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Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Asmaun Nadjamuddin, md
Physical and rehabilitation medicine, fkuh-rsws
Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Pediatric Rehabilitation
Introduction PR
Motor development during early childhood
Development of Postural Control
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Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Postural Adjustments are Task and
CEREBRAL PALSY
Etiology
Pathology
Classification
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Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Different to Spastic,Rigidity,Athetoid
HYPOTONIC CP
SPASTIC CP
ATHETOID CP
ATAXIC CP
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Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Medical Treatment
Rehabilitation Management
Surgical
Complications..
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PEDIATRIC REHABILITATION
Introduction
Some of the more frequently encountered disabling
conditions of childhood are :
Cerebral palsy
Muscural dystrophy
Spina bifida
Developmental delays
Hypotonia
Keep in mind the following aspect of rehabilitation
that are unique to treating children.
Pediatric Rehabilitation
Introduction PR
Do not treat children as trough they are little adults ;
It is the job of parents in society to help children, including
those with handicaps, grow into mature adults capable of
independents living.
This responsibility should be shared by the health
professional concerned with their care.
Because children are largely products environment ;
Educate parents about would constitute therapeutic
environment for their children.
Rehabilitation of children, in contrast to that of adults ;
Often does not mean relearning low skills, but rather,
learning appropriate motor and social skills for their age or
Developmental level under adverse conditions.
Introduction PR
Introduction PR
Knowledge of normal motor learning, growth, and development
is essential for the
therapeutic intervention in the growing child
Understanding the emotional needs of the child at various
ages is equally important.
Treatment must take into consideration decelerated bone
growth in weakened
extremities, compared to the strong stimulus for bone growth
in extremities with normal
muscle activity.
Introduction pr
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Bagian 2
Bagian 1
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Tahapan perkembangan
Terlentang dari posisi tengkurap
Tengkurap dari posisi terlentang
Duduk ditopang
Duduk tanpa ditopang
Merayap
Duduk sendiri
Merangkap
Umur
3,5 bulan
4,5 bulan
5,5 bulan
6 bulan
6,5 bulan
7,5 bulan
7,5 bulan
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Bagian 2
Bagian 1
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Tahapan perkembangan
Menarik tubuh ke posisi berdiri
Merambat
Berjalan
Berlari
Umur
8 bulan
9 bulan
12 bulan
14 bulan
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Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
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Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
11 bulan
12 bulan
Umur
7-8 bulan
9 bulan
10 bulan
11 bulan
Umur
12 bulan
15 bulan
18 bulan
25-27 bulan
30 bulan
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Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
3 tahun
Umur
12 bulan
14 bulan
16 bulan
Umur
15 bulan
6 bulan
2 tahun
2,5 tahun
3 tahun
4 tahun
6 tahun
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Part 2
Part 3
Makan
Makan biskuit yang dipegang
Minum dari gelas sendiri/menggunakan sendok
Berpakaian
Membuka baju sendiri
Memakai baju
Membuka kancing
Memasang kancing
Mengikatkan tali sepatu
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Part 4
Umur
9 bulan
12 bulan
Umur
24 bulan
36 bulan
36 bulan
48 bulan
60 bulan
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Umur
lahir
5 minggu
4 bulan
5 bulan
7 bulan
9 bulan
8 bulan
11 bulan
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14 bulan
17 bulan
Umur
6 minggu
3 bulan
4 bulan
4-6 bulan
6 bulan
8 bulan
10 bulan
11 bulan
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12 bulan
kata ketiga
13 bulan
4-6 kata
15 bulan
7-20 kata
17 bulan
21 bulan
50 kata
2 tahun
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3 tahun
4 tahun
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B.1.2.
orthotik.
1966).
B.2.1.
masyarakat.
dan di masyarakat.
B.2.4.
masyarakat.
Classification
Bobath, 1976
classification
HYPOTONIC CP
Pull to sit: head lag
SPASTIC CP
Spasticity =
Hyperreflexia
Changes in muscle structure
and function
Abnormal muscle activity by
change of position
Major barrier to development is
negative features
Abnormal patterns of movement:
flexion upper limb at elbow,
wrist and fingers, shoulder IR
& ADD
Extended lower limb: IR&ADD
hip, plantiflex and inversion
ankle
Trunk for intersegmental
attachment of limbs muscles:
latissimus dorsi
Spastic cp
Movement dysfuncion
Impaired motor control
Minimal brain dysfunction: clumsiness
Sitting on a chair
IR and flexed hips
Ataxic cp
Sit to stand
Ataxic cp
ANAMNESIS
Merupakan komponen kunci evaluasi anak dengan disabilitas.
