445 am a2 Ba Circuit Elements ‘There are five ideal basi circuit elemerts: vite sures aes ae eee caren cures str itor al capitons. ths shay 22 emcrealncitace formar) p20 «(EFM Ucar the chorcleraten ol yoluge sures. caren 23 cantina 9.30 sources. and esr Alto this my sen ike 9 sal no 2 at ae 2 bor elements wth which to eg ilies many pre 25 Ao Grit ons Spend cal tems ca ements ad ere They sau 9c sre asoa uel stating point hese of tek relate simpy. ‘he mathematics relates hotwect wise a ete in CEE sources and esr at lshraThs yw nile able to ein 1 Usd syne kre ete aeeae ating he ve Fechnigees of rat anal with oly alge. tetany ec sore Isic mailto pee ‘We wll peste nti Chapter. ecane thea eis ou aad est canteen esis Hhevc. the ncaa lehniqus ee ee yt a with ind ane at the we ‘ects imaesnceleaiete beg manus more ican you shoal ety foc sling sie2.1 Voltage and Current Sources The geeral atu ofeleiasouren An eletrel auc ice hpi tcc ose cry eee hemi ecry A ynaneiss che ha cones esha ote Sleetic power generlymaitasing either valage or cures This ‘ent wot parcir inert for eu analyse te tom of be el vetage source ad thea ut wou as basic Seng om cn reser he hn nel voltae sae # ci me! ha mutans 2 pe ied wage as fermi eps fe ures! ain a ‘ie ter Sly antaeal eaeatsoerce relent tit Ponsa peed sent rogers feels of the ftltage ste he temo Tore chet cenents 40 nore at ingot reiten on how we may decrbe hem matberacly ‘Becnse a cal vlog source provera stacy weg, ven the Even inthe cement changes impose ape the corre e nest oage stare ma fugcton of voge ike the ole Informton youve not andes coset sae he vale ou abe slupe or Cnn scat about ey gon ven Fenehenbatn ihe sinutThesale of volgen sop I Spec ty he tale he snependet sour ne cna 3 ependent usenet sete cent ose ae ped on Intent ftvotgearcren chenbre nthe cat You ent opex 7 4 “Thecus or feel independ sources ae shown Fig. Noe tht uae ned reproseat a dependent sure To | ‘niles an wea independent vg me 3 eta you fnsticine healt te ped sage athe efter platy. ‘Sewn nF ita) Sty a compl apes an ea indepen gre 2.1 4c gms (ae ane. erence direction. ssh nF 218) Petites ont eni graTe ee synbotsfr the ea dependent sures ae show it See Fig. 2EA tancnd wed fosepeen deen sue Bo betry ster eager acon chewnere to he ccs here ‘eta of foe varations sat hy the se ni 2 Dependent sure aye tomctne lected seers "incompletely apeaty a dea dependent wotage-conle ope sure you mat eit the snl lg he seston ta pe tryouts comput the spd estas rm he conten ol, nthe tren platy fr te upd age Ing 22). nd he ference pay fo a nate, Noe hat a my ‘Sar eqzemens eit for cpa peng th ther eal depen sures Fp. 2210).thecomoling een be uae Teeth supti wtp.» the reference oly i sow, and he mip susan athe ine te mer ea 24) cnn ote the efercresectonbasshowa a the mupingcosat wh he ‘Snensom unpre perl In lg 2240), be comings he ator forthe spe creat, the reference diction ale andthe malin const pls dvices hl cnn fener li entry. Restor ne fore and caprcorsate-examples of posihe cet lens EElmtse'una uae how tn errs enent td Spend sures it etfs eras Meo estos ofthe sues m Howe 2.24 eat en a taps ese Salaynart apc cose‘esting tnerconnetions of deal Sources ‘hecontans money he en auc, Solution ane al ach see ‘Thoregute ta eadksouesoppy tc sane vale