Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era oITYD AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY Micaelaldi Leonardo |‘ |” UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. Bericley Los Angces Oxford a350461 Oa End eh py The Rage ee lis 1. Anggun. Wane. St li be tonne ont Som eed ison Tanne an pre = eon gna —Ptey 2 eo, 5: Wane Shas o sienna aN aeons CONTENTS: [STRODUCTION. Gender, Cuts ed Pate: Fei Annoy "isa Pepetne . ‘Mua net PARTE + GENDER IN COLONIAL HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL DISCOURSE 1, Cara Kool an Iperil Fone Geode, Ryd Moray in 2 Original Narrative: The Plea oom of eae Arcaeaogy ‘Maen W: Coy it Sah Wg 3. Imerpetig Wome in tte: New Fein Echires “ha Sie 8 PART IT + GENDER AS CULTURAL POLITICS 4 ewe jc nd Sec: th Probe of Rear on Tingunge and Gomer ‘wa 5, Babons with Biss, Langue is Lip emo a ‘Sh Sag 6. Orpising Wace: Rare, sy, a alsin Penang ae Po 5PARD HI + REPRESENTING GENDERED LABOR 1, Fale arming Antropog and AG Minny = i G7 Wen, Techy, at Iran Devlipment ees tag Feast Vokes Key Want San Boul 38 8, jon Factor: Race nd Cla Pept a8 Women, We and Fry PART IV + CONTENTIOUS KINSHIP: RETHINKING GENDER ‘AND REPRODUCTION he Se Di a Retain Wess Wn 10, Resi ‘hott Saget 12, Mort age: Wome Mena Fetus rer of ‘qr Teholgy ‘tome ath 3 soma convameons 97 FOREWORD “This collection ofetays provides an excing ent ino the caren thinking a rethinking of feminist antropoogy. Situated in historical moment ‘hen "ri of representation” tid to pervade a numberof dailies titi the soil scenes and the humaaes, heii eprenete here Ive een infancy portstrctralis approaches to meg and eg sttcal stance to ou traditional categories of analy, Yet, ifluenced by Mazasm, pole coonomy, and other materialist perspectives, most of thea paper are firmly voted ina analy of materi elites that are hooray separate fom (oagh inexueably ke wih) he contra tin of meaning and Knowledge This stance, beat acted in Mica [Leonardo's igedctory cay, has macht eeommend i It ofr poe: ‘ot ght ther adeno: eins enthopeogtynaopogte of al heoreal persuasions ad feminist inside ad outidethe sade. For lenin antropoloyia, this clction demensteses how fr or ‘ishing has evaved over the pasts years siner the publication of ima Car and Soi (eid by Michele Zambalt Kemal atl Lei ample, Stnfrd Universiy Prem 1974) and Ted en Atopy of ‘mee (eted by Rayos Rapp, Monthly Review Pres 973). The ees _qoetinn of fenistahmpogy area longer the wnivsaiy of weal Shymmry and the search or equality in gender ration in oe cls. ‘The wealth of new rneareh an theoretical analy in a wide varity af societies inlding oar own, ba pron ieratre on gender nal ur Sabie of anthropology whieh diet to mater, even or specai n Fein echropoly "This clleton, since itincades contributions rom archaeology, psc snthropoony, aed Lnguites a wll fron socioclatal anthology, providers intredacon to new debates ithin ath wed, These debates| | FOUR Between Speech and Silence ‘The Problematics of Research on Language and Gender! Susan Gal ‘The histo silence of women in public ie, and women's attempts to gain a ‘ce jn pls and Ieratre, ve Been major themes of recent fens, ‘ebolarsip. 1Chas become dear that ger relatos ate rated ot ely by {sexual dvson of labor anda set of symbole images, Dt also through ‘nesting poasiliis of expression foe men and women. Feminists have Ccpliily writen aout seolarsip' respomibty to "bear women" ‘wor and hae rightly argued the theoretical imporance of “ediseoves- Teng women’s wae” (SmihRosenberg 1985 1,26) In these writings silence is generally plore, beeae fis taken be a result and symbol of pssivty and poweresshss those who are denied {speech cannot make thie expeience own ad thus cannot inflence the ‘uae of hi ves oo story. a eling contacter acl have fmphasaed the paradoical power of lente rpc i certain iat ‘Sonal sting. In religious contesson, moder psiebotherpy, bureaucratic Intense aid npc nterogtion, the elation of coercion ate Fevers there sell expene ried tte lent Untener who judge, and who (hereby ext power over the ote wo apes (Fone 978 61~ba) Si lun alene i American howbals ron 4 weapon of masculine ower, (Sate 1gB). But sience an sles be strategie deme agua the power {then Western Apache me ate itt alle dicomarry and exclude ite Gautier (Bass 197) And thir doer no ebanst he meanings of sce For the Engh Quater ofthe evetcnt centr, bath men and wore, the refs fo speak when others expected them to marked an decogeal ommianont Te was de opposite of pasty, deed fem af oil pro tent (Bauman 2983)?‘The juntposin of tha deen constructions fence highligh the thre ses would ke ose in thir chapter, Fists and most generally, ‘he example lence suggest close ik etmetn gender the cof opeech {orstlence) nd the exeree of pores. Ba als sows tat he ik ot Acer On the conteay, appa hat allen, ike any Tingle rn ie ‘erent meaning aed ha diferent materiales wit speci at ‘onal and cultural contexts: Sence und inarticultenes ae notin thet ‘eles, necessary sig of poweramen. Ineo, my Rint gli to ra t's caltural analyst xbow Bow the links between linge prcton, Power and gender ate themacivscltraly costae, "Yet those cultura conteuctins are nt aba sable, nor pasiey accepted and reproduced by speakers. The examples of lence a uber Alene nd even pital pots sort that ings foa even the met apparel quescet, are sates stony, exented at reaps to cute fin instational contents (Campers 9), Although scingustic ste have lng ote diferences between en's and women's everyday ngs forms, chery eee considered tlk be ply a eno et rely one of the many behavior Iara through sociation hich formed part of men's ad women's iret sacl roles, Reventon talons of gender rect hs ipl vole theory ad promise desper Understanding ofthe genas and persistent of gender diesen in pth, ‘They argu that gender ster seen aster of aural costae relations of power, prodiced ad reproduced in interaction betwern and mong men and women Taw on sctlinguite tien of eer ale o Proride evidence tha its in part though ver prsctioes in alter ton shat the tructral lations a gender and doninance are perpetuate a sometimes subverted excl insitons sch a eho, cout, a Political ater, ak is fen rl to jue, define, and tina fpeskers Thar, aml interactional stirmiss have sing material cone sequencer. My recon oa nto sow ow ver interact, whatever ele iv accomplishes poten the se of stale about gender define ac power, concerns who ea peak where abit what nally such struggles sbowtgning a wie, and my cate example of women's silence in pei draw atten to curently widespread ad Fnfocnal metaphor in beth eins stale acl snc Tern suchas “woes language” "ce" o "wear cout aed not oly {odlsgnate everyday tal ot als, mach ore bly, to dnote he pie ‘expresion oa particu petspeatveon self an soa ie, the ert ep ‘sent one's own experene, rather thn accepting the epetentatios of ‘nore powesal others, Av simary, "senee” and "mutedness”(E- Arde ‘er 197) are wed not oly i hi edna senses of a inal rec Sher to create ueerancen ia sessional enchant, bat atten tell othe failure wo proce one's own separate, soalysgieane dee couse. It iin this broader acne that Fenn isons have rdicovted omen’ words, Here,"ward” bcomer x yneedorte fr “consciousness” Yat erie this metaphorical lin, eeryay tal and the baer soon ofa gendered conscioumen hve nly rarely ben veined tagetr, oF by the mime scholar. Seadier of gender dferences in evteydy talk have teu eo cur onthe formal properties of speech intnatoal, phoolog Sel syataci an pragmatic dderenes between men ad wore te fnetetional and interactional cantat it which they ocean antes, ‘dis of “women's or” have ese moron ales and: whether Gr nt women have caltralroneepioes oe smbie rate concerning Self moray, or roa reality, geen from nse ofthe dominant die uae That the fo are inextcably Tike beomes evident when we view both Kinds of research a sti of stoic domination. ‘Assy dacason othe cally dened inks betwen perch and