Dari informasi dpt sebagai pedoman dlm mengetahui penyebab,
menentukan kemampuan fungsional dan membuat perencanaan
terapi medis. Anamnesis menyeluruh meliputi :
a. Keluhan utama anak (bila sudah bisa berbicara) atau
aloanamnesis.
b. Riwayat penyakit sekarang & Penyakit dahulu
c. Riwayat prenatal
d. Riwayat perinatal
e.
Riwayat perkembangan
f.
Informasi umum
Riwayat keluarga
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
a. Keadaan umum : cara datang (termasuk pola jalan) bagi yg
dpt berjalan, kesadaran,
st, Gizi.
b. Kepala (termasuk bentuk, posisi dan lingkar kepala), wajah,
mata, dll.
c. Leher : posisi leher terhadap kepala dan tubuh, kontrol leher.
d. Thoraks
e.
Jantung
f.
Paru
g. Abdomen
h. Genitalia
i.
diskinesis
j.
Ekstremitas
Medical Treatment
Baclofen
Antispastic agent
Reduces hyperactive of
Mono- and polynaptic stretch reflex
Arachnoyd space
Lessens involuntary spasm and spasticity ( Cambell 1995)
Botulinic Toxine
Inhibit presinaptic release of Ach in neuromuscular space
1-4 months
In muscles
Prone to contractures
Spasticity interfers in its function
Surgical
Selective Posterior Rhizotomy :
This is a surgical procedure that reduces
excessive muscle tone in spastic cerebral
palsy.
Surgical
Complications
Medical treatment
Development of postural control :
Bobath ( 1964 ) response aspects of postural adjustment
used for evaluating child
Reflexes are part of assessment but role in MD not
known
Woollacott (1986) Role of postural control ignored
Perin (1989) Emphasis on treatment as being moved by
the therapist
Needed:
Set segmental alignment before limb is moved voluntary
Respond to movement of surface in which we are
Withstand displacement by some outside force
Both internal and external forces
new findings
Postural adjustments are anticipatory and preparatory
Postural adjustments are task and context specific
Vision has a propioceptive role in postural control
CEREBRAL PALSY
Non-progresive group of brain disorders resulting from a
lesion on development in fetal life or early infancy
Pathological CNS mechanisms not progressive but clinical
features do appear to change as infant grows older, due to
infant experiences
Abnormal movements due to
Motor control deficits
Cognitive abilities
Enviroment where movement takes place
Cerebral palsy
Etiology
Have changed through time
More frequent disease in undeveloped
countries, but prevalence hasnt cut down due to
improvements in obstetric management and
perinatal cares (low prematures survivance)
Classification according to periods
PRENATAL
Etiology
Etiology
NATAL AND PERINATAL
Incidence in this period is dropping
Intrapartum asphyxia
POSTNATAL PERIOD
Infections (mengitis, sepsia)
Intoxications
traumatism
etiology
Pathology
Haemorrhagic lesions
More common in premature infants, less 32 weeks
Origen at thalamic groove
Hypoxic ischaemic lesions
Select neuronal necrosis
Focal or multifocal ischaemic lesions
Intracranial haemorrhage
Hyperbilirubinaemia
pathology
Classification
SPASTIC showing characteristics of UMN involvement
ATHETOID showing signs of extrapyramidal
involvement, with involuntary movements, dystonia,
ataxia and sometimes rigidity
HYPOTONIC severe depresion of motor function and
weakness
ATAXIC cerebelar involvement, ataxia
MIXED
Classification
SPASTIC CP
Resistance to passive movement and abnormal patterns
not evident in young infants
Tone increases as infant develops ( Bobath 1975)
2 groups
Initial hypotonus
Spasticity due to effects adaptive neural and mechanical events that
reflects organization of CNS and MSS
Hypertonus result of
Structural changes on muscle and soft tissues
Neural recovery process at spinal level
HYPOTONIC CP
Often transient to spasticity or athetosis(dystonics
attacks)
Evidencied:
Floppiness when picked up
Inability to generate muscle force to move body against gravity
Hypotonic cp
SPASTIC CP
Associated movements in response to
stimuli
Behavioural adaptations
Contractures
skeletal deformity
Main problem= inhability to activate
muscles and control muscle force to
produce intentional movement
Spastic cp
ATHETOID CP
Athetoid cp
Uncommon in CP, associated with hydrocephalus, head
injury, encephalitis or cerebral tumor
Dificulty with movement: rate, range, direction and force
Amplitude and velocity no functional actions (reaching)
Uncoodinated wide base locomotion ( no balance) so
use hands
Lack of braking joint dislplacements = overshoot
Ataxic cp
Rehabilitation
Management
Birth to Three Years of Age
For the nurmal child, this is the age period when
intense motor learning and basic language
development occur.
