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1.2) Primer Planteo. Concepto del Embrin


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1. 3) Aspecto Biolgico del Embrin


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1.4) Naturaleza Jurdica del Embrin Humano


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1.5) El Inicio de la Existencia Humana


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1.5.1) Teoras que afirman que el ser humano existe desde el momento de la
concepcin
1.5.2) Teora de la Fecundacin o de la Formacin del Genotipo

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1.6) Teoras que establecen que el ser humano existe, -antes del nacimiento-, a
partir de un determinado momento, de desarrollo de la gestacin

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/DLQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQGHXQQXHYRVHUUHTXLHUHTXHVHGHQGRVSURSLHGDGHVODXQLFLGDGHVWRHVOD
FDOLGDGGHVHU~QLFR\ODXQLGDGFRPRUHDOLGDGSRVLWLYDTXHVHGLVWLQJXHGHWRGDRWUDHVGHFLUVHU
XQRVROR3RUWDOPRWLYRFRQDQWHULRULGDGDODDQLGDFLyQQRSRGUtDKDEODUVHGHODVSURSLHGDGHVGH
XQLFLGDG\XQLGDGHQHOHPEULyQ1RKDEUtDXQLFLGDGSRUODSRVLELOLGDGKDVWDODDQLGDFLyQGHTXH
VHSURGX]FDQJHPHORVPRQRFLJyWLFRVHVGHFLUJHPHORVLGpQWLFRVJHQpWLFDPHQWHTXHVXUJHQSRUOD
GLYLVLyQGHXQHPEULyQ1RKDEUtDXQLGDG\DTXHHQODIDVHSUHDQLGDWRULDHVSRVLEOHODSURGXFFLyQ
GH TXLPHUDV KXPDQDV HV GHFLU SHUVRQDV FRQVWLWXLGDV SRU OD IXVLyQ GH GRV FLJRWRV R HPEULRQHV
GLVWLQWRV

 3DUD 0F/DUHQ HO PRPHQWR D SDUWLU GHO FXDO VH FRPLHQ]D D VHU XQ LQGLYLGXR KXPDQR WRWDO \
FRPSOHWR VH GD HQ HO HVWDGLR GH OtQHD SULPLWLYD OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO HPEULyQ (O SHUtRGR DQWHULRU HV
HVHQFLDOPHQWH GH SUHSDUDFLyQ GXUDQWH HO FXDO VH HODERUDQ WRGRV ORV VLVWHPDV GH SURWHFFLyQ \
QXWULFLyQ UHTXHULGRV SDUD VRVWHQHU DO IXWXUR HPEULyQ 'H PDQHUD SUHYLD D OD OtQHD SULPLWLYD HO
HPEULyQ HV XQD HQWLGDG GLIHUHQWH TXH LQFOX\H \ GD RULJHQ DO HPEULyQ TXH OOHJDUi D VHU XQ IHWR
SULPHUR \ GHVSXpV XQ QHRQDWR 'H DKt TXH UHVHUYH HO WpUPLQR HPEULyQ SDUD GHVLJQDU DO PLVPR D
SDUWLU GH OD DSDULFLyQ GH OD OtQHD SULPLWLYD \ VH KDEOH GH SUHHPEULyQ HQ HO SHUtRGR DQWHULRU
0F/DUHQ3UHOXGHWRHPEU\RJHQHVLV+XPDQHPEU\RUHVHDUFK\HVRUQR"/RQGRQ




FLJRWRHOFXDOHVWiGDGRSRUVXILMDFLyQHQHO~WHURPDWHUQRORJUDQGRXQDYLQFXODFLyQ
RUJiQLFD\UHFLELHQGRORVSULPHURVLPSXOVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR
(QODLQVWDQFLDSUHYLDDODLPSODQWDFLyQ WLHQHQOXJDUODPD\RUtDGHORVSURFHVRVGH
VHOHFFLyQ QDWXUDO VLHQGR OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FLJRWRV FURPRVyPLFDPHQWH HQIHUPRV
HOLPLQDGRVQDWXUDOPHQWHDQWHVGHVXLPSODQWDFLyQHQHOYLHQWUHPDWHUQR  
)LQDOPHQWH ORV VHJXLGRUHV GH HVWD SRVWXUD DUJXPHQWDQ PHGLDQWH XQD YDORUDFLyQ
ELROyJLFD TXH KD\ TXH GLIHUHQFLDU HQWUH YLGD KXPDQD \ HO LQLFLR GH YLGD GHO VHU
KXPDQR 4XH OD SULPHUD SXHGH GDUVH VLQ TXH QHFHVDULDPHQWH VH Gp OD VHJXQGD 'H
KHFKRVLQRVHLPSODQWDHOHPEULyQHQHO~WHURVHSURGXFHXQDERUWRHVSRQWiQHROD
PD\RUtD GH ORV FXDOHV VH SURGXFHQ DQWHV GH OD LPSODQWDFLyQ 3RU OR WDQWR HQ HVWRV
FDVRVQRKDEUtDH[LVWLGRQXQFDXQVHUKXPDQR~QLFDPHQWHYLGDKXPDQD
$GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH DUJXPHQWD TXH KDVWD TXH HO HPEULyQ QR HVWp DQLGDGR   QR HV
SRVLEOHGLDJQRVWLFDUXQHPEDUD]R