power wil show, some linguistic trateges ad geares are more ighly valued aed ‘ary more authority than others na dai ave of sybolie domination, ‘ethane who donot canto hee aubrtatve forms comer thera mere “edible or peesosive (Bouin 19778. Archesyal examples include stan- ‘dnd languages an ital speech, Bu thse respecte Ungute pratces are at spl ors they deliver characters ela deftons uf oil Me that embodie in sos of labor and the structure of iaitiony seve ‘he interest of some rope beter than ters, Inde ic part heh ‘sich Tings pracoses tha speners within isttins ippene on others ‘hee groups defiion of evens, peopl and actions, ‘Thi aby to make ‘thers accep and enact one's representation of te work is anes ape a ‘Symbaie domination, But such eltral power rarely gos uncontested. Re ‘Snance to a dominant cultural order eocrs when devalved Rouse ‘este and genres ate practiced and eleratd despite wisp de {tion coca a8 well when these devalued prictces prope or embody ‘hernate dee ofthe social word Several alc social vores tha ier important in oer rapt tuve in one wy or another arated thi isght, Whether we ate Gra 167s tem "enlturalegemeon,” or sya dmiasion (Bearden 19772, ‘pponitinsl, csergent al esa cults (Wiliam 1573; or subjugned Xowedges (Fowl go), the ental notion reine: the onto of d= ‘ourae of o representations fealty ocr in socal iteractin, oated Instituions andi sour ef sca powe;t maybe, theslre, the oerason fir cern, coat, or empl.” Maing om thee hens is PEPE of gender a a steuctre of socal latins (eparate om lan or eit), {eprodcol tale challenge in everyday pacce. These tore either hatice not explain the sul, subvesion, and oppsiton to dominant ‘Seino which eins bave incoveed in many wore gente, and Semesies ened in wore severyy alk Teed, ven the shorty‘some (male) Hnguistie rms ad her dominance of sol intiations rch a medicine othe politcal proce remain mysterious without they otgeader "This interaction of gender and dacourse hae been explored by recent feminitanlyer in erature andl antvopoogy sme hae suggested th ‘women's “woe” often ifr sipnianly i orm ar well x content rm Sominan dscur? The importance af iterating the tayo eveyay {alk with the sady of ome’ vice” becomes appren: theatenton 0 ‘he deta of ingen fom and ote! typieal a eacarc nto everytay talk is ndiapeneable inorder toga acento women's often vee genre Slew And both Kd sis at ated nol tor ‘but tothe interactional practices andthe broader piel and economie text of ermmunicaon in oer to understand the proce by which Sromes’s vole both semer-are stacy suppemed a manage Ccnerge. My Srl ao isto show that, ste uadertand women’s everday {alk and inguin ae forms of esitaner, we barf any elt, at ‘Snuc a lat andesite elected “ya's wees parte ae fre, but eather nga practi hat ae move ambi, ten eases Ait, fering among women of diferent clases and etme group ad "ranging fom actomnaation to opposition, subversion, retin, o to ‘mous eecmsriccon of rigningeutra bition "Ths, my theme ithe ink between grade, spec, and power, and the ways this ean be conceptualized onthe basis a recent epi esa T wilt explore what ont, crereltrally at power eps then how {he digtrentat power of mens and womens linguistic strategies in sola instvions; and nally reinerpret women's strategies and gus genes as Toms of esstance to symbali:daminaton, ‘Many cultures pst elo conneetion beween the we of language ad the tmergence of the sci This well luted by the Lay Indian o High Ian Hota, a group osecied peasants engaged in subsistence agree ‘Tey representa ewor individuals progression to a fly sealed ‘man in term af the cs relation to Tonguge:» baby bewmes cil ‘nent stars say words he passage rom clive to young adulthood [nsnid wo cecur when te pial can speak and understand lly (Haris 1:72). Some cultural conceptions that link person ad language spear ‘otto be fcused on gender at al For stance, the meainguistie ison ‘oft Kalin New Gulnea asi pear agely om the bas of ela or ‘Vilage origin (Scien 196). iia, Samoa rank seems mach more Imporantin ideas about spuch than gender (Och 198). Neverthlen, | : i ‘ ; i | there ae many cass in which not jon personhood but gender a wl ae eneeptalae interns oflanguoge Such onceptualizations define the sy tate ignieane of men's and women's speech etree what power td weak, beau or exerable, masculine and feminine, in the ea of fa, Men's and women’s Tingle practices are profoundly shaped by such faltral images? Pethap te het example is Keenan's (1974) sty of the Malagary of ‘Madigsacar, who exc ascite dierent syle of tlk with men and women According wo the Malagasy, mea charatestaly ube an iitet, “rate und espectfl style that voids cononaion and dhagreement eth laters; women use aditet sve of speaking asoited with excabeness fed anger, that in aeen a. soee of cont aed heat in interpersonal ‘elaions. Women are excaded fom the major lornal ent of ratory hati ‘equiv for prtcipation in politcal events. And te avoid sie of ‘speech activites that women engage sac as acesans, markt hagling ‘nd gai. Importantly, thee dierence ae line to none about power Fmt both nen std women consider men's spech fr superior. Second, in women's dress, Jeined a nep, at dt bar them fom politcal Sathrty and om speaking spatial menting where the ealtarian soi ‘Setery suites that the exten cnt be silly bien, "Yel cno-cultunl evidence iieates that indies not always asocied with mascalnty, nor confntason with women. The ene of ‘American gener seretypes proves a informative contrat, The clara tralian of American mideas speech i revealed in sais of Mid twestern teenagers who think of me's speech ax “aggresive” "re," “blunt,” and authoritarian,” whereas women’s sper x considered "gen: dd" nee” and "pai," Only att empire research eh scument de sub rence the actually ext between Arran mes tnd womens speech, but thee serotypes prove the expectations and ‘eae agai wich speaker are rouely jdged(Kratarye 10). Ti feed thee isan entre erature of advice Books, etiquette mata ad illogical and inguitic trats plied inthe United Sates and Wester Europe wbich have or several entries consrute, without beni fee enc, image of male and fra “natures” linked t thelr suppowed speech fatter (Kramarae go: 91)” From the example of the Malagasy and ‘American stereotypes it might appear that, whether blunt o indie, verbal ills of some kind ate asocisted wth authority ad power A conan to ‘oth is provided by vines (2970) descripian the Wolof Senegal bo se organized into stratified caste system. High caste nobles deve thee ‘ower om an inherited quality maniestl sa sens of eseve in alate tes, Diience and iarculstncs are x0 mach apart of wale demeanor That ele men often hit lost poensional tors t peak or them‘order to avid showing verbal Aency in publi, This, cultura conceptions ‘lemand that odiary men and women be more atialte than met with gh sa ‘Abou arcuate is a it ha is sgn of « Wolo man's lite en, einer nartalatenese that represents women's defining ‘a debating condition in ural Greece The age of women ent tary in Gress: they ae sen a th gurus and sent. But in both modes women are eneepualied as incapable of onlin hence and tere- fore of acievng the atclate and swaggering aeliplay that comet ‘he caltrally constructed image of powell men (Herald 1985) “These examples om disparate groups prove « weil demonstration ‘he inks becween gender, power, angus eactices are nt “nat fan canbe consucted inquite dierent ways. Bu hee cxampen ae Sati and seem fo imply that spears pasvely flow abstac cata die- fate. Aisa case hep then, because it drs change in eorcep ‘alnatons and shows how ial come to restrict women's ponies of ‘expresion, Outram (18) considers the dlcrama ofelite worsen duro the French Revolution, The discourse ofthe French Revotion, lrg sale ‘ert enti the inlcnce of wonten wit he tyson of ptrnage, ena ‘vos, and eawupton a power ner Une Old Regine wich ete women Ina actively partispated, The course ofthe Revlon in deliberate