HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING MN

H THNG NHNG

Ging vin:

TS. Nguyn Ngc Minh

in thoi/E-mail:

84-4- 3351 9391

B mn:

KTT-Khoa KTT

Hc k/Nm bin son: K 1/2011

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H thng nhng

Trang 1

Gii thiu mn hc
Tn mn hc:
H THNG NHNG
S vht:
4
Phn b thi gian:
Ging l thuyt
: 54 tit
Kim tra
: 1 tit
Thc hnh, thc tp
: 4 tit+ 2 tit BT ln
T hc
: 80 gi

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Kin thc mn hc

Cc khi nim v h thng nhng

Cc thnh phn ca h thng nhng
H iu hnh thi gian thc
Cc bc thit k, pht trin, ci t h
thng nhng

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K nng
S dng c mt s cng c trong vic
pht trin h thng nhng.
Thit lp cu hnh, ci t iu hnh thi
gian thc v h thng nhng
Pht trin c mt s phn mm nhng
cn bn.

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Cc cng c

Keil C (cho VXL ARM)

ARM development kit.
Linux
GNU gcc

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Trang 5

Trng s cc loi im kim tra:

Chuyn cn: 10%

Kim tra:
10%
Th nghim: 20%
Thi kt thc :60%

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Tm tt ni dung
Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v h thng
nhng
Chng 2 Cc thnh phn h thng
nhng
Chng 3 - H iu hnh thi gian thc
dng cho cc h thng nhng
Chng 4: Thit k v ci t cc h
thng nhng
Chng 5 Pht trin h thng nhng
da trn cc h vi x l nhng
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Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Embedded Systems Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide for

Engineers and Programmers, Tammy Noergaard, Newnes, 2005.
[2]. Embedded Systems Design, Steve Heath,,Second Edition,
Newnes, 2002 .
[3]. Embedded Systems- Architecture, Programming and Design,
Raj Kamal, McGraw Hill, 2003
[4]. Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time Interfacing, 2nd
Edition, ISBN 0534551629, Thomson 2006, by J. W. Valvano.
[5]. Embedded System Design: A unified Hardware/Software
Introduction, Vahid/Givargis, John Wiley & Sons INC, 2002.
[6].Co-Synthesis of Hardware and Software for Digital Embedded
Systems, G.D. Micheli, Illinois University at Urbana Champaign,
2000

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Chng 1
Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung v h
thng nhng
Khi nim v h thng nhng
Lch s pht trin ca h thng nhng
c im ca h thng nhng
Kin trc in hnh ca h thng nhng
Phn loi cc h thng nhng
Phm vi ng dng ca h thng nhng
Nhng yu cu cho vic pht trin mt h
thng nhng

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Khi nim v h thng nhng

H thng nhng (Embedded system) l
mt thut ng ch mt h thng c kh
nng t tr c nhng vo trong mt mi
trng hay mt h thng m.
Cc h thng tch hp c phn cng v
phn mm phc v cc bi ton chuyn
dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip:
in t, vin thng, cng ngh thng tin,
t ng ho iu khin, quan trc v
truyn tin
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 H thng nhng thng c thit k

thc hin mt chc nng chuyn bit no
.
Mt h thng nhng ch thc hin mt
hoc mt vi chc nng nht nh
Thng i km vi nhng yu cu c th
v bao gm mt s thit b my mc v
phn cng chuyn dng.

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 Thng c ti u ha n nhm gim

thiu kch thc v chi ph sn xut.
Cc h thng nhng thng c sn
xut hng lot vi s lng ln.
Rt a dng, phong ph v chng loi.
V phc tp:
c th rt n gin vi mt vi iu khin
C th rt phc tp vi nhiu n v, cc thit
b ngoi vi v mng li c nm gn trong
mt lp v my ln
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 Ch :
Cc thit b PDA hoc my tnh cm tay cng
c mt s c im tng t vi h thng
nhng nh cc h iu hnh hoc vi x l
iu khin
chng l cc thit b a nng, cho php s
dng nhiu ng dng v kt ni n nhiu
thit b ngoi vi
Chng khng phi l h thng nhng.