1.6.2) Teora de la Segmentacin


(VWDWHRUtDDILUPDTXHQRH[LVWHODLQGLYLGXDOLGDGVLQRKDVWDGHVSXpVGHGRVVHPDQDV
GHODIHFXQGDFLyQ$SDUWLUGHGLFKRSOD]RVHVDEHTXHGHXQHPEULyQQRVDOGUiQGRV
JHPHORVPRQRFLJyWLFRV  QLTXHGHGRVVDOGUiXQRTXLPHUD  
(VHSRVWXODGRSUHWHQGHRWRUJDUOHDOHPEULyQHOHVWDWXVMXUtGLFR  GHSHUVRQDDSDUWLU
GHOPRPHQWRHQTXHVHGHILQHQVXVFDUDFWHUHVGHXQLGDG\GHXQLFLGDGPRPHQWRHQ
TXHVHLQGLYLGXDOL]DHOQXHYRVHU


(VWXGLRVHSLGHPLROyJLFRVFRQILUPDQTXHHOGHODVJHVWDFLRQHVVHSLHUGHQHQHVWHSHUtRGR\
VRORHOUHVWDQWHOOHJDQDWpUPLQR(VWDVSpUGLGDVQRVXHOHQVHUSHUFLELGDVSRUODPXMHUJHVWDQWH
FRPRWDOHVVLQRFRPRXQUHWUDVRPtQLPRGHVXVIHFKDVPHQVWUXDOHV

 (V FXDQGR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH HO HPEULyQ LPSODQWDGR KD SUHQGLGR HV GHFLU TXH VH DVHJXUD HQ
PD\RU PHGLGD TXH HO HPEDUD]R SURVSHUH \ QR VHUi HOLPLQDGR SRU OD QDWXUDOH]D HQ VX SURFHVR
QRUPDOGHVHOHFFLyQHQHOTXHHOODSRGUtDUHDOL]DUXQGHVFDUWHHPEULRQDULR

(VHOFDVRHQTXHXQHPEULyQRULJLQDGRHQXQDIHFXQGDFLyQWtSLFDDSDUWLUGHXQ~QLFRyYXOR\XQ
~QLFRHVSHUPDWR]RLGHVHGLYLGHDFFLGHQWDOPHQWHHQGRVGXUDQWHODVSULPHUDVIDVHVGHVXGHVDUUROOR
HQXQSURFHVRTXHGHEHELROyJLFDPHQWHFRQVLGHUDUVHGHPXOWLSOLFDFLyQDVH[XDO

/DVTXLPHUDVKXPDQDVVRQSHUVRQDVFRQVWLWXLGDVSRUIXVLyQGHGRVFLJRWRVRHPEULRQHVGLVWLQWRV
QDWXUDOPHQWHORFXDOVHGHPXHVWUDDOFRQVWDWDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHFURPRVRPDVVH[XDOHVGLIHUHQWHVHQ
VROR XQ HPEULyQ 3RU HOOR ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ GRV WLSRV GH $'1 VH GHQRPLQDQ TXLPHUDV (Q OD
PLWRORJtDJULHJD4XLPHUDHUDXQPRQVWUXRFRQFXHUSRGHFDEUDFDEH]DGHOHyQ\FRODGHVHUSLHQWH




/DXQLFLGDGKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODFDOLGDGGH~QLFRHLUUHSHWLEOHHQFDPELRODXQLGDGD
VHU XQR VROR 'HELGR D TXH DOJXQDV YHFHV VH GD GH PRGR QDWXUDO TXH UHVXOWHQ
JHPHORVPRQRFLJyWLFRVXQLYLWHOLQRVRXQLFLJyWLFRVDSDUWLUGHXQFLJRWRHOFXDOVH
GLYLGH QDWXUDOPHQWH UHVXOWDQGR GHO PLVPR FLJRWR JHPHORV PRQRFLJyWLFRV FRQ
LGHQWLGDGJHQpWLFD
3RU HOOR HVWH VHFWRU GRFWULQDULR FRQVLGHUD TXH OD IHFXQGDFLyQ QR LQLFLD OD YLGD
SHUVRQDOSXHVQRH[LVWHLQGLYLGXDFLyQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVHQFLDOGHODSHUVRQDKXPDQD
(VUHFLpQHQODLPSODQWDFLyQGRQGHVHSXHGHWHQHUFHUWH]DGH TXHH[LVWHXQRRGRV
LQGLYLGXRV\DXQTXHVHWUDWHGHFDVRVH[FHSFLRQDOHVORJUDGHPRVWUDUTXHQRH[LVWH
LQGLYLGXDFLyQVLQRKDVWDGRVVHPDQDVGHVSXpVGHODIHFXQGDFLyQ