Accordingly, this is the time that intervention by
physical therapy, and / or speech therapy can be
most beneficial in promoting the development of
normal motor patterns (gross, fine, and oral), and
perhaps inhibiting abnormal patterns.
With a good program of early intervention, surgeryis
rarely necessary in this age group.
Rehabilitation management
Rehabilitation
Management
Rehabilitation
Management
REHABILITASI MEDIS
Pendekatan medis, psikis, sosial, kultural,
spiritual untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
fungsional pasien atau para penyandang
cacat
Rehabilitasi medis aspek yang sangat
mendasar pada
Nama
Identitas Ruang
No. Rekam Medik
Umur
Pekerjaan
Tgl. masuk RS
Sex
Tgl. konsul
Status Perkawinan
Alamat/Telp
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RIWAYAT MEDIS
1.
Keluhan Utama
2.
Merokok
3.
Olahraga
4. Kebiasaan
R/ Pembedahan
Alkohol
R/ Rawat Inap
BAB / BAK
R/ Jatuh
Kopi
R/ Penyakit Kronis
Lain-lain
R/ Alergi
t
x
e
N
5.
Riwayat Sosial
Pendidikan
Analisis Finansial
7.
Pola makan
Riwayat Keluarga
Aktifitas Sosial
Care Giver (pelaku rawat)
6.
Analisis Rumah
Tangga
Riwayat Nutrisi
8.
9.
(MMSE)
Penapisan Depresi
10.
Skoring Dementia
Lantai
Penerangan
Kloset
Pemeriksaan Fisik
1.
2.
Pola jalan
Sikap jalan
Tanda vital
Tekanan darah
Nadi
RR
Suhu
Frekuensi pernafasan
BB
TB
IMT
Analisa jalan & keseimbangan
Alat bantu
Kulit
Kelembaban
Bercak kemerahan
Dekubitus
Penglihatan
Normal
ABK
Katarak
Pendengaran
Mulut
Higiene
Gigi palsu
Paru-paru/Jantung
Sesak
Ekspansi rongga dada
Auskultasi
Otot & kerangka
Deformitas
Nyeri
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Penapisan Depresi
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
SS
HSS
KK
TP
Gugup
Sedih
Bahagia
Tidak bahagia
Hidup tidak berguna
Bergaul / berkomunikasi di luar rumah
Kesepian
Tidur tidak teratur
Bulan lalu, berapa sering tak
diperhatikan orang tua
Jawaban setiap saat /sering harus dicurigai ke arah depresi kecuali pertanyaan a,
c, dan f
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SS : Setiap Saat
HSS : Hampir setiap saat
S : Seringkali
KK : Kadang-kadang
TP : Tidak pernah
Skoring Dementia
Barthel ADL Indeks (BAI)
1.
Mengontrol BAB
Skor :
0 = Tidak Teratur
1 = Kadang-kadang Inkontinen
(1 kali seminggu)
2 = Kontinen Teratur
2.
Mengotrol BAK
Skor :
0 = Kontinen, atau pakai keteter
dan tak terkontrol
1 = Kadang-kadang inkontinen
(max.1x24 jam)
2 = Kontinen (untuk lebih 7 hari)
3.
Membersihkan diri
Skor :
0 = butuh pertolongan orang lain
4.
Penggunaan Toilet
Skor :
0 = Tergantung pertolongan orang lain
Next
5.