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 C nhiu khi nim khc nhau

Khi nim ngn gn:
l h thng thc hin mt s chc nng c
bit c s dng vi x l

Khng c h thng nhng no ch c phn

mm.

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Cc v d

Cc h thng iu khin
Cc thit b thng tin lin lc
Cc h thng cnh bo
Cc h thng multimedia
Cc thit b gia dng

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Cc ng dng
Computer/Communication products:
Customer electronics:
Cameras
Peripherals
Camcorders
Fax machines
Customer products:
Protection & security systems :
Dish washers
Intruder Alarm
Microwave ovens
Smoke/Gas detection
Cars:
Anti-lock braking
Robotics
Engine control
Drive-by-wire
Planes:
Stability
Jet engine
Fly-by-wire
Military:
Weapons
Satellites
Industrial process controllers
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Other car embedded systems

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Robot Vacuum cleaner

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Auto-washing machines

The user will select the required washing program.

A set of sensor will monitor the washing process variables such as water level,
temperature, and the rotation speed. Where the embedded controller will keep these
values agree with the selected washing program. through out the washing time.
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Lch s pht trin ca h thng nhng

H thng nhng u tin l Apollo

Guidance Computer, c pht trin bi
Charles Stark Draper ti phng th nghim
ca trng i hc MIT.
1961: my hng dn cho tn la qun
s Autonetics D-17, dng s dng nhng
bng bn dn v mt a cng duy tr
b nh

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 T nhng nm 1970, VXL pht trin mnh

m, gi thnh gim.
Cui 1970, VXL 8 bits bt u c pht
trin.
T nhng nm 1980, VXL c tch hp
nhiu thnh phn, xut hin cc b VK.
Nhiu h thng chuyn dng c pht
trin trn VK
T cui 1980, cc h thng nhng tr nn
ph bin trong hu ht cc thit b in t
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 n nay:
Cc VXL, VK cng c tch hp nhiu
thnh phn.
C th xy dng c mt h thng trn chip
(SOC).

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c im ca h thng nhng
Cc h thng nhng c thit k thc
hin mt s nhim v chuyn dng.
Khng ng vai tr l cc h thng my
tnh a chc nng.
C th i hi rng buc v tnh hot ng
thi gian thc m bo an ton v
tnh ng dng.
Mt s h thng khng i hi hoc rng
buc cht ch
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c im ca h thng nhng
Mt h thng nhng thng khng phi l mt
khi ring bit m l mt h thng phc tp nm
trong thit b m n iu khin.
Phn mm c vit cho cc h thng nhng
c gi l firmware v c lu tr trong cc
chip b nh ch c (read-only memory) hoc b
nh flash.
Phn mm thng chy vi s ti nguyn phn
cng hn ch:
khng c bn phm, mn hnh hoc c nhng vi kch
thc nh
b nh hn ch.
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Giao din
Cc h thng nhng c th khng c giao
din
hoc c y giao din giao tip vi
ngi dng tng t nh cc h iu
hnh trong cc thit b bn.
i vi cc h thng n gin:
s dng nt bm,
n LED
hin th ch c nh hoc ch hin th s
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Giao din
trong mt h thng phc tp hn:
mt mn hnh ha, cm ng hoc c cc
nt bm l mn hnh
cho php thc hin cc thao tc phc tp m
ti thiu ha c khong khng gian cn s
dng
ngha ca cc nt bm c th thay i theo
mn hnh v cc la chn

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Giao din
Trong cc h thng mi:
C th thng qua kt ni mng
C th dng giao din web.
trnh c chi ph cho nhng mn hnh phc
tp
vn cung cp kh nng hin th v nhp liu
phc tp khi cn n, thng qua mt my tnh
khc

VD: Cc routers, cc h thng iu khin.

