Presentation on

SUB STATION BASIC : PART I

Single Line Diagram
Bus Bar Arrangement
Sub Station Layout
1

Introduction
The economics of generation of electrical
energy and the huge demands for power in
the modern times requires creation of bigger
POWER STATIONS.
The power stations may be far from the load
centre / consumers and so long high voltage
transmission lines are necessary for transfer
of bulk power from power station to different
load centres.
In between power station and ultimate
consumers a number of transformation and
switching stations are to be created. Such
stations are known as Sub Station.

Concept of Power System

What is Sub Station

?
A SUBSTATION is a subsidiary station of an
electricity
Generation,
Transmission
and
Distribution
system
where
voltage
is
transformed from high to low or vise versa
using transformers.
Electric
power may flow
through
several
substations
between
generating plant and
consumer, and may be
changed in voltage in
several
steps.
A
Step-up
transformer increases the voltage
and proportionally
decreases the current,
while a step-down transformer decreases the
voltage and proportionally increases the
current
for
domestic
and
commercial
distribution.
4

BUS BAR STRIPS

3- & 1-
MCBs

House
Electrification

SOURCE CABLE (Incoming)

3- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)
1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)
1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)
1- LOAD CABLE (Outgoing)

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
5

TR. LINE
(INCOMER /
OUTGOING)
LIGHTNING
ARRESTOR
CAP. VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
WAVE
TRAP
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
EARTH
SWITCH
ISOLATOR

BUS
BAR

TR. LINE
(INCOME
R)

General
Arrangement

POWER
TRANSFOR
MER
SUB
STATI
ON
POTENTIAL
TRANSFOR
MER

CIRCUIT
BREAKER
ISOLATOR

Single Bus Bar

Scheme
SUB
STATION

POWER
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

Faulty
BUS BAR
Faulty

Advantage & Disadvantage

SINGLE BUS BAR (UPTO 33kV SS)
Advantages
Lowest cost
Small land area required
Easily expandable
Simple in concept and operation
Disadvantages
Lowest reliability
Failure of a circuit breaker causes loss of the
feeder
Bus fault causes loss of the entire substation8

Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Loss of the entire Sub Station in case of Bus
fault.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of entire bus i.e., entire Sub Station
in Bus fault.
How to Achieve ?
By Sectionalizing the Single Bus Bar.
Arrangement ?
Sectionalisation
Arrangement.

of

Single

Bus

Bar
9

Sectionalization of Single Bus Bar

Scheme
SUB
STATION

POWER
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

Faulty
BUS SECTION - II

BUS SECTION - I
Faulty

SECTIONALIZING
CB

10

Advantage & Disadvantage

SECTIONALIZATION BUS BAR (33kV & 66kV SS)
Advantages
Flexible operation
Higher reliability than single bus scheme
Isolation of bus sections for maintenance
Loss of only part of the substation for a bus
fault
Disadvantages
Loss of circuit for breaker failure
A sectionalized bus arrangement has a higher
cost than a single bus scheme as additional
11
circuit breaker and isolators are required for

Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Circuit Breaker failures are more than Bus
fault. Thus, we loose important feeder in case
of Circuit Breaker outage.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of important circuit in case of
Circuit Breaker outage.
How to Achieve ?
By by-passing the faulty circuit breaker.
Arrangement ?
Main and Transfer Bus Bar Arrangement.
12

Main and Transfer Bus Bar

Scheme
SUB
STATION

POWER
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

TRANSFER
BUS
COUPLER
(TBC)

Faulty
MAIN BUS
I

Faulty
TRANSFER
BUS
13

Advantage & Disadvantage

MAIN & TRANSFER BUS BAR (132kV SS)
Advantages
Circuit breaker outage / maintenance does not
disrupt the service of feeder / circuit
Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Bus Fault causes disruption of service of
entire sub station
An additional circuit breaker is required for
bus tie
14

Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Bus fault in a sub station having more nos. of
circuits causes greater interruption of power.
In Main and Transfer Bus Bar arrangement bus
fault results loss of entire sub station i.e., all
circuits.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of too many circuits in case of bus
fault.
How to Achieve ?
By providing another Main Bus for connection
of circuits.
Arrangement ?