hth sue pay he ey do Ceanecton (0) vk Eat soe spin icine equres tat end sure tp) We sane ‘hvent in these detion te eyo ‘Cane 8 pete Fah ouce spl vlge sro th same poral Ihed ah Ts rears ht each source py anecton (4) ot permite Each source sepia ugh ane a ern ‘Bn slage cron Ie pr etl make Teme espe amet eh ‘Shee ets rep he Sime ere sega of ewe ies pee a> o tip 23 abe iss are“Testing tnercannections of lel Independent and OepantntSourese Us he defo he ie independent sd Solution Conzton (2) nv. Both the ndepenten ‘ours ad the depend source Sep volage ‘ros he same po tra ale a TS ‘ce that each source Sup ihe sae vaae ‘these polity Te epee uc phe nr he dependent soc seis 9 \Coneton (wh. Te independent secure metus atopic Sopp creat og he sun ir ems ca a eve ure pti mine Sco oe cr ede ‘Cnncton() ll Te depends sensu sper cren ugh he a of. tints mane The depenen ose se ‘Bite sn ea erent souce plese mame Set earn of olga el vlge "= Conecton (a Bah te Sepa Ay dy ntsouce andthe dependent sou sup cen Oy tosh eter pence eh Soars nppiee 3 Abt be pendent sce ect he oponte dso ereASSESSMENT PROBLEMS osjectve te 2A Fer thc shown, 2) What wale of seq i ref e interoanecton'obe rai? 1) Forth va of ind the power ma snore (0) -2.Vs 0) 16 WO6 W severe, rc te dea bse elt anon 2) What yal soured in ederfor the 6) Forte vale of sales in pat (a find Annwer (0306 Ai (6) 975 WSS W tse, a NOTE: Ato ty Ohapler Probie 22nd 26 ge csp tai gs 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm's Law) Resin ithe cpa of mater tmp he ow of unt tore spose. the fw of een hg The ea kent ned 0 "eS ett eg a eo ‘st miter ahi meseuale eine een. The moat of este eB on the mater Meas uh scope and show have sl sus of stems, Making hem 204 nes nc algerie are te eto son aig 26 He she heer te rela tween ike vlage bn arentP= tevolaein vt, be cuenta apes, k hs eae ino, In wechoon he second nthe we we nik ea vere sand R before eased nv amperes and ohms ‘pete Te sgsrtsign sedge! and Des one ‘tone he pe sgn convention wth wenden Chapt Tans 21 tnd $2 are known Obs ny fe Gove Sno ‘ob. 1 Geman py who ebaed eval atin he nn ‘ee century. Oh aw the alga relent beta vole {nde for itor In Sto estan ewe bs The ‘Gr eter mean (0) the tna sb or anc The cea ‘them ayo oan 0 eso shown nip ‘Ohavlaeegreesthe nape srs fecn fhe caren Hore. xorg the unt ss aurea hele sho convient Tse ‘rom Eq? on rom E922, ‘Toe ira of theists fre om entuctance boas oye er Grand imested msemen yas o-ks ea AN restr ns a condo ae of 25S ance pre ‘nalts oronductareiethe i is eda ‘ard chen by a este megs (U) Teste wey odin ander at vn sondncs fh (3) Pot ker sever Spying spi stout the Sesser a ean eves Te pt en he ‘does ot vary over ie. Mest seta resstve devies do ne ve constant sn The spat ioe ec ington ed 12 eid ite Oo) Fie 27 ects a stnthe poo the tein velage sd caren eth reeence ne Sono in P26 ewe pow 29 en ‘second method of exesig the power athe emia fs tor eae per foms athe ce sd the reson. Stoting 2 mo Bq 2 tin pe w= une ree, en Likewise subtitng E922 no Fa. 27. have 1 en Equation 28 and 29a enc and demote les tht egade ‘enol aap pny tern econ te pos fe emma of ‘restric pute Therefor ab owe om he et ‘dmc epee erate aa a ‘in ters ofthe tage tnd reclanceThe exten ndpendet of {he poloyseterenes a 2 en Sametime restore