xon):
Yu cu k thut :
- S vng xon ca ng ni phi t t 4 n 4,5 vng;
- u dy dn tha ra khi ng ni t 03 n 05cm;
- ng ni phi m bo khng b cong vnh, rn nt;
- Mi ni phi m bo tip xc tt, t bn c hc.

1.3. Ni dy dn bng phng php p dp ng ni (dng my p thu lc):

Yu cu k thut :
- Khi a dy vo trong ng ni, hai u dy phi chm nhau, khi p phi p
ng ni t gia ra hai u ng ni.
- Dy dn khng b xy xc, vn xon, gp gy
- Cc mi ni m bo ng phng php,
- M ni m bo chc chn, tip xc tt v m thut.
2. Mt s h hng thng gp v cch khc phc mch in chiu sng.
2.1. Mt chiu sng do h hng thit b chiu sng
2.1.1. Hin tng
- Cc n chiu sng t ng tt hoc cc n sng nhp nhy.
2.1.2. Nguyn nhn
- n h hng, ht tui th.
2.1.3. Bin php x l
- Bo sa cha thay th.
2.2. Chm chp dy dn lm cho cc p t mt cp ngun cho n chiu sng ct.
2.2.1. Hin tng
- Cc n chiu sng t ng tt tng khu vc.
2.2.2. Nguyn nhn
- n khng sng tng khu vc do chm chp, ngn mch lm nhy p t mt
cp ngun.
2.2.3. Bin php x l
- Tin hnh kim tra cch in ti cc t cp ngun, dy dn in nu m bao
theo quy nh th cho php ng p t mt li 1 ln.
- Nu khng th khc phc c th bo co cp trn c bin php x l kp
thi.
2.3. Mt ngun cho chiu sng lm vic
2.3.1. Hin tng

- Cc n chiu sng t ng tt.

2.3.2. Nguyn nhn
- Mt in t dng nhng ATS khng lm vic ng ngun d phng.
- Do chm chp, ngn mch lm ct p t mt cp ngun.
2.3.3. Bin php x l
- Nu mt t dng tin hnh ti lp li t dng, bo phn xng in kim tra
ATS.
- Nu n khng sng tng khu vc do chm chp, ngn mch lm bt p t
mt cp ngn. Tin hnh kim tra ti cc t cp ngun, cp dn in, ti cc bng
n nu khng pht hin g bt thng. Cho php ng p t mt li 1 ln.
- Nu do n ht tui th hoc cc b phn khc lin quan b hng bo t in
thay mi nu thy cn thit.
2.4. Mt ngun chiu sng s c
2.4.1. Hin tng
- Khi mt in t dng nhng cc n chiu sng s c khng t sng.
2.4.2. Nguyn nhn
- Cc p t mt ca n chiu sng s c trng thi ct.
- H hng UPS
2.4.3. Bin php x l
- Kim tra trng thi p t mt cp ngun cho chiu sng s c nu trng
thi ct th ng ln n s sng.
- Trong trng hp cn thit cha khc phc c th dng n Pin.
- Nu khng th khc phc c th bo co cp trn c bin php x l kp
thi.

3. Cng dng, phn loi, nguyn tc hot ng: Cu ch, cng tc, cm, bng
n .
3.1. Cu ch:
3.1.1. Cng dng, nguyn tc tc ng ca cu ch:
a. Cng dng:

CD

CC

Cu ch l kh c in dng bo v
thit b in v li in khi qu ti v ngn
mch.

Ph ti
U

H3-1

K hiu trn s :

CC

b. Nguyn tc tc ng ca cu ch:
- Nguyn tc cu to chung: Cu ch gm
dy chy thng lm bng ch, ng, nhm,
km...c t trong v kn dp h quang.
- Cu ch c mc ni tip vi mch cn bo v. H 3 - 1
- Khi c dng in qua dy chy cu ch lm cho dy chy nng ln, theo n
lut Jun lenx th s to ra mt nhit lng: Q = K.I2.R.t
- Nu dng in qua dy chy nm trong phm vi cho php th nhit dy
chy cha qu nhit cho php th mch in vn lin mch.
- Khi dng in qua dy chy vt qu tr s cho php th nhit ca dy
chy vt qu nhit cho php dy chy b t cu ch n ct mch in.
- Dng in nh nht va lm cho dy chy b t gi l dng in dy
chy. K hiu l Idc. Idc ph thuc vo kch thc vt liu lm dy chy c ch
to theo quy chun gi l c dy (tra trong s tay k thut).

H3-2

3.1.2. Phn loi v cu to ca cu ch:

Trong mch h p, cu ch c 2 loi ph bin l cu ch np xoy v cu ch
ng, ngoi ra cn c cu ch h, cu ch hp.
- Cu to cu ch np xoy: H 3 - 3
+ Khi np c vn vo thn cu ch, dng in s i t vt s 1 n u tip
xc s 2, qua dy chy s 3 n ren s 4 v n vt s 5.
+ Khi cn thay th dy chy s tho np ra, lc ngi ta hon ton cch ly
vi ngun in.
- Cu to cu ch ng HP: H 3 - 4
Dy chy l tm kim loi bng km dt trn c t 1 n vi ch c thu nh,
ti v tr thu nh c in tr ln v khi cu ch n s t phn thu nh. Dy chy
c t trong ng Phibr, khi dy chy b t di tc dng ca nhit , ng
Phibr s sinh ra kh v dp tt h quang.
3
2
4
5

H3-3

H3-4

3.1.3. Nguyn tc chn cu ch:

- Chn dy chy ca cu ch sao cho khng chy hoc khng t khi trng
thi lm vic bnh thng v ch t khi dng in lm vic vt qu tr s cho
php.
- tha mn nguyn tc trn th iu kin chn bao gm:
+ Chn cu ch phi c dy chy bng hoc ln hn mt cht so vi dng
in tnh ton ca mch

I dc I tt

, Itt l dng in tnh ton ca mch in.

+ Dng in dy chy phi nh hn dng in cho php ca dy dn trong

cng mt mch in. Thng thng

I dc 0,8I CP

I cp

dng in cho php ca dy

dn). iu kin ny m bo cu ch bo v c c dy dn.

+ K t ngun n ph ti th dng in dy chy ca cu ch pha trc bao
gi cng ln hn dng in dy chy cu ch pha sau t nht l mt cp dng in
(H3-6). iu kin ny m bo cu ch bo v c tnh chn lc (
IdC1

I dc1 I dc 2 I dc3 ...

).

IdC3

IdC2

H3-6

a. Chn cu ch bo v cho ng c.
Theo nguyn tc chn cu ch th dng in tnh ton c xc nh sao cho
ng c m my c. Dng in tnh ton c xc nh nh sau:
I tt

* Trng hp bo v cho mt ng c.
Trong :

I mm K mm .I dm

; -

K mm

I mm
1,6 2,5

= (57) L h s m my.

I dm

L dng in nh mc ca ng c.

+ Khi ng c m my ti nh hoc khng ti th ly h s 2,5

+ Khi ng c m my c ti th ly h s 1,6.
I tt

* Trng hp bo v cho mt nhm ng c.

K c .(n 1).I dm I mm1

2,5

Trong :
+

(n 1).I dm

l tng dng in nh mc ca cc ng c tr i mt ng c c

dng in m my ln nht.
+
+
+

I mm1
KC
n

l dng in m my ln nht ca mt ng c c trong nhm.

l h s cn dng "tra trong s tay k thut".

l s ng c c trong nhm.

Khi tm c dng in tnh ton ta tra s tay k thut c dy chy, ri

nghim li theo cc iu kin trn.
b. Chn cu ch bo v cho mch chiu sng:
Dng in tnh ton c xc nh theo biu thc:

I tt K c .n.I dm

Trong :
+
+
+

l s nhnh ni vo mch chnh.

I dm
Kc

l dng in nh mc trung bnh trong cc nhnh.

l h s cn dng "tra trong s tay k thut".

Nu ch ring chiu sng th:

+ Din tch chiu sng ti 100

m2

th

Kc

=1.

+ Din tch chiu sng ln hn 100

+ Mng chiu sng ngoi tri th

Kc

m2

th

Kc

=0,8.

=1.

Khi tm c dng in tnh ton ta tra s tay k thut c dy chy, ri

nghim li theo cc iu kin trn.
3.1.4. Cc thng s k thut ca cu ch:
S

i lng chn v kim tra

Cng thc tnh

TT
1 - in p nh mc ca cu ch Umcc; V.

chn
- Umcc Ummng.

2 - Dng in nh mc ca cu ch Imcc; A.

- Imcc Ilv max .

3 - Cng sut ct nh mc ca cu ch Sm ct cc; VA

- Sm ct cc Sph ti.

3.2. Cng tc:

- Dng ng ct ph ti c cng sut nh( I < 15A ).
- Cng tc xoay, bt, bm, git.
- Cng tc 2 cc, 3 cc, 4 cc.
+ Cng tc 2 cc:
Dng trong mch chiu sng thng thng iu khin bng n 1 v tr, 1 n
hay 1 nhm n.

Hnh 3.7: Cng tc 2 cc

K hiu trn s nguyn l

CT2c

K hiu trn s i dy

+ Cng tc 3 cc:
Dng iu khin bng n 2 hay nhiu v tr i vi 1 n hay 1 nhm n.

Cc Cc
ngtnh

Hnh 3.8: Cng tc 3 cc

K hiu tn s nguyn l:

K hiu trn s i dy

CT3C

3.3. cm:
Dng cp ngun cho ph ti thng qua dy dn mm v cm
K hiu trn s nguyn l

K hiu trn s i dy

3.4. n chiu sng.

3.4.1. n si t: (S)
+ Cu to:
Gm c n thy tinh bn trong l dy tc wolfram, c n c ngnh hoc
xon c, trn c n c 2 cc ni lin vi 2 u dy tc bng dy dn. Bn trong

v thy tinh ngi ta ht ht khng kh v thm vo 1 lng kh tr trnh cho

dy tc khng b oxy ha nhit cao.
+ Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi cung cp cho bng n 1 ngun in, th dng in i qua dy tc bng
n lm cho nhit trong dy tc ca bng n nng dn ln. Do vy qu trnh
lm vic ca bng n chuyn ha in thnh nhit nng khi t n nhit
nht nh t: 25.0000C n 35.0000C th n pht sng. Do vy qu trnh lm vic
ca n chuyn ha t nhit nng thnh quang nng.

+ K hiu trn s nguyn l v i dy:

K hiu trn s nguyn l

K hiu trn s i dy

3.4.2. n hunh quang: (HQ)

+ Cu to:

V thy tinh

- Bng n:

Dy tc bng n

Lp bt hunh quang

Gm 1 ng thy tinh ht ht khng kh, 2 u bt kn v c gn 2 si dy

tc wolfram, trn b mt ca 2 si dy tc ny ngi ta trng 1 lp baz xt
khi in cc nng ln s pht x ra in t 2 u bng n, chn n lp vi ui
v n, chn n dn dng in vo dy tc bng n, vch trong ca thnh ng
trng lp bt hunh quang v hn hp ca Ca, Mg, S, Zn....
- Starter (tc te)

Cc tnh
bng php

Gm c v bn ngoi bng nha hoc nhm gn c nh trn php, bn

trong l mt bng thy tinh ht ht khng kh v c cha 2 in cc bng ng
(Mt in cc tnh v mt in cc ng) khong cch 2 in cc rt nh
phng in vi in p 220V. T in c u song song vi 2 in cc, c tc
dng tr kh hin tng nhiu ca cc thit b v tuyn in do starter ngn mch
gy ra.
- Chn lu: Gm c 1 cun dy cun trn 1 li thp k thut in c 2 tc
dng chnh:
+ San bng dng sng dng in khng cn hnh sin na;
+ To ra xung in p ion ha.
- Hp n: ui n dng lp bng n v starter, ui n thng c lm
bng nha c 2 l cc bng ng l phn t trung gian ni gia chn n v ngun
in m bo tip xc tt ui n ngi ta b tr thm mt l xo n hi. Hp
n c lm bng nhm, nha.
+ Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi cp ngun in 220V xoay chiu, lc ny in p c t ht nn 2 cc
ca tc te v vy trong tc te c s phng in, nhit u cc tng dn ln
thanh kim loi, cc ng gin n v ni vi cc tnh nh vy c dng in i qua 2
dy tc bng n, lm 2 u bng n nng nn pht x ra cc tia in t nh c
lp bt bao. Sau 1 thi gian tc te khng cn nhy sng, nhit trong tc te gim
dn cc ng tch khi cc tnh dng in qua chn lu gim t ngt lm cho
trong chn lu sinh ra 1 xung in p t vo bng n lm cc cht trong bng

n xy ra ion ha, cc in cc vn phng cc in t p vo thnh ng c trng

lp bt hunh quang lm cho ton b n pht sng. Khi n sng in p c t
ht vo 2 u bng n nn tc te khng c in p phng in v vy tc te
b loi ra khi qu trnh lm vic ca n. Tui th ca n khong 3000h.
4. Kh c in ng ct: Cu dao, aptomat, cng tc t, khi ng t, my ct.
4.1. Cu dao:
4.1.1. Cu dao h p
4.1.1.1. Khi qut v cng dng:
Cu dao h p l mt kh c in c cu to n gin c dng ng ct
mch in bng tay, s dng trong cc mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu c in
p ti 500V, dng in nh mc c th ln ti 2 KA.
Khi thao tc ng ngt mch in, cn m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b
dng in. Bn cnh , cn c bin php dp tt h quang in, tc di chuyn
li dao cng nhanh th h quang ko di nhanh, thi gian dp tt h quang cng
ngn. v vy khi ng, ngt mch in bng cu dao cn phi thc hin mt cch
dt khot.
Thng thng cu dao c b tr cng cu ch bo v ngn mch cho
mch in
4.1.1.2. Cu to:

6
3

5
1

4
2

1- Tip im tnh (kp li dao).

2- Tip im ng (li dao chnh).
6

H4-1

H4-1

3- Li dao ph.
4- L xo ct.
5- Tay nm thao tc.
6. Cc u dy.
7 - cch in.
Phn chnh ca cu dao l li dao (tip xc tnh) v h thng kp li (tip
xc ng), c lm bng hp kim ca ng.
Do tc ko bng tay khng th nhanh, nn cu dao c b tr thm li
dao ph c l xo bt nhanh dp h quang in (cu dao c dng in mt chiu
nh mc ln hn 30A)
4.1.1.3. Nguyn tc ng, ct in:
- Tay nm thao tc (5) c lm bng vt liu cch in, khi ct in ko
mnh tay nm thao tc, li dao chnh (2) tch ra khi tip xc tnh (1), mch in
vn hot ng. Khi li dao chnh tch khi tip xc tnh th lo xo (4) c ko
cng ti khi lc cng thng lc p ca tip xc tnh th li dao ph (3) tch
nhanh ra khi tip xc tnh v thc hin ct mch in.
- Do s bt nhanh ca li dao ph nn h quang c ko di nhanh v c
dp tt nhanh chng. ngn cch h quang gia cc cc th mi cp tip im
c t trong mt hp kn bng nha cng.
4.1.1.4. Phn loi:
- Theo kt cu: Cu dao mt cc, hai cc, ba cc; Cu dao c tay thao tc
gia, ben cnh; Cu dao mt ng, hai ng (dng o ngun cung cp, o chiu
quay ng c...)
- Theo in p nh mc: 110 V, 250 V, 500 V.
- Theo dng in nh mc: 10A, 15A, 20A, 30A, ... Dng in nh mc ca
cu dao c cho trc bi nh sn xut.
- Theo vt liu cch in: bng s, bng nha, bng ....