com ‘ea, was commited to an antleniine lg: pil revatio eld ony {ake place if women and dh corrapting iaence were excluded fom pub Ticspeaking ad from the exercise of power. Outram argues thay in part as rest ofthis new coneepuslizaton, the fawous and power ola par ‘ipaton of wpper-laswornen nthe OM Regime wn replaced, i hee ofthe Revolution, with igora attacks om fake pain! acti By ‘he te og, ete women's puble spec at aces brought their ex ‘ul vitae into question, For 4 woman to be plc was to be coupe the Fevalutionary dsourse of universal equity applied nly to men. Were ‘wo wanted wo be both rexpectale aed pital he very ew cio the bestnown figures the Revolution, who was ate ipriaoned for he Datipation, provides 4 tling example Mine Janne Roland’ pial ‘ctvity ince proving foram in wick pen debated the ue ofthe ‘ay, Her merce an eters revel that demanded x pant compromie ths wellnfonned woman retained respect by istenng the me's pole ‘icons bat retained ere tel se “The historical dimension in Ouray allows ws nt only t chart ‘heeft of changing discourse bt wo spec the scl sore fhe earl Eenstrctins ina ay not pale in the more tate deverptios of on ‘Wester ene. "These partaae cultural define were not imply he roluct of we ageeld aed muni male dominance ut emerge ae ‘ly inthe ies of revolutionary sheers and Enlightenment pile ‘ophers. Perhaps othr patterns of eas about gender diferentes in speech ‘ul be trace simey specific times snd soil context, For exarple a recarrnt and aneplnea fing of ent ocninguisti surveys that in North American, Beth, and sone other indostiaied cies, idle and workngcae women aire feet use phnslogal rms aseited th the hghet ranking socoecamomte lass than do ten ther cs ‘Midland working laa men more quently se pronunciations arse: eit ofthe working cae han do thir ale counterparts Ad ale ‘valuate working clan feature more positively than do women ee Labo "97 Tradl 19) Cel the phomsngalsymbolzaton of ges ad mci date are inetreaby inked The univernsing explanations aeed fo far ered women in general with greater sensivity to language and prs ‘ge. But these theories founder 0b counter-xarples fom ther siti Tastad, suggest thee rng gain mesing within a brosder ell pat term The ings evidence inks mains with tough” working-class ele {nee and femalenes with “espetabiliy,” “geting ele” a parton general yl xructre that may analyser angst, emerged on oth sider of the Adan inthe nineteeathcentry and contin oe oe component of caren gender mages. Tnghor the eaturaly const ink Retweea types verbal, ge der Hen, ad power not only i vara uti dependent oa a ire ‘web of ited conerptons and, ae the final examples Bint on hitoral ad pail ecmomic proces a8 wel sone Roland's slnce was neither nual or an automate acquiescence ‘wo Revolutionary ula eonorptions Testa he eters and memos allow ‘to understand the frame se created and ber publi ence svat respons tena doublebind that ore her iter spec oe expe, bit wot bath. Neither wally deetined by elaral images and chaning social srctares or entirely a matter of her own ageney, Mine. Raland's ‘Sjeech ad interaction are excellent examples of ass ha repre gem ‘er images and relations of a later example il show, sometimes aly ‘tee and vst hem Tierational socolingusics provide the ols for analyzing speck “srategies as practi actively constructed by speakers reponse tela ‘land stutural constant Mspech enacts a dncoure sate a sa Simply ares or signal of sca Men, thn tention mat be pid ‘nly othe gender identi the speaker bt also wo the gener of the a ce ad the vazyng cull salience of gener i ferent soil contents, DMatestmate dren i speech have been un in every socket ed, hut the nature of the conan staggering diverse, ocaring i arinparis of the Hinge systems: phonology, pragmatics, ayatas, morph, Sod Texion (we Philp roy). Here 1 wil ay special acento #0 ©. ‘Seeusng atures of pech that frm patterns cole syn, gente, oF aye taping which are Enked, in some way, o Render" Unlike the earls studs that acted ony aigatory inguin die pech forms normatly eu menor women rom cases wher iti ‘vored strategy for on gererbeesnc it enact, concolor ot, men's and women's contrasting valy or interactional goals (MeConnel-Cinet, 1988). Such ferences in vals and gels emerge wih re wen the di son of labor rete argey separate wo for men and women, 20 that "members ofeach sex ea toe price ferent guises an 0 4o diferent things with words” (Brker roo: 9). Inde, considerable ‘tinographieeience suggests chat diferencs in verbal gees between ‘men and women are miespead especialy where mes and worms acii= tin are dainty defined (Shere #9). Tor example, stnng the Kata Todas of Lowtand Panay speech eres emerge fom the division of labor. Genrer anwcated with public Poliial meetings and tnalzed actemps to eure ines ae Targely te- itd omen, whereas th more privately performed gents ella and {uefa mouraog are rested to women (Sherer 1987). Sina, among, ‘the Kalu living in the Southern Highlands of Pap New Gaines 1 the ‘en who tel several tyes of oi, eit mage formule fr hunting, ad perorm songs and dances in major pale a ceremonial coments ‘Women compose more ited crema songs and engage in expres public weping on occasions of pound os (Scien 198). Among the {ymiTndlans of Bla, women conta and eeate genes of bly pe ford sng and muse that are eset to courting and to the ritual le men contol speaking in he local police assembly and speaking diet 0 heii in ering tal (Har 180) “Thee sedcaunertinc the fact tat in many aceite women actively “reat ad peor major expresive activi, ofen i publi pia also tmphasvd by feminist lorie (Jordan and deCaro 186). Sec evidence [sine counters the persistent hat erroneous ae of women a univer fall sent in pubic or rece to demented, I hight a well. ‘ne unction speech ina gender seen gee diltrencts creat the Kind of pervasive behavioral contrat hat anforms gradients of human deren to ealtrally salen dbase af ranclity and leit, Ba a imple extlogue of hisvand-hers™ genes obweues the important insight (hat wees opel vera aileae fen attic momar secenul~to potion of lave poweseanese For example, in Hungarian German ingen on in Astin, women | sae German tore than men do, Women's wa of Geran tnrajomde © i tei genera ejection ofthe peasant way oie stoned with the Hung tian language and thes acoeptance ofthe wage bor symbole oy sping {German Tes sn plt, wore rlatve powerless in the pasa socal cer that mae the escape to worker star oo arate or them d,s, ‘Slain the eral satis they une (Gal 978) "Sgn ae not lays dete ward change. In» Teneapan village southern Mesic, women ae more palit than men in two ways They use tmany mene linguistic parce hat empaiae relay with ee trac: onal parner and alan uke moe ofa contesting set of parce that avoid Impastion and mtr the Unters separates and autonomy. Indeed, rome’ neat pone by requesting, cena, tng aes Touched in ray. Beaune ony requir the tener to infer the speaker's intent roy allows the peer totam teintent fi eat challenge fr tveat Men se let irony al ower parties af eiher Kind, showing ‘enieraby ler sestity tthe deta of oil ration and conte Womea’s sage is an interactional seatgy, an accommodation sing ‘om tr vca and eve psa lay fo ney athe cee rca to show deference to men of the ote bah, ad maintain tog networks of slay with women on the other hand. This gest that Itvely and types of politeness aegis ed by women omen and to other ‘women may well bea zesitve mente of women's stuctral power ie ‘many societies (Brow 198), BU wore’s responses to powerless, akhough they may alo be tempts to subvert male auth, may only ey eproducing Arik ing etampe i Harding's (1975) analysis of @ peasant ilage in Spain, Women and men charsteriically ocapy ditent physi! space (he bouse and shops vers the plaza and the el); have dient werk and oncert (ny an neighbors era nl, pits, cscs) and al. fn speech gents. Whereas men argue in pli as «Frm of verbal play ‘equiing an appreciative