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Kin trc CPU

Chia thnh hai loi:
vi x l
vi iu khin

vi iu khin thng c cc thit b ngoi vi

c tch hp trn chip
gim kch thc ca h thng

nhiu loi kin trc CPU c s dng trong

thit k h nhng :
ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051,
Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R,
Z80, Z8
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Kin trc CPU

Cc h thng nhng c kch thc nh v
c thit k hot ng trong mi
trng cng nghip thng la chn
PC/104 v PC/104++
thng s dng DOS, Linux, NetBSD
hoc cc h iu hnh nhng thi gian
thc nh QNX hay VxWorks

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Kin trc CPU

cc h thng nhng c kch thc rt ln
thng s dng mt cu hnh thng dng
h thng on chip (System on a chip SoC)
mt bng mch tch hp cho mt ng dng
c th (an application-specific integrated
circuit ASIC).

Sau nhn CPU c mua v thm vo

nh mt phn ca thit k chip

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Kin trc CPU

Hoc s dng FPGA (field-programmable
gate array) v lp trnh cho n vi nhng
thnh phn nguyn l thit k bao gm c
CPU.

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Thit b ngoi vi
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232,
RS-422, RS-485...
Synchronous Serial Communication Interface:
I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC v ESSI
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Controller Area Network, LonWorks...
B nh thi: PLL(s), Capture/Compare v Time
Processing Units
Discrete IO: General Purpose Input/Output
(GPIO)
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Cng c pht trin

s dng cc trnh bin dch (compilers)
chng trnh dch hp ng (assembler)
cc cng c g ri (debuggers).

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Cng c pht trin

B g ri mch hoc cc chng trnh m
phng (emulator)
Tin ch thm cc gi tr checksum
hoc CRC vo chng trnh
gip h thng nhng c th kim tra tnh hp
l ca chng trnh .

Cc trnh bin dch v trnh lin kt (linker)

chuyn dng c s dng ti u ha
mt thit b phn cng.
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Cng c pht trin

Mt h thng nhng c th c ngn ng
lp trnh v cng c thit k ring ca n
hoc s dng v ci tin t mt ngn ng
c sn.
Cc cng c phn mm c th c to
ra bi cc cng ty phn mm chuyn dng
hoc chuyn i t cc cng c pht trin
phn mm GNU

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 tin cy
Thng c k vng l s chy hng
nm tri lin tc m khng b li hoc c
th khi phc h thng khi gp li.
cc phn mm h thng nhng c pht
trin v kim th mt cch cn thn hn.
cc thit b ri khng ng tin cy nh
a, thng b hn ch s dng
khi phc h thng khi gp li c th c
thc hin bng cch s dng cc k thut
nh watchdog timer
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Mt s vn c th v tin cy
H thng khng th ngng sa cha mt
cch an ton
cc h thng khng gian, h thng dy cp di y
bin, cc n hiu dn ng
Gii php l chuyn sang s dng cc h thng con
d tr hoc cc phn mm cung cp mt phn chc
nng.

H thng phi c chy lin tc v tnh an ton

cc thit b dn ng my bay, thit b kim sot
an ton trong cc nh my ha cht
Gii php a ra l la chn backup h thng.

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Mt s vn c th v tin cy
Nu h thng ngng hot ng s gy tn
tht rt nhiu tin ca
VD: cc dch v bun bn t ng, h thng
chuyn tin, h thng kim sot trong cc nh
my

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Kin trc in hnh ca h thng nhng

Kin trc ca mt h thng nhng l mt

s tru tng ha thit b nhng
mt s tng qut ha ca mt h thng
khng ch r cc thng tin thc thi chi tit ca
h thng nh m ngun hoc thit k mch
phn cng

Cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm

mc kin trc trong mt h thng nhng
c i din bi cc phn t c tc ng
ln nhau
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 Cc phn t l ai din ca phn cng hoc

phn mm nhng chi tit c tru tng
ha
ch c thng tin v cc mi quan h qua li v
cc hot ng ca chng
Cc phn t ny c th c tch hp bn trong
thit b nhng hoc tn ti bn ngoi h thng
nhng v tng tc vi cc phn t bn trong
mt kin trc h thng nhng bao gm cc phn
t ca h thng nhng, cc phn t tng tc
vi mt h thng nhng, cc tnh cht ca mi
phn t ring bit v mi quan h tng tc
gia cc thnh phn
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 Cc thng tin mc kin trc c m t

theo dng cu trc
Mt cu trc s bao gm tp hp ca cc
phn t, cc tnh cht v thng tin v cc
mi quan h qua li
Mt cu trc s bao gm tp hp ca cc
phn t, cc tnh cht v thng tin v cc
mi quan h qua li

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 mt kin trc thng l s kt hp ca

nhiu cu trc khc nhau
Tt c cc cu trc trong mt kin trc c
mi quan h tha k qua li vi nhau.