- Theo iu kin bo v: loi c np, khng c np ( loi khng c np c

t trong hp hay t iu khin).
- theo yu cu s dng: Cu dao c cu ch bo v ngn mch hoc khng c
cu ch bo v.
4.1.2. Cu dao cao p
4.1.2.1. Dao cch ly - Dao ni t
a. Cu dao cch ly.
* Cng dng phn loi.
- Cu dao cch ly c dng cch ly cc thit b cao p vi ngun in
nhm tao ra khong cch cch in c th nhn thy m bo an ton trong qu
trnh kim tra, sa cha v thay th.
- Cu dao cch ly ch thc hin ng ct mch khi khng ti, nh vy n ch
ct sau khi my ct in ct v ng khi my ct in cha ng.
- Cu dao cch ly c ch to vi loi t trong nh v loi t ngoi tri,
loi 1 cc v 3 cc...
* Cu to, nguyn tc ng ct in.
Thc hin thao tc ng ct u qua b truyn ng lm quay trc 7 nng
ln hoc h li dao ng 1.

H4-2

2
5
4

4
7

H3-9

1- Li dao ng

H4-8

2- Tip im tnh
3- Gc dp h quang in
4- S cch in
5- S di ng
6- Gi
7- Trc truyn ng
* c tnh k thut ca cu dao cch ly.
Dao cch ly c chn theo cc iu kin nh mc. Chng c kim tra theo cc
iu kin n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit. C th l ta chn theo cc iu
kin ca bng sau:
* Cc iu kin chn v kim tra cu dao cch ly
stt
1
2
3

i lng la chn v kim tra

K hiu

Cng thc

chn v kim tra

in p nh mc: KV
UmDCL
UmDCL Um.mng
Dng in nh mc: A
ImDCL
ImDCL Ilv.max
Dng in n nh lc in ng: KA imax (hay im) imax ixk

Dng in n nh nhit trong thi

In

t gt

gian tn, A

In I.

t odn

b. Cu dao ni t.
Cu dao ni t c cu to hon ton ging cu dao cch ly, nhng n c tc
dng ng tip a cho cc thit b in sau khi tch ra khi ngun in.
Cu dao ni t c b tr lin ng vi thit b ng ct hoc ring r.
Trong trng hp ring r, th thao tc hon ton ging cu dao cch ly nhng n
ch c ng sau khi ct ngun in ra khi thit b in cn tip t, v ct
trc khi ng in cho thit b in.
4.1.2.2. Cu dao ph ti
a. Cng dng:
- Dng ng ct dng in ph ti c cng sut nh. N c cu to gn
nh, d vn hnh. Cu dao ph ti ch ct c dng in ph ti khng ct c
dng in s c, do n c b tr cng cu ch cao p bo v khi c qu ti
v ngn mch.
- Cu dao ph ti thng c dng cho li in chiu sng cng cng hoc
li in nng nghip.
b. Cu to, nguyn tc ng ct in: H 4 - 3
7

1- Gi
2- S cch in

3- Tip im tnh
4- Bung dp h quang

5
2

5- S di ng

6- Tip im lm vic
7- Tip im dp h quang
8- Trc truyn ng

HH3-9
4-3

 thc hin ng, ct ta quay tay quay c cu truyn ng nng hoc h

tip im lm vic.
c. Phng php dp h quang in:
Bung dp h quang in 4 c lm bng vt liu sinh kh. Khi c h quang
in, di tc dng ca nhit h quang, vt liu sinh kh c p lc cao dp tt h
quang. Vt liu sinh kh c th l Phibrbake lt hoc thu tinh hu c.
4.2. ptmt:
4.2.1. Cng dng v phn loi:
- Cng dng:
ptmt l mt kh c in va c dng ng, ct mch in va lm
nhim v bo v cc thit b in v li in c in p ti 500V.
- Phn loi: ptmt c chia ra lm 2 loi
+ ptmt qu dng.
+ ptmt km p.

4.2.2. ptmt qu dng:

a. Cng dng:

H4-4

ptmt qu dng l mt kh c in va c dng ct mch in, va

lm nhim v bo v cc thit b in v li in khi c qu ti v ngn mch.
b. Cu to : H 4 - 5
1- Tip im tnh.

6. L xo ct

2- Tip im ng.

7- Cht hm.

9
8

H4-5

6
5

3- Cun qu dng in.

8 - cch in.

4- L ng.

9- Tay nm thao tc.

5- L xo ng.

c. Nguyn l lm vic:
- ptmt qu dng ng/ct bng tay, ct t ng khi c qu ti v ngn
mch.
2

1
- Qu
trnh thc hin ng/ct bng tay tng t nh khi thao tc ng/ct cu

dao, cng tc in.

- Qu trnh thc hin ct t ng c thc hin nh sau:
+ Cun dy 3 c mc ni tip vi mch in cn bo v, khi dng in qua
cun dy 3 nm trong phm vi cho php th lc ht ca cun dy 3 nh hn lc ko
ca l xo 5, ptmt trng thi ng.
+ Khi dng in qua cun dy 3 vt qu gi tr cho php th lc ht cun dy
3 thng lc cn ca l xo 5,l thp 4 b ht nh cht hm 7. Di tc dng ca l xo
6 tip im ng 2 bt nhanh ra khi tip im tnh 1, thc hin ct mch in.
- m bo tc ng c chn lc, ptmt qu dng ngi ta ch to b
phn to thi gian tc ng c th hiu chnh c.
d. Nguyn tc dp h quang:

H 4 -6

dp tt h quang in trong qu trnh ng/ct in, th mi cc c mt

bung dp h quang. Bung dp h quang gm nhiu l thp non xp theo phng
vung gc vi tia h quang in. Khi h quang in pht sinh, di tc dng ca
lc in ng, h quang in c y vo cc khe h gia cc l st non v h
quang in c dp tt. Mt khc di tc dng ca l xo 6, tip im ng bt
nhanh ra khi tip im tnh, to iu kin cho qu trnh dp h quang in c
dp tt d dng.
4.2.3 ptmt km p:
a. Cng dng:
ptmt km p l mt kh c in va c dng ng/ct mch in,
va lm nhim v bo v cc thit b in v li in khi in p gim qu tr s
cho php.
b. Cu to: H 4 - 6
1- Tip im tnh.
2- Tip im ng.
3- Cun km p.
4- L ng.

6. L xo ct
7- Cht hm.
8 - cch in.
9- Tay nm thao tc.

5- L xo ng.

c. Nguyn l lm vic:
- ptmt km p ng/ct bng tay, ct t ng khi in p gim qu tr s
cho php.
- Qu trnh thc hin ng/ct bng tay tng t nh khi thao tc ng/ct cu
dao.
- Qu trnh thc hin ct t ng c thc hin nh sau:

+ Cun dy s 3 c mc song song vi mch cn c bo v. Trng thi

lm vic bnh thng, tc l in p tr s nh mc th lc ht ca cun dy 3
cn bng vi lc ko ca l xo 5, cht hm 7 c gi bi l thp 4 v ptmt
trng thi ng.
+ Khi in p gim qu tr s cho php th lc ht cun dy 3 nh hn lc ko
ca l xo 5, l thp 4 b ko ln nh cht hm 7. Di tc dng ca l xo 6 tip
im ng 2 bt nhanh ra khi tip im tnh 1, thc hin ct mch in.
- m bo tc ng c chn lc, ptmt km p ngi ta ch to b
phn to thi gian tc ng c th hiu chnh c.
d. Nguyn tc dp h quang:
dp tt h quang in trong qu trnh ng/ct in, th mi cc c mt
bung dp h quang. Bung dp h quang gm nhiu l thp non xp theo phng
vung gc vi tia h quang in. Khi h quang in pht sinh, di tc dng ca
lc in ng, h quang in c y vo cc khe h gia cc l st non v h
quang in c dp tt. Mt khc di tc dng ca l xo 6, tip im ng bt
nhanh ra khi tip im tnh, to iu kin cho qu trnh dp h quang in c
dp tt d dng.
4.3. Cng tc t v khi ng t
4.3.1. Cng tc t.
a. Cng dng.
Cng tc t l mt loi kh c in dng ng ct, iu khin cc thit b
in mt chiu v xoay chiu in p n 500V, dng in n 600A.
b. Cu to.
1

2
U

7
6

3
4
5

H 4- 7

H4-4

H4-8

1- Mch t.

4- Cn ng

7. Tip im ph thng ng

8 - Tip im ph thng ng m.
2- Cun dy.
5- L xo.
c. Nguyn l lm vic.
3- Np
phn
ng.
Tipmch
imtchnh.
- Khi
cun
dy 2 c 6.
in,
1 ht np phn ng 3, cn ng 4 b ko
v ng tip im chnh 6, tip im ph thng ng 7 m ra, tip im ph
thng m 8 ng li.
- Khi in p t vo cun 2 nh, hoc cun dy 2 mt in th l xo 5 ko
np phn ng ra, khi cc tip im thng m m ra, tip im ng th ng
ng li.
4.3.2. Khi ng t.
a. Cng dng.
- Khi ng t l thit b in dng iu khin t xa vic ng/ct mch
in, dng o chiu quay v bo v qu ti, ngn mch cho cc ng c in xoay
chiu 3 pha.
- Khi ng t thc cht l cng tc t kt hp vi nt n, r le nhit, cu ch.
+ Khi ng t s dng mt cng tc t gi l khi ng t n, thng dng
ng ct mch in, iu khin ng c in quay mt chiu.
+ Khi ng t s dng hai cng tc t gi l khi ng t kp, dng khi
ng v o chiu ng c in.
b. Mt s k hiu ca khi ng t.
TN GI

K HIU

Cun dy cng tc t
o

Hoc

Phn t cng tc ca r le nhit

Hoc

Nt n thng m

o o

Nt n thng ng

o o

Tip im thng m
Tip im thng ng

o
o

Tip im thng ng ca RN

4.4. My ct
4.4.1. My ct t du.
4.4.1.1. c im.
Lng du trong my ct t vo khong t 1020 kg. Du ch yu lm nhim
v dp h quang in ch khng c tc dng cch in. thc hin cch in
ngi ta dng s cch in v khng kh.
Do lng du t nn kch thc nh gn v thng c dng cho li in
c in p n 35KV.
4.4.1.2. Cu to. H 4- 9
Tip im tnh 1 c t y thng du 3, do khi lm vic thng du
mang in nn n c sn mu bo hiu nguy him. Tip im ng 2 c
dng hnh thanh trn chuyn ng d dng trong s xuyn 4 bung 5 c nhiu khe
h khng kh dp h quang in.
4.4.1.3. Nguyn l lm vic.
- Khi ng, quay tay quay b truyn ng, lm trc truyn ng 11 quay h
u A xung v u B c nng ln tip im 2 tip xc vi tip im 1, ni lin
mch in t cc u dy 10 ti cc u dy 12. ng thi l xo 7 gin ra tch ly
ng nng chun b cho tc ng ct.

- Khi ct ta tc ng vo cht hm b truyn ng, l xo 7 c t do v

lm tip im 2 bt nhanh ra khi tip im 1 thc hin ct mch.

11

A
10

B
7

4
2

9
5

13

8
9

1
12

H 4 -9

4.4.1.4. Phng php dp h quang.

Khi thc hin ng, ct mch in pht sinh h quang in gia cc tip im.
Di tc dng ca nhit h quang in, du phn ly to thnh mt lng kh c
p lc cao thi h quang vo cc khe h bung dp h quang 5 v h quang in
c dp tt.
4.4.1.5. Cc thng s k thut
- Loi my ct:

- in p nh mc: kV
- Dng in nh mc: A
- Dng in ct nh mc: kA
- Cng sut ct nh mc: MVA
* V d 1:
+ Loi my ct: BM-10
+ in p nh mc: 10kV
+ Dng in nh mc: 600A
+ Dng in ct nh mc: 20kA
+ Cng sut ct nh mc: 350MVA
* V d 2:
+ Loi my ct: BMK-35
+ in p nh mc: 35kV
+ Dng in nh mc: 1000A
+ Dng in ct nh mc: 16.4kA
+ Cng sut ct nh mc: 1000MVA
4.4.2. My ct in nhiu du
4.4.2.1. c im.
- Trong my ct in nhiu du th lng du tng i
ln, n va lm nhim v dp h quang va lm nhim
v cch in gia cc b phn ca my ct vi nhau.
- My ct in nhiu du c ch to vi cc cp in
p n 110KV. Trong i vi my ct ti 10KV th
c ba pha u cng chung mt thng du. ngn
nga ngn mch gia cc pha do h quang in, ngi
ta dng vt liu cch in chu nhit thc hin ngn
gia cc pha. Cc my ct c in p ln hn 10KV th
mi pha mt thng du ring.

H 4 - 10

4.4.2.2. Cu to. H 4 - 10
1. Thng du

4. S xuyn

7. Tip im tnh

2. Du my bin p

5. L xo ct

8. Tip im ng

3. Np my

6. Trc truyn ng

9. Lt cch in

Thng du 3 c ch to vi tit din ngang l trn, elp hoc hnh ch nht.

4.4.2.3. Nguyn l lm vic .
- Qu trnh ng c thc hin hin nh sau: Mmen quay t c cu ng (c th
bng tay, bng ng c hay bng nam chm in) quay trc truyn ng 6, qua c
cu n khp nng tip im ng ln tip xc vi tip im tnh, ng thi tch
nng lng cho l xo ct 5 thc hin ng mch.
- Qu trnh ct c thc hin hin nh sau: Khi c tn hiu ct (bng tay hay t
ng), cht gi l xo 5 nh, nng lng tch l xo c gii phng, y h thng
tip im ng xung di thc hin ct mch.
4.4.2.4. Phng pht dp h quang.
Khi thc hin ng, ct mch in pht sinh h quang in gia cc tip im.
Di tc dng ca nhit h quang in, du phn ly to thnh khi h quang xut
hin bt kh v hi du p sut cao dp tt h quang.
4.4.2.5. Cc thng s k thut
+ Loi my ct
+ in p nh mc: kV
+ Dng in nh mc: A
+ Dng in ct nh mc: kA
+ Cng sut ct nh mc: MVA
+ Tng thi gian ct nh mc: giy

4.4.3. My ct in chn khng

4.4.3.1. c im.
My ct chn khng (Vaccum Circuit Breaker), p sut trong bung dp h
quang rt thp, di 10-4 Pa (hoc 10-9 bar), do mt khng kh rt thp, cho
nn bn in trong chn khng kh cao, h quang d b dp tt v kh c iu
kin chy lp li sau khi dng in i qua tr s 0. Vi in p cp trung p (n
35kV), m ca tip im ca bung chn khng khong 6 n 25 mm.
u im chnh ca my ct chn khng l kch thc nh, gn khng gy
ra chy, n, tui th cao khi ct dng nh mc (n 10.000 ln ng ct), gn nh
khng cn bo dng nh k, v vy loi my ct ny c dng kh rng ri
li in trung p, vi dng in ct nh mc n 3.000 A, ch yu dng lp t
trong nh. Dng in ct n 50kV, thi gian chy ca h quang c 15 ms.
4.4.3.2. Cu to bung dp h quang.
- Trn H 4 - 11, trnh by nguyn l cu

a ni

to ca bung ct chn khng. Bn trong bung

S cch in

cch in bng vt liu dng composit c t

Thanh dn tnh

h thng tip im c dng tip xc mt, vi

Tip im

thanh dn tnh v thanh dn ng, chuyn ng

Bung h quang

tnh tin, theo c cu dn hng, lp cht vi

S cch in

y di. ng xp kim loi c u trn hn vi

Hp xp kim loi

thanh dn ng, u di hn vi tm y, mc

Dn hng

ch m bo chn khng cho bnh ct d cho

tip im ng chuyn ng nhiu ln.