audience, wen tlk in sal, dosed groups of in otlen practicing "gosip™—the gathering and evaluating formation lsat people—as their only means sci contol Harding gues hats ‘rome's subordinate prion co men, and ot spy sparen, tha eds stomen to develop special "manipultve” verbal shill such as teasing out Information, eartalywuthing er 0 a to antcpae thelr needy and ‘ing ony or seetcng methods af persuasion. Gossip itself is women's ‘mot power verbal tol, butt i woredged. Te tends to subvert male a they, by dediing people fn terme of values the male dominant ter oe eta, But pardy as ¢ rer of th ubsrson ti condemed ued decid by he dominant cate, Moreover, i aeenby alas a negate orm of power ‘hat makes or breaks reputations, caer cont ad dnp lanes 11s negative in anther ne eo. Ar Hang revel, women deel thi gente for lack oer ora poe, bt they ate rapped by themselves:“The sem, ioe fet of ing under constant vba urvelace resce the behavior af women an helps ep them nthe place” (1075 109) ‘Although here no pall eparation of the sexs in the United Sate, American men and women alo xem to wae somewhat diferent verbal fates jo converston. In 2 provoctve synthe of recent raeech nding, Mats and Bosker soa) auc that sex segs chiles pay group, commen in American society, crate gender specie verbal cer Snbose practices speaker ain into adulthood. But the ger eerencs tres sul peopl are aware only of tr el que iconic ‘Som hetween mem sad womes wh otherwise esi oe fends and sat quae: Matz and Borer ely in parton Goodwin's arf sts a hy fre's play groupe in an urban black veighborkord, hut inriaten ‘ite hldren and ado various lsies alee groupe scm ‘oppor thei generazations abt mes and womens state or insane, boys and men ean into relatively large hierarchical grup, using direct commands abd vying widh one another br leaders onions by holding fh in eompetve vera play” ide commented ange are the proper responses by those wo do wo have the Boor, Gils, by eta, playin smaller groups, oing eacusve coaloan There ‘plenty of conic in allie groue, but the verbal iteracine imply Seny cones snd hierarchy, phrasing commands as propesas for Ture fcivity (Goodin 198), Gis and women arflly Hak their teracer to ‘he previous speaker’ coatbuton and develop ane another opie, aking ‘goeons for coverainal atatenance rather than fer formation ‘hallenge But these difernces we nt as inocent se Malt and Borke? + Image of parallel, macaly miscomprebending gender clare would mag. st “One way of interpreting the fae strategies ea set pases that, ‘whatever the actual per relations within the gs or women’s group, evertheles enact values of suppor and sldarty tha dry oppo and Impiciy etcine de boys and men’s paces of eri ivan, com Pion, and the celebration ot hierarchy. [a this seme the two eultares™ Ereoot separate at al, but define each ther, enatng in pers frm several falar cultural opposions in American dcr abost gender. “They ate aso no eal a power Obani ad G's most recent reports (1987) Indate that wen loys and il argue together, he boy strategy employed by ll. This suger thatthe boys! stati damian Into senses the ls but not the boys mast erm both, an the hays re {0 be able wo impose thes om the gi in ers iteration. Thi ind of ominance als suggested by a series sais on patra fineraption Inerossex infractions among satus equals Between pir speakers who ew each oer wll as well ao etween those who mere tanger, men imterrapeed women more thun ether sex interrupted fm same icra tons, Moreover the assumption that inerupion is este of dominance ‘appre by dhe Bing tht adults incerup hen tore thn the = verse (West and Zimmerman 196) A stody of naturally ecuring com ‘ersaton by young American married couples i their homes als gee tives hs regard. Although the womce vase almest tice a many 1S ‘a eonvesation nthe men, the topics ried by men were the anes ha were “accepted and aborted in the conversation by both men and women, Yet it vas the wamen who provided mest ofthe Interaction! "woe," the questions ind iia espns uh-huh") that kept the oaversatin gine (Fish Iman 178), More systematic evidence snowed spel abot the ees ‘social cote the deals such everday tly And weneed rephiations ves aes and ete groups of ste lying on ery sal umpes of ‘rite middle-lat speakers. Nevertheless, in coseender tl ain the {rose-cthnie miscommunication on which Malte and Rorker mode their ‘nays (Gotpera ro} eac cea that the difeencesn strategies pro ‘ie an opportunity forthe moe power group to enact and Yebree 1s Alominance through the mzoprecre of verbal ntrcton ‘Buta major fae in many othe sie of Hingis tate ¥ haved ‘ses fri thir axsumprio hat apecth and generate bes investigated {ofr conversation, fe in ttorone or eallogrenp eatonatipa in the fly or nlghboriod, This eetes the illusion that gendered ak is many personal characte or lined othe us ofthe aly. ‘Yeu an toa fein research han demonstrated, gender a atracral inp alo organs ater socal ination wtp, acho, cours, Fra aerbies, and the wate how ebaractsa pattems nthe en Pent, allocation, treatment, and mobility of ren as opposed to women, ‘These ate ici inthe organization of the ination, Patera of ale ad interaction play a important role in mainanig, legtimating, at often ing the gendered aopect of hese isittional arrangements The role of ‘ex's and women’s logue strategies win stations deters com ‘erably more ateson than it fsa fr receive wl dicey few ‘meresive carpi from schools and buvenueraces in the United Sata, [En for politcal serie in several alla rcetin ‘Within nation, sch etn as nerviewy meting and other cha steric verbal eonsunery ae afen cuca far decson nating. On the Use of lk ome individuals ae red, choen to partite, weve ee sours or promosins and authority, while ober are denied Ia enmpes, ‘italien dhe Gas and thule backround of speakers i ral ‘Stok gatekeeping encounter (Eris aad Schltr ga) And gender ‘outnly interne ith cla el ethicty Forinstanc, na ead peck in American courts, the tertmony of witoeaes uring the Linge arms ‘hamster of women wi courtroom epeione tn flatten ‘as judged by experimental subject toe lam credible, les omvinng, aodtes rstworhy than tein diver ina syle characteris of pears ith igh stats ("Bare and Atkins 18). Te appears that cours reinforce The athymic wth high-stnspeakers, ho fend to Be "The “meting” ea apeech event ubiquitous in American bureaucratic, ‘compra, alse In tay of ely meetings Ely (es) “Sppmached de university a a workplace apd not aan eesti! net ‘on. I metings with equal numbers of male and female puripants of ‘ual cctupation statu, abe aked whether women wee a soos a men Jn "geting the oor." hati wining the opportunity to alk an heey ‘bute to the decisions. Buta diet comparison of mens and women's paripation was not posible. Who spoke and ov after depend onthe rpc ele by which speakers partpated And there were a lea 0 se fale, wo Kinds of loos” Theses chatacerie by she ft kind {Foor spears took hanger and ewer th, ever speakers paripated ‘veal, they di no overlap much, there were many fae stats and esi- ‘aos, and peters ue tel cms fr reporting ad voieng opinions. The ‘ther Kind af "Meoe” occured a the same meetings but during diferent pines twas chracteried by much overlap and simtaneous tak ut Hide bration in speaking, and by more gence partion by many peters who cllaboratvelyconseucted group petre of "what ging: fn" Several speakers performed esate communicative fupeons sh ‘Seting ants ecg ji, on, td wong Tis evident thatthe oterationl sats of American mew and women, ss etna by Male al Borker, age difoy aud to the two Kinds of “or.” It was men ho monopelzed theft Kind Boe by taking ge ‘ur, holding fr and dominating he contin ofthe foo hough the Hie they tae talking. Inthe seond Kind of fleur, where eteryane ook ‘Shorter turns ven and women took tres of shout equal engy aod all Speakers porhipated ne ngs the communicative faetons peor (ae 428) Iprtany, the it more alte of Boor, wh wn Daricipated ley once