wl bexpreedss sooner ‘dante s estos ning the rlaorsip betwen rene aed cont ‘Sictance penn 24 ay aa wie Ear 39 and 10 ‘tects oe em ex astions 26.2.2 provides arity of method ar net he poser ‘orbedy areas Each he same sve: nsec Ese Beh pn f Ob nonin22 teen ea in) 3 Caletating Voltage, cutent and Power fora Simple Resistive Chait Fie 284 age 2) Calla the les of wae 1) teri the power dpa ech restr solution 1) Tole ini 28) aceopin the ree ie fthe uretobe reastor Te = NS) = 8V, A ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS: once 28 22 Foctbeccat show, 2) Hiyg= RV andi, = SmA fd eee 1) 4g = 78m athe poner dlr Ahevoapr ures nS Wide pcr nrbed by teeter HR OD snd de persons & 80 fda Avot: (0) 20088.5 Ws eyanvisas B30 10m, 2 of 42 8m Pie 2800) 610 teen ofthe Soke drop srr theese Hot ‘n= (N02) = 14. “he vole wi Fg 29) in tei. sina cuteness Hence sm = ~U20 = 208 Pca te 50 eer 284) ty Te poner dpa eat eerie ro Sco = 8%. ras (0702) = HOW, oy p= SOF « cya) aw. ©) HG = 20),Sandthe poe: iveedio = = snsuer (a) 105 82 (yaoas.0s )a0ma.202.3. Construction of a Circuit Model ‘ystems The shi eguited to develo cc ce do ioe compet at si je toa there co At babe sist ne racic a engi ao he ma pwn den "We dels xk the est tw cml i Fxample 24 uinpc meee scl onely tus te mma Constieting & Cia Model of 3 lshisht Solution Secor caso Se eeepae: se thon ee iccadhantuu fh yin hal seu ner Frond ti arpa metaesha Fleeely, we ms ma the ‘insta cere Bete hs Prk th Wik pwsca ntl ap hae h ‘he coe snc he sul Ea ay a Msirmrahch we dees Rm cc Ruleboni sinning twos et feonune ve cuse act lai ‘Then mins eprese he he ss a rrotor tha fhe sno suatsjms nao Thea shee ea (Rd pense Tie Nace Ta ands esr mem nt aca yas owe t he ee Ieattera pases! rcs Bean Rewca ho ba ni‘egal represen the ston sense yh igh. ne ma iy en borin prea switche contact tance may fe ih eno 0 er {eremih proper operon ofthe em Our al dese es hs Dev i ad te od cnr nt ch ‘oes not pede heeft af deg pene Our hea ea Sela sore etre: ny ntl distin oer i he ey el ‘ic mit be du to he yraie esting jor menton Wo | Tap ren Our rel seen ashe Tnoacling the Mshight acct we hada ne endetanding of tnd.tces tothe eral enon ate stem, omeer setae ‘weknow ol the emia ir 9 Seve sd mt ths nr ‘aoe nonsoctngthe rde Example 2 explores sucha mode Coneruetng Creat Model Bad on Terminal Measurements ‘oducng Richt tvs dca mals « @ Fig 21 Ae eee Ee,2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws Acct adobe ed whe the vl cota he cet ‘hey clement nave en determine Oh nampa eton ising stn Honan ny anh Fanczcat om Excrpe 2 e need toe a me pata ie tac rlatosips kaon 5 Kho ow ose mos Se "We beg yreaawig the cet arson in 215 ah the wich into ste Note tite stable the Gens vole Spe vite sscited henner and he een asocited th Ihe vtege Source Lato eles lees olin 8 ays For Eenvenence, ne atch the sae sig o fhe valage at cen Iiielenswedotothe restr ask In? 8,we ako removed some ot ‘est and en ott an el cee A neat ‘hein inci cnc any ely a Fg‘sin aoe ne beled cand d Made d Comet ete {dhe amp tines ses te way sree ep of he {a though we abel snl ot coven Te Jt on eer ‘Se he mech neat ria none eed 1 pe ‘ents nneso onion abled me or the cre soma in Bp 1152 ca identify wven snore Ientsin ad, Real tha ins moun vlog tk reprecets the om