Thanh dn ng

H 4 - 11

- Khi ct, tip im ng tch khi tip im tnh h quang xut hin trn
mt tip xc lm kim loi b nng chy v bay hi. H quang s b dp tt khi dng
in i qua tr s 0. kh nng ct v gim hao mn tip im do h quang sinh
ra, ngi ta s dng cu to c bit ca tip im to ra lc lc in ng ca
dng in, thi h quang ra pha ngoi mt tip xc.

- Trn H 4 - 12 trnh by nguyn l cu to ca hai loi tip im: Tip

im c t trng hng knh hnh 4 - 12a; tip im c t trng hng trc hnh
4 - 12b.

a. Tip im t trng hng knh.

b. Tip im t trng hng trc.
1. Cu to tip im.
2. ng i ca dng in v hng h quang: A C- tip im bng CrCu
B- Thn tip im.

4.4.3.3. Cc thng s k thut.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

in p nh mc.
in p xoay chiu th nghim 1 pht.
in p xung tng ng.
Dng in nh mc vi cc cp in p.
Dng in ct nh mc.
Dng in xung kch.
Thi gian tc ng + ng.
+ M.
Tui th

kV
kV
kV
A
kA
kA
ms
ms

+ Ct.

ms

+ B c.

Ln

+ Bung ct.

Ln
kg

9 Khi lng.
10 Ch ng lp li: Ct s - ng Ct s- ng Ct.
- V d: Thng s k thut ca h my ct in chn khng VB.
1
2

in p nh mc.
in p xoay chiu th nghim 1
pht.

kV

12 17,5 - 24

kV

28 38 - 50

3
4

in p xung tng ng.

Dng in nh mc vi cc cp
in p.

kV
A

75 95 - 125
800 1250 1600 2000 2500
- 3150
20 25 315 36 44 (tu tng

Dng in ct nh mc.

kA

6
7

Dng in xung kch.

Thi gian tc ng + ng.
+ M.

kA
ms
ms

loi)
50 n 110 (tu tng loi)
35,50 (tu tng loi)
42

+ Ct.

ms

60

+ B c.
+ Bung

Ln

30.000

Ln

10.000

Tui th

ct.

9 Khi lng.
kg 160 n 230 (tu tng loi)
10 Ch ng lp li: Ct 0,3 s - ng Ct 180 s- ng Ct.
4.4.4. My ct in sf6
4.4.4.1. c im kh SF6.
- Kh Sf6 c tn khoa hc l Sulfua hexafluor, l loi kh tr, khng mu,
khng mi, khng c hi. Rt n nh v mt ha hc di tc dng ca tia la
in.
- Kh SF6 c cng cch in 2,6 n 5 ln khng kh bnh thng khi
cng nhit v p sut.
- Di tc dng ca nhit h quang kh S6 c kh nng phn ly, nng lng
phn ly kh SF6 lm ngui thn h quang v dp tt h quanq mt cch hiu
qu.
- Kh SF6 l cht kh m in. Ngha l c kh nng ht cc in t t do v
ti hp li sau khi h quang in c dp tt, khi phc bn cch in nhanh
chng, chng chy lp li khi c in p phc hi.
- Nhc im chnh ca loi kh ny l nhit ho lng thp, p sut 13,1 at
(13,1 MPa) nhit ho lng ca n l 00C, cn p sut 3,5 at (3,5 MPa) l
-400C. V vy kh SF6 thng c vn chuyn di dng lng trong cc bnh cha

v ch dng p sut khng cao trnh phi dng thit b hm nng. Mt khc
kh ny ch c cht lng tt khi khng c tp cht
- T nhng c im nu trn, kh SF6 c dng cch in v dp h
quang in trong cc my ct cao p v siu cao p.
4.4.4.2. c im my ct SF6
- My ct SF6 c s dng vo nhng nm 1970 v c ch to vi cc
cp in p t 12KV n 800KV.
- Do kh nng cch in v dp h quang in ca kh SF6 rt cao nn kch
thc ca my ct SF6 thng nh gn hn so vi cc my ct khc c cng in
p.
- Mi pha ca my ct c np kh SF6 khong t 4 7 bar (1 bar =
0,981,02 at).
Thng c np khong 6 bar. Do cng ngh ch to tin tin nn my ct
m bo kn rt tt, cho php lng r r kh 1% trong 1 nm.
- Mi pha ca my ct c t 1 n 4 ch ngt in ty thuc in p nh mc
v yu cu chu qu in p ca my ct. Cc my ct c U < 220KV mi pha 1
ch ngt in, cc my ct c U > 220KV v yu cu chu qu in p th s c t 2
n 4 ch ngt in.
- B truyn ng (BT) trong my ct SF6 thng s dng cc loi: (phn
loi theo ngun nng lng thao tc)
+ BT kiu l xo
+ BT kiu khng kh nn
+ BT kiu thy lc
+ BT kiu kt hp gia l xo, khng kh nn, thy lc
Cc my ct c U < 245KV thng dng 1 BT cho c 3 pha, cc my ct c
U > 245 KV th mi pha thng dng mt b truyn ng ring.
- Mi my ct c t 1 n 3 ng h o p lc kh SF6, v cng cch in
v kh nng dp h quang ca my ct ph thuc vo p lc kh. Khi p lc kh

khng m bo (thp di cp 1), my ct c h thng chung hoc ci bo

hiu. Khng c ng, ct my ct khi p lc kh gim thp cp 2.
- My ct c trang b h thng sy kh t ti t BT (di cc tr cc), t
ng ct sy khi nhit mi trng 10o C.
- Kh nng dp h quang ca bung dp h quang kiu thi dc kh SF 6 ln
gp 5 ln so vi khng kh, v vy gim c thi gian chy ca h quang, tng kh
nng ct, tng tui th tip im.
- Thi hn bo dng, i tu:
+ Sau 2000 ln ng ct vi ti nh mc hoc tng dng in ct s c =
700 KA
+ Sau 10 nm vn hnh.
1. -M
cct
u
vo.
My
SF6
lm vic m bo tin cy mi mi trng, k c trn sa
2. Kh SF6.
mc
kh hu
nhim
nng.
3. v
Cch
in
ca bn
bnh
ct.
4. Tip
im
4.4.4.3.
Cu
to. h quang.
5. Tip im lm vic.
c cc
my ct sf6 u c ch to theo nguyn tc thi kh, kh SF 6
6. -Tt
Ming
thi.
7. Tip
im
hvquang.
c
lu gi
piston
xi lanh s chuyn ng trong qu trnh ng ct.
8. Xilanh.
ct SF6 thng t ngoi tri, cc pha my ct c ch to ring r
9. -My
Pttng.
10.2 Mt
bch
gia
u
gm
tng s
cch
in,cc
tng
trnra.
cha tip im ng ct, tng di dng lm gi
11. Tip im trt.
12.
tng
khong
cchng
an ton.
H 4 - cch
13; H in).
4 14
Thanh
truyn
(bng
13. S cch in .
14. Bung c cu truyn ng ca bnh.
15. C cu ch v tr.
16. y bnh ct.
17. C cu thu bn.
18. Van np ga.
19. C cu ng c ln ct l xo.
20. Tay n.
21. L xo ng.
22. L xo ct.
23. C cu ln dy ct bng tay.

H 4 13
CU TO MT PHA MY CT SF6

H 4 - 14
HNH NH MT MY CT SF6

4.4.4.4. Nguyn l kt cu ca bung ct ba v tr ng qu ct ct.

Qu trnh ct din ra nh sau: Khi c tn hiu ct, trc truyn ng quay, ko
theo h thng ng ca bung ct (gm cc tip im ng h quang, tip im
ng lm vic xilanh, ming thi cch in) chuyn ng tnh tin xung di,
ng thi kh SF6 c nn trong xilanh, h thng tip im lm vic ct trc ri
n h thng tip im h quang. Sau khi h quang pht sinh, ming thi c gii

phng khi tip im h quang, p sut kh SF6 c nn s thot ra, thi tt h

quang. Thng mi bnh ct, c ng h ch p sut kh SF 6 v c van np kh b
sung.
4.4.4.5. Cc thng s k thut.
Thng s k thut ca my ct SF6 u c ghi trn l lch my v trn nhn
my thng thng bao gm cc s liu sau:
T
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Tn thng s

n v

in p nh mc
Tn s
in p xung
Dng in ct nh mc (n)
Dng in xung kch
Dng in ct nh mc
Ch thao tc
Thi gian ct
Thi gian h quang
Thi gian ng
Dng in ngn mch 1s
Khi lng cm ba bung ct

kV
Hz
kV
A
kA
kA

Tiu chun

Ct - ng ct
ms
ms
ms
kA
Kg

- V d: Thng s k thut ca dy my ct SF6 HPA theo tiu chun IEC-56

T
T
1
2
3
4

Tn thng s
in p nh mc
Tn s
in p xung
Dng in ct nh mc

5
6

(n)
Dng in xung kch
Dng in ct nh mc

Ch thao tc

8
9

Thi gian ct
Thi gian h quang

n v

Tiu chun

kV
Hz
kV

3,3 7,2
50
75

12
50
75

17
50
95

24
50
125

3150

3150

2500

2500

kA
kA

175
100
100
79
50
40
40
31,5
Ct 0,3s - ng ct 180s -

ms
ms

38
15

ng ct
38
38
15
15

38
15

10 Thi gian ng
11 Dng in ngn mch 1s
Khi lng cm ba bung
12
ct

ms
kA

75
50

75
40

75
40

75
31,5

Kg

320

320

320

300

5. Khi nim, cu to cc loi: vt liu cch in (cao su, mica, si thu tinh,
vt liu dn in (ng , nhm)
5.1. Vt liu cch in
5.1.1. Cao su.
5.1.1.1. Cao su thin nhin:
Ngi ta khng dng cao su nguyn cht vo vic sn xut cc vt liu cch
in, v n khng chu c nhit cao cng nh nhit thp v tc dng ca
dung mi. khc phc cc nhc im ny ngi ta tin hnh lu ho cao su, tc
l nung nng ln khi cho thm lu hunh vo cao su.
5.1.1.2. Cao su lu ho:
Cao su lu ho c dng rng ri trong cng nghip in lm cht cch
in cho cc dy dn trong cc thit b in, dng lp rp, dy cp mm, ch to
ra gng tay, ng, thm cch in v cc ng cch in.
Khi dng cao su lu ho lm vt liu cch in cn ch ti cc nhc im:
bn nhit thp, t chu c s tc dng ca du m, n b phng rp ln khi
ngm trong du m, ben zen, xng km bn i vi tc dng ca nh sng nht
l tia t ngoi lm cho cao su b ho gi nhanh, cao su c th gy tc hi cho vt
liu ng.
Cao su lu ho cch in thng c in tr sut khi

= 1015 .cm; = 3

7; tg = 0,02 0,10; bn in Et = 20 30kV/mm.

bnt lm cch in c sn xut thnh cc tm ng hay thanh. N c
th gia cng c kh d dng c dng lm sn phm khc nhau, dng lm bnh c
quy

5.1.1.3. Cao su tng hp:

Thnh phn ca cao su tng hp gm c ru cn du m v kh thin nhin
c ng dng ch yu sn xut cp in, thit b in
a. Cao su butaien:
Mun dng cao su butaien vo mc ch cch in phi ra sch cht xc tc
cn d li (natri) v cht ny s lm gim c tnh cch in ca cao su.
b. Escapon:
Escapon c c tnh cch in cao: in tr sut khi

= 1017 .cm; = 2,7

3,0; tg = 2.10-4. Escapon c th dng lm in mi cao tn. Trn c s ca

escapon ngi ta cn sn xut ra c nhiu vt liu mi nh sn, hp cht cch
in
c. Cao su cloropren:
Loi cao su ny tuy c c tnh cch in thp nhng rt bn i vi tc
dng ca du v xng, zn v cc cht xy ho khc. C th dng n lm v bo
v cho cc sn phm cp, lm tm m chu c du vv so vi cao su t nhin
th loi cao su ny bn hn v v s ho gi nhit v t thm kh.
5.1.1.4. Mica
Mica dng lm lm nhng tm lt cch in nhiu dng khc nhau; dng
lm cch in ca cc my in cao p cng sut ln (trong c pht in tua bin
v tua bin nc c ln, ng c in dng trong tu in, tu thu) v c dng
lm in mi trong cc t in, n kt hp vi mt s vt liu cch in khc to
ln hn hp cht cch in.
5.1.1.5. Thy tinh
c s dng lm in mi cho cc t in dng trong cc b lc cao th,
trong cc my pht xung, trong cc mch dao ng ca thit b cao tn.
Dng ch to ra cc chi tit nh v: Thu tinh cch in (in thoi, ng
ten, , xuyn ).

c dng lm bng v chn n thp sng v lm nhiu loi ng in t

khc nhau.
5.2. Vt liu dn in
5.2.1. ng v hp kim ng
5.2.1.1. ng
a. Phn loi v k hiu:
* Cn c vo lng tp cht:
Nu cn c vo lng tp cht cn tn ti trong ng th ng c chia
thnh cc loi sau:
+ M1: C 99,9% Cu; 0,1% l cc tp cht khc. Trong lng xy khng
c qu 0,08% (xy c trong ng s lm cho tnh cht c hc ca ng km
i).
+ MO: c 99,95% Cu; 0,05%; l cc tp cht khc. Trong lng xy khng
qu 0,02%.
* Cn c vo qu trnh sn xut:
Nu cn c vo qu trnh sn xut th ng chia thnh cc loi sau:
+ MT: Khi thc hin gia cng ko ngui ta thu c loi ng cng.
+ MN: L loi ng c nung nng vi trm C sau lm ngui v thu
c loi ng mm.
b. Tnh cht:
* Tnh cht c hc:
ng c bn c hc tng i cao, d dt mng, d vut, d ko si, gia
cng d dng khi nng v lnh, d hn ni.
+ ng MO c c tnh c tt hn ng M1.
+ ng MT c gii hn bn cao hn ng MN.

ca MT l (36 - 39) kg/mm2.

ca MN l (26 - 28) kg/mm2.