vay mare Gequeatly, at leas i this nwt Sonal seting Explicit and tact sper between speaker about how et Ingeave tbe comaceduncconficesot teconitl ol eatational poe [Even among sxe and i mines youps he iteretionsl cn straint of iain! events such as mevtings af nt gender nel Dut Swighed in vor of male teracional sates. Alongh organization of {he meeting nts te fc that speaker are excluded 0 the bass of gender, ‘esimultanenalyacomplie that very excsion. Perhaps more persively than any lber institution, sols july define, and categorize te eharges on the basis of gine performance ‘Thediferen statepe of bys and gil an also ae the acces to Ue ile accsaseibaececiiiacy si rere, sick a iteracy, that sehooing les A single example wil Saco suggest ho ct diltence interac with gender hie proces Inter foe comperon of tnguage aston ad eining for Mercy in three Southern communities be Une State, Heath (198) caeily ‘Secrbes the complex and aril lingue paces «lac working thas community. Children mst master "analogy cations ped hy che flrs in which they are enanuraged tose the parallels andeonvections mong doparate events ad tll about them every, without spelling ut ‘ply what the Uinke are. Such decripions dir for schoo eu ‘pent at match mills patterns. And what expected of Back gil ome des conslerably om she more eatersive verbal sls demanded ‘boys: Working ela lace pen contrast to boys tion grup, are nthe expecta nor enenurafed to practice x wie range of sorting {tet in competitive “onstage” publ aenas where cormuity ada a Well ar ciren watch and ode (1985 95-8, 105-113). ‘The ems of thew dderences emerge ons parallel stay of eacher stadt interasion n a Sew pre clan wit bth lack aa white 3 dent (Michaels 39). When he white ences all women—inotted "atating ine” ("show and el) activi, he dhe expt gal of bd ig the gap between the oral discourse the ehiléren already knew a he Ieratedienare states they would evenly have fo oe in woes ‘ommaniaton. They ake the cidren ote abouts speci abjeet or give ‘tmartative account about some important past vent For the whit boys and {ir thie worked quit well. They tld ope fue toro that dhe teachers {derstood and the teachers" estos and comments ped he staente take their storie more explicit nd develapthe moe complex srvraes of Standard eracy. The working-class black ir, however, organized their Stories to resemble hilden's responses to analogy” questions. They noted Atstraet paral between disparate situations aod event ad rei on the Tene toner he ipl nk. Although the wie teachers were ofthe sme gender a6 the Mack gis and had exellent intetions they le ‘derstand is pecple and thus were unaie collaborate with the Black tira in producing more elaborate, steturly complex atric. The Black ile fl rstated their stories were rarely cv completed belore the teachers eu dem ofl As arly hry col nt et om te tps to wad Irate, standard dicouse Ut the clastooe acy apparently complied forthe white cidren, The teachers wee alo butrated, To Uhm it appeared thatthe gs cold noe "iti othe point” nor dices that wat Seaportant.” On the basis of many sud itractons the Back ‘rls woul be dpe ntecualy inadequate "This any factions to ceate gendered deiion of wakes through tal is equally Uhustrated by paical assembles in smalhcale socks where nl me omer each ber equal In many such soit,1 song the Malagasy ad the Lay Indians deeb ave, only men tal at publ, poise! meetings. Ethnographers have repeatelydexcibed ‘mas talkin this coment a allusive and diet ange of agen, parables, and metaphors to hid, wll or render ambiguous the serena tesa, thereby denying confit (Brene's and Myer 18). Women ae ‘ele om the grounds that they lack the necsaty verbal sublet Tis Sens to sugges tht speech direc re power deed sine they em to irc int women's aces othe paltal proces. However, eto ‘phere ept that the mestings reo hea site of desi mak Ing ad indeetapech i ot primary « mean peenation or cern, ‘Unallydecions are made and consenaia reached etre ud afte the met ing in inrmal incase hat employ n more dec tle sd i which women paripate atively, thereby having ovdersble eect deans (Garris igo Keenan 2974 Lederman £8, Wha, dee the mesning ‘nd eet of wom’ exon Som speaking x meetings? “Thelin or of pla esting defines not ew econ making scully ceaty, but rather what can be sow “oomage bat ca Be fo fused ate legit ray. Comparative evidence sgt that next ings a which ders ae given oF announce y leaders ay a delay of rare, regards othe way decisions mee originally ceed, Metis inwhich indeecnes creates lack of cron and birarchy between parte: pane atily am ieology of egalitarian relations at leat in scien ere there are few oer insttutonalzed poll swactres (Keine 297). IF mers indirect artory conte the sul realy of am egaltaran mae polity, then the exon of momen tate dhe tealiy ad legitimate the Helo of women’s subardinatio to ha palit. As Leeman (84) point fut about the Mend af New Guine, forthe wornenKstening in slenoe a cts meting ths reality all the harder challenge since formally teed ont but neve exphicly areulated. In sum, societal sitions are mot metal cortex fr tall, hey ate connie defn, deoastate a ene the legacy aod author of Enuistie strategies aac’ by one generor mien of one sate or ene rp while denying the power feces Farms that diverge are deve bythe dominant ideologies. "Poors wih many parsipants, black gi stories women’s gosip th Spa, Mend women directs, temp eet the hemony othe dominant frm But ct the oo that jig inauspicious, ater Women are ace 3 tid able to exprest ‘ences isnot hat the black prs hve diferenesoryteling expe ‘es than white children ad less aining than Back boy, bt that they ‘tana hi propery. Despite te cesistance demonstrate women's func pratoes, Bouic's 1479) remark atte lets of thi id oF linguistic domination applies: by authoring nme ings peace and notothers, the institution appears demonstrate einer of hoe who ste unauthvied forms and fen inculeaes in dem Feigs of worl But noice thatthe Mend meting, the frus of Me. Roland, a singlespeale “oor” also state anotee staf yb power T me Sioned atthe start this chap: he ae interactonal and agus fons, bat they aloo attempt to iene ad Igitinate certain eons of women, sen, and society aw turn to 2 fle discussion ofthis cond spect of Symbolic domination and the way wom oie are sumeimes raed Despite the longstanding Wester emphasis on language as primarily 2 means of representing anata existing reality, anthropaogsts hae ong Teen aware othe ways in which the metaphor, teary genes and interac ‘ional arrangements eadiyavaale ina consmunity actively shape the way eaters die the soil word nso, conventional language acon ‘tinal usage are not neta moda for describing va Me. Some fr ‘ulations about socal ie, wher inseribed ina dvsion of labor or ether ‘nniatonal fm, serve one group's interest ets than hat aes. A Iegemonie discourse, inthis road ese frm of power, and ts some= times resisted or contested, “This important and quite general notion ofa dynamic between dominant sn subordinate discourses or practices hasbeen dituse, in many forms Sid with many terminologies, Dy variety of soil teow. However, feminist soars have been strongly inoenced by mite version ofthis insight, apicly appli to ween, E Ardener (cg) and 8. Ardener (i973) arge tat women, de wo thee teuctral postions, have models of reality hat dir from the male-dominated seca oda. The frm of women’s model is cten nonverbal sneer veld, wile the di ‘ure of men more verbal and exp nd heey more cogent wih the uaa dscoure of Western sci cence, Being Gable to eres dle Suctrally generated views in the dominant and masculine dieoure, fromen ae elder undentoad or heeded and become foarte, "tee even lent such cases woe ay eal ot but they do no expess hr ow, dient ocala.” "The "mate-group” thesis wel draws attention to the portance of the symbole lanqune, the frm, of deminant and sabordinate dicoure However as I vill demonstrate witht sere f example