1.6.3) Teora de la maduracin o surgimiento del sistema nervioso


/RVSURPRWRUHVGHHVWDSRVWXUDPDQLILHVWDQTXHHVWDUHPRVYHUGDGHUDPHQWHIUHQWHD
XQVHUFRQYLGDFXDQGRVHSURGX]FDODSULPHUDDFWLYLGDGGHOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDO
'H PDQHUD TXH HO SUHHPEULyQ   SDVD D VX HWDSD GH HPEULyQ FRQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH OD
FUHVWD QHXUDO TXH FRQVWLWX\H OD SULPHUD IDVH SDUD OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ GHO WHMLGR
QHUYLRVR  $SDUWLUGHHVWHPRPHQWRVHPDUFDODOtQHDGLYLVRULDGHDTXHOHPEULyQ
TXH GHYHQGUi KRPEUH \ DTXHO TXH QXQFD OR VHUi \D TXH HO WHMLGR QHXUDO SHUPLWH
VXSRQHU HO SRVWHULRU GHVDUUROOR GHO FHUHEUR \ OD FRQVLJXLHQWH KXPDQL]DFLyQ GHO
KRPEUHPHGLDQWHHOSURJUHVRGHVXFDSDFLGDGLQWHOHFWXDO
'HQWURGHHVWDPLVPDWHRUtDXQVHFWRUFRQVLGHUDTXHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHVHLQLFLDOD
WUDVODFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHQpWLFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOVLVWHPDQHUYLRVRFHQWUDOHV


(OHVWDWXVUHIHULGRDOHPEULyQKXPDQRSXHGHXWLOL]DUVHHQXQGREOHVHQWLGR&RPRWUDGXFFLyQ
VXEMHWLYD GH XQ YDORU REMHWLYDPHQWH WXWHODGR HO YDORU GH OD YLGD KXPDQD GHO FXDO QR VH SXHGH
GLVSRQHUQLPRGLILFDURUHQXQFLDU(QHVWHVHQWLGRHOVWDWXVVHUtDFRQWH[WXDODODFRQFHSFLyQ\DOD
IRUPDFLyQ GH OD SHUVRQD ItVLFD  (QWHQGLGR FRPR SURWHFFLyQ GHO HPEULyQ D ORV HIHFWRV GH
DGTXLVLFLyQ GH SHUVRQDOLGDG (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH SODQWHDUtD OD SRVLELOLGDG GH H[WHQGHU DO HPEULyQ
FRQFHELGRin vitroODSURWHFFLyQOHJDOGHFRQFHELGR\QRQDFLGR

(OFRQFHSWRDOFDQFH\GLVFXVLyQDFHUFDGHOSUHHPEULyQVHUHDOL]DUiPDVDGHODQWH

 &RQ HVWH DFRQWHFLPLHQWR VXUJHQ ORV UXGLPHQWRV GH OR TXH VHUi OD FRUWH]D FHUHEUDO SRU OR TXH
UHFLpQ FRQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH OD OODPDGD OtQHD SULPLWLYD R VXUFR QHXUDO HVWDUtDPRV IUHQWH D XQ VHU
YLYLHQWH TXH PiV DOOi GH VX FRPSRVLFLyQ JHQpWLFD WLHQH XQD SDXWD VHOHFWLYD HVSHFtILFDPHQWH
KXPDQR




HOSXQWRGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDODSURWHFFLyQGHOLQGLYLGXR(OFXDOWLHQHOXJDUGHQWURGHO
GtD TXLQFH \ HO GtD FXDUHQWD GH OD HYROXFLyQ HPEULRQDULD 0RPHQWR HQ HO TXH
DSDUHFHQORVUXGLPHQWRV  GHORTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHUiODFRUWH]DFHUHEUDO  
(Q WDO VHQWLGR ORV SULPHURV UDVJRV GHO VLVWHPD QHUYLRVR QR DSDUHFHQ DQWHV GHO GtD
GLHFLVpLVGHOGHVDUUROORHPEULRQDULR\VHUiDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDPHGLDGRVGHOTXLQWR
PHV GHO HPEDUD]R YHLQWLGyV VHPDQDV FXDQGR VH HQFXHQWUD IRUPDGR HO VLVWHPD
QHUYLRVR
(QFRQFRUGDQFLDFRQHVWHSHQVDPLHQWRRWURVHFWRUUHFRQRFHFDOLGDGGHYLGDKXPDQD
UHFLpQ HQ HO HVWDGLR IHWDO $UJXPHQWDQGR TXH OD DFWLYLGDG HOpFWULFD GHO FHUHEUR
FRPLHQ]D D VHU YHULILFDEOH UHFLpQ D SDUWLU GH ODV RFWDYD VHPDQD GH IHFXQGDFLyQ D
SDUWLUGHDOOtSXHGHHVWLPDUVHTXHVHKDLQLFLDGRODYLGDHVSHFtILFDPHQWHKXPDQD  
5HVSDOGDQ HVWD SRVWXUD GH PDQHUD DQiORJD FRQ HO ILQDO GH OD YLGD KXPDQD FX\R
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRVHGDFRQODPXHUWHFHUHEUDOGHPDQHUDTXHDWHQGLHQGRDODPLVPD
QDWXUDOH]DVHGHEHVLWXDUHOFRPLHQ]RGHODYLGDKXPDQDFRQHOLQLFLRGHODDFWLYLGDG
FHUHEUDO
([SUHVDQTXHGHEHH[LVWLUXQDFRKHUHQFLDHQWUHODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOLQLFLRGHODYLGD
FRQHOFRQFHSWRGHPXHUWHFHUHEUDO0i[LPHVLVHDFHSWDRUHFRQRFHODFRQGLFLyQGH
FDGiYHU HQ HO VHU KXPDQR DQWH OD LQH[LVWHQFLD GH LPSXOVRV HOpFWULFRV HQ HO FHUHEUR
TXHOHJLWLPDODH[WUDFFLyQGHyUJDQRV\VXSRVWHULRULPSODQWHHQRWURVVXMHWRV
3RUHOORSURSRQHQODVLJXLHQWHVLPHWUtDno ms funcionamiento del sistema nervioso
muerte cerebral, y consecuentemente, si todava no funciona el sistema nervioso, no
hay vida cerebral(VGHFLUVLQYLGDFHUHEUDOQRKD\SHUVRQD
(VWDVLPHWUtDVREUHYLGD\PXHUWHKDUHFLELGRVHYHUDVFUtWLFDVSRUSDUWHGHOSURIHVRU
*XQWKHU 5DJHU TXLHQ H[SUHVDUD Dicha simetra no se sostiene, ya que la muerte
cerebral es incontestable, mientras que la vida cerebral llega con seguridad solo con
que se deje crecer al embrin. Con la muerte cerebral se apaga toda potencialidad