Makan/Minum
Skor :
0 = Tidak mampu
1 = Perlu seseorang memotong
tahu/ tempe/daging/menuang
sayur,dll
2 = Mandiri
6.
Berpindah Tempat
Skor :
0 = Tidak mampu
1 = Perlu banyak bantuan untuk
bisa duduk (2 orang)
2 = Bantuan minimal (1 orang)
3 = Mandiri
7.
Mobilitas Berjalan
Skor :
0 = Imobile
1 = Bisa berjalan dengankursi roda
2 = Berjalan dengan bantuan 1
orang
3 = Mandiri
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8.
9.
10.
Mandi
Skor :
0 = Tergantung oranv lain
1 = Mandiri
Keterangan :
20 : Mandiri
12-19 : Ketergantungan ringan
9-11 : Ketergantungan sedang
5-8 : Ketergantungan berat
0-4 : Ketergantungan total
2.
3.
Dapatkah berbelanja
4.
5.
Keterangan :
Skor :
rumah tangga
6.
Nilai Maksimum 27
tangan
7.
8.
9.
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5.
Keseimbangan duduk
Skor :
0 = Duduk merosot
1 = Tegak dan aman
2.
3.
Skor :
0 = Akan jatuh
1 = Staggers, grabs, tapi catches self
2 = Steady
6.
7.
(5
Keseimbangan berdiri
Skor :
0 = Unsteady
1 = Steady, butuh alat bantu atau
jarak kaki lebar (>10 cm)
2 = Jarak kaki kecil, tanpa bantuan
Back
Mata ditutup
Skor :
0 = Unsteady
1 = Steady
Berputar 3600
Skor :
0 = Discontinous steps
1 = Cont steps
2 = Unsteady
3 = Steady
Skor :
0 = Unsteady
1 = Steady, butuh alat bantu
2 = Steady, tanpa alat bantu
4.
Nudged
8.
Duduk kembali
Skor :
0 = Unsafe
1 = Menggunakan tangan / gerakan tidak
halus
2 = Aman, gerakan halus
Next
GAIT
10.
14.
Awal gait
Skor :
0 = Deviasi
1 = Mild/moderate deviasi atau butuh alat
bantu
2 = Lurus tanpa alat bantu
Skor :
0 = Any hesitancy
1 = No hesitancy
11.
Rigt Swing
Left Swing
12.
Kontinuitas langkah
Skor :
0 = Stop / disk ontinuitas
1 = Kontinu
Keterangan :
Trunk
Skor :
0 = Goyang atau butuh alat bantu
1 = Tidak goyang tapi ada fleksi lutut atau
punggung atau ayunan tangan keluar
2 = Tidak goyang, tidak fleksi, tidak bututh
bantuan tangan, maupun alat bantu
Langkah asimetri
Skor :
0 = Jarak langkah tungkai kanan &
kiri tidak seimbang
1= Seimbang
13.
Kesegarisan
16.
Jarak berjalan
Skor :
0 = Tumit melayang
1 = Tumit selalu menyentuh
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Saraf kranialis
Fungsi luhur
Berbahasa / memori
Jari-hidung
Visuopatial / emosi
Tumit-lutut
Fungsi bicara
Romberg
Disfoni
Disatria
k N ex
c
a
B
t
Fungsi mengunyah
Ngeces (drooling)
Sulit mengunyah makanan berserat
Makanan terkumpul di pipi
Sulit menelan makanan cair
Berkurang atau hilangnya daya
pengecapan
Rongga hidung terasa terbakar
Tersedak atau ada perasaan tercekik
saat menelan
Melakukan gerakan yang berlebihan
atau berusaha keras untuk menelan
Membutuhkan waktu lama untuk
menelan
Makanan yang ditelan keluar melalui
lubang hidung
2.
a.
b.
c.
Fungsi berbicara
3.
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Keterangan
1.
2.
3.
Simetris
Tertarik ke kanan
Tertarik ke kiri
Pelo
Suara serak
Suara sengau
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Kesimpulan
DAFTAR MASALAH
GOAL (TUJUAN)
PROGRAM REHABILITASI MEDIK
EVALUASI
Penilaian Motorik
1. Anggota tubuh atas
Bahu
Siku
Pergelangan tangan
Jari-jari tangan