Tnh cht c hc ca ng ph thuc vo mc tinh khit ca ng, phng

php gia cng, x l nhit v nhit lm vic ca ng.
* Tnh cht vt l:
ng c mu nht sng rc, c nhit dn sut cao. Khi lng ring ca
ng l d = 8,9 g/cm3 nhit nng chy t0nc = 10830C.
* Tnh cht ho hc:
ng l kim loi c sc khng tt i vi s n mn. ng c th in ho
khi tip xc vi kim loi khc (st, nhm, km) th khng gy nguy him cho ng.
ng b xy ho chm mi trng c m cao v n b xy ho mnh
mi trng c nhit cao.
S xy ho v s n mn ca ng c th ngn cn c bng cch trng
thic khi nung nng hoc m bc, cadmi bng phng php in phn.
* Tnh cht in:
ng l kim loi c in dn sut kh ln

= 58m/mm2; in tr sut nh

= 0,0172mm2/m. V th trong k thut in n l kim loi dn in tt nht ch

ng th hai sau bc (Ag).

in dn sut ca ng rt nhy cm vi cc tp cht c trong ng.
V d: C 0,5% tp cht: Zn; Cd. Ag th in dn sut ca ng gim 5%.
C 0,5% tp cht: Ni; Sn; Al th in dn sut ca ng gim 25% - 40%.
C 0,5% tp cht: Be; Fe; P th in dn sut ca ng gim hn 50%.
c. Cng dng:
ng l loi vt liu quan trng nht trong tt c cc vt liu dn in c s
dng trong k thut in.
ng cng: c s dng mi ni cn c cng v bn cao nh cc
tip im ca cc kh c in, thit b ng ngt in, thanh dn ca thit b phn
phi, phiu gp ca my in.

ng mm: C tit din trn, hnh ch nht dng lm dy dn v dy qun

thit b in.
Tuy vy ng l mt trong s kim loi him n ch chim 0,01% trong lng
t, gi thnh t.
5.2.1.2. Hp kim ng
a. ng thanh:
* Thnh phn:
L hp kim ca ng vi lng nh thic (Sn); silic (Si); phtpho (P); beri
(Be) crm (Cr); magi (Mg); cadmi (Cd).
* Tnh cht:
Vi thnh phn thch hp c tnh hp kim tt hn ng tinh khit rt nhiu:
Gii hn bn ko ca ng thanh c th t ti

ko

= 80 135kG/mm2. in tr

sut ca ng thanh ln hn ng tinh khit.

Ngi ta s dng ng thanh rng ri vo nhng vic ch to nhng chi tit
cn c cng v bn cao v nhng chi tit l xo dn in.
Nu cho cht ph cadmi vo ng th ngi ta thu c kt qu tt, cht ph
ny tuy lm cho in dn sut gim i mt t nhng bn c v cng tng ln
rt nhiu, gii hn bn ko ca ng thanh cadmi c th t ti

ko

= 105kG/mm2.

c dng nhng ch tip xc, phin gp c cng dng c bit.

b. ng thau:
L hp kim ca ng v km. N c gin di tng i cao, bn ko
ko

= 32 35 kG/mm2 v tnh cng ngh u vit hn so vi ng tinh khit khi gia

cng rn, dp, ko si mnh

ng thau dng trong k thut in sn xut ra mi chi tit dn in. in
tr sut ca ng thau cao hn ng thun khit.
5.2.2. Nhm v hp kim nhm
5.2.2.1. Nhm:

a. Thnh phn v k hiu:

Nhm s dng trong k thut in c tp cht trong thnh phn khng qu
0,5% c k hiu l A1; nhm tinh khit hn trong thnh phn lng tp cht
khng qu 0,03% c k hiu l ABOO c s dng sn xut cc nhm l,
cc in cc v v t in in phn. Nhm c tinh khit cao nht l loi nhm
trong thnh phn lng tp cht khng qu 0,004% c k hiu l ABOOO cc
tp cht khc nhau s lm gim in dn sut ca nhm.
+ Nu c 0,5% tp cht l Ni, Si, Zn, Fe, th in dn sut gim t 2 3%.
+ Nu c 0,5% tp cht l Cu, Ag, Mg th in dn sut gim i rt nhiu.
b. Tnh cht ca nhm:
* Tnh cht c:
bn c hc ca nhm thp hn ca ng, nhm d dt mng d ko si c
tnh c tt, gin di tng i khi t ti 40 50%, bn ko

ko

3,6 4,8 kG/mm2.

* Tnh cht vt l:
Nhm c mu trng bc tiu biu cho cc kim loi nh, khi lng ring nh
d < 5G/cm3, nu l nhm c d = 2,6G/cm3; nu l nhm cn d = 2,7G/cm3 v nh
hn ng 3,5 ln.
* Tnh cht ho hc:
Nhm l kim loi b xy ho mnh, sau khi b xy ho s to nn mng xt
nhm c in tr ln, lp mng ny bo v cho nhm khi b tip tc n mn
nhng li to nn in tr ln ti ch tip xc cc dy nhm v khng th hn
nhm bng phng php thng thng. Khi hn nhm ta phi dng thuc
hn bt c bit hoc s dng m hn siu m.
n mn in ho ti ch tip xc gia nhm v ng c ngha thc tin rt
ln. Nu ti ch tip xc chu tc dng ca hi m s xut hin ti ch tip xc cp
pin cc b c tr s sut in ng kh ln v s c dng in i t nhm sang

ng, kt qu dy dn nhm c th b ph hu v b n mn nhanh. V vy ch ni

dy ng v dy nhm cn phi c bo v chng m cn thn.
* Tnh dn in v dn nhit:
Nhm c tnh dn in v dn nhit quan trng ng th hai sau ng. Nu
hai si dy ng v dy nhm c cng mt tit din v chiu di th in tr ca
dy nhm ln hn ng 1,63 ln. Nu hai si dy nhm v dy ng c cng di
v in tr th dy nhm mc d to hn nhng khi lng vn nh hn ng
khong hai ln.
c. Cng dng:
Nhm c dng lm bn cc t in, dy dn mt si hoc nhiu si, cp ti
in cao th v h th, thanh dn, cp ti in trn khng.
d. Cch bo qun:
Khng nhm ni m t, gn axt v cc dung mi c hot tnh cao. Ch
tip xc gia ng v nhm nu m t s xy ra qu trnh n mn in ho kh
nhanh. V vy ti ch tip xc gia ng v nhm cn phi c bo qun bng
cch qut sn hoc bc bng nhng vt liu khc c kh nng chng m cao.
5.2.2.2. Hp kim nhm
Hp kim c ngha nht l anri.
a. Thnh phn:
Hp kim anri cha 0,3 0,5% Mg, 0,4 0,7%, Si 0,2 0,3%, Fe cn li l
Al.
b. Tnh cht:
Sau khi gia cng c kh hp kim anri c tnh c cao, bn khi ko

= 35 kG/mm2 , gin di tng i khi t l 6,5%, h s nhit gin n di

-6

-1

= 23.10 , in tr sut
2,7G/cm3.

ko

= 0,0317 mm2/m v c khi lng ring l d =

Hp kim anri vn gi c tnh nh ca nhm v in tr sut cng xp x

bng nhm, c bn c gn bng bn c ca ng ko ngui. c s dng
lm ng dy ti in trn khng, v dng ch to ra dy nhm li thp lm dy
ti in c in p cao u vit v n gim c tn tht in nng do pht sinh
phng in vng quang xung quanh dy dn.
6.1. Dng in
6.1.1. nh ngha
+ Dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht
in tch trong in trng.
+ iu kin c v duy tr dng in trong dy dn
l gia 2 du dy dn phi c v duy tr mt in trng,

Ac-quy

hay ni mt cch khc l gia 2 u dy dn phi c mt

hiu in th, duy tr hiu in th cn phi c ngun

Hnh6 -1

in (pin, c qui, my pht in )

+ Dng in mt chiu l dng in c tr s v chiu khng thay i theo
thi gian.
6.1.2. Chiu dng in
+ Ngi ta qui c chiu dng ca dng in mch ngoi l chiu dch
chuyn ca cc in tch dng trong mach di tc dng ca in trng.
+ Theo quy c th chiu dng ca dng in mch ngoi l chiu i t
cc (+) n cc (-) ca ngun. (Hnh 6-1)
6.1.3. Cng dng in
+ c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in ngi ta dng khi nim
cng dng in. Cng dng in l s lng in tch dch chuyn qua tit
din thng ca dy dn trong mt n v thi gian; k hiu: I
+ Cng thc tnh:

q
t

+ n v cng dng in l Ampe (A)

- c s ca Ampe: MiliAmpe 1mA= 10 A

6

Mi cram pe 1A = 10 A
3

- B i s c a Am p e : KilAmpe 1KA=10 A
6.2. Bn cht ca dng in trong cc mi trng
+ Trong kim loi: L dng chuyn di c hng ca cc in t t do trong
in trng.
+ Trong cht kh: L dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ion dng, ion m v
in t t do di tc dng ca in trng.
+Trong cht in phn: L dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ion dng, ion
m di tc dng ca in trng.
6.3. Sc in ng ca ngun
+ Mun to ra v duy tr dng in trong dy dn, th phi to ra v duy tr
lin tc 2 u dy dn 1 hiu in th. iu ny thc hin c khi a vo mch
kn 1 ngun in.
+ Mt mch in khp kn gm 2 phn: Mch trong v mch ngoi,
- Dng in mch ngoi i t cc dng n cc m ca ngun.
- Dng in mch trong i t cc m n cc dng ca ngun.
+ Nh vy cc ht in tch dng tip tc di chuyn t cc m n cc
dng ca ngun, th ngun in phi to c cc ngoi lc tc dng vo cc in
tch (Hnh 6- 2).

+ nh ngha: Cng ca ngoi lc lm di chuyn

mt n v in tch t cc ny sang cc kia ca
ngun gi l sc in ng ca ngun; k hiu: E
- Biu thc tnh:

A
q - n v l vn (V).

Trong : A- Cng tnh bng Jun (J)

q - in tch (C)
- Khi mch ngoi h, I = 0 th E = U

Hnh 6- 2

6.4. Cng v cng sut ca dng in

6.4.1. Cng ca dng in (in nng)
+ Cng ca ngun:
- Nng lng ca ngun sn sinh ra di chuyn cc in tch t cc ny n
cc khc trong mt thi gian t no gi l cng ca ngun.
- A = E.q = E.I.t
Trong :
E- Sc in ng ca ngun (V)
q = It- in lng dch chuyn trong thi gian t (c)
+ Cng tiu th trn ph ti:
- Nng lng in c truyn ti cc h tiu th v c bin i sang cc
dng nng lng khc.
A = U.q = U.I.t
Trong : U- in p t vo ph ti (V)
+ Cng tn hao trong ngun:
- L nng lng mt mt do to nhit bn trong ngun:
A0 = U0q = U0It
Trong : U0 - in p tn hao bn trong ngun
U0 = E - U = I.R0
n v o ca cng: Ot gi (Wh )
1 Wh = 1V.1A.1h = 3600 (J)
Bi s ca Wh: 1 KWh = 1000 Wh= 103 Wh
1 MWh = 1000000 Wh = 106 Wh
6.4.2. Cng sut ca dng in
+ Cng sut ca dng in l i lng c trng cho s bin thin nng
lng, n chnh bng cng trong 1 n v thi gian. K hiu l: P
A
P= t

A
E.I .t
E.I
+ Cng sut ca ngun: P = t = t
A U .I .t
U .I
+ Cng sut tiu th trn ph ti: P = t = t
A0 U 0 .I .t

U 0 .I
t
+ Cng sut tn hao trong ngun: P = t

n v o cng sut: Ot (W)

1W = 1A.1V
Kilot (KW): 1KW = 1000 W = 103 W

Bi s ca W l:

Mgaot (MW): 1MW = 1000000 W = 106 W

7. Khi nim v dng in xoay chiu 1pha, 3 pha.
7.1. Khi nim v dng in xoay chiu 1pha
7.1.1. i cng v mch in xoay chiu hnh sin mt pha
7.1.1.1. nh ngha
+ i lng xoay chiu hnh sin l i lng c tr s v chiu bin i theo
thi gian theo quy lut hnh sin (Hnh 7 - 1).
N c biu din di dng biu thc ton hc nh sau:
i I m Sin t ( A) e Em Sint (V ) u U m Sin t (V )

+ Tr s ca i lng hnh sin ng vi mi thi im t bt k gi l tr s tc

thi. K hiu: i, e, u, p
+ Tr s tc thi ln nht gi l tr s cc i hay cn gi l gi tr bin ca
i lng xoay chiu hnh sin.
K hiu: Im, Um, Em
+ Chiu ca i lng xoay chiu hnh sin lun lun thay i theo thi gian.
Ti 1 thi im no ta chn chiu dng in l dng, th ti 1 thi im khc
i lng xoay chiu hnh sin c chiu ngc li, khi tr s ca n mang du
m.

3
2
2

t2
0

+ Tr s tc thi c trng cho

tc dng ca tr lng hnh sin tng
thi im. Cn c trng cho tc
dng trung bnh ca i lng xoay
chiu hnh sin trong ton b chu k
v mt nng lng ngi ta dng
khi nim tr s hiu dng ca i
lng xoay chiu hnh sin.
Tr s hiu dng ca i lng
xoay chiu hnh sin c gi tr tng
ng vi dng 1 chiu khi chng cng i qua 1 in tr, trong cng 1 n v thi
gian bng 1 chu k th to ra cng 1 nhit lng nh nhau. K hiu: I, U, E.
Quan h gia tr s hiu dng v tr s cc i:
Im

- Dng in:
U

- in p:

Um
2

0,707.U m

- Sc in ng:

0,707.I m

Em
0,707 Em
2

Ch : Cc s ch trn cc dng c o in l tr s hiu dng ca i lng

xoay chiu hnh sin. Thng thng khi ni ti tr s cc i lng xoay chiu hnh
sin l ni ti tr s hiu dng cu chng.
7.1.1.2. Nguyn l to ra sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin mt pha
+ Sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin c to ra t my pht in xoay chiu
1pha v 3 pha. Nguyn tc my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha n gin nht bao gm:
phn cm v phn ng.

+ Phn cm (Stato) gm hai cc t N-S ca nam chm vnh cu hoc nam

chm in (Hnh 7 - 2a).

eab

ecd

Hnh7 - 2a

Hm cc ca phn cm c ch to sao cho T trng phn b dc theo chu

vi phn ng bin thin theo quy lut hm s sin:
B = Bm sin (Hnh 7 - 2b)
+ Phn ng (R to) gm 1 khung dy qun trn li thp v c gn trn trc
quay. Hai u khung dy c ni vo hai vnh ng, trn hai vnh ng c p
vo hai chi than dn in.
+ Khi phn ng quay vi tc n, chiu nh hnh v. Khi cc thanh dn
ca phn ng ln lt ct t trng phn cm v sinh ra sc in ng cm ng.
Chiu c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. Sc in ng ca 1 khung dy s
bng tng cc sc in ng ca hai cnh khung dy. Nu khung dy c 1 vng th;
ev = eab+ ecd
eab = ecd = B v l = Bm v l sin (l Chiu di cnh khung dy)
ev = 2. Bm v l sin
Nu khung dy c w vng th sc in ng ca ton khung dy l:
e = 2 Bm v l w sin

+ Khi

th cnh ca khung dy nm ng trc cc t, khi B = B m dn

ti e = Em, tc l e = 2 Bm v l w sin = Em (v Sin90o =1).