3DUWHGHXQVHURUJiQLFRLPSHUIHFWDPHQWHGHVDUUROODGD

/RVIUDFDVRVLPSRUWDQWHVHQODIRUPDFLyQGHHVWDFRUWH]DFHUHEUDOVXHOHQYHUVHDFRPSDxDGRVGH
DERUWRVHVSRQWiQHRVHQORVFXDOHVHOFXHUSRGHODPDGUHDFW~DFRPRVLQRUHFRQRFLHUDDOHPEULyQ

3DUDIXQGDPHQWDUHVWDDILUPDFLyQFRQVLGHUDQTXHODVGHILQLFLRQHVGHSHUVRQDKXPDQDUHILHUHQD
XQDQDWXUDOH]DGRWDGDGHUD]yQ




corporal, mientras la fase anterior al inicio de la vida cerebral no se asemeja a la de

la muerte sino que se caracteriza precisamente por las posibilidades vitales latentes
en ella  
$GLFLRQDOPHQWH\HQUHVSDOGRDODFUtWLFDH[SXHVWDVHGHEHFRQVLGHUDUTXHDSDUWLUGH
TXHVHGHWHUPLQDHOFyGLJRJHQpWLFRGHOQXHYRVHUKXPDQRFDGDXQDGHODVFpOXODV
HPSLH]DQDDJUXSDUVHDWHQRUGHODVIXQFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]DUiQ
$VLPLVPR HVWD WHRUtD GHVFRQRFH TXH HO SURFHVR FRPSOHWR GH PDGXUDFLyQ GH ODV
QHXURQDVGXUDPiVWLHPSRHLQFOXVRQRFRQFOX\HQLVLTXLHUDFRQHOQDFLPLHQWRSRUOR
WDQWR SUHWHQGHU DLVODU XQ LQVWDQWH GHWHUPLQDGR HQ HVWH SURFHVR GH ODUJD GXUDFLyQ
VHUtDDOWDPHQWHDUELWUDULR

1.6.4) Teora de la ley fundamental Biogentica


/D OH\ GH ELRJHQpWLFD IXQGDPHQWDO GH +DHFNHO   H[SUHVD TXH OD RQWRJpQHVLV
UHSURGXFH OD ILORJpQHVLV (VWR LPSOLFD TXH HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ RUJDQLVPR YLYR
RQWRJpQHVLVUHSLWHUHFDSLWXODDJUDQGHVUDVJRV\DFHOHUDGDPHQWHODHYROXFLyQGH
VXHVSHFLH6HJ~QHVWDWHRUtDGHODUHFDSLWXODFLyQWRGDODKLVWRULDGHODHVSHFLHSRGtD
OHHUVH HQ XQ HPEULyQ FRPR VL VH WUDWDVH GH XQD UHVRQDQFLD GHO PDFURFRVPRV GH OD
HVSHFLH HQ HO PLFURFRVPRV GHO LQGLYLGXR $Vt HO GHVDUUROOR GHO HPEULyQ KXPDQR
UHIOHMDUtD SULPHUR HO HVWDGLR GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV XQLFHOXODUHV PiV WDUGH HO GH ORV
DQLPDOHVPDULQRVOXHJRHOGHORVUHSWLOHVSiMDURVPDPtIHURVLQIHULRUHV\VRORKDFLD
HOILQDOHPSH]DUtDDPRVWUDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHKXPDQDV
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDHOHPEULyQQRHVLQGLYLGXRKXPDQRGHVGHODIHFXQGDFLyQVLQRTXH
ORVHUiGXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGHVXGHVDUUROOR



 5$*(5 *XQWHU (PEULyQ+RPEUH3HUVRQD $FHUFD GH OD &XHVWLyQ GHO &RPLHQ]R GH OD 9LGD
3HUVRQDO,QVWLWXWRGH$QDWRPLHHW(PEULRORJ\)ULEXUJR6XL]D&XDGHUQRVGH%LRpWLFD

 (UQVW +DHFNHO    ELyORJR \ ILOyVRIR DOHPiQ TXH GLYXOJy LQWHQVDPHQWH OD REUD GH
&KDUOHV5'DUZLQHQ$OHPDQLD




3RU WDO PRWLYR HO HPEULyQ UHFRUUH GXUDQWH VX GHVDUUROOR ODV GLYHUVDV HWDSDV
LQGLYLGXDOHV GH ODV IRUPDV DQLPDOHV LQIHULRUHV   D pO DQWHV GH TXH OOHJXH D VX
DSDULHQFLDKXPDQDYHUGDGHUD  
3DUD H[SOLFDU HO RULJHQ GH OD YLGD +DHFNHO SRVWXODED TXH WRGRV ORV VHUHV YLYRV
GHEtDQSURFHGHUGHXQDVRODIRUPDDQFHVWUDODILUPDQGRLQFOXVRXQRULJHQLQRUJiQLFR
SDUDODYLGD

1.6.5) Teora de la diferenciacin de las clulas


(VWD WHRUtD H[SUHVD TXH GXUDQWH ODV SULPHUDV IDVHV GHO GHVDUUROOR GHO QXHYR
LQGLYLGXR ODV FpOXODV VRQ LQGLIHUHQFLDGDV \ DO VHU WRWLSRWHQWHV FXDOTXLHUD GH HOODV
SRGUtDJHQHUDUXQHPEULyQFRPSOHWR3RUORWDQWRHQHVWDHWDSDQRKD\XQLQGLYLGXR
SRUTXHSRGUtDQH[LVWLUYDULRVLQGLYLGXRVVLVHVHSDUDQODVFpOXODVGHPDQHUDTXHVH
SRGUtDQJHQHUDULQGLYLGXRVGLIHUHQWHVFRQSRUFLRQHVGHXQPLVPRFLJRWR
6LQHPEDUJRWDORUJDQLVPRFHOXODUUHSUHVHQWDXQDXQLGDGIXQFLRQDO\PHUHFHSRUOR
WDQWR HO QRPEUH GH LQGLYLGXR LQGLYLVR HQ FXDQWR DO VHU \ FRPSXHVWR R GLYLVLEOH
FRUSRUDOPHQWH  

1.6.6) Teora de la apariencia humana


/DSUHVHQWHWHRUtDWLHQGHDUHWUDVDUHOLQLFLRGHODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQDKDVWDWDQWRHVWH
SUHVHQWHODDSDULHQFLDKXPDQD  /DPLVPDKDTXHGDGRGHVFDUWDGDGHELGRDTXHOD
DSDULHQFLDKXPDQDGHSHQGHGHXQSURFHVRGHGHVDUUROORTXHVHOOHYDDFDERHQXQ


(VGHFLUHOGHVDUUROORGHXQRUJDQLVPRYLYRRQWRJpQHVLVUHSLWHUHFDSLWXODDJUDQGHVUDVJRV\
DFHOHUDGDPHQWHODHYROXFLyQGHVXHVSHFLH/DRQWRJpQHVLVUHSURGXFHODILORJpQHVLV

(VWDWHRUtDWLHQHVXSUHFHGHQWHHQODWHRUtDGHODUHFDSLWXODFLyQGHOVLJORSDVDGRSHURIXHSXHVWD
HQGXGDSRUORVPiVUHOHYDQWHVHPEULyORJRVHQWUHHOORVSRU/XGZLQJ5WLPH\HUFRQILUPDQGRHQ
TXHHVWRQRHUDSRVLEOH

 &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD OD LQGLIHUHQFLDFLyQ GH ODV FpOXODV HQ ODV SULPHUDV IDVHV GHO GHVDUUROOR GHO
HPEULyQUHVSRQGHDXQDUD]yQGHXWLOLGDGELROyJLFDDOVXFHGHUVHODVIDVHVVLJXLHQWHV\FRQWLQXDUHO
GHVDUUROORVHRULJLQDXQDGLYHUVLILFDFLyQGHWHMLGRV\yUJDQRV

 4XLHQHV OR VRVWLHQHQ LQYRFDQ GLYHUVRV DUJXPHQWRV FRPR OD IDOWD GH DOLQHDFLyQ GHO PDWHULDO
JHQpWLFRWHVLVGHODVLQJDPLDODIDOWDGHLPSODQWDFLyQODIDOWDGHIRUPDFLyQGHODFUHVWDQHXUDO\OD
IDOWD GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO FHUHEUR SDUD QHJDU TXH XQ QDVFLWXUXV WHQJD OD FDOLGDG UHFRQRFLGD GH VHU
KXPDQR