15

Double Main
Bus Bus
Bar Scheme
Single
Mode
SUB
STATION

INT

POWER
STATION

N
O
I
T
P
U
R
R
E

LOAD
CENTRE

BUS COUPLER
(BC)

Faulty

MAIN BUS
I
MAIN BUS II
Faulty

16

Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN BUS BAR (220kV SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit

not

Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Circuit Breaker outage causes disruption of
service of that feeder
17

Improvement

Main Disadvantage ?

Double
Main
Bus
arrangement
is
an
alternative to Main & Transfer Bus scheme. In
both cases, the investment is same. The only
difference is that in Double Main Bus the
outage of Bus Bar and in Main & Transfer Bus
the outage of Breaker is prioritized.
Interruption
operation.

of

Power

during

Isolator

Requirement ?
Both Bus fault and Circuit Breaker outage are
to be taken care off.
How to Achieve ?
By using one of the Main Buses as Main Cum
Transfer Bus.
Arrangement ?

18

SUB
STATION

Main
Double
and Transfer
Main Cum
Bus
Transfer
Scheme
Bus
Mode
Bar
Single
Bus Scheme
Scheme
Mode
POWER
LOAD

ER
T
IN

STATION

CENTRE

N
O
I
PT
U
R
BUS I CUM
TRANSFER

Faulty

Faulty
BC

BUS II
19

Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN CUM TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV
SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit
Circuit Breaker outage does not
disruption of service of that feeder

not

cause

Reasonable in cost
Fairly small land area
Easily expandable
Disadvantages
Additional Isolator in each circuit increases
the cost
20

Improvement
Main Disadvantage ?
Double
Main
Cum
Transfer
Bus
Bar
arrangement outage of Circuit Breaker and
Bus together causes loss of faulty Circuit
Breaker feeder.
Interruption
of
Power
during
Isolator
Operation.
Requirement ?
Avoid loss of feeder in case of simultaneous
outage of Circuit Breaker and a Main Bus.
How to Achieve ?
By providing separate transfer Bus along with
Double Main Buses.
Arrangement ?
Double
Main

and

Transfer

Bus

21
Bar

Double
Main
and
Transfer
Bus
Bar
Main and
Transfer
Single
Scheme
Bus Scheme
Mode
Scheme
Mode
SUB
STATION

POWER
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

BC

INTERRUPTION
BUS
I
BUS
II
Faulty

Faulty

TRANSFER

TBC

22

Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS BAR (220kV
SS)
Advantages
Bus Bar outage / maintenance does
disrupt the service of any feeder / circuit
Circuit Breaker outage does not
disruption of service of that feeder

not

cause

Maintenance of Bus and CB does not interrupt

supply
Disadvantages
Additional
Isolator
and
Circuit
required for transfer Bus tie.

Breaker
23

Improvement

Main Disadvantage ?
Interruption
operation.

of

Power

during

Isolator

Interruption of Power is likely to cause major

disturbance if the feeders are important and
heavily loaded.
Requirement ?
Avoid interruption of important and heavily
loaded feeders during bus fault or outage of
Circuit Breaker.
How to Achieve ?
By connection of circuits for double feed
through Circuit Breakers and avoid Isolator
switching.
24

One and a Half Breaker Bus Bar

Scheme
POWER

BUS I

MAIN
CB

TIE CB

MAIN
CB

MAIN
CB

TIE CB

MAIN
CB

Faulty

Faulty

BUS II

STATION

Faulty

SUB
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

Faulty
25

Advantage & Disadvantage

ONE & HALF BREAKER BUS BAR (400kV SS)
Advantages
Flexible operation
High reliability
Can isolate either main bus for maintenance
without disrupting service
Can
isolate
any
circuit
breaker
for
maintenance without disrupting service
Double feed to each circuit
Bus fault does not interrupt service to any
circuits
All switching done with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
One-and-a-half breakers are required per
26
circuit

Important

Improvement

In transmission system the highest reliable

Bus Bar Arrangement adopted by POWERGRID
is One and a Half Bus Bar Scheme. However,
where
bulk
power
evacuation
without
alternative path is concerned, further reliable
arrangement may be adopted.
What Arrangement ?
Connection of circuits in Double Bus Bar
Arrangement where each circuit will have a
spare Circuit Breaker in service.
Where can be used ?
In large Generating Plants where implication
of generation outage is much higher than the
27
cost of Circuit Breakers.