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 Mt s kiu cu trc nh sau:

Cu trc theo dng module: Theo dng ny,
cc phn t l cc thnh phn c chc nng
khc nhau ca h thng
Cu trc ny thng c trnh by theo
dng
lp (layers),
theo cc phn mm dch v cho nhn (kernel
services)

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 Cu trc theo dng thnh phn v kt ni:

Cu trc ny l s kt hp ca cc thnh
phn (VD phn cng, phn mm, CPU, ) v
cc kt ni nh bus phn cng, cc bn tin
ca phn mm, cc process trong h thng

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M hnh h thng nhng

m hnh h thng nhng
thng c trnh by
nh hnh bn
c th thy rng tt c h
thng nhng u c
chung s tng t
mc cao nht
C th, chng u c cc
lp:
phn cng
phn mm h thng
phn mm ng dng

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Kin trc phn mm h thng nhng

Vng lp kim sot n gin
phn mm c t chc thnh mt vng lp n
gin.
Vng lp gi n cc chng trnh con
mi chng trnh con qun l mt phn ca h thng
phn cng hoc phn mm.

H thng ngt iu khin

Cc h thng nhng c iu khin bng cc ngt
cc tc v ca h thng nhng c kch hot bi
cc loi s kin khc nhau
thng c s dng trong cc h thng c b qun
l s kin n gin, ngn gn v cn tr thp
H thng ny thng thc hin mt tc v n gin
trong mt vng lp chnh
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 a nhim tng tc
gn ging vi k thut vng lp kim sot n gin
ngoi tr vic vng lp ny c n giu thng qua
mt giao din lp trnh API.
nh ngha mt lot cc nhim v, mi nhim v chy
trong mt mi trng ring ca n.
Khi khng cn thc hin nhim v th n gi n
cc tin trnh con tm ngh.
u im v nhc im ca loi kin trc ny cng
ging vi kim vng lp kim sot n gin.
thm mt phn mm mi c thc hin d dng
hn bng cch lp trnh mt tc v mi hoc thm
vo hng i thng dch
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 a nhim u tin
thng c mt on m mc thp thc
hin vic chuyn i gia cc tc v khc
nhau thng qua mt b nh thi.
on m ny thng nm mc m h
thng c coi l c mt h iu hnh v v
th cng gp phi tt c nhng phc tp
trong vic qun l a nhim

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 Vi nhn (Microkernel)
Nhn h iu hnh thc hin vic cp pht b
nh v chuyn CPU cho cc lung thc thi.
Cn cc tin trnh ngi dng s dng cc
chc nng chnh nh h thng file, giao din
mng li

Nhn ngoi (Exokernel)

tin hnh giao tip bng cch s dng cc li
gi chng trnh con thng thng

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 Nhn khi (monolithic kernels)

mt nhn y vi cc kh nng phc tp c
chuyn i ph hp vi mi trng nhng.
iu ny gip cc nh lp trnh c c mt mi
trng ging vi h iu hnh trong cc my bn
nh Linux hay Microsoft Windows v v th rt thun
li cho vic pht trin
i hi ng k cc ti nguyn phn cng lm tng
chi ph ca h thng.
Mt s loi nhn khi thng dng l Embedded Linux
v Windows CE

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1.5 Phn loi cc h thng nhng

H thng phn phi v h thng khng phn
phi:
Cc h thng khng phn phi thng hot ng
ring bit.
H thng phn phi phi kt cc thit b c kt ni
vi nhau

H thng d liu v h thng iu khin

Cc h thng d liu dng x l d liu, x l
hoc cung cp cc d liu thng tin cn thit khi c
yu cu
Cc h thng iu khin dng iu khin h
thng, iu khin cc quy trnh trong sn xut hoc
trong cc thit b
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1.7 Cc yu cu v k nng thit k