WLHPSRGHWHUPLQDGR6LVHVRVWLHQHTXHDOJXLHQOOHJyDFRQVWLWXLUVHHQKXPDQRGHELy
VHUORGHVGHXQSULQFLSLRDXQTXHQRORSDUH]FD  

1.6.7) Teora de la viabilidad


/RVSDUWLGDULRVGHHVWDWHRUtDFRQVLGHUDQTXHHOLQLFLRGHODH[LVWHQFLDKXPDQDVHGD
FXDQGRHOIHWRWLHQHODSRVLELOLGDGGHXQDYLGDDXWyQRPDHVGHFLUFXDQGRHOPLVPR
QR GHSHQGH GH RWUD SHUVRQD \ QR REVWDQWH HO PLVPR UHTXLHUD GH D\XGD WpFQLFD 6L
UHDOL]DVXVIXQFLRQHV\WLHQHFRPSOHWRHORUJDQLVPRVHUiFRQVLGHUDGRQXHYDSHUVRQD
6LSRUHOFRQWUDULRHVWRQRVHGD\VXH[LVWHQFLDGHDOJXQDIRUPDGHSHQGHGHODYLGD
\DFWRVGHRWUDSHUVRQDODPDGUHVHUiSDUWHGHHOODFRPRXQDSURORQJDFLyQGHVX
FXHUSR  
(VWD WHRUtD WDPELpQ UHFLEH FUtWLFDV SRUTXH VH KD GHPRVWUDGR TXH HO HPEULyQ HV
GLIHUHQWHGHFXDOTXLHUDGHVXVSDGUHVVXFyGLJRJHQpWLFRQRVHUHGXFHDODVXPDWRULD
GHOFyGLJRJHQpWLFRGHVXVSDGUHVVHWUDWDGHXQVHU~QLFRHLUUHSHWLEOH  

1.6.8) Teora de la diferenciacin sexual


(VWD WHRUtD FRQVLGHUD HVHQFLDO TXH VH GHWHUPLQH HO LQLFLy GH OD YLGD SHUVRQDO
PHGLDQWH OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ VH[XDO $FWXDOPHQWH HV SRVLEOH GHWHUPLQDU
FLHQWtILFDPHQWH HO VH[R GHO HPEULyQ GHVGH ODV WUHV SULPHUDV VHPDQDV GH JHVWDFLyQ
6LQ HPEDUJR FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH HOOR QR UHVXOWD GH LPSRUWDQFLD \D TXH HO VH[R GHO
PLVPRVHHQFXHQWUDGHWHUPLQDGRHQVXJHQRPDGHVGHHOPRPHQWRGHODIHFXQGDFLyQ
RFRQFHSFLyQ


(QHVWHVHQWLGRHOFLJRWRRKXHYRIHFXQGDGRQRWLHQHXQDIRUPDVHPHMDQWHDOQLxRQDFLGRSHUR
SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH XQD GLIHUHQFLD HVHQFLDO SDUD QHJDU OD KXPDQLGDG" (V HVWD XQD GLIHUHQFLD
FXDOLWDWLYDTXHH[FOX\DDOHPEULyQGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGRLQGLYLGXRELROyJLFRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDODHVSHFLH
KXPDQD"

 (Q HO 'HUHFKR URPDQR VH FRQRFtD FRPR WHRUtD GHO Partio Mullieris GRQGH HO FRQFHELGR HUD
FRQVLGHUDGRXQDSRUFLyQ\yUJDQRGHODPDGUH

$XQTXHSXGLHUDVXFHGHUTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVXQFyGLJRJHQpWLFRIXHUDLGpQWLFRDRWURFRPRHQ
HO FDVR GH ORV JHPHORV PRQRFLJyWLFRV H[LVWH DOJR PiV IXHUD GH VX FXHUSR TXH ORV KDFH VHU
GLVWLQWRVGHKHFKRFDGDXQRUHDFFLRQDUDGHIRUPDGLVWLQWDDQWHORVHVWtPXORVTXHDPERVUHFLEDQGH
VXPDGUHRGHOH[WHULRUGXUDQWHHOHPEDUD]R




1.6.9) Teora de estar destinado a vivir


(VWD WHRUtD KD VLGR UHVSDOGDGD PD\RULWDULDPHQWH SRU HPEULyORJRV TXLHQHV EDVDGRV
HQFULWHULRVSUiFWLFRVVRVWLHQHQTXHQRWRGRVORVHPEULRQHVTXHKDQVLGRFRQFHELGRV
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2.10) Teora de la ficcin jurdica


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2.14.3) A.Z vs. B.Z


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2.16) Otras Jurisprudencias

2.16.1) Caso de Israel. Nachmani vs. Nachmani 

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2.16.2) Inglaterra y Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Caso Evans


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3.2 Biotica y Principales concepciones de persona

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3.2.2) La concepcin ontolgica


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3.5.5) El utilitarismo

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3.5.6) El humanismo metafsico


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3.5.7) Modelo reduccionista o evolucionista


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3.6) Criticas de la terminologa en el mbito jurdico


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3.9.1) Cundo el embrin posee alma humana?