ofthe termina vag the two sy cll Sons Ya {£5 Whe probem tt nd the even unk aiaes Fro se {ncaur independent eqton: Frm our deton of Oh’ i cer ey) a ite ew nat aot eer four gions "Te mterconnecton of set ements impose consis of tbe ‘eliotn etnenth tinal tapes sdcete Tse conta ‘ereeredtom Kiva se ts Kichal hointed ‘hemo pope pln I Te lo at state he oi {a mathematical form Me now at KicolTy caren and ‘The algebraic sum of ll the currents say noe ina suk Pipe 218 Aina a petra nce tenhtt vel i a -Aspviag Kish caren law tothe four nodes i the eet sown fp 215 ts he conn thet cen leving nde ste omicred poate ls equations rede & ew nese am ale ew poled yh ea Note tht Eg 2.12.19 ate not independ eects ny one hetoy en te deed om te ober the nay cet th noses, tnt Independent cent equ ean te eed rom Kies ‘aent! Lets dard 219s tt ne hives nependest quo mh Ege 213-218 Wencedonererwich we det Hefore me anit Kel op nk ve mt fie ase te op Sorina a etry selected noe we ace ned hn sco uh selected Das eu cleme an et Yo the ‘gia ode wit asin hough ay mere nde mae than ‘ne The che shown Fp 215 has ely one sed pa oop For ‘lample chong sds che ating pout and tcng the Seat ‘Soke for he ccd pt by moving toupee de ad Sako mode» Wear aout Richt soa ow Repent evo wena donsphiacret Touse Kish slings aw we magn an lea i it ce decoy toch vaiape abel Arwen ed path ee ‘Me wilappent eae oraceop inthe cig recien Asigings Povnesgroaoiage ne egures bspnng pepo oa ‘op Consens ing 2 negative gn 9 vag se eqs sing pstine en toa vtape oon "Neon sp Kits volage aw othe eet shown in i 218 Wester to woes te ces pclae ote sacase San ovelogedeys Sings ned esto Be epresion hich reeset he enh independent ean nse 1 find the ‘ore annow eu ynater enone ee “Te thought of ng se seven sents equations Find ‘he cme dinar pa ory estos Might mp ot ey ‘peng Th ne com capes we due ou to smaltia ‘eSvioc ta i enable you tase a ope ety es by we igang equa cern nga ‘Ruedas he shih ceo epenerl hn tera re ‘Stet delay sai vakeonn‘ent nih restr soucan od the vole aoe eet opera Fon kno th caret a pre cee ou stn ind the gs ‘ets Cea edi the nar of snlanco equates a Scie For example ne sight eit we elise te wl hin ou stones equine than seve “the seond gener oserention reat th eons of com ‘ements When at wo ements connet ata sng nade De ees Sedo be see. The importance he sod oberon ‘vous when you noe tha each ne in he cosh 218 imvotves an oe clement Thar you need 0 define aly De here minig em iow tem all For compe choming to ne are onbnown cn inch th potato te "Eknples 26 and 27 Mae tow owt cco stony hed on Kis avs xorg 2 sass ho toot Kec ‘Sha Onn tet fd un ak eu Exam epost fethniqe presented Example 28 for anstcting aca hoe fr ‘iste me ternal cores st en Using Kirchhoff Curent Law ing note teres connect dt) Inate cone ofthe daa hee the #1 eae Solution nade be biesng Keto tage Law Sum he votges tod ech designated pth in Ihechent showin 2 Solution Inwoting the qoton ew pie sin ora ‘elle op Te ourequo we pha “ttn mm phe neces) Fig 2374 itor amg, PEEEIIERY ‘ontsing ons taw ad xirehhots Lvs 0 Find an Unknown Current 1) Use Rha and st id terefove must dene co smutaneus gu he crc bowen ig 28 tons tig tye obtain ee tthe ia qutns by pphing Kiabots cares a> ‘her aod bore Suannphecrent tnd Und sing» poste sig