+ Khi = 0 th cnh ca khung dy nm trng vi mt phng trung ho, khi
B = 0 dn ti e = 2 Bm v l w sin = 0 (Sin0o = 0).
Vy ti cc v tr khc ca khung dy th sc in ng ca khung dy l:
e E m Sin

+ Nu R to quay vi tc gc l th gc quay sau thi gian t = t. Do

sc in ng cm ng sinh ra trong khung dy l:
e E m Sin t

Tm li: Nu cm ng t phn b dc theo chu vi phn ng theo quy lut hnh

sin th sc in ng sinh ra trong khung dy phn ng khi n quay cng bin thin
theo quy lut hnh sin. Nu my c hai cc th khung dy quay c mt vng, sc
in ng thc hin c 1 chu k.
7.1.1.3. Chu k, Tn s, Pha, Gc lch pha
a. Chu k, Tn s.
- Chu k: Chu k l khong thi gian nh nht i lng hnh sin lp li
qu trnh bin thin nh c, k hiu: T
n v tnh l giy (s)
- Tn s: S chu k thc hin trong 1 giy gi l tn s, k hiu: f
1Hz

n v tnh l Hc, k hiu Hz:

Bi s:

1
giay

1
T

Ki-l- hc (KHz): 1KHz = 103 Hz

M- ga- hc (MHz): 1MHz = 106 Hz

Gii tn s trong li in cng nghip thng l: 50 Hz v 60 Hz

- Quan h gia tn s v tc quay

+ My c mt i cc (p = 1). Th khi R- to quay c 1 vng sc in ng

thc hin c 1chu k. Khi R- to quay c n vng/pht th sc in ng thc
hin c n chu k. Trong 1 giy n thc hin c n/60 chu k.
+ My c 2 i cc th khi R to quay c 1 vng Sc in ng thc hin
c 2 chu k.
+ My c P i cc th khi R to quay c 1 vng Sc in ng thc hin
oc p chu k.

+ My quay vi tc n vng/pht Sc in ng thc hin c

np
60

chu

k trong 1 giy
f

np
60

60 f
P

(Vng/pht)

- Quan h gia tn s v tc gc

+ Nh ta bit gc quay

hay

Nu my c mt i cc th khi R to quay c 1 vng

ng thc hin c 1 chu k t = T

+ Do
- Pha

th sc in

2

2f 2f ( Rad / s )
t
T

b. Pha, gc lch pha

3
2

B=0

MF trung ho

+ Phn ng my pht in gm c
nhiu khung dy t ri rc trn b mt li
thp.

Hnh 7 - 3

+ Nh vy ti thi im t = 0, nu c 1 khung dy nm trn mt phng trung ho

th cc khung dy khc nm hp vi mt phng trung ho mt gc
( Khung dy 2 l

, khung dy 3 l

no .

...)

+ Khi R to quay vi vn tc gc th ti thi im t, cc khung dy quay

c cc gc:

1 t , 2 t 2 , 3 t 3 ....

+ Sc in ng sinh ra trong khung dy bt k l:

e1 = Em sint
e2 = Em sin(t +
e3 = Em sin(t +

2)
3)

+ Dng tng qut: e = Em sin(t +)

+ i lng t +

c trng cho dng bin thin ca i lng hnh sin nn

c gi l gc pha hay gi tt l pha ca i lng hnh sin.

+ Ti thi im ban u t = 0 th

. Do c gi l gc pha hay gi

tt l pha u ca i lng hnh sin.

- Gc lch pha

e
e1

N
1

B=0
MF trung

2
0

ho

Hnh 7 - 4

e1

+ Nu 2 khung dy hon ton ging nhau, ln lt c cc gc

e2 pha u l:1,
Hnh 7 - 5bHnh 7 - 5a
2 (Hnh 7 - 4). Th biu thc sc in ng trong khung dy khi n quay l:
e1= Em sin(t +

1); e2 = Em sin(t +

2)

+ T th hnh sin ta thy e1, e2 c dng bin thin nh nhau, nhng0e1 lun
lun chm pha sau e2 1 gc l c gi l gc lch pha.
= (t +

Nu:

1) - (t +

2) =

1-

= 1 - 2 < 0 th e1 chm pha sau e2

= 1 - 2 > 0 th e2 chm pha sau e1
= 1 - 2 = 0 th e1 ng pha vi e2 (Hnh 7 - 5a)
=1 - 2 = th e1 i pha vi e2 (Hnh 7 - 5b)

7.1.2. Biu din i lng hnh sin

7.1.2.1 Phng trnh biu din
- Dng in: i = Im Sin(t + ) (A)
Trc pha A

- in p: u = Um Sin(t + ) (V)

- Sc in ng: e = Em Sin(t + ) (V)

7.2. Khi nim v dng in xoay chiu 3 pha

7.2.1. H thng in ba pha

A
S

7.2.1.1. nh ngha
Trc pha C

n
Trc pha B

Hnh 7 - 12

+ H thng in 3 pha l tp hp 3
mch in 1 pha ni li vi nhau to
thnh 1 h thng nng lng in t
chung, trong s mi mch u c
dng hnh sin, cng tn s v lch pha
nhau 1/3 chu k.
+ Mi mch in thnh phn ca h 3 pha gi l 1 pha. S ca mi pha gi l
S pha. H 3 pha m S cc pha
c bin bng nhau th gi l h thng in 3 pha i xng hoc cn bng.
H sc in ng ny c to ra t my pht in xoay chiu 3 pha. Qu
trnh to ra sc in ng xoay chiu 3 pha nh sau.
7.2.1.2. Nguyn l to ra sc in ng xoay chiu 3 pha
H sc in ng xoay chiu 3 pha c to ra t my pht in xoay chiu 3
pha. V nguyn tc my pht in xoay chiu 3 pha c cu to nh hnh 7 - 12.
a. Nguyn tc cu to
Gm 2 phn: Phn ng v phn cm nh hnh 7 - 12
+ Phn ng (Stato): l h thng 3 cun dy ging nhau, c t trong cc
rnh ca li thp Stato, lch nhau trong khng gian 1 gc 120 o v c gi l cc
cun dy pha. Cc u u k hiu: A, B, C ; u cui: X, Y, Z.
+ Phn cm (R to): l 1 h thng cc t thng l nam chm in, gm c 2
cc bc (N) v nam (S). H thng cc t c ch to sao cho cm ng t B phn
b dc theo b mt trong phn ng bin thin quy lut hm s sin:
B = BmSin
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Cho dng in mt chiu vo cun dy phn cm luyn t cho nam chm
in;
Ko Rto quay vi tc n, c chiu nh hnh v, th ng sc t phn cm
ln lt ct qua cc cun dy phn ng, sinh ra cc sc in ng hnh sin trong

cc cun dy AX, BY, CZ. V cc cun dy t lch nhau 120o trong khng gian,

EB O

nn cc S cng lch pha nhau 120o v thi gian (tc l 1/3 chu k).
Nu gc pha u ca S pha A bng 0 o (A = 0o) v cc cun dy hon ton
ging nhau. Th S sinh ra trong cc cun dy ln lt nh sau:
eA = Em Sint (V)

EC

EeA = E
B

Sin(t - 120o) (V)

3
2

Hnh 7 - 13 eC = Em Sin(t - 240o) (V)

T ta v c th vc t v ng cong hnh sin ca h S 3 pha i
xng nh hnh 7 - 13

eB

eC ring r tng
truyn ti in nng t ngun n ni tiu th ta c th ni

pha to thnh h 3 pha 6 dy, hoc c th ni chm 3 u cui: X, Y, Z ti 1t im0

ri cng chung 1 dy dn n ph ti to thnh h 3 pha 4 dy.
7.2.1.3. ngha ca h thng in 3 pha
- H thng in 3 pha so vi 1 pha th tin li hn v kinh t hn.
- Tit kim c kim loi mu lm dy dn
- To nn c t trng quay 3 pha.

7.2.2. T trng quay 3 pha

7.2.2.1. S hnh thnh t trng quay

+ Mt trong nhng c im quan trng nht ca h thng in 3 pha l to ra

t trng quay 3 pha.
+ V nguyn tc cu to gm c: 3 cun dy AX, BY, CZ t lch nhau 120 o
trong khng gian trong cc rnh ca li thp mch t, 3 cun dy c th u sao
hoc tam gic v a vo 3 cun dy 1 h dng in 3 pha i xng (Hnh 7 - 14).
+ Nu a dng in xoay chiu mt pha vo
IC
1 cun dy ring bit th t trng ca dng in

IA

IB
A

trong cun dy lun lun c phng song song

Y

vi trc

cun dy v c tr s v chiu lun thay i theo

thi gian.
Khi th t cc i dng, khi bng 0, sau

i chiu v t cc i m, ri li v 0, t trng
c gi l t trng p mch.

B
X

Hnh 7 - 14

+ Gi s ta c h dng in 3 pha:
i A I m Sint (A) i B I m Sin (t 120 o )( A) i A I m Sin (t 240 o )( A)

+ Biu din di dng th hnh sin ta c hnh 7 - 15.

+ Ln lt xt t trng tng tng thi im: 0, a, b, c, d, e, f nh hnh 7 15 ta thy: T trng tng hp ca dng in trong 3 cun dy quay theo thi gian.
Khi dng in thc hin c 1 chu k th t trng tng hp quay c 1 vng
(Trng hp my c hai cc nh hnh v 7 - 14).
+ Khi i pha ca h dng in 3 pha th chiu quay ca t trng tng hp
cng thay i.
7.2.2.2. ng dng
Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca t trng quay l ch to ng
c in khng ng b 3 pha.

3
2

Hnh 7 - 15

ia

ib

ia

8. ng c in v my pht in
8.1. My pht in ng b ba pha
8.1.1. Khi nim
d

ic

N
S
+ My in ng b l loi my in c tc quay khng i v c xc
S

nh theo s i cc v tn s dng in,

60 f
p

+ My in ng b c s dng theo ch my pht in v ng c in.

Nhng a s my in ng b hot ng ch my pht in, dng cung
cp in nng cho sinh hot v sn xut. V vy my in ng b c mt vai tr
quan trng trong s pht trin khoa hc v k thut.
8.1.2. Cu to
a. Phn cm (Rto)
+ c gn trn trc quay, gm li thp cc t trn c qun cun dy cho
dng in mt chiu i qua to thnh mt nam chm in;
+ T trng phn cm sinh ra kh mnh v n nh. Cc t c ch to sao
cho t thng phn b dc theo mt trong ca phn ng bin
thin theo quy lut hm
b
s sin:

B Bmax Sin

+ S cc t ca phn cm ph thuc vo tc quay v tn s tiu chun ca

dng in dng trong cng nghip;
+ Da vo cu to cc t ngi ta chia roto lm hai loi: Rto cc n v rto cc
li, hnh `8 - 1;

- My in c rto cc li c gi l my in cc li, thng dng cho loi my

in c tc thp, s cc nhiu, cng sut nh;
- My in c rto cc n c gi l my in cc n, thng dng cho loi
my A
in c tc cao, s cc t, cng sut cao.
B
b. Phn ng (Stator)
X+ Mch t: c lm bng cc l thp
k thut in ghp cch in vi nhau, mt
trong c x rnh t b dy qun;
+ Dy qun: Gm ba cun dy t lch nhau 120 o trong khng gian trong cc
rnh ca li thp mch t, hnh 1 - 2
- 2 t
c.Hnh
Phn8kch
+ B phn kch t lm nhim v to ra dng in mt chiu a vo cun dy
phn cm to ra t trng cho my;
+ i vi cc my pht in cng sut ln, phn kch t l mt my pht in
mt chiu c ni cng trc vi my pht in ng b.
8.1.3. Nguyn l lm vic
+ Cung cp dng kch t cho my, hnh 8 - 3;
n2

+ Ko phn cm quay vi tc

60 f
p

; t trng phn cm qut qua cc

cun dy phn ng sinh ra cc sc in ng trong cc cun dy, eA, eB, eC;

+ V ba cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian nn ta c mt h sc in
ng ba pha;
+ Cc cun dy c ch to ging nhau nn tr s hiu dng cc sc in
ng nh nhau:

E A E B EC 4,44 fWk m
f

Trong :
ng;

np
60

- l tn s ca sc in

W - S vng ca mt cun dy pha;

k - H s dy qun;
m - T thng cc i di mt cc
t.
+ Coi gc pha u ca sc in ng pha A
l 0o th phng trnh sc in ng ba pha c
vit nh sau:
e A E 2 Sin (t )

(V)

eB E 2 Sin (t 120o )

(V)

eC E 2 Sin (t 240 o )

(V)

+ Khi my pht c ti th trong ba cun dy ca my pht c dng in v

n1

sinh ra t trng quay ba pha vi tc

60 f
p

; ngha l bng tc quay ca

phn cm n1 = n2, do my pht c gi l my pht in ng b.

8.1.2. Ho my pht in ng b
8.1.2.1. Mc ch - iu kin ho
a. Mc ch:

Hnh8 - 4

Ho my pht in ng b l vic ghp

cc my pht in lm vic song song vi
nhau.
Tc l ni h thng in ca cc nh
my pht in li thnh mt mng li in
thng nht, hnh 8 - 4;
Ghp nh vy nhm:
- m bo tnh cung cp in an ton v lin tc;

Y
Hnh 8 - 3
A
X

- m bo cht lng in nng;

- m bo tnh kinh t
b. iu kin:

ABC

+ ho cc my pht in vn hnh song song th chng phi tho mn cc

iu kin sau:
2

- in p ca my pht cn ho phi bng in p ca li hoc my pht

ang vn hnh song song:

UF UL

- Tn s ca my pht cn ho phi bng tn s ca li1

hoc my pht ang
vn hnh song song:

fF fL

- Th t pha ca my pht cn ho phi trng vi th t pha ca li hoc

my pht ang vn hnh song song;

CC

- in p pha ca my pht cn ho phi trng pha vi in p pha ca li

CD
hoc my pht ang vn hnh song song;

Hnh 8 - 5a

Nu khng m bo cc iu kin trn th c th xy ra cc s c rt nghim

trng.
8.1.2.2. Cc phng php ho
a. Phng php dng nh sng n
+ Phng php nh sng n tt: S ni dy, th vc t hnh 8 - 5.