the Ardener? Fermalation sawed in several eect Fit t ates that "mite ‘Sa sae rex of women's stsctaral potion. In coat when viewed i {com of broth of gender and symbaic Germination, "tees" Teeomes only one of many theoretically pombe outcomes of ender relaion, A. much wider aay of womecs verbal strategies and genre become ‘ile, some conaleably oor atl and noe seve oppononal © ‘dominant model than the “smuteest” this allow Second damiaton Sd eitance ate mater of inerarional pace ae wel a aractae 81 Inve been angi, then we ut foe not om mates a a tract [roduc ton the presses by which women are rendered “mate” or ar Ace to constraining genes a ein cour Fal, ax Wat ren and Bourque suggest understanding dominance at muting as process] roe» brader analy ofthe poiteal, enone and inn ‘onal ont n whic veaity sng” (8 63). Tihnogeapy Hol such a cote, or eoraphic reports are deeply implicated the proces of representing elf and oes erating image of tos reality through language, Keenl wate of th, ein ete a {repay have charged that worten inthe societies sted were ignored for ceed ar net bretne anrocetrieemographersdamised wenen Sind thr concerns, making them appear passive a silent, Femina eale Tengo the ator and eediy ofthese maletased accounts But the ‘Atener hei suggests that he pble i more compe, eli dat fromen rary "speak in socal anhropolgal rep cae socal scene Invetghor of oth sexes demand the Hind of arcuate adele provided by men, not by muted women, A nerd some women aathroplgia Ive alta complied of he iarialatnes of women informants i ome ‘text Te cems ther v4 need reexamine how ethographis ate ce St Carty, jut uch » eexamination alo the pret of anchopal its who ae slaty changing the anti a etmograpbie wring, bat ‘on dire grounds, Following poxtmoderaist trends in philosophy they ‘Suet that tition ethnographie mask the actual practice of fekwork fd writing (Clif aed Marcas £6) By liming wo aceavatly epesen the facts about an cxtie cate, the naive reali conventions of eno trai wing imply deny that eaograpise Bete are aoc, ide Comtrcted, the enaunter been te anroplogt sod the Seber” Inhofe subj. lw rer wo rele the proces of enographic know! ‘ge, tects gg experimentation wth Meaty formas that Wg ‘nay be "ylyvocl” and tlie production in which the ethoogrphr Tetshe prople speak and enograpietacts are shown tobe olay priced Dyethnographer and informant. ‘Wha as received to Title tention in al des tiga i the uno bly pwerscharged verbal enononter in which andvopaognte sn mative Spealern with fren intern ol wa deeply metal plums tet fd attenpt to a. Kesing (985) provides afin example of the ethno trap trie as angus peace, Tn ode to record womens versions ‘native ie aston) aiong the Kwa, a tenaciously tadonl group Uv nthe Solomon Tans ft Sout Pace, Kesing ba onal ‘what he alls the “miropolitin” af talk, In response to Keng’ requests the men ered and tld ie bstoriseagery al atl, even though the [Kwa lack soch a genre aswell readin f elérevation and sel planation on which he Wester lierary fron ofthe autobiography be Isd. Tn contrast, Keesing recounts tat he could tlc autbagrsph ‘lnarative om women ot even thee who we rledgeny ad Tauendal. They spate om na tngrctedinarialat a joking a, specallyin ont fede men who argd them to caper They appesed ‘Usted with what nar eqursted of them "te" Aube eld, ‘eh ear later thistime ith woman ebangrape, bought quite dir: xt renls, Ts sso wth fl etbnogapers, Kwai women tok onal tthe excoutes even bringing female fends ncn to the eee Session But, unite he men, wo ad provided oct rl nd pss Ue marativa, the women ejected the ehnogtaphen’ personal questions spd instead created maral texte abot the ves of wornaahod, etn [sonal experiences only oilusate women’s posible pats through ie "Through thie text, Koso wornen were reformulating aad relishing long-standing strategy of Kwaio tn to eat dhe fat fit) unkonwing sothropol in their ells cody ad athorze Rea atoms By ei mating ther own customs in an anthopolgized fr the Kwai men were ble to use st est he demande of tate regulation, thereby tempting, ‘Ueough vigooarno-traitonalism, ona ht poli tna {he feof exonal and neocolonal incon. "A decper understanding of Ki women's tlk roquies revisions of all steve euques of anthropological elder, Clearly Kuaio women were ot somuch strctrally mite and iaricalt a responsive to the immediate Iceractional contest, especially elation of gee inequality within their ‘en society and inthe ethnographic interview. Pragmatic analyses of the Imervew asa speech event suggest itis he ehncgraphers a to cover ‘the condos onde wih infrrants canta, Sealy, ts ot enough insist, as the pontmodernie cre dy tht the eximorapinie encounter and ‘he genres that emerge rom ae oily produce. Although important and ‘accurate, this cneration by isl gers the mporaner of gender and thee forms of inequality. Inte the several levee of nega power and Disileg tat harateiae dhe edinograpie excounter and which to deter Imine who able talk and that ts pombe or strategie tos. The Women’s inariculatenss and sabsequent "oir," ae mich the mee Tematizon oftheir ealtre, were eesponte to wider eof fore that ‘ste that some texts o genres are mee power than thers, making & Simple coprodacon af ethnographic texts mpi (Asad 18 Pale an ‘oscbery 1088 1s). Finally, eminss would have confidently pected the slanger produced by the presence of woman anthrpolgi al wl Ihave undertod thatthe genre of autobiography i proba, nt eybecause it it cltrally specific othe West, but alo becaute it hae been shaped by Western gener dcloy that mimes n male subject Vet dhe ‘Geral Kusio women gees revisions and expanson oe ender thea Sewer enale ethnographer may broly par of the anewer. In hice, the presence of the male antroplogst wa alo important, Br the women ‘wer atonet bis exalted role as mediator between the Kea and the ‘atid word. has atten mist be paid to relations of poyer that com rect Kwai society toa wor stem in which, asthe Kean are avare, "nthcepsogt a wieldes of Wester soar, have authority that Kass Groen perhaps diferent than men, can ty to channel ote ow en Ueaugh the ethnographic nevi, "nog sony oe of the many context whch we ean observe the reese that me monte seem “ate.” Another example x provided by {elite llectual stad group, the Meats and Women's Club of #80 Lendon, and thi discussions of sexuniy (Walkowite 198), Club rules swerted men's and women's equality, but ale number seventeen, which was ‘Step by aly pulsed that scasion Must say within 2 Darwinian, Scetife Fameork. This proviso both asured ab id men’s dominance For women members especed, but lake, such scientific hrowledge. This ig atonce an natance of linguistic domination anda atemg at imposition fs socal reality women’s private lees reveal tht tany oud he tees ‘fc sane inadequate express “complex thovght and ein” about the dls of tie wees Hes, Minutes of the meetings suggest that facetoce with mn, women were fn silenced by th dena: Bacar tht show various sttenpe to frulateopponitn: raring or adap Semen’ sciete argumen's is pps writen for the ay ting vate let of complains io ne another, ad even tempting to rae a deren iti for talking about sexuality by drawing on pubic evens ofthe tne Te women are no always lento nrc, then te tsk af anthro ogy to seck ot td understand the gente ad Aisanres women prodee, Erpeily revealing are genres cated by speaker themselves, o Feet ot thar ow experiene, that ate tot prin a produc ofthe edogrphc Interview, Ao have aleady shown, stent fever talk have ented smos and women's fen diferent verbal genre; students of rl erate ve catalogued therfore al the en othe pfnmance fg Sherer 1984) Butt are nt simply “ways of speaking” the difereesn content tr pespetiv that thy oem construc deserve eal attention, Indeed, cit {nthe conjuction of orm, ante, and eentertf pefrmanee Bat wae Cssioumen rergen Fist my examples wl detonate the great ange of artcaatensr codent im women’s gees. Sood, allnigh