toe ures hn 620 atrtange 15) Tt he en for hing th the el power generic elmer pd ‘Bogor Onan Tw tht hy od Solution 9) We bepa yen hee ed sini : ‘hinewe eager aces te 1041 at 501 sont vlls tops debe dee ‘sor Figure Toahows the cele nes ‘be, Slvieg thet two ean fri tnd rn = BYE) = 50 W,Pr = AR = 1203) = 360 W. “Te omer delneredto the 6A rou fxs 16), bat y= 58) = 190. ‘he tein otage and termina canes were ‘need the ee shown in 220) 0 (healer ted are abate in F220). Fig 2204) sn) a2 2) Canasta eit ede of the deve de 1) Using hi ret model petit he power it deve wi deverto IDB ester Solution 1) Pot the volge a anetion af he cre like gah chown a Fg 220 The car enor teint Now we ned int the components fai Co inodel that wl prose te mel: Ship Rerweensotage and amen. Riche {wo somponens in eres. From the euation ne of tee components posi Sep finland og ones The eber component pen 2 psc te sop inthe deton of he cuca esate wlge dep por he {set Ose tel at hs en SES fh Tevet crete eee te dned ein 2300) pus = ~I806) = 900 We ‘The 6 A was is deleting 200 Wa the 13 ¥ oor abot The tal {neretre the sun vee tat he power PRIIEEED constructing cncut Met Based on Terminal Measurements ony wv) m0 ae 2214) enh us rte Fa 226) esmpiete heciKenels Tethys SagarandOb iw cane the on evoke Sop se olage sue cane thi the ue ot et lowing in Si en apesASSESSMENT PROBLEMS, Ona 2 abet tte and ue Oh aw and Kh cent and velage ue 25 Fortheccishown.clte(2is(6) 01-27 a) The erin volgen rialcsent (eq (0) evan) the poet deed ‘re remnted on be Seve sown Tae ‘te 24Viouce, ‘er of ond a proved tele ‘sme ese rac cette sti ie rower, (0124: Patt vera Compu eatin of may {helne anda he equation oat hee ‘fest the deg es oe pevurceandfator ») Use the mode conten 0 predict ne ” (3) 0 pr ‘Ne powe that te devi wlleer tos Shree Anorers (9)A25V sauce inser wth 1012 (iw. A ae NOTE: Ato iy Oper Probes 214,217,208 0nd 21%, 2.5. Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources+ Onsewe know tahoe cen sapped by he epost source + Theoret he OV sure “Ter ae tas wo unnown current ud We ned to ott {het dpe ears ong toon ens ope From the etc, sie the closed path containing the vltage source. tne $i reusor andthe 0 fh sexo We ca spy Kisco alge lw mound ths ved pth The sealing esutor cntans 0 500 = 54, +2, ex, ow we ase to pene second gusto conaining these 180 sarvnts Conse te cose ph fred s the 200 Ysstrand te Sepenent erent source I we wept Lo apy Kies wllane inet his op. we fale develop a uellentin, case we don ow he ve ofthe voltage acon tbe Beendent caren sure In Theme otis ars he dependent source which he vlane wel ying to compute Wring am equation forts top Soe 9 ‘sine towards sltion For ths me reanon ned othe Te ‘loved pth containing he volge source, the 3 ves. sod the ‘pense sure nwt geecrt th eon equation Node a comers he lle soe ‘erm equation too Khia cent aw Wesel code and po ‘Sete faloiag ean ys ex ’ 4a ‘ ima ex Using 9.224 and Ohm's a forthe 299 sess. se a the vole y= 20, = a8 v “Think ato cit nui tty efor esi ome aa tos Av weave demonsaed ot hry oe ft dem pps‘ci witha dependent src Exaile 211 notes seat moe cp ‘Sted chu bt wth crt eae of ays to ne main ‘nel wasp Applying Oh’ Lw and Kieoffs Laws to Fin an Unknow Voltage 2) Use Kho le id he ad the pig Os aw 0th 1.0 vss ges