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3.10) Doctrinas. Formacin del Alma

3.10.1) Teora Aristotlico-Tomista


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3.10.2) El preformismo

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4.5.2) La teora de la adquisicin por ocupacin


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4.6 Lmites a la investigacin con clulas madres. Patentes



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4.7) Interpretacin y lmites de la investigacin en un reciente fallo del Tribunal

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4.17.1) Pases que permiten la seleccin sexual del embrin con una finalidad no
sanitaria

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4.18) Caso de Matar - Espaa


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4.20) Lenguaje y metforas sobre el embrin


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4.20.1) Metfora de la Familiaridad



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4.20.3) Metfora la seleccin de los mejores


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5.1) Adopcin o Donacin de embriones?


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5.5) Anonimato del donante o derecho del nio a conocer el propio origen

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5.5.1) Legislacin en favor de la identidad


&RQJUHJDFLyQSDUDOD'RFWULQDGHOD)H





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5.5.2) Legislacin en favor del anonimato


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5.6) Maternidad Subrogada. Antecedentes Histricos


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FRQ\XJDO'HDKtTXHIXHUDGHVSUHFLDGDSRUVXHVSRVR\D~QSRUWRGDODVRFLHGDG
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5.7) Maternidad Subrogada en la actualidad


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5.8) Realidad Biolgica, Realidad Social y Realidad Jurdica en la filiacin


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UHSURGXFFLyQ DVLVWLGD KD PRGLILFDGR ODV QRFLRQHV \ ODV OH\HV VREUH OD GRQDFLyQ GH

3RUHOORFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODDFHSFLyQPiVFRUUHFWDSDUDGHQRPLQDUHVWDWpFQLFDGHUHSURGXFFLyQ
DVLVWLGD HV OD GH PDGUH JHVWDQWH SRUTXH JHVWDU UHILHUH D OOHYDU R VXVWHQWDU OD PDGUH HQ VXV
HQWUDxDVHOIUXWRYLYRGHODFRQFHSFLyQKDVWDHOPRPHQWRGHOSDUWR




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SRUHOFRQWUDULRVHLPSRQHHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDUHDOLGDGQRJHQpWLFDVLQRVRFLR
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ELROyJLFRDPSOLiQGRVHORVFRQFHSWRVHQIDYRUGHODPDWHUQLGDGYROXQWDULDHVHGHVHR
LQWHQVRGHXQDPXMHUSDUDWHQHUXQKLMR\SRGHUFULDUORFRQODPLVPDGHGLFDFLyQVHD
TXHKD\DQDFLGRQDWXUDORDUWLILFLDOPHQWH
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GHHPEDUD]RGHXQQLxRTXHJHQpWLFDPHQWHHVGHRWUDPXMHU(VWRVHFRQRFHFRPR
PDWHUQLGDGVXEURJDGDSRUVXVWLWXFLyQHQODJHVWDFLyQ
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WHUFHUDPXMHUTXHOOHYRDFDERHOSURFHVRGHJHVWDFLyQ\GLRDOX]3HURVLVHKLFLHUD
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GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHODPDWHUQLGDG/DPDGUHVXEURJDGDVRORHVWDUtDJHVWDQGR\SDULHQGR
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FRQVWLWXWLYDGHORVSDGUHV  

5.9) Teora de la maternidad


([LVWHQ GLIHUHQWHV FRUULHQWHV TXH EXVFDQ VXVWHQWDU HO SUHVXSXHVWR TXH GHEH
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PXMHUHVHQODSURFUHDFLyQ$VtKDQOOHJDGRDLGHQWLILFDUODVVLJXLHQWHVPRGDOLGDGHV
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PDWHUQD GHELGR D TXH VH WUDWD GH OD PLVPD PXMHU OD TXH UHDOL]D WDQWR HO DSRUWH GHO
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VHUTXHFUHFHVHGHVDUUROODHQVXYLHQWUH\TXHOXHJRQDFHUi
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PDWHUQLGDG  HQORVFDVRVGHVXVWLWXFLyQHQODJHVWDFLyQ

5.9.1) Teora del elemento Biolgico


/DGRFWULQDFLYLOPDQWLHQHXQDSRVWXUDHVWULFWDVRVWHQLHQGRTXHHQODGHWHUPLQDFLyQ
GHODPDWHUQLGDGHOSUHVXSXHVWRRHOHPHQWRELROyJLFRGHODJHVWDFLyQ\HOSDUWRHVHO
FULWHULRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDGHVLJQDUOHJDOPHQWHDODPDGUH  
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HQWUH OD PDGUH \ HO KLMR GXUDQWH HO SHULRGR GH JHVWDFLyQ (O YtQFXOR ELROyJLFR TXH
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GH VROLGDULGDG \ DPRU TXH VXUJH FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO HPEDUD]R PDGUH H KLMR
IRUPDQGXUDQWHHVHWLHPSRXQVRORFXHUSR\GHSHQGHQGHXQDPLVPDIXHQWHGHYLGD
VLPELRVLVGLItFLOGHURPSHUSRUHOVRORKHFKRGHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHXQFRQWUDWRTXHQR
HVQDWXUDO\TXHUHVXOWDFRQWUDULRDODQDWXUDOH]DGHODPDGUHTXHJHVWD  