women gare cen divese fom ment nod are tometer aonomots Conroe Hone, the eidence doce not support tha of separ women’ cules ‘On die contrary, women's gente ca best bread as commentary hat shows BETWEEN SPEECH AND SIAN ® ‘range of esponse—accepane,esitanet, subversion, and opposition to ‘dominant fen nae discourse, "Women wmetmes proiue a cultural commentary of entre ad etal ‘haeimay belle iatiealate bau iret weeds logetber. An impor tant instance oceared inthe Nigerian Women’s War af 1029. Daring he sive protest against proposed ation ames propery by the elo al goverment, women rormulated on a large sale a healy practiced ‘catom af obser dancing, called "siting on 8 ma” that taonally ‘cccated atthe houses of men who bad averted socal mace pel by ‘women, Contemporary witeses othe Women's War report tha women's rote inched marching ne, Wing on the ground Kicking then en thea, and making obscene gesture. Aska Mer (17) explain hee trstres were mysterious and alarming to Earopean observers ut or the ‘women and men involved, they constined an eoguen prota agaia the tale pola ean! ad government tration that womens a la ion fh rights ‘similarly gestural but much sore contradictory and auiscent pas tice is American women's consumption of popular romantic novels IT we analyze oaly the texts themscies, romance readers appear a passe con: Sumers ofa hegemonic popular cltre that demeanr them by presenting images of women ogi an magnetized by male bratty Bat Rady (Gol) examines noe jar the content bat the socal event of reading. She Sows dat for many romance readers, reading tel, often done in sen ‘moment of privacy ia combtive ace contesting the ual elf beat ff thee Les. Yet although revealing real tenon in dominant ener ealogy, hs nied ae sleet potent reading allows temp rary ecpe om Kinite Uves, but the ets make those ited ves ee ‘mote deat ‘Amore verally explicit and subversive, ye eed an ambigwoos gene, isthe oral lyric potty (ghimaves) prtomnedainong intimates y the Bedouin of Egypte Westen Desert. tn deserting tse diese, be and arly improvised perfomance, Abu-Laghd (96) streses that the Mlminant elo, the "pabl language” ofthe Besoin ne of noe, futonomy,selémasey,pesoral strength, si sec modesty. The poss ety voit is ado honor and imply eile by expressing the Feting of dependency, emotional vlna, and roman longing ead by theo! view. "The ory constitutes what Abu-Lghod elle 4 “dsden or subversive dscoure. ost het aseited wih Youth ad women, the disadvantaged dependents who leat embed the Meals of Bodouin soy and have lato gain in hess a src, Pocky Bs the dacoure of opposition tothe sate and of deface of thse wh present i (1g 291, Bat the poetry anything but spontaneous ute pouring of ein, Lnded, ts rmal propria and context of pefrmaaance i ai osbly cary mesg coer to lial eases multi te ging testes prs, addres, beet is pcg and sbiguos, pve by women and yout among tse innate win can phrase hy areata the eer tell Vex, th pry of subversion and deine Ts nt ony tlre: ‘Mwaly dated apd admired boate of the paadoncal intertwining of Stic el denen ace The al pety revel fade Sona edo soils pola if wth, hie align demanding ‘Nonny and quny betwee Uinags, demas monty betwen the fend ganas wii nage nd mn "A courte of de Eine by tho sighed nthe pte [prty] eae beens real to te dominated key to Bedouin pola i, an save by [male] ‘lige trem tee epone th legit teat" {Atnegbo 0 4). Th, the vert gee of women and youths ‘esi te eontaiion othe rag del "My nal cape sys gene more verbal explicit, more dicey crite ot mal td plea stn, at essere y tl eles. Though lined oa nc alr eget ofthe male opal ton its eqalyeveaing sentra dominant dra Migrant Inter, moving beeen the mines of South fica ant ther ntve Test, compone 2 gene of pore sng calle Hl, pertarmedcompet- they By “me of exuence" eno aT unl mci gabe tender towns, "They sig of poverty and ned migration; he somes ene Bes relace ae suel lage depite niga lng oe {dione genoa ved pra sil elton Hower thee re io me omen who ng But tc Greomans swell the omen tha poetry aresgicantly rent Tne conem migrant sytem, ones postin i many way even woe han men, Wenn ar in agate bythe ea sytem, bat Tealone nthe vilage they mist make deco witout beng rented the utomomy todo ao, “The Bouh Aven goverment, the Lesotho ever tet and mate Baton ste ave openly copie o prevent female Imiaion, which trestene the Aided ay sytem om wih oth the Iiiratry aor stem and male domes power ae ban (Copta 1987 {in Female poets are among thse wo he aug occa ese oe ‘kin and have migrate Healy, Although fr men South Aiea ue Suva tnd of wage very fr hese grat woe represents ‘ce aio, opponents aston. Women have ocowed the Then’ ene but have anstormed iy prong a considerably moe ria {ocd etiuc: Rater than Menijing with rl i the women’s pocty ‘Sarpy amd expe crtzesmen, pclae teaona marrage wor ic but recog 2 well he phys dangers ad insecurity ot egal migrant The wome's opposition palpable nt oly nthe onent of the pocry, but abo daring the perrmance ofthe pormlsonge in the tavern! "Male. patrons, sng by te tea barn of nal pesfrmers {outiey toting spoatanenes ett, -[but)are shouted downer Cen ‘pushed aside by [female poo] determined to ld the for” (Coplay 89) ech atampt tollence the protest songs of migrant wane in eso tar ust the frac by which women are iter rene "mste™ on Ae able wo construct am alterate dicourr resting temp to suppres 1 have attempted one approach to this question, examining wen’ gente ‘rats, alysngelonogeapic interviews or Bedouin poe very much a 1d eater example of "ways of speaking” nach a clabortive oes” snd gop: Geming onthe immedi interactional context the gee he partiiant stuctre of the inerview, the intimacy of Beoula com antes, the minal of border vere ls tothe frees that allow i to be pesfarmed. More broadly, however, the issue of when abd ost ‘women's subersion or oppo to Rogemoni cure segs a ah 8 {eerie about the stacare of gender astra and pola conor ‘owt linguinie practice, gente and counterdcurss, Comparative ‘ek ach ax Waren and Bog (1g) stay of women’ publi pking iow quit difenty organized Peruvian communities, or sadly ofthe x0. ‘al dents of women who sing el, can str luni ei e, a8 ‘an hited researc ot changing images ose ad gener (Seema et. so; Walkowte 1900), Another teetch tact to compare women of ‘iret clases an etic gowps, ing ing practi nas the ca Sie imac ofthe elainahip between conscustess td soll poston, ‘A stay of his Kn Marc's vestigation of Ameria women's i ourae abou their own reproductive prose, as compared to he dominant ‘Socourse om this sje, which Se medial cc, Martin (089) sae the ‘ame linguistic merit compare medial tenbodk od women’s alk mod ‘ks the system of metaphors though which realty i made comprehensible fel meaning in each She demonstrates that medal texte costa the tndy ab melo srl society, wth cela factoring systems of management and contol. The physi events of mension ate cme ‘raced by sence a fled production ad an alarming beskdown of athe the bly ‘Comparing this sytem of metaphors to women's ways of talking about menstruation in intviews, Marin found that midclss women ae ‘qiesce wo the meal mal They expisin menstruation in dll ers, ‘dveling on intra ergans and proce, worrying about the "nee ca ‘orof the lod. But working-class wore, bh lak and wit, share at ttholute reluctance to give the medical iw of mentation” (19871), spite of exposure to ita acool andthe interven’ many efit i Istead, working-class women dexribed mensruaton in phenometerms untouched by the mc me: what it fel ike looks ike, ell lke in immediate experience. Martin cones that "ide css women appear much more ‘nyse’ bythe general cultural models than working dee women. They have fought the. medical accounts” (1987. #34). Perhaps this du oe arabe opportunies ar saifying ployment ‘an thes pontine tte toward both the nage of podcton ad scoot Jigs a sure ofnfrmation, Once agin ever ad lass are intertined, "Thee cnainly asta