teloge teas i238 ‘lined ag 1 Show ta your ston conse! withthe eit lade ne 1) To compute he perso 1 the tee 20 pone donne pede ci = 187) = 187. The power dlneed othe pendent ose ie 23. he e238 suet PGi) = OX-1 = 8, Solution i oth soues are dele power and he {ea developed pover 2. Tompte yowe vera othe ri sar tender ean te fom P's The ponctdcbcedoihe etn 1) Aon ok atc Fig 23 even hat + Once ison we an compute ‘we edo eur fr the feet , tolge sees sc ply Kho alge Invesco th owing oars, snes. The power vere 0th 7 ests y Vip e307 Wc he ttl ep int oa25, biti Doe ees 45 ‘Applying Obs Law and Ktcof' Law nan Amplifier Cat ‘Treen Fy 22¢rpuesens a iemon ei A fourth ein rel om impeing the ‘ation encounter tbe mays nad design ‘ns sete y te sere comes of stor mop, Ame th he ees al ‘ent depend source thee omens Ry Re Re Me eed te known. 1) Devel the quton needed to determine the ene ‘eentn each elemento cc 1) From hese equations. devs afr for om Pung isintemsot hes clomet los ‘Wetura to kienotT ole ew in dei Ing the remain two eae We nee > ‘eke wo. chsed pale In oder Tow reo vetoes Nove at th vote ‘ihe tpn enone ‘lerent fig Theron. we tit alec 109 ‘Sled pts dot ota ts Spend "We home the pth ead tad and ee spo watage ope pei ok (9) Note ie = (0-10 + Woe = =. Fie 2264 hit aml ‘)Te ges singe equation for dain teen of the now eat vanbles yo can follow Solution thewetepe ‘Acar examination of he cist est oa + Save. (6) far jj and subi hs ‘tseuntnownenrent esi yest Tonto ito Ey Adc fining hese ek crete + Sahe the ered Eg (2 Soran ah ‘ete overeat eres Re mins, ‘Stes or tc Ea (3 wih be depen caret suey We now + Sane he normed (rf and ah ast dees npn etn ng stutter nto Eq 3). Use hee siruntnowne Eq) och ic meg) vite wan see tee easy 6) pine + Sahe the tessormed EQ (3) fr sy and ichorscaret a ay tes enact renangs be eso yd : WesR = I~ Vo CAN, = RIOT AR © htie-te tena 2 ato yato wea Hee sp Nae 0) e-em remsineueatVSASSESSMENT PROBLEMS. objective Xow hw 0 alae power fr bch element ins simple eat 219° Forthe sei showed) he ure in ©) the power deere y he independen ‘nronpets()ne aape in ( e rents ‘gener l(t al poet 4) the power deve by he coal 2s, 2) the poe sbsrted byte ndepenten NOTE: Abey hap Probes 222. The crrent ain the cei sbown is2, ) het owe diate inthe woes, Avera (0170 (wy210 6 maw aw, oraw Practical Perspective Electrical Safety ‘ete besoin of hi apn, we ht caret bug bay an (usenet namie pet of elec SA "eu iat inka lta ny de os However. tat i ‘Satter pth nes yes mai tte Cah ine ona pys estin of ean si) onc. stent crt ith nts ees od cet ote he 9) {Fane tothe al tbe bl uch move see, Tpine gn ie nmi. te 2. ns ye ce psn earns tains ret tT me é fale we apotint: Ue teased ot aaa acer bec suai ett pet eal pein prone fond ect eit oe! o now aig ee o AN a om ao " recta on two act conc covet 29 ro Hateg t oth he body wine tari. ows 3 pty ens ‘ration A wag iloce eit Sten one aad ome ej “/ Fic 2 he a et hn ae a : ie Sicsonea nt gt 1 demandes eat nat aie To Summary fuse st nthe de ieig tbe equation for power p= with ‘Oh’ mw ca etre te omer arb oy 2 (See page32) Gls a sce by noes pce pate A Seda poit ere eo or recent lems ‘When js two elements connect fr de ty snes be In see Awe pth op ace tha meg dn tg ge ee cack (See ges -39) Problems ergo in Fi 22 i a. find