Tng quan v thit k cc h nhng

M hnh ho h thng: M t cc khi chc
nng vi cc c tnh v thut ton x l.
Chi tit ho cc khi chc nng
Phn b chc nng cho phn cng v mm
(HW-SW)
ng b hot ng ca h thng
Ci t cc chc nng thit k vo phn cng
(hardware) v phn mm (software) hoc
firm-ware.
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 Cch thit k c in:

cc chc nng phn mm (SW) v phn cng (HW)
c xc nh trc.
cc bc thit k chi tit c tin hnh mt cch
c lp hai khi

Hin nay
Cc h thng nhng s dng ng thi nhiu cng
ngh nh vi x l, DSP, mng v cc chun phi
ghp, cc giao thc
nay i hi c kh nng thay i mm do hn trong
qu trnh thit k 2 phn HW v SW
qu trnh thit k SW v HW phi phi hp vi nhau
cht ch
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CC THNH PHN CA THIT B

IN T V CNG VIC THIT K
Thit b in t
Phn mm
ng dng

Qun l, tch hp,

v thit k h thng
Thit k, pht trin
phn mm ng dng

Phn mm
h thng

Thit k firmware:
(Device Driver, OS, Middleware)

Phn cng

Thit k mch, PCB

Linh kin,
ph kin in t

Thit k vi in t: linh kin,

IC, IP, ph kin

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THIT K IN T V YU CU K
NNG
Thit k in t
Qun l, tch hp,
v thit k h thng
Thit k, pht trin
phn mm ng dng

Yu cu k nng
C kin thc v qun l d n thit k, kin trc h thng
C k nng lm vic theo nhm, kh nng sng to
K thut phn tch, tch hp h thng, kim tra h thng
Hiu bit v cu trc d liu, gii thut, CSDL, KTLT cu
trc, hng i tng, ha, mutimedia, x l tn hiu,
Thnh tho k thut lp trnh, ngn ng lp trnh: C/C++,
VC++, VB, Delphi, ASP, PHP, JAVA,

Thit k firmware:
(Device Driver, OS, Mirdleware)

Hiu bit v h iu hnh thi gian thc, lp trnh h thng,

kin trc my tnh, h thng nhng, VXL, bo mt, network
Thnh tho v s dng cc cng c IDE, lp trnh C/C++,
Linux, Assembler, Embedded C, HDL (VHDL, Verilog),

Thit k mch, PCB

Hiu bit v mch in t, phn cng vi x l, vi iu khin,

IC chc nng, FPGA, linh kin in t, footprint,SMD, SMT..
Thnh tho cc cng c thit k Front-end EDA nh:
Altium, ISE, Proteus,

Thit k vi in t: linh kin,

IP, IC, ph kin

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Hiu bit v vt l bn dn, nguyn l mch tch hp

tng t, s, mch RF v cao tn, in t ng dng
Thnh tho thit k layout, ASIC, VLSI s dng cc cng
c back-end EDA nh:MentorGraphic, Cadence, ADS

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KH NNG V THI GIAN O TO

Thit k, pht trin

phn mm ng dng
Thit k firmware:
(Device Driver, OS, Mirdleware)

Thit k mch, PCB

Thit k vi in t: linh kin,

IP, IC, ph kin

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Mc tru tng cao, phc tp

thp hn, cn s sng to.
Thi gian o to nhanh
Cng c thit k r, c th min ph
chi tit khng cao, nhng cn hiu
kin thc rng, mc tru tng cao
Thi gian o to nhanh
Cng c thit k r, c th min ph,
phc tp cao
Thi gian o to trung bnh,
Yu cu cng ngh trung bnh, gi
thnh cng c thit k trung bnh

Mc tru tng tng

Qun l, tch hp,

v thit k h thng

Cn kin thc rng, kh nng t duy,

sng to cao.
Hnh thnh qua qu trnh o to lu di

Mc phc tp tng

Thit k in t

Kh nng v thi gian o to

phc tp cao nht

Thi gian o to di, thc hnh nhiu
Yu cu cng ngh cao, gi thnh
cng c thit k t

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