toward understanding the process by which some wore but not others develop divergent and essa conseiustess a why ‘inate men sometines share women's paces” "These dive examples of women's ees, drawn om many paste the seid and many Kinds of scoylieal formations, wee chosen inp to Tghigh the nbereato that women’ esiance or etc i nme uch in ipl fr ch as ambiguity and roy bat im other en, toch mote dielly expressed. eed, the exanpisiustate a ange of linguistic exces (gestern and ambiguous extended and exp) tierce cantet publedesponstatin, cloud meeting, iaiate com ‘estion, pid performance) and several levels of subversion or opposition "eominan dicorses frm sel-deeating compli o resin 0 pe (ilo) ners cen tht tne hee parameter do not comet in ty simple way. Sting pros can appest inset evar, as the ‘women's war or inthe expt able perfomance of eral port. Resi tance may be knowing ye sent avin American workings women re fal of some medical metaphors verbal yet veld atin Bedouin potty, ‘etal but pracy expressed, a i the Men's a Women's Chiy ote it aed plc tin bilingual Aurian women’s use of German, Bat in ‘ch cae, wore’ Baguintc practices made visible a cach «ful line lr the dominant male dscours of gender ad power, eealng to be mo noite bat contradictory and Us vlueable 1 fave argued that gender relations ae contacted, in par, though di ferent ponies of expreion fr men and women. Tes Grom Several ‘cholay tations ae needed i der to unravel ow Binge practi, fender, ud poner are interenined. The peseaeh and ales fom $0” "al waion, which Ihave brought together hte clan and inform one Souter, deserve to be eancepaly iterated. The nots of symbole Alnintion tough pater oflanguage se and of gender as both strate fod proce ae cmc hat endeavor, ‘Citra snsructions of language, gender, and power sbipe men's end ‘wore’ deat nnd eae about thei own igi pace. Stents of ‘rerday talk ve often negated this symbolic side of interaction. For instance, even such seemingly small dais as he systematic dieences brweenAmerian boys" and gi turetaking i single-sex play’ groups and renee the broad cultural logic of gener eyliin he Unite States. However, women's acquiescence to sich altura expectations it ‘wither passive nor automatics Todd, ag student of everyday tale ave ‘how, women actly constuct inguin to there ‘atralcaneptons and tothe ratios of gee inequality they encode ‘Aesough women's paciossoetines bring change in etal sae tures fen a nthe ease oF Spanish women» gp, the tstegy may 5m. terest mle dominance but ey reproduc a lgmating it Tha in part becuse men and women inrst mot a inva bt fait tons such s workplaces, anes, scl, and pela erase, whee mich ecson making about resources and scat secon fr mobility ecare through alk And institions are far fom newral aren hey are struc tured along gender lines, to lead aon ot ey eo reigning case tie groups bat specially to men's nguistc pracices ‘But power i ove than a aaortatve wee in decison making is strongest om may wel be the ability wo lin acl realy, mp ‘Sons ofthe work: Such visas are inscribed im language td enacted in imeragton, Although women's everyday talk and women's “ice” oF con ‘sciousness a evidence in expresive gates have been ead ie sepa Fal, Thavearguethat bothcan be understond a stati re=pones en ‘fresitance, to dominant, hegemonic clara forms Thus senton ti {oe deta cote operant the mature of he denne a a ‘Seti oa endeavors. The precise form of question and tar taking it frucia in understaniig the construction of diltrent “ors” in Ameria Ineetigs (everyday tal): the exe, formal coneations finite Redo Petry fexprestive ger) is ndspensable to understanding how ited {othe expresion of vulerabity and dependence Although the inguste Iter are quite erent, bth ellakorsve “oor” ant intimate os locate contradiction i dominant dncure and subvert through se Practices. One undeonines the hierarchical form and iesogy of mtn that favor men's expert i compete talk the other ier atthe opp Sstcof ordinary talk tnd wndernines the clara rao hone, heating reveal the llgimaey of eer pensastbority. This returae ust the ‘ara coarretons we stated with, sow revealed mot nly a ideas that i feeuate the genders but ax dscourncs that are sourees of power, which Ae enacted ad wmetne onsen aly 2. ould eu shank Mica eon, us Geran State Leech Misi! Matt, Kit Wola and Vivo Zeer re eigencouragenent, an Bat Shiela her bibingrpic megs. is paper The goon tain iis strip wi Os he oe band elenweton Smy(Olse, O stala Rh), Sng Me gg {weber leno ng (Sr) On tear had he fac ta fer epee mabe wen the ps tl the tres sre et ‘hon infac ie sere crent eters crip. rr ie {het renee ener be pete eo pene ef nape en, is "Tare apron tr nth mening anc, which ey viet a, Tuten ao Me Suvt-Tee (9) The retanap o lese t ‘een yp nse in Thon, Kram, an Henley 8 6-1). 8. nih (aya) gigs the wy 6 Fence neers hen apd sme’ Ma ih} coe ety nd ean he ener hae teat wrk tha ase escaped nd argued fi thi coer ad ates Han 297, Katyn 99 Gen an Pl fy Cn 1999, “mong ach ory, tap teat sm cation ef were ie” ‘gan Cs) aed thera pie ye Al reat re re tori ‘Gyan wore whe ae the mee af belo ae eg ie Reesty ole eaten ei Ste 30). "Lea (a) pees ence deen of Gana catbton nd he anal aes of star gemun ee ao Lakes (gy) hae pte ey genoa sal amet cern hat eae risa ging em pach my leno, the rave perce fay ia coop ppt rucur, or aw t eonepanie the emi betwee ‘Sori unl eno ore enna ay tr fas vile en aa of i reli at (on) ot Mar gh) seal en Recent ester it pti et yones handy sang msn ang eh ewe om fete pce ar wel wr cheng domi Stone tou eer Se (Beetroot idee 1 Bork miner ie ad proves many eam, ne of wh rete co hee ns fest) ae ag rac the mul pak ‘bsabontopeing adi elt taal etgre Seri (a) pier a ‘dd acetone th ny tick sce slong is ell ome ‘SiShegeand chong be eral wor aanguager ey poly neo ‘yee moe. Tors lr expe inguin avi ighten-cnry American wae, set Lbuch (i). Lagi ty eh en are egy ied wh ‘edn fener than eel expe Cao (8) provi ‘eso a i wayne ener rial dar om define a wen an Sem we in nasal ge es er eyed om gan ty Sach pnd ik ogg, sng, n+ wate fr or cxampl the rani bree wring ch cle nd marca i By Wie ay lee wy me siecnthcentry Ameren wv y Halo ) ae Bg 7) Soiree a des Dy Coat a eythane shogun atin don ter oa cme a ree dig a mph we a ae iy seu by Meal ie eg psn by whic ph st ‘ime pti fai perce te geantc og ‘ede eq inte eon sn ores ed ena yt {Eich sou men ond woes ssn wea Amen tat (7s. "Sr see egg his, asa with cei ie dco sate om we ge mnt ne Polital commie ceeunstance othe sommniy, ht wen ae somes ‘Exerc tigger ht yy, {5 Tee geery oe ptr af nanan eel some sete ee mney Os sas fread mete pe ‘ie leingal tnng eee owe sayy ech ad ‘prt mera care copie she ens Ox Gr) apa ‘Stans mien Ansa ute hag ed Ae ‘an mith Scmncnte mach mre che tech va on aly, Inthe esas mae the "ed moe” roa a Fries ‘Amen mae supe serch an acon a eit co none and hw te panes oh i ne shan pera meq caw ea ony const tld ‘Stern tn era ay nt soso eave cab. ona revert he ee cae Foret a el {fee Aman donlowd oe inte ta Into nay sherman dre mee ttn toe Tora rot step undenand ans ewer wenn ens adders ace er ths ts oe So mn heny ered Ramah ery at synch ‘ei fa ™ "5 The ener he imap he pr ae ai hve {a7} talon ther iis we sch Showa, Resa Spas aed ‘Worn and ge amyl ln eae Wa geo iggy aaa ted ron mre oy (lyf Sf) es re tenth ew" aa ajc, ome apes ocean rd gi yn) Rae Ts ropocs sini coppice nate ed msejan f woman es aa aig a Wes women i ‘ple In ns rng hardest at be read te ‘SE nyt ge man gd ny ts iron tha). nT ee abt hc sneak whe ith eas sho cent, Wom aol cae (ox wea oy Ss) aoe eel a ‘Stupor hc ajs hr iy ter he one gr snd he len ot So na clr merge Ex inenenhde invari oo nse rhe et throwers ath nrc ne Unie Ste an ar aria) See Wap precios ent uy release ceg can sega ot “par bu ae Sho nv sete, mig the Sdn hese oul cm ‘Ae Lage 86, Val antsy, La Angi, edn: Unvy o "airs Pes Arsene By Bb wo poe a we In Pea ma. 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