te taper ected bythe vole vue tbe ‘teronccion ot wd cpat oy 485. it od sera ‘hes crn tha eae scream nee + ict ope sae tht he lsh sm + Acct isoed when he olage aro and he a Fenn every semen have tees Geena, By com Neg an unersunding npn and dependent ores Os ad ich av co se 2.3») eth ineconestion fide sores inthe ci cutn ig P23 saa Bp 2) Menly wich sources re developing power ent hat he tt owe ele athe ‘Sit epi he ttl power abe 2) Regen oh) roa he ply oe‘meson he dev sown Fg PD) The Save ofp and Tae ghen nthe tae of Fe P2110). Ue the ves te ale o con hat deat nde fo th devi sig 2 ‘hl reso os Append mera ‘vst ferent sure vais wee apple 10 The dewee shown in Fg PEI). THe power eae he deve foreach leo erent ‘elite en F280) ee The deve coming of ingle restor fom Dare we rae A sity of ylage sue vals were apo to ee he ef PRINT, pone {rose inthe ue genio ig PETS) Ube = « 2214 The vlae and caret wee mented thee tuna of te dee dn in i PEGG) Te ul ne bused in ig P21) 1) Conc a et model for hs device wing Vel urent soured ser 1) Use tel oped he moon of power the dece nil dlgertea 2) eaton wr 9% Pa Pw rae 218 Te olga custent wre mesure at he tal of the device show sn Fg PISS). Te ‘eae abst ia Fig P2150) ideal olay ured este 1) pete model tops he abe of whenSections 21-25 ‘remo belch spl ort {oor more lnetons for eam con hte or Doth he topo tino ire In he ning ste th pe of on {rol rimplemeried wh fcenay and foeway ‘niche A teeny shi teeter, ‘Smal wo pasion ich Teme sons ‘Shemacaly'n Fy. 7224), whch ste» three may sited 2350) whch ate 1 Show how tw ts-ny ube can be co Fp P23K0) wha the ap can be aed on fof om two tone fe tan (pace ob sont fom Suche ne tury sh teed fr {ccrny omc plow te-nysuthes ca ‘Stomecuaetyetns snd bin Pip PBSC trl be lap ro the actions (i 234 4) Soppne the power campy ‘ur enough wana sotng + ang Sn ‘eb er peau pce 20011 Use the model gem ig 22500) Sloe tothe adel esibed input 2.35 sed on he model and iit own in Fig. 225, ‘ahem acre melo te yo cent gh he oman ody fra peso touching a Yt sgeseurce 236) sing ais fetes ora. ad 1) The spot ea of ter 418 10 J/kg solace of mater Mn top) teed ya poner Pin wats) unos oe neers Tran ons te Catone ing? How do the vale ou sop in (6) com 1) Using te estece as orth man ey Sn irom ting goal eco 1 etre signa mk hn pe fectse IEE AIS 2 tigen ae arn Don 56 2 aris ages Cet 6 i ‘3.8 BS Simple Resistive Circuits (ur analytical toolbox costsas Oh fw and Kiet laws. In Cape 2 we ase those wach in saline ects In ahs ehapter we conus applying these tos, but on more completes he greater compe Hsin greater rune ‘St lemeate with nore complicated lanennectons This hag ter feces on edacing ch cca ip sais, We contin fo foes on relatives spl Sst fo Feasons (1) hes chan oan ours hooey sith the ws underlying more sophisticated and (2) i sows se sede 1 sei dat Rave portant ‘gineering appketons, "The sce inthe ccs sca hap ate a itd to yoage and cure srs thi goat hor Guest ‘olages or rent ta ols ra ares hat at in tat with tn. Cesta sures ae ofc lle esos, Ths estas tree rota descrip tas a srl Dass hut ca seem misting now. sty «vet cere 8 eine crten predic bys constant sokage Taste. a famtantwollage hocime Krams a estewentord oli, The me de oe sage ate no uiversly ogee in ene ad engneing re tek, a etree de