 /D SDODEUD PDGUH SURFHGH GHO ODWtQ PiWHUPDWULV OD FXDO D VX YH] GHULYD GHO JULHJR
PiWHUPDWUyVFX\RVLJQLILFDGRHVPDGUH(QSULQFLSLRODLGHDGHPDWHUQLGDGQRVHDVRFLDEDDHVWD
SDODEUDSXHVHOWtWXORGHPiWHUIXHFRQIHULGRD0LQHUYD'LDQD\9HVWDWRGDVHOODVUHSXWDGDVGLRVDV
YtUJHQHV3RUHVWHPRWLYRGLFKRWpUPLQRVLUYLySDUDGHQRPLQDUDODPXMHUTXHYLYtDKRQHVWDPHQWH\
FRQIRUPHDODVEXHQDVFRVWXPEUHVVLQLPSRUWDUVLHUDVROWHUDFDVDGDRYLXGDQDFLGDOLEUHROLEHUWD
&RQ SRVWHULRULGDG HQ 5RPD VH GHQRPLQy FRQ HO WpUPLQR 0iWHU IDPLOLDV D OD HVSRVD GHO
SDWHUIDPLOLDV QR FRQ HO REMHWR GH FRQIHULUOH HO PLVPR HVWDWXV GHQWUR GHO Q~FOHR IDPLOLDU VLQR
VLPSOHPHQWHFRPRLQGLFDWLYRGHVHUODFyQ\XJHGHDTXpOSRUTXHELHQVDELGRHVTXHODUHOLJLyQQR
FRORFDED D OD PXMHU HQ XQ UDQJR HVSHFLDO SXHV DXQTXH VH OH SHUPLWtD SDUWLFLSDU HQ ORV DFWRV
UHOLJLRVRV QR VH OH FRQVLGHUDED OD VHxRUD GHO KRJDU GRQGH FDUHFtD GH DXWRULGDG \ OLEHUWDG
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 (Q FXDQWR D OD PDWHUQLGDG HO D[LRPD WRPDGR SRU 3DXOR GHO 'LJHVWR Mter Semper certa est
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GHFLU OD JHVWDQWH 'H PDQHUD TXH OD PDWHUQLGDG YLHQH VLHPSUH GHWHUPLQDGD SRU HO
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VRFLROyJLFR6LHQGRODODERUGHODPXMHUJHVWDQWHQRXQDDFWLYLGDGSDUDRWURVVLQRTXH
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5.9.2) Teora del Elemento Volitivo


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PXMHU TXH JXDUGD DOJ~Q WLSR GH UHODFLyQ ELROyJLFD FRQ HO UHFLpQ QDFLGR SHUR TXH
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OX]XQKLMRFRQDSRUWHGHOPDWHULDOJHQpWLFR\SRUHQFDUJRGHRWUD
/DVWHVLVYROXQWDULVWDVKDQLPSOLFDGRXQFDPELRVREUHODWUDGLFLRQDOFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHO
FULWHULRGHWHUPLQDQWHGHODPDWHUQLGDGHOSDUWR/DGRFWULQDDFWXDOUHFRQRFHTXHOD
PLVPDVHSXHGHGHWHUPLQDUOHJDOPHQWHFRQSUHVFLQGHQFLDGHWRGRYtQFXORELROyJLFR
RJHQpWLFRFRQHOQDFLGR\TXHSXHGHVHUXQDUHODFLyQIXQGDPHQWDGDH[FOXVLYDPHQWH
HQODLQWHQFLyQRHOGHVHR

5.9.3) Teora del elemento Gentico


/RVVHJXLGRUHVGHHVWDSRVWXUDDOHJDQTXHODOyJLFDVHJ~QODFXDOODJHVWDFLyQFUHDXQ
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HOyYXORGHXQDPXMHUQHJUDJHVWDGRSRUXQDPXMHUEODQFDQRKDFHEODQFRDOQDFLGR
WDPSRFR OD PD\RU GXUDFLyQ GHO HPEDUD]R JDUDQWL]D TXH OD PXMHU EODQFD VHD PHMRU
PDGUH TXH OD QHJUD 'H LJXDO PDQHUD OD PDGUH JHQpWLFD SXHGH YLYLU FRQ PD\RU
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DIHFWLYRPHQRUFRQHOFRQFHELGRSRUQROOHYDUORHQVXVHQR
$HOORVHDxDGHTXHFRQORVDYDQFHVGHODFLHQFLDHQXQIXWXUR HVSRVLEOHFUHDUXQD
PiTXLQD SDUD OD JHVWDFLyQ DUWLILFLDO GH PDQHUD TXH H[LVWD QDFLPLHQWR VLQ SDUWR

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5.10.1) Determinacin de la filiacin


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5.15) Casustica comparada

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