Double Breaker Bus Bar Scheme

BUS
I

BUS
II

Faulty

POWER
STATION

SUB
STATION

LOAD
CENTRE

Faulty

28

Advantage & Disadvantage

DOUBLE BREAKER BUS BAR (Mega Generating

Units)
Advantages
Flexible operation
Very high reliability
Isolation of either main bus for maintenance
without disrupting service
Isolation
of
any
circuit
breaker
for
maintenance without disrupting service
Double feed to each circuit
No interruption of service to any circuits from
bus fault
Loss of only one circuit for breaker failure
All switching with circuit breakers
Disadvantages
This configuration carries a high cost
29
Two circuit breakers are required for each

PHOTOGRAPHS

30

Photographs

BUS
BAR

31

Photographs

CIRCUIT
BREAKER

ISOLATOR AND EARTH

SWITCH

32

Photographs

CURRENT
TRANSFORMER

POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER

33

Photographs

LIGHTNING
ARRESTER

CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER

34

Photographs

WAVE
TRAP

TRANSMISSION
LINE
35

Photographs

TRANSFORM
ER

36

Photographs

REACTOR
37

Photographs

SUB STATION

38

LAYOUT & SECTION

39

DRAWING
EXAMPLE :
B
1

A
CL-LA
CL-CVT

CL-TFR.
CL-LA

CL-WT
CL-CT

E
N
I
L
E
L AM
G
SIN IAGR
D

UT
O
LAY WING
A
DR

CL-ISO

CL-CB

CL-ISO

40

SLIDE : 1

DRAWING EXAMPLE :
1
Earth Wire
Gantry

LA

CV
T

W
T

CT

ISO &
ES

CB

IS
O

Ground
Level

SECTION - AA

41

SLIDE : 2

DRAWING EXAMPLE :
1

Transfor
mer

LA

CT

IS
O

CB

IS
O

Ground
Level

SECTION - BB

42

SLIDE : 3

CL-LA
CL-CVT
C LWT
CL-CT

DRAWING EXAMPLE :
CL2

TFR.
CL-LA

CL-ISO

UT
O
LAY WING
A
DR

CL-CB

E
N
I
L
E
L AM
G
SIN IAGR
D

CL-ISO
CL-ISO

43

SLIDE : 1

DRAWING EXAMPLE :
Earth
2
Wire

Gantry

LA

CV W
T T

CT

ISO &
ES

C
B

ISO

ISO

Ground
Level

SECTION - AA

44

SLIDE : 2

DRAWING EXAMPLE :
Earth Wire
2
Gantry

Transfor
mer

LA

CT

ISO &
ES

C
B

ISO

ISO

Ground
Level

SECTION - BB

45

SLIDE : 3

46

QUESTION
What are the different parts of Power System ?
What is Sub Station ?
What is Single Line Diagram ?
Explain BUS BAR ?
What do you
Arrangement ?

understand

by

Bus

Bar

What are the limitations of Single Bus Bar

Scheme ?
What is the advantage of Sectionalisation of
Single Bus Bar over Single Bus Arrangement ?
Bus Bar Arrangement for 132kV Sub Station is
47
.

QUESTION
What are the limitations of Main & Transfer
Bus Bar Scheme ?
How does Double Main Bus Scheme differ from
Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement ?
What is the difference between Double Main
Bus and Double Main Cum Transfer Bus
Arrangement ?
What is the Bus Bar Arrangement for Sub
Station having voltage class 400kV & above ?
What is the advantages of One and a half
Breaker Bus Bar Scheme ?
What is the advantage & Disadvantage of Two
Breaker Bus Bar Scheme and where the same
48
is used ?

QUESTION
Explain the purpose of using
(a) Circuit Breaker
(b) Isolator
(c) Earth Switch
(d) Lightning Arrestor
(e) Current Transformer
(f) Potential Transformer
(g) Capacitor Voltage Transformer
(h) Wave Trap
(i) Power Transformer
49

50