C
3

ABC

Khi U cng ln th n cng sng v cha ng thi im ho. Lc ny ta

B pht chy nhanh hn hoc chm li cho n khi
phi iu chnh phn cm ca my

c 3 n u tt, tc l

U A U A' ; U B U B ' ;U C U C '

. Khi ta ng cu dao cho my

pht ho ln li.
+ Phng php nh sng n quay: S ni dy, th vc t hnh 8 - 6.
- Nu fF > fL nh sng n quay theo th t 1, 3, 2
- Nu fF > fL nh sng n quay theo th t 1, 2, 3
Tc ca nh sng cng nhanh
th s chnh lch tn s cng nhiu. Ta phi
A
iu chnh tc ca phn cm CC
sao cho n 1 tt, n 2 v n 3 sng bnh thng
th ta ng cu dao ho my phtCD
vo li.
C
Hnh 8 - 6a

b. Phng php dng ct ng b

A

- Ct ng b thc cht l h thng gm cc ng h o in: Vn mt, Hc

mt, ng h k
- Khi cc ng h ch c gi tr tho mn cc iu kin ho th ta ng cu
dao ho my pht vo li.
c. Phng php t ho ng b
- Ko phn cm my pht quay
vi tc ng b, v iu chnh dng
kch t so cho in p my pht bng

in p li;Ct kch t v ng k v v
tr s 2 qua in tr dit t;

1
2

- ng cu dao CD, ho my pht

vo li;
- ng kch t cho my, (K v tr s 1) my t ho ng b.
8.2. ng c - My b ng b
8.2.1 Cu to - Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c ng b
a. Cu to: Ging nh my pht in ng b ba pha
- Stato: Gm 3 cun dy c t lch nhau 120 o trong khng gian, trong cc
rnh ca mch t.
- Rto: L mt nam chm in
- Phn kch t: Ngun mt chiu
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
- a dng in xoay chiu 3 pha vo dy qun Stato s to ra t trng quay
3 pha;
- a dng in mt chiu vo dy qun kch t, Rto tr thnh mt nam
chm in v b t trng ca Stato ko quay theo vi tc bng tc ca t
trng qua:

n2 n1

60 f
p

- Trong thc t th khi Rto ang ng yn m ta ng in vo ng c

m my th rto khng th quay c v khi lng rto rt ln, mmen qun tnh
F

ln; mt khc tc t trng rt nhanh, rto khng th quay kp. Do ng

c c th hot ng c ta phi c cc phng php m my.
8.2.3. c im ca ng c - My b ng b
- Thc cht my b ng b l mt ng c ng b lm vic ch khng
ti, qu dng in kch t;
- ng c v my b ng b thng c Rto cc li v cng sut nh hn
cng sut ca my pht;
- Khi dng kch t nh, ng c nhn cng sut phn khng ca li, dng
in trong ng c chm pha sau in p mt gc ;
- Khi dng kch t vt qu tr s nh mc(trng thi qu kch t), th my
ng b pht cng sut phn khng vo li. Lc ny ng c c xem nh mt
t in vn hnh song song vi li, do Cos ca li in c nng cao.
- My in chuyn dng pht cng sut phn khng cho li in nng
cao Cos gi l my b ng b.
8.2.4. Phng php khi ng c - my b ng b
a. Phng php dng ng c ph:
- ng c ph l ng c KB c tc quay gn bng tc ca ng c
ng b cn m my;
- Khi m my ng k v v tr s 2(pha in tr dit t), ng in cho ng
c ph, ng c ph ko rto ca ng c ng b quay v tc gn bng tc
ng b;
- ng cu dao CD;
- ng nhanh k v v tr s 1, ng c lm vic ch ng b. Hnh 8 8

b. Phng php m my KB:

- Mun m my theo phng php ny th ng c phi c cu to c bit,
tc l trn cc t ca my phi c thm dy qun m my ging nh rto lng sc
ca ng c KB; (hnh 8 - 9)
- Khi m my ng k v v tr s 2, ng cu dao CD, ng c c m my
KB;
- Khi tc gn bng tc ng b th dng nhanh k v v tr s 1, ng c
lm vic ch ng b.
9. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p o lng (TU, TI)
9.1. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca my bin in p (TU).
Ging nh my bin p lc, my bin in p c ch to da trn nguyn l
cm ng in t ngha l: Nng lng in c truyn dn t cun dy s cp
sang cun dy th cp thng qua qu trnh cm ng t. Li thp c ghp
bngcc l tn si lch lm nhim v dn t c cht lng cao, tn hao thp. Dy

dn qun bng may loi tt, chi c nhit ln n 200 0C, chu c nh
hng ca mt s ho cht nh du, axt, mui... My bin in p v my bin p
lc u c cun dy v li thp. Li tn v cun dy c bc cch in bng du
cch in v hoc c bao bc bng pci, loi cch in bng du thng c v
thng du bng tn trng km dy d >1,5mm. Cng sut ca my bin in p
thng nh cha n 1kw, dung lng S ca my bin in p c tnh bng VA
(S 250VA), trong khi cng sut ca my bin p lc ln c tnh bng kVA
(S 31,5kVA, loi nh nht thng dng cho n ng). My bin in p
thng c kch thc hnh hc nh hn my bin p lc rt nhiu, c kch thc
mch t v kch thc ca cc cun dy nh, my bin in p t thay i v cu
to, kiu cch, hnh dng v kch thc. My bin p lc c ch to a dng v
c nhiu cp in p khc nhau, trong khi my bin in p ch c duy nht mt
cp in p th cp l 100V~. My bin p lc 3 pha c nhiu t u dy khc
nhau, trong khi my bin in p thng c ch to 1 pha hoc 3 pha c t
u dy Y0/Y0/ D h.
9.2. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca my bin dng in (TI)
My bin dng o lng trung th kiu CT* l my bin dng c poxy
hoc ngm trong du cch in. My bin dng in dng bin i cc dng
in ln xung dng in nh c th o bng cc dng c o thng thng
hoc c th a vo mch in cc thit b r le t ng iu khin bo v. Cc
my bin dng in thng c ch to c dng in th cp nh mc l 5A
(hoc1A). Cun dy s cp ni ni tip vi mch o c dng in i qua ln, cun
th cp n ni tip vi cc dng c o dng in. My bin dng in dng c
trong mch in cao, h th n c ch to da trn nguyn l cm ng in t.
Cun dy s cp c tit din to, cun
U1 dy th cp c tit din nh, s vng cun
dy th cp nhiu hn v t l nghch vi dng in nh mc. T s bin ca
my bin dng in c ghi trn nhn my:
UC'
Hnh 8 - 6b

U3

U2

UC

I1 N 2
= =k
I2 N 1 I

I1 = I2 kI
N l s vng dy
I l dng in
C 3 loi my bin dng thng hay x dng l:
- Loi ca s.
- Loi thanh ci.
- Loi nht th hay cn gi l kiu dy qun.
Ging nh my bin p lc, my bin dng in c ch to da trn nguyn
l cm ng in t ngha l: Nng lng in c truyn dn t cun dy s cp
sang cun dy th cp thng qua qu trnh cm ng t. Li thp c ghp bng
cc l tn si lch lm nhim v dn t c cht lng cao, tn hao thp. Dy dn
qun bng may loi tt, chi c nhit ln n 2000C, chu c nh hng
ca mt s ho cht nh du, axt, mui... My bin dng in v my bin p lc
u c cun dy v li thp. Li tn v cun dy c bc cch in bng du cch
in v hoc c bao bc bng pci, loi cch in bng du thng c v thng
du bng tn trng km dy > 1,5 mm.
10. My pht thy lc v my pht diesel
10.1. My pht thy lc
My pht in tua bin nc ( cc nh my thu in) c ch to vi tc
U1
quay chm,
thp hn nhiu so vi MP tua bin hi. Hn na tc quay ca MP
U2

cc nh my thu in khc nhau, thng khng ging nhau. l v m bo

hiu
Hnh
8 - sut
5b

cao, tua bin nc cn c cng sut nh mc v tc quay ph hp vi

tham s ca ngun nc (chiu cao hiu dng ct nc, lu lng dng nc...).
U3

Khi ct nc nh (nhng lu lng ln) tua bin nc c th c tc quay thp

n 100 vg/ph.

UC'

Do tc quay thp, s i cc t ca MP tua bin nc phi nhiu, ng

UA' UB

knh
UCr to ln hn so vi MP tua bin hi. S i cc p c quan h vi tc quay
UB'

p
UA thc:
n theo cng

60 f
n

(10-1)

Trong : f = 50 Hz l tn s nh mc ca dng in xoay chiu. Do v

d, vi tc quay 100 vng/pht, MP phi c ti 30 i cc b tr quanh chu vi
ca r to.

R to MP thu in thng c ng knh ln hn nhiu so vi chiu di

ca n, kt cu c dng bnh xe rng (H.10-1a). Vnh bnh xe c ni vi trc
bng cc trc thp, mt ngoi gn cc cc t c cun dy. Do ng knh ln,
chiu di ngn, r to ca MP thu in thng c b tr cho trc quay thng
ng. Nh th s tit kim c chiu cao ca gian my. Trc quay nm ngang ch
p dng i vi my cng sut nh, tc quay nhanh.

Hnh 10.1: R to MP tua bin nc trc

ng
a- Kiu treo; b- Kiu

C hai cch kt cu cho MP tua bin nc trc ng l kiu treo v kiu

. Trong kiu treo, chnh pha trn r to, cn trong kiu
- pha di (H.10-1a). u im ca kiu treo l n nh, t chu nh hng
tc ng ca cc phn ph, cn u im ca kiu l gim c kch thc theo

chiu cao v do gim c kch thc chung ca my. Thng khi my c cng
sut ln, c kt cu theo kiu .
My pht v tua bin nc thng c chung trc v , do chu lc
dc trc ln ca ton b trng lng ca r to cng nh lc hng trc ca dng
nc. V th ca cc MP tua bin nc phi c kt cu c bit, chu c lc
dc trc ln.
10.2. My pht diesel
10.2.1. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt my pht in

Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt my pht in

(1) ng c
(2) u pht
(3) H thng nhin liu
(4) n p
(5) H thng lm mt v h thng x (6)
(7) B np c-quy
(8) Control Panel hay thit b iu khin

(9) Kt cu khung chnh

10.2.2. Hot ng cc thnh phn chnh ca my pht in
10.2.2.1. ng c
ng c l ngun nng lng c hc u vo ca my pht in. Kch
thc ca ng c t l thun vi sn lng in ti a cc my pht in c th
cung cp. C mt s yu t cn phi ghi nh khi nh gi ng c my pht
in. Nh sn xut ng c cn t vn c c thng s k thut hot ng v
lch trnh bo tr.
My pht in s dng nhiu loi nhin liu u vo khc nhau nh: diesel,
xng, propan ( dng lng hoc kh), v kh thin nhin. ng c nh thng
hot ng bng xng trong khi ng c ln hn chy du diezen, propan lng, kh
propane, hoc kh t nhin. Mt s my pht cng c th hot ng da trn mt
ngun d liu kp, nhin liu diesel v kh t.
10.2.2.2. u pht
N l mt phn ca cc my pht in, sn xut in t nhin liu c hc
c cung cp. Bao gm mt tp hp cc b phn tnh v cc phn c th di
chuyn c. Cc phn lm vic vi nhau, to ra chuyn ng tng i gia t
trng v in, do to ra in.
Stato/phn cm: l thnh phn khng th di chuyn. N gm mt tp hp cc
dy dn in qun li thnh dng cun trn mt li st. Roto/Phn ng: l thnh
phn chuyn ng to ra mt t trng quay, trong ba cch sau y:
Cm ng: c bit n nh b dao in khng tip xc trt v thng
c s dng trong cc my pht in ln.

Nam chm vnh cu: ph bin trong cc my pht in nh

B kch thch: Kch thch bng dng in 1 chiu nh thm sinh lc cho
Roto thng qua mt tp hp cc vng tip in v chi in.
Roto to ra s di chuyn t xung quanh stato, t to ra s khc bit in
p gia cc cun dy ca stato. iu ny to ra dng cm ng bn trong my
pht in.
Sau y l nhng yu t bn cn nh khi nh gi kh nng pht in ca
mt my pht in:
V my kim loi so vi v nha: thit k bng kim loi m bo bn
ca my pht in. V nha d b bin dng theo thi gian, v cc b phn
chuyn ng pht in c th l ra bn ngoi. iu ny lm tng s hao mn v
quan trng hn, gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. bi so vi kim: bi c
a chung hn v c tui th ko di hn.Khng c chi in: pht in m
khng s dng chi in i hi bo tr t hn v to ra nng lng sch hn.
10.2.2.3. H thng nhin liu
Bnh nhin liu thng nng lc gi cho my pht in hot ng t
6 n 8 gi trn mc trung bnh. i vi cc my pht in nh, bn cha nhin
liu l mt phn trt ca my pht in hoc c lp trn khung my pht
in. i vi cc my pht inthng mi, c th cn xy dng v ci t thm
mt bnh cha nhin liu bn ngoi.
Cc tnh nng thng thng ca h thng nhin liu bao gm nhng iu sau
y:

ng ni t bn cha nhin liu n ng c: Dng cung cp hng dn

nhin liu vo v ra ng c.
ng thng gi bnh nhin liu: Cc bn cha nhin liu c mt ng ng
thng gi, ngn chn s gia tng p lc, hoc chn khng trong qu trnh bm
v h thng thot nc ca b cha. Khi bn np y bnh nhin liu, m bo s
tip xc kh gia vi phun ph, v b nhin liu ngn nga tia la c th gy
ha hon.
Kt ni trn t bn cha nhin liu n cc ng ng cng: y l yu cu
khi b trn trong qu trnh bm, nhin liu khng lm cht lng ln my
pht in.
Bm nhin liu: nhin liu chuyn t b cha chnh (lu tr nhin liu, c
bit quan trng i vi cc t chc thng mi) vo b cha trong ngy. Cc my
bm nhin liu thng thng hot ng bng in.
Bnh lc nhin liu, tch nc v vt l trong nhin liu lng, bo v cc
thnh phn khc ca my pht in khi s n mn v cht bn gy tc nghn.
Kim phun: Phun cht lng nhin liu di dng phun sng vo bung t ng
c.
10.2.2.4. n p
Nh tn ca n, y l b phn quy nh in p u ra ca my pht in.
C ch c m t di y i vi mi thnh phn, ng mt vai tr nht nh
trong chu k iu chnh in p.
n p: Chuyn i in p xoay chiu AC thnh dng in 1 chiu DC.
iu chnh mt phn nh in p u ra thnh in p xoay chu v chuyn i

n thnh dng in mt chiu. iu chnh in p dng in 1 chiu DC tp hp

trong cun dy th cp ca stato, c gi l cun dy kch thch.
Cun dy kch thch: Chuyn i dng in 1 chiu DC thnh dng in
xoay chiu AC. Cc cun dy kch thch c chc nng tng t nh cc cun dy
stato chnh v to ra dng in xoay chiu nh. Cc cun dy kch thch c kt
ni vi cc n v c gi l chnh lu quay.
B chnh lu quay: Chuyn i dng in 1 chiu thnh dng in xoay
chiu. Chnh lu cc dng xoay chiu pht sinh bi cc cun dy kch thch, v
chuyn i n thnh dng in mt chiu. Dng in 1 chiu ny cung cp cho
Roto/phn ng to ra mt trng in t, ngoi t trng quay ca roto.
Roto/Phn ng: Chuyn i dng in 1 chiu thnh dng xoay chiu. Roto
sinh ra dng in xoay chiu ln hn xung quanh cun dy stato, cc my pht
in hin nay sn xut mt in th xoay chiu AC ln hn u ra.
Chu k ny tip tc cho n khi my pht in bt u sn xut in p u ra
tng ng vi kh nng iu hnh y ca n. u ra ca my pht
in tng, n iu chnh in p sn xut ra t dng in 1 chiu hn. Mt khi my
pht in t cng sut hot ng y , iu chnh in p t n mt trng
thi thng bng, v to ra dng 1 chiu duy tr sn lng ca my pht
in mc hot ng y . Khi bn thm mt ti, sn lng in p s b
thp xung mt cht. iu ny nhc nh vic iu chnh in p v bt u li chu
k trn. Chu k tip tc cho n khi my pht in dc u ra, iu hnh cng
sut y ca n.
10.2.2.5. H thng lm mt

Lin tc s dng h thng lm lnh c th lm nng cc thnh phn khc

nhau ca my pht in. My cn thit c mt h thng lm mt, v thng gi
thu hi nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh.
Nc cha x l / nc sch i khi c s dng nh mt cht lm mt
cho my pht in. Hydrogen i khi c s dng nh mt cht lm mt, cho
cc cun dy stato my pht in ln, v n rt hiu qu trong hp th nhit.
Hydrogen loi b nhit t my pht in, v chuyn qua mt b trao i nhit,
vo mt mch lm mt th cp, c cha nc khong nh mt cht lm mt. y
l l do ti sao my c kch thc rt ln. i vi tt c cc ng dng ph bin
khc, dn c v cng nghip, mt tiu chun tn nhit v qut c gn trn
cc my pht in v cc cng trnh nh h thng lm mt chnh.
Cn thit kim tra mc nc lm mt ca my pht in trn c s hng ngy.
H thng lm mt v bm nc th cn c ra sch sau mi 600 gi, v b trao
i nhit nn c lm sch sau mi 2.400 gi my pht in hot ng. My
pht in nn c t trong mt khu vc m, thng thong c cung cp
khng kh trong lnh. Mi bnmy pht in nn c mt khng gian ti thiu l
3 feet m bo s lu thng khng kh lm mt my.
10.2.2.6. H thng bi trn
My pht in bao gm b phn chuyn ng bn trong ng c ca n,
n cn c bi trn m bo hot ng bn, v m sut mt thi gian di.
ng c ca my pht in c bi trn bng du c lu tr trong mt my
bm. Bn nn kim tra mc du bi trn mi 8 gi my pht hot ng. Bn cng
nn kim tra ngn nga r r cht bi trn, v cn thay i du bi trn mi 500
gi my pht in hot ng.
11. c bn v v xc nh v tr lp t cc thit b trn s ni in chnh
v t dng nh my.

11.1: S lc v s ni in nh my in v trm bin p

11.1.1.Khi nim chung
S ni in nh my in v trm bin p l s biu th cc phn t ca
chng theo ng th t sp xp trong thc t.
11.1.2. Cc loi s ni dy
11.1.2.1. S nht th
- Mch nht th biu din cc mch in chnh ca cc trang b in, truyn
ti nng lng in t pha ngun n ni tiu th in.
- S nht th c 2 loi:

TG
CL
CC

CL

MC

CC
(+)
RI

RI

(-)

RT
(-)

BI

(+)

RI

RI

RT
(-)

BI
A

Cp

KWh

BI
BU

Hnh 11-1. S mt si.

Hnh 11-2. S 3 si.

S mt si: l s ch v 1 pha biu th s lin h cc trang b in.

Do s n gin, trn s ch biu th cc trang b in ch yu nh: My
pht in, my bin p lc, ng c in, thanh gp, ng dy ti in trn khng,
ng dy cp in lc, my ct in v dao cch ly, my bin dng in, my bin

in p... S nht th loi mt si l s thng dng khi chn thit b dng

trong vn hnh nh hnh v 11-1.
S 3 si: S 3 si (dy) c dng biu th cho c 3 pha nh hnh
11-2
11.1.2.2. S nh th
S ni dy nh th l hnh v biu th cc thit b o lng, kim tra, iu
khin, bo v... gi l s nh th.
Ngun cung cp cho mch nh th l cc my bin dng in v my bin
in p, hoc t ngun mt chiu nh s hnh 2-1 v s hnh 2-2.
a- S bo v
Khi vn hnh h thng in nh: nh my in, trm bin p, ng dy ti
in, c th xy ra h hng l trng thi lm vic khng bnh thng lm nh
hng n ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng. ng thi khi qu ti s lm
cho cch in ca cc thit b in chng b gi ci, khi tn s v in p gim thp
th hiu sut ca my cng c s gim i. Nu tn s gim xung cn 48Hz s gy
s c, nu in p gim xung cn 49% Um th cc ng c in s ngng quay.
Khi xy ra chm chp s gy ngn mch... Nhng tnh trng h hng trn nu dng
cu ch bo v th n gin r tin, nhng khi cng sut, in p ca h thng tng
ln th cu ch bo v khng p ng c. V vy phi dng bo v khc, l
bo v bng r le (gi tt l bo v r le).
Nhim v ca r le l pht hin s c v tc ng khi xy ra hin tng
khng bnh thng v ngn mch. Ngoi r le bo v cn phi hp vi cc thit b
khc phc hi nhanh s c. Nh t ng ng ngun d phng (TD) v t
ng ng li ng dy (TL) mt ln hoc hai ln.
V d: S bo v ct nhanh ng dy.Hnh 11-3
MC

Khi c ngn mch ti N th IN >> ILVBT qua BI xut hin dng IR i vo cun
(+)
dy ca r le dng in (RI) lm cho tip im ca RI ng li a ngun in mt
IR

chiu i ct my ct (MC) loi ng dy b s c ra khi li.

BI
N
D

RI

Hnh 11-3. S bo v ct nhanh ng dy

b- S o lng
Dng o v ghi li nhng thng s vn hnh ca h thng in nh: in
p, dng in, tn s, cng sut, in nng tc dng, in nng phn khng... Thng
qua thit b o lng gip cho cc trung tm iu khin cc thit b vn hnh ng
ch nh mc.
c- S iu khin
S iu khin ng vai tr quan trng thng c t phng trung tm
iu ca nh my in v trm bin p. Mch iu khin c tc dng l thay i
cc thng s lm vic ca cc thit b in cc ch vn hnh. S iu khin
thng s dng ngun mt chiu v ngun xoay chiu c cp in p 110V, 220V
v 380V.
d- S tn hiu
Trong nh my in v trm bin p ngi ta thng s dng cc loi tn hiu
chnh sau y:
- Tn hiu ch v tr cc thit b in ng hay m ca my ct in, dao cch
ly, p t mt, v tr nc lm vic ca cc u phn p ca my bin p c iu chnh
in p di ti.
- Tn hiu s c: bo hiu ct s s ca cc my ct, p t mt.
- Tn hiu bo trc: bo hiu s pht sinh cc ch hoc cc trng thi lm
vic khng bnh thng ca cc thit b.

- Tn hiu ch huy dng truyn mnh lnh chnh v lin lc gia phng iu
khin trung tm vi cc phn xng.
Ngoi cc tn hiu trn nh my in v trm bin p c cc loi tn hiu nh
tn hiu bo s tc ng ca bo v r le, tn hiu ch s tc ng ca cc b t
ng...
11.2. Cc dng s ni in c bn
11.2.1. Khi nim v thanh gp
Thanh gp l ni nhn in nng t cc ngun cung cp n v phn phi in
nng cho cc h tiu th.
11.2.2. S mt h thng thanh gp
11.2.2.1.S . (hnh 11-4)

Hnh 11-4. S mt h thng thanh gp

11.2.2.2. c im kt cu.
+ Cc ngun cung cp v ng dy u ni vo thanh gp qua my ct v
dao cch ly.
- My ct t pha ngun gi l my ct ngun : MCN1, MCN2.
- My ct t pha ng dy gi l my ct ng dy: MCD1, MCD2, MCD3.
- Dao cch ly t gia thanh gp v MC D gi l dao cch ly thanh gp ng
dy nh: CLTGD1, CLTGD2, CLTGD3.

- Dao cch ly t gia thanh gp v my ct ngun gi l dao cch ly ngun

nh: CLTGN1, CLTGN2.
- Dao cch ly gia ng dy v MC D gi l dao cch ly ng dy nh:
CLD1, CLD2, CLD3.
- Dao cch ly gia ngun v MCN gi l dao cch ly ngun nh: CLN1, CLN2.
+ Ngun cung cp in c th l t my pht in hoc t cc my bin p.
11.2.2.3. Trnh t thao tc.
- Th t ng cc ng dy vo lm vic:
V d: ng in cho ng dy D1
+ ng CLTGD1
+ ng CLD1
+ ng my ct MCD1. ng dy D1 c a vo vn hnh
- Th t ct in ng dy
V d: Ct in ng dy D1
+ Ct in MCD1
+ Ct CLD1 v CLTGD1.
- ng dy D1 c tch ra khi h thng in ang vn hnh.
Ch : Thc hin ng quy trnh thao tc ng ct in (theo phiu thao tc)
Dao cch ly ch c php thao tc ng ct in khi khng c dng in
hoc c dng in khng ti cho php.
11.2.2.4.u nhc im ca s .
* u im: Kt cu s n gin vn hnh d dng v mi phn t ch t
mt my ct in v dao cch ly.
* Nhc im:
- Khi sa cha thanh gp hay dao cch ly thanh gp th thanh gp b mt in.
- Khi xy ra ngn mch trn thanh gp cng mt in ton b.
- Khi sa cha my ct in mt phn t no th ngun hoc ng dy
phi ngng lm vic trong sut thi gian sa cha.

11.2.2.5. Phm vi ng dng.

- S mt h thng thanh gp ch dng cho ph ti c cng sut nh, khng
quan trng v Um 35 kV.
11.2.3. S mt h thng thanh gp c phn on bng my ct.
11.2.3.1. S (hnh 2-4)
11.2.3.2. c im kt cu, phng thc vn hnh.
- nng cao tin cy cung cp in ngi ta chia thanh gp ra thnh nhiu
phn on, s phn on thng bng s ngun cung cp. Ngun v ng dy ti
in c phn phi u trn mi phn on. lin lc gia cc phn on c th
dng dao cch ly hoc my ct in. y ta xt trng hp phn on thanh gp
bng my ct in.
- lin lc gia cc phn on ngi ta b tr 1 my ct phn on v 2 dao
cch ly phn on.
- Hai phn on vn hnh song song: MCp, CLp1, Clp2 ng, cc ngun h
tr cng sut cho nhau.
- Nu my ct phn on (MCp) ng khi xy ra ngn mch mt phn on
bt k th my ct phn on v my ct ngun ni vo phn on ct mch nn ch
mt in phn on cn cc phn on khc vn lm vic bnh thng.
- Hai phn on vn hnh c lp: MCp, CLp1, Clp2 u m.
D2

D3

D4

CLD2

CLD3

CLD4

MCD3

MCD4

CLTGD3

CLTGD4

D1
CLD1

MCD2

MCD1

CLTGD1 CLTGD2 MCP

CLTGN1 CLP1

CLTGN2
MCN2

MCN1

CLN2

CLN1
N1

CLP2

H 11-5

N2

11.2.3.3. u nhc im ca s .
* u im:
- Khi sa cha phn on no th ch phn on mt in trong thi gian
sa cha.
- C th vn hnh song song hoc c lp khi ng hoc ct dao cch ly phn
on.
* Nhc im:
- Khi cn sa cha dao cch ly thanh gp ngun (CL TGN) hay dao cch ly
thanh gp ng dy (CLTG) ca phn on thanh gp th phn on vn phi
ct in.
- Khi xy ra ngn mch trn phn on thanh gp no th my ct phn on
v my ct ngun ni vo phn on mt in lm cho dung lng ca trm
gim xung, cc h ph ti loi I mt ngun d phng (ch cn mt ngun cung
cp).
- Khi cn sa cha MCD hay MCN th ngun v ng dy vn b mt
in trong sut thi gian sa cha.
11.2.3.4 Phm vi ng dng
- S ny ng dng cho nhng ph ti c cng sut nh, khng quan trng
v Um 35 kV.

D1

D2

D3

11.2.4. S mt h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng.

CLVD2
11.2.4.1. S CLVD1
ni dy (Hnh
11-6) CLVN1

CLVD3

a. c im, kt
cu, cch
b tr thit
b trn s

CLD2
CLN1
CLD3
CLD1
MCD1

MCD2

CLTGD1

CLTGD2

TGV

CLVN2
CLN2

CLV1

MCN1

MCD3

MCN2

MCV

CL TGN1

CLTGD3

CL TGN2

CLV2
TG

N1

N2

Hnh 11-6: S mt h thng thanh gp c

- Tt c cc thanh
ngungp
v ng
vng dy c ni vi thanh gp vng qua mt dao
cch ly vng (CLv) .
- lin lc TG vi thanh gp vng, ngi ta b tr mt my ct vng v 2
dao cch ly vng (CLv1, CLv2).
- Khi vn hnh bnh thng thanh gp vng d phng, nn MCV tt c cc dao dao
cch ly vng u m (CLVD1, CLVD2, CLVD3, CLVN1, CLVN2 u m).
b. Trnh t thao tc
* V d a my ct ng dy D1 (MCD1) ra sa cha.
- Trnh t thao tc nh sau:
+ Quan st thanh gp vng bng mt thng xem c vn g cn tr khng .
Nu khng c vn g m dao ni t ca thanh gp vng.
+ ng CLV2, CLV1, MCV. Nu ng MCV thnh cng chng t TGV tt .
+ ng cch ly vng ng dy 1 (CL VD1) v ng th. ng dy D1 c
ly in t TG v TGV.
+ Ct my ct ng dy D1 (MCD1)
+ Ct dao cch ly ng dy D1 (CLD1)
+ Ct dao cch ly thanh gp ng dy D1 (CLTGD1)
+ Thc hin cc bin php an ton a my ct ng dy D 1 ra sa cha, lc
ny MCV thay th cho MCD1.
* a MCD1 sa cha xong vo vn hnh:
+ Thc hin cc bin php an ton a MCD1 v v tr ban u.

+ ng CLTGD1, CLD1.
+ ng MCD1. ng dy D1 c ly in t TG v TGV.
+ Ct CLVD1 (v ng th nn khng c h quang pht sinh).
+ Ct MCV sau ct CLV1v CLV2. MCD1 tr li vn hnh bnh thng.
c. u, nhc im ca s
* u im:
- Khi sa cha mt my ct ng dy hay mt my ct ngun th ngun v
ng dy vn lm vic bnh thng.
- Khi cn sa cha TG, CLTG th ton trm vn lm vic bnh thng.
- Nu xy ra ngn mch trn TG th phc hi nhanh chng s c trn TG.
* Nhc im:
- Khi xy ra ngn mch trn TG th ton trm vn b mt in trong mt thi
gian ngn thao tc a TGV vo thay th.
- Tn nhiu dao cch ly, thm MC V v CLV lm gi thnh cao, vn hnh phc
tp.
d. Phm vi ng dng
S ng dng rng ri trong thit b phn phi, Um 110 kV.
11.2.6 S hai h thng thanh gp
11.2.6.1 S ni dy (hnh 11-7)
D2

D1

CLD2

CLD1
MCD1
CLTGD1
TGII
TGI
CLTGN1

CLN1
N1

CLD3

MCD2
3

CLTGN2
CLLL1
MCN1

D3

4
CLTGN3
CLLL2

MCLL

MCD3
5

6
CLTGN4
MCN2
CLN2
N2

Hnh 11-7: S 2 h thng thanh gp

11.2.6.2 c im kt cu, phng thc vn hnh

a. c im kt cu
- Hai h thng thanh gp c gi tr nh nhau, lin lc gia hai h thng
thanh gp ngi ta dng mt my ct lin lc(MC LL) v hai dao cch ly lin
lc(CLLL1, CLLL2).
- Mi ngun v ng dy u c ni vi hai h thng thanh gp qua 1
my ct v cc dao cch ly.
+ Dao cch ly nm gia my ct ngun v thanh gp gi l dao cch ly thanh
gp ngun (CLTGN1,2,3,4).
+ Dao cch ly nm gia my ct ng dy v thanh gp gi l dao cch ly
thanh gp ng dy (CLTGD1,2,3,4,5,6).
+ Dao cch ly nm gia my ct ng dy v ng dy l dao cch ly
ng dy (CLD1, CLD2, CLD3).
+ Dao cch ly nm gia my ct ngun v ngun l dao cch ly ngun (CL N1,
CLN2).
b. Phng thc vn hnh
+ Vn hnh song song: MCLL, CLLL2, CLLL1 ng, ngun v ng dy phn
phi u trn hai h thng thanh gp. Ngun pht ln thanh gp no th cch ly
thanh gp ngun ng cn cch ly thanh gp ngun kia m, ng dy ly in
thanh gp no th cch ly thanh gp ng dy ng cn cch ly thanh gp
ng dy kia m.
+ Vn hnh c lp: MCLL, CLLL2, CLLL1 m, c hai h thng thanh gp cng vn
hnh, ngun v ng dy phn b u trn hai h thng thanh gp.
+ Mt thanh gp vn hnh, mt thanh gp d phng. Tt c cc ngun u
pht ln mt h thng thanh gp. Cc ng dy ly in thanh gp , cn

thanh gp kia khng mang in (tt c dao cch ly, ni vo thanh gp khng mang
in u m).
11.2.6.3 Trnh t thao tc
V d 1 : Sa cha thanh gp lm vic a thanh gp d phng vo thay th.
V d TGI ang vn hnh cn sa cha, TGII d phng vo thay th.
- Trnh t thao tc nh sau:
+ Kim tra thanh gp d phng (TGII) bng mt thng nu khng c vn
g th m cc dao tip t ni vo TGII.
+ ng in vo TGII theo trnh t:
ng dao cch ly lin lc (CLLL1, CLLL2) sau ng MCLL. Nu ng MCLL
thnh cng th chng t TGII lm vic tt.
+ ng tt c cc dao cch ly ni vo TGII (CLTGD2,4,6 , CLTGN2,4).
+ Ct tt c cc dao cch ly ni vo TGI (CLTGD1,3,5, CLTGN1,3).
+ Ct in MCLL , CLLL, CLLL2.
+ Thc hin cc bin php an ton a TGI ra sa cha.
V D 2: Sa cha my ct ng dy MC D1 ca ng D1 vi gi thit hai h
thng thanh gp ang vn hnh song song, ng dy D 1 v D2 ang ly in
TGI, ng dy D3 ang ly in TGII, ngun N1 pht ln TGI, N2 pht ln TGII.
Trnh t thao tc nh sau:
* a N2 pht in ln TGI, D3 ly in t TGI:
+ ng CLTGN3, m CLTGN4 (ng th nn khng c h quang pht sinh) N2
pht in ln TGI.
+ ng CLTGD5, m CLTGD6 (ng th nn khng c h quang pht sinh) D3
ly in t TGI.
* a D1 ly in TGII:
+ Ct in MCD1, CLD1, CLTGD1.
+ Thc hin cc bin php an ton a MCD1 ra sa cha.

+ Dng dy dn hoc thanh dn c tit din ph hp ni tt hai u cc ch

va a MCD1 ra.
+ Ct in MCLL, CLLL2, CLLL1.
+ ng CLLL1, CLLL2, CLTGD2, CLD1, MCLL D1 c ly in t TGII. Lc ny
MCLL ng vai tr thay th cho MCD1.
11.2.6.4. u, nhc im ca s
* u im
- Khi sa cha tng h thng thanh gp khng phi ngng cung cp in.
- Sa cha bt k dao cch ly thanh gp hay ng dy ca mch no th
ch c mch mt in trong thi gian sa cha.
- Phc hi nhanh chng s lm vic khi xy ra ngn mch trn thanh gp lm
vic.
- Pht trin d dng.
* Nhc im
- Tn nhiu dao cch ly, gi thnh cao, vn hnh phc tp.
- Dng dao cch ly thao tc ng ct in nu thao tc sai trong khi vn c
in rt nguy him .
- Sa cha my ct in mch no th mch vn tm thi mt in.
11.2.6.5. Phm vi ng dng
- S c dng rng ri cho nh my in, trm bin p c cng sut ln,
ph ti quan trng Um 35kV.
11.2.7. S 2 h thng thanh gp c thanh gp vng.
11.2.7.1. S ni dy (hnh 11-8)
11.2.7.2 c im kt cu, phng thc vn hnh
a. c im kt cu
- khc phc nhc im phi ct ngun in mc d ch trong thi gian
ngn khi a my ct ngun ra sa cha, ngi ta t thm thanh gp vng. Cc

mch in c ni vi thanh gp vng qua dao cch ly vng pha ngun v pha
ng dy.
- lin lc gia hai h thng thanh gp vi thanh gp vng c b tr thm
my ct vng v 3 dao cch ly vng (CLV1, CLV2, CLV3).

D1

D2

D3

TGV
CLVD1

MCD1

CLD2

MCN1

CLTGN1
CLTGD2

CLVN2

CLVD2

CLN1

CLD1

CLTGD1

CLVN1

CLTGD4

MCD3

MCN2
3

CLV3

CLD3

CLN2

MCD2

2 CLTGD3

CLVD3

CLTGD5

MCV

CLTGD6CLV1

CLV2

CLLL1

CLLL2

TGII
TGI
MCLL

N1

N2

Hnh 11-8: S 2 h thng thanh gp c thanh

gp vng

b. Phng thc vn hnh

- Khi vn hnh bnh thng thanh gp vng (TGV) d phng nn tt c cc
dao cch ly lin h gia ngun v ng dy vi thanh gp vng u m MC V,
CLV1, CLV2, CLV3 m.

- Nu vn hnh mt thanh gp cn thanh gp kia d phng th MC LL v dao

cch ly lin lc (CLLL1, CLLL2) m cc dao cch ly lin h gia ngun v ng dy
vi thanh gp d phng u m.
- My ct vng dng thay th cho bt k my ct ng dy no hay mt
MCN ngun khi sa cha.
11.2.7.3 Trnh t thao tc
*V D: a my ct ng dy D 1 ra sa cha. Gi thit hai h thng thanh
gp ang vn hnh song song. D1 ang ly in t TG1.
-Trnh t thao tc
+ Kim tra TGV bng mt thng, xem xt c vn g khng. Nu khng c
vn g th tip tc m dao tip t ca TGV.
+ ng CLV1, CLV2. Sau ng MCV, nu MCV khng ct th TGV lm vic
tt.
+ ng CLVD1, lc ny ng dy D1 ly in t TGI v TGV.
+ Ct MCD1. Sau ct CLTG1, CLD1, ri tip t 2 pha MCD1 v a MCD1 ra
sa cha.
Nh vy ng dy D1 vn vn hnh bnh thng. Nu ng dy D1 b s c
th MCV tc ng.
11.2.7.4 u, nhc im ca s
a. u im
- Khi cn sa cha mt MCD hay MCN no th ngun v ng dy vn
lm vic bnh thng.
- Khi cn sa cha mt h thng thanh gp th ton trm vn lm vic bnh
thng.
- Phc hi nhanh chng s c ngn mch trn thanh gp.
b. Nhc im
- S lng dao cch ly nhiu, c thm mch vng lm cho kt cu s phc
tp, gi thnh cao.

B-2

- Vn hnh phc tp.

B-2

B-2

B-211.2.7.5

Phm vi ng dng

- S c p dng rng ri cc NM, TBA c cng sut ln, quan trng

v Um 110 kV
B1

B2

11.2.10. S a gic.
11.2.10.1. S ni dy nh hnh 2-10.

11.2.10.2. c im kt cu s .
- S a gic nh hnh 2-10 thanh gp c ghp vng kn, gia 2 my ct
phn on ch c mt mch v trn cc mch khng c my ct bo v ring. Khi
cn sa cha my ct bt k khng c mch no mt in. Tnh m bo ca s
ging nh s 2 h thng thanh gp c 2 my ct trn mt mch.
11.2.10.3. u nhc im ca s .
* u im:
- S ny r tin v s lng my ct ch bng s mch.
* Nhc im.
- Khi sa cha my ct hay dao cch ly thanh gp th a gic h mch. Khi
nu xy ra ngn mch mch khc khng k vi n th a gic c th tch ra 2
phn v vy dn n mt s ng dy hay my bin p s b mt in. Cc kh c
in phi chn theo dng in cc i i qua n khi a gic h mch. Dng in
ny ln hn dng in lm vic qua kh c in khi a gic kn rt nhiu.
- Cu to ca thit b phn phi phc tp v bo v rle cho cc ng dy,
MBA kh khn hn.
- Ngi ta ch s dng s a gic vi s cnh ln nht l 6 .

11.2.11. S cu.
11.2.11.1. S cu c my ct pha my bin p (cu ngoi) .
a. S : Hnh 11-11.

N1

N2
MClLL

MC2

MC1
T1

T2

MC3

MC4

Hnh 11-11

b. c im kt cu.
- S hnh 11-11 v pha ng dy khng c my ct m ch c dao cch
ly. Khi sa cha hay s c MBA hai ng dy vn lm vic bnh thng: ngc
li khi sa cha hay s c mt ng dy th mt MBA tm thi mt in trong
thi gian thao tc ng in cho MBA .
c. Phm vi ng dng.
- S c p dng cho cc TBA thng xuyn ng ct my bin p v
ng dy ngn.
11.2.11.2. S cu c my ct pha ng dy.
a. S ni dy : Hnh v 11-12.
N1

N2

MC1

MC2
MCLL

T1

MC3

Hnh 11-12

T2

MC4

b. c im kt cu.
- S hnh 11-12 v pha cao p ca my bin p khng t my ct in.
- u nhc im ngc li vi s hnh 11-11. (u im l nhc im ca
s kia)
- Trong s ny khi ngn mch trn mt ng dy no th ch ng dy
b mt in cc MBA vn lm vic bnh thng.
- Khi s c trong MBA th mt ng dy tm thi mt in.
c. Phm vi ng dng.
S ny ch thch hp cho cc TBA t phi ng ct MBA v chiu di
ng dy ln.
12. Cu to, cng dng ca s cch in, chng st van u cc.
12.1. Cu to, cng dng ca s cch in
12.1.1. Cu to c bn:
S cch in thng bng gm c ch to bng nhng loi t st c bit
nh cao lanh l mt loi t st tinh khit c cht lng cao cng nh cc loi t
st do chu la khc. Bn ngoi s c trng men, lp men bao bn ngoi s khng
cho m thm vo trong cc l xp do lm gim ho nc ca s, nh th s
cch in chu c tc dng ca ma v cc cht lng khc trong kh quyn. Men
s cch in to ra mu sc ca s v loi b c cc vt nt nh trn b mt s,
tng bn c hc ca s. Men s c dn n di nh s.
Hin nay c nhiu loi s lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau nh: thu tinh,
gm, Polyme.
12.4.2. c tnh chung:

S cng, gin, chu nhit cao, t thm nc, thm kh,chu c tc dng
ca khng kh v dung mi ho cht. Chu in p cao t 10 30V/mm, r = 10 14
1015Wcm, s cch in bng polyme c c tnh cch in cao.
Trng lng ring 1/10 trng lng ring loi s cch in thu tinh hoc s
gm.
12.4.3. Yu cu k thut ca s:
- Chu c ph hoi do in v c do in v gi bo gy ra
- Chu c lc c hc cng bc.
- Chu c s tc dng x ca mi trng ni t s nhit cao, nng m,
bi than...
- Khng gy ra phng in b mt khi khng kh kh ro hoc b m t.
- Chu c in p nh thng cho php.
- Chu c qu in p khi c st nh v ng dy hoc khi c qu in p
ni b trong qu trnh thao tc my ct. Hin tng vng quang xy ra trn cc s
chui l do in trng phn b khng u dc theo chui s. Ti cc bt s gn
pha dy dn mang in s chu in p cao hn nn rt d b phng in b mt
ngay c khi chu in p lm vic.
12.4.4. Phn loi:
12.4.4.1. S treo:
Dng cho ng dy c cp in p trn 35kV gm nhiu bt s ghp li, s
lng bt s thay i theo cp in p.
Th d:
ng dy 110kV c t 7 n 9 bt s ghp li, ng dy 35kV c t 3 n
4 bt ghp li.
So treo csn gai l cch RiOn treo:
- Dng tiu chun TCVN, IEC 305, 471, 1109 hoc cc tiu chun tng
ng.

- Cht lng b mt cch in treo: B mt cch in treo khng c c cc

khuyt tt sau: Cc np nhn r rt, cc tp cht l, bt h, vt rn, nt, r v v.
- Cc ph kin, chi tit bng thp i km theo cch in treo phi c m
km nhng nng, chiu dy lp m khng c nh hn 80mm. Cc chi tit v ph
kin km theo phi c ch to m bo ph hp vi lc ph hu c hc ca cch
in.
- Chui cch in treo phi m bo mtnu bt vo x v mt u bt vo
no (hoc ) dy dn.
12.2. Cu to, cng dng ca chng st van u cc.
Cc thit b in ch c kh nng chu in p ti hn, trong khi in p
xung ca st c bin cao n hng triu vn, dng in ln n 100 kA. Nu st
nh vo trm bin p v ng dy ti in s gy nn qu in p, ta gi l
qu in p kh quyn. V vy thit b chng st ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
bo v v ngn nga nh hng ca in p kh quyn nh vo li in v trm
bin p.
Hin nay cc chng st van l chng st kiu oxt kim loi (MO hoc ZnO),
c tnh VN - AM PE hon ton phi tuyn, c kh nng hp th nng lng cao.
Vi in p nh mc ca li in chng st van hon ton "khng phng in".
Nhng khi in p t bin tng ln n in p ti hn, lp tc van chng st
chuyn ngay t tr s in tr ln sang tr s in tr nh theo c tnh V- A ca
chng v cho dng in st i qua. Khi ht st in p tr li bnh thng th van
chng st s tr li trng thi c tnh dn in km. Lc ny ba bnh chng st
khng khc g ba qu s cch in.

S bo v bng chng st van (CSV) cho trm bin p 35- 110kV thng
c s phi hp vi chng st ng (CSO) v dy chng st (DCS). Khi dng s
bo v ny c th ngn nga c t xa nh hng ca sng qu in p nh
lan truyn vo trm.

S bo v chng st cho trm bin p 35kV, 110kV

Dy chng st t dc tuyn dy c chiu di khong 2km, nu lm dy chng
st ton tuyn th khng cn lp CSO- 1.
Quy nh tip a chng st cho trm bin p nh sau:
- i vi trm c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p t 110kV tr ln th in
tr ni t cho php l 0,5.
- i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th in tr ni t
cho php l 4 .
- i vi trm c c cng sut b di 100kVA in p di 110kV th in
tr ni t cho php l 10 .
13. Nhng h hng thng gp vi ng c in, cch sa cha v thay.
13.1. ng c khng ng b mt pha rto lng sc
- Hin tng:
+ Cun dy b sy st hng cch in
+ Cun dy b t
+ Du m dnh vo cun dy
- Nguyn nhn:

+ Qu trnh tho lp va chm vo cun dy.

+ Qu trnh tho lp va chm lm t cun dy.
+ Qu trnh tho, lp bo dng lm du m dnh vo cun dy.
- Cch khc phc:
+ Bc giy cch in. Tm sn cch in sy kh.
+ Ni dy li bc giy cch in, tm sn cch in sy kh.
+ Lau sch v sy kh.
13.2. ng c khng ng b ba pha rto lng sc
- Hin tng:
+ Cun dy b sy st hng cch in.
+ Cun dy b t.
+ Du m dnh vo cun dy
+ Xc nh sai 2 u ca dy qun 1 pha.
+ Xc nh sai u u, u cui.
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Qu trnh tho lp va chm vo cun dy.
+ Qu trnh tho lp va chm lm t cun dy.
+ Qu trnh tho, lp bo dng lm du m dnh vo cun dy.
+ Do 6 u dy ca dy qun ng c cha tch ri nhau.
+ Do tay cm vo phn dn in ca que o khi o.
+ Do cc v tr u ni tip xc km.
+ Kt lun sai sau khi xc nh.
- Cch khc phc:
+ Bc giy cch in. Tm sn cch in sy kh.
+ Ni dy li bc giy cch in, tm sn cch in sy kh.
+ Lau sch v sy kh.
+ Tch 6 u dy ring bit.
+ Cm tay vo phn cch in ca 2 que o.

+ u li cc im u ni
+ Kt lun ng